Harmonious environmental passion and voluntary pro‑environmental behavior at home and at work: a moderated mediation model to examine the role of cultural femininity

Vol.:(0123456789) Environment, Development and Sustainability https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05194-0 1 3 Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary pro‑environmental behavior athome andatwork: amoderated mediation model toexamine therole ofcultural femininity NailyaSaifulina2 · AdolfoCarballo‑Penela1,2 · EmilioRuzo‑Sanmartín2 Received: 1 August 2023 / Accepted: 26 June 2024 © The Author(s) 2024 Abstract Employees’ pro-environmental behavior can contribute to reduce organizations environmental impact, improving organizational sustainability. The primary objective of this work is to highlight the mechanisms that stimulate employees’ voluntary pro-environmental behavior at work (Wpeb), paying attention to the role of harmonious environmental passion, private life voluntary pro-environmental behavior (PLpeb) and contextual factors as national culture. The model was analysed empirically by collecting data from 331 Kazakhstani and Ecuadorian bank employees. Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB_SEM)is used to test the proposed relationships. Our findings demonstrate that harmonious environmental passion is positively related to Wpeb, and this relationship is mediated by PLpeb. In addition, the results show that cultural femininity strengthens the direct effects of harmonious environmental passion on PLpeb and Wpeb. These findings will help managers to promote such pro-environmental behaviors at work in different cultural contexts through the implementation of various practices inducing the atmosphere that stimulates the development of environmental passion. Keywords Organizational greening· Sustainability· Harmonious environmental passion· Employees’ voluntary pro-environmental behavior at work· Private life voluntary proenvironmental behavior· Cultural femininity * Nailya Saifulina nail[email protected] 1 ECOBAS-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SantiagodeCompostela, Spain 2 Department ofBusiness Management andMarketing, Facultade de CC Económicas e Empresariais, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. do Burgo, s/n, 15782SantiagodeCompostela, Spain N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 1 Introduction Since environmental problems stem in human actions (Corral-Verdugo etal., 2020), the interest in studying the pro-environmental behavior (PEB) of individuals is increasing (Tian & Liu, 2022). From the organizational perspective, employee’ PEB can positively contribute to sustainability and the minimization of environmental organizational footprint of organizations (Saifulina etal., 2020). PEB can be described as actor’s inclination to engage in actions aimed at environmental protection or reduction of detrimental effects on nature (Liao & Yang, 2022). The term was examined in prior literature basically in two primary domains: at work and in private life (Ones etal., 2018). Employee PEB at work can be classified as extra-role and in-role (Boiral etal., 2015). Voluntary PEB at work (Wpeb) would be included in extra-role behavior (Boiral, 2009; Saifulina etal., 2020) because of: having a connection to the job, but without a requirement to be executed; being performed because of the intrinsic willingness to improve the organization; and being oriented towards the future and directly not benefitting the person engaged in such a behavior (Lülfs & Hahn, 2013; Yuriev etal., 2018). Although there is an intuitive link between Wpeb and PLpeb, the relationship between voluntary PEB in the different domains is not exhaustively explored (Paillé etal., 2017). Private life behavior is formed through establishing the model of living (Muster & Schrader, 2011) by means of self-identity, which defines human being (Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010). Hence, voluntary PEB integrated to private life will probably be repeated in any domains a person is acting in (Tudor et al., 2007). Some authors (Muster & Schrader, 2011) also indicate that home-work domains are interdependent and performing PLpeb at home can be a key to perform same patterns at work, contributing to organizational sustainability. Passion is a strong feeling that, due to upward spiral of positive emotions, causes strong attachment to the activity of passion and willingness to engage in a performed activity repeatedly. Positive emotions resulting from passion promote creative thinking when solving problems related to passion activity (Vallerand, 2015). As such, harmonious environmental passion (HEP) may contribute to more respectful attitude towards nature, emphasizing the importance of environmental problems (Junot etal., 2017). HEP may play a crucial role on promoting Wpeb (Saifulina etal., 2020). Nevertheless, research examining the role of HEP to promote Wpeb is still very scarce, with limited attention in previous research (e.g., Luu, 2022). Demographic characteristics of the population such as age, sex, or cultural background, have drawn the attention of the scholars to understand their role to promote PEB. Many authors argue that cultural variances need to be considered when studying Wpeb (Fränkel etal., 2019). However, studies on how the cultural context can affect the engagement in PEB are still limited (Wang etal., 2016). Country culture includes values, symbols, rituals, standards that are passed from generation to generation that can determine the extent of pro-environmentalism (Fränkel et al., 2019). Prior literature notes that masculinityfemininity dimension of national culture can be crucial for understanding the extent of employee engagement in voluntary PEB (Saracevic etal., 2022). High feminine cultures are distinguished for their cooperation, nurturing and overall care for well-being (Hofstede & Bond, 1984), prioritizing taking care for the greater good and higher living standards that benefit every member of the culture. Feminine societies may be more aligned to foster pro-environmentalism and sustainability than masculine ones (Zelezny etal., 2000), since taking care for the environment leads to better living Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 conditions such as cleaner air and better food. Nevertheless, previous studies have disregarded the impact of national cultural variations on PEB, specifically masculinity-femininity dimension (Yuriev etal., 2018). Furthermore, there is a considerable gap on examining the antecedents of voluntary PEB across different countries (Yuriev et al., 2018). Existing research also represents low geographical dispersion, being carried out mostly in developed and English-speaking countries, such as United States (Kang etal., 2017), Canada (Boiral etal., 2018), Western European countries (Paillé etal., 2017). Central Asian countries and South American region were almost neglected by management research. The primary aim of this work is to examine the intricate mechanisms that promote Wpeb, paying attention to the relationships between HEP, PLpeb, and Wpeb. The potential moderating impact of the masculinity-femininity dimension of national culture on the proposed relationships is also examined. Therefore, our research is focused on the following research questions: 1. What is the relationship between HEP and voluntary PEB, differentiating between private and work spheres? 2. To what extent the role of cultural femininity is important in the proposed relationships between HEP and voluntary PEB, differentiating between such behavior in private life and at work? Hence, current article contributes to prior research as follows. First, we examine the relationship between voluntary PEB in private life and at work, which was overlooked by prior studies. Second, we analyse the influence of HEP on voluntary PEB, both at work and at home. While prior studies have paid attention to organizational antecedents of voluntary PEB, the role of individual antecedents as HEP has been largely ignored. Third, we add knowledge on mediating mechanisms in HEP-Wpeb relationship, examining the role of PLpeb. Since human behavior is mostly formed in private life by establishing models of living, it is interesting to trace whether the influence of HEP on home behavior is leading to repeat it at work in case of voluntary PEB. Fourth, by collecting data from different countries, we contribute to prior literature highlighting how certain aspects of national culture, specifically, masculinity-femininity, reinforce the relationship between passion and both Wpeb and PLpeb. Finally, we answer a call to examine antecedents of voluntary PEB in different domains considering the setting of emerging economies, where the studies on such behavior is meagre. Considering that prior research has highlighted the contribution of bank activities to global environmental degradation (Ali etal., 2023), we have gathered surveys from bank employees. 2 Literature review 2.1 Empirical studies Wpeb includes practices such as recycling paper, helping colleagues resolve eco-questions (Bissing‐Olson et al., 2013), contributing to the organizational sustainability (Mahmud etal., 2023), minimizing organizational impact on negative environmental changes (Saleem etal., 2021), and bringing various pro-environmental benefits to the organization in N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 general (Zhang etal., 2024), such as affect efficient use of organizational resources directly (e.g., reduction in energy consumption), and indirectly (e.g., changing eco-harmful company practices) (Lülfs & Hahn, 2013). Voluntary PEB performed in private life, include eco-consumption patterns, sustainable models of living and recycling habits (Muster & Schrader, 2011; Whitmarsh etal., 2018), resulting in specific traits of buying ecological products (Abbaszadeh, 2017), such as prioritizing purchases with eco-labeled packaging (Higueras-Castillo etal., 2019). Also, selection of more sustainable transportation options (Soderholm, 2013), recycling cans, bottles, paper and plastic (Robertson & Barling, 2013), using electricity and water efficiently (Mweemba & Wu, 2010) can be some examples of PLpeb. It can positively influence environmental situation, since the very nature of consumption behavior lies in resource usage (Muster & Schrader, 2011). Very few studies have focused on specific private life behavior, such as recycling, affecting same behavioral patterns at work (McDonald, 2011). In this vein, a study performed among the workers from an office organization in Taiwan showed how PLpeb with regard to recycling positively influences similar behavior at work (Marans & Lee, 1993). Also, Tudor etal. (2007) found that employees recycling at home were more likely to do the same at work. However, the link between voluntary PEB in private life and at work is not exhaustively studied by prior literature. Regarding the positive influence of HEP on PEB in private life and at work, prior research supports the relationship showing that HEP results in performance of voluntary PEB at work (Saifulina & Carballo-Penela, 2017), and in less extent PLpeb. In this line, Gousse-Lessard etal. (2013) found that HEP can lead to the development of PLpeb as mainstream environmental activism. 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Broaden‑and‑build theory ofpositive emotions Broaden-and-build theory (BABT) is based on the concept of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). The BABT was created to explain the individual engagement in certain behavior through understanding of positive emotions (Junot etal., 2017). According to the theory, positive emotions create upward spiral flows, that motivate individuals to engage in action once more to feel those emotions again, resulting in improved well-being (Fredrickson, 2001). According to BABT, positive emotions broaden our awareness of the surrounding world, emphasizing the importance of intrinsic goals over extrinsic ones such as underlining the significance of environmental protection (Junot etal., 2017). Considered as a positive emotion (Vallerand, 2015), HEP may lead to the behavior that permits the individual to continue experiencing those positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). Hence, an individual with HEP would behave pro-environmentally to experience positive emotions resulting from their green behavior. 2.2.2 Cognitive dissonance theory Cognitive dissonance framework (Festinger, 1957) explains dissonance as a state where an individual holds two completely inconsistent and controversial ideas simultaneously Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 (Aronson, 1969). Since people feel comfortable in a state of psychological consistency, the solution of the dissonance could be the change of cognition to make both of them fit (Aronson, 1969). The individual roles in life come from various domains, private life domain being more important than working one (Lamm etal., 2015). Some work roles may be dissonant with private ones creating discrepancy and role conflict, that is tried to be avoided (Muster & Schrader, 2011). Contradicting PEB at work and at home would lead to the feeling of discrepancy and discomfort, provoking an individual to remove the situation immediately by being pro-environmental at work too, in this case. 2.2.3 Social identity theory Social identity theory (Tajfel, 1974) is defined as “social psychological analysis of the role of self-conception in group membership, group processes, and intergroup relations” (Hogg, 2006, p. 111). The theory was developed to define intergroup behavior through the relationship between self and group processes (Hogg etal., 1995). Expectations of society mark human behavior (Zelezny etal., 2000). In general, social behavior of individuals is shaped by role expectations within the context of cultural differences (Zelezny etal., 2000). This theory would help to understand the behavior of individuals considering different cultural dimensions described by Hofstede. 2.2.4 Theory ofplanned behavior According to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985), the engagement in certain behavioral traits depends on the appraisal of the behavior as positive, perception of social importance of such, and perception of the self-ability of performance of certain actions (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). As such, the general attitude towards that behaviors is formed (Bamberg & Möser, 2007; Tonglet etal., 2004; Willuweit, 2009). Some prior literature highlights that those attitudes may directly impact the performance of the behavior (Bissing‐Olson etal., 2013), showing that positive attitudes towards the environment result in pro-environmental behavior (Bamberg & Möser, 2007; Kaiser etal., 1999). 2.3 Hypotheses development 2.3.1 Direct effects Harmonious passion is a passion type that is generated through voluntarily internalized values. That means that the process of experimenting activities-object of passion generates positive emotions (Vallerand, 2015). According to BABT, positive emotions create upward spirals (Fredrickson, 2001), which produce a sense of contentment, resulting in well-being, willingness to learn more about the action being performed through creativity and engagement in related initiatives. Positive emotions from people with HEP would result in energy and positivity, encouraging a person to engage more in environmental activities and PEB (Gousse-Lessard etal., 2013; Robertson & Barling, 2013). PEB performed as a result of HEP can be implemented in any setting comfortable for the individual, including private life and working setting (Gousse-Lessard et al., 2013). N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 Because environmental passion is harmonious and not obsessive, the PEB resulting from it would be voluntary (Vallerand, 2015). Some authors in prior literature support the hypothesized relationship to some extent (Gousse-Lessard et al., 2013; Saifulina & Carballo-Penela, 2017). However, the studies examining the influence of HEP on PLpeb and Wpeb are scarce. In this vein, we add knowledge to the field of pro-environmental behavior antecedents. Based on those arguments, we propose next hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 HEP is positively related to PLpeb. Hypothesis 2 HEP is positively related to Wpeb. Individuals in life are assigned different roles derived from various domains (Lamm etal., 2015). PLpeb and Wpeb are behavioral traits of common nature. The relationship between those behavioral types can be explained through cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). According to the theory, individuals by nature try to minimize dissonance between working and private settings. Being pro-environmental at home and not doing so at work can represent a dissonance, which is needed to be eliminated to feel comfortable (Festinger, 1957). Because private life setting tends to influence individual behavior at work (Proshansky etal., 1983), performing PEB at work would be a way to eliminate cognitive dissonance (Muster & Schrader, 2011). Performing voluntary PEB at home can also be a value representation of a person. From value congruence perspective (Tudor etal., 2007), engaging in the same behavior at work would result in such a value congruence (Lamm etal., 2015). Because of values, attitudes, and beliefs that encourage individuals to perform PEB at home, same behavior can also be performed at work (Tudor etal., 2007). Also, the relationship between private life and workplace behavior can be considered from TPB perspective (Ajzen, 1991) that explains behavioral choices of individuals. According to this theory, if a person performs certain behavioral patterns at home that are positively valued, same behavioral patterns would be of a choice at work. Prior literature argues that the overall atmosphere of the community could influence individual behavior at work (Proshansky et al., 1983) encouraging the repetition of the same actions when there are facilities at work available for the performance of such behavior (McDonald, 2015). Voluntary behavior patterns are stronger at a home than at work (Muster & Schrader, 2011), due to connectivity with nature (Dutcher etal., 2007), selfidentity, the performance of such behavior freely (Fazio etal., 1992), and the influence of pro-environmental models of living (Roberts & Bacon, 1997). The existence of those elements forms a clear perception of behavioral traits in private life, which can be later performed at work (Muster & Schrader, 2011). Some prior studies have confirmed the positive influence of recycling in private life on the same behavioral patterns at work (Marans & Lee, 1993; McDonald, 2011). However, prior literature largely ignored the relationship between named behavioral traits, which is covered by current research, contributing to the existing literature on PEB. Based on those arguments, we propose next hypotheses: Hypothesis 3 PLpeb is positively related to Wpeb. Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 2.3.2 Mediating effects Private life PEB can also mediate the relationship between HEP and Wpeb. Since HEP motivates individuals to perform the activities to support the passion focus (Robertson & Barling, 2013), HEP can promote voluntary PEB in private life, which is in line with BABT (Fredrickson, 2001). At home individuals may have more freedom and less limits when solving complications related to engagement in PEB: the absence of adequate facilities nearby may be solved by driving recyclable residuals to the closest recycling point. These issues at work can be more complicated to work out, because of insufficient infrastructure, general organizational culture or company goals that are not in line with sustainability (McDonald, 2011). Also, life habits are often formed precisely in private life through attitudes, values and other individual factors, forming person’s self-identity that may establish general behavioral patterns in life (Paillé etal., 2017). Such private life behavior can influence work behavior (Lamm etal., 2015). According to TPB and the life-to-work interventions, employees “bring in and develop their environmental values, ideas and private experiences to the workplace” (Muster & Schrader, 2011, p. 150), because life habits are often formed precisely in private life. Values formed in private experiences contribute to form a behavioral base, represent habits and guide of behavior at work (Muster & Schrader, 2011; Paillé etal., 2017). Prior literature did not mention proposed relationships, which highlight the importance of our study. Based on those arguments, we propose next hypotheses: Hypothesis 4 PLpeb mediates positively the relationship between HEP and Wpeb. 2.3.3 Moderating effects Behavior of human beings, including PEB, is conditioned by expectations induced by society on males and females and the cultural context where an individuals are socialized (Zelezny etal., 2000). If an individual is identified with the society, community culture would dictate roles to perform, shaping the behavior, as explains social identity theory (Hogg etal., 1995; Tajfel, 1974). Hofstede’s masculinity-femininity dimension is of a particular significance for organizational studies in the context of pro-environmentalism due to its ability to explain relationships between co-workers from the perspective of ethics and respect, and the extent of engagement in PEB at work (Carballo-Penela etal., 2023; Hofman & Newman, 2014). Masculinity and femininity describe emotional roles of individuals in the society, indicating its dominant values (Li & Li, 2023). Masculine societies are defined in general as more self-determining and competitive (Hofstede & Bond, 1984; Zelezny et al., 2000), caring about self-gain and not paying attention to the general good and enjoying personal challenges (Li & Li, 2023). On the contrary, feminine cultures are found to be more helpful and empathetic demonstrating the significance for the culture to care for others (e.g., family members, friends, environment) and increase the quality of life. Feminine societies are more concerned about health, safety, and environmental degradation than the masculine societies (Davidson & Freudenburg, 1996), because women statistically tend to be more cooperative and caring about the environment due to their roles of caregivers in general. As a result, feminine N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 societies acquire similar characteristics, caring more about their surroundings, including the environment (Hofstede & Bond, 1984). In line with prior arguments, passion towards the environment may be easier developed and stronger manifested in feminine cultures due to the existence of pro-environmental values and caring towards nature (Davidson & Freudenburg, 1996) as a basic principle of society. Consequently, HEP-voluntary PEB relationship may also be stronger in such cultures. Despite the importance of cultural context for PEB studies (Carballo-Penela etal., 2023; Hofman & Newman, 2014), in accordance to our knowledge, prior literature does not demonstrate exhaustive studies in this vein, which highlights the significance of including it to the current work. In this vein, we propose next hypotheses: Hypothesis 5a The cultural masculinity-femininity moderates the relationship between HEP and PLpeb. Specifically, the positive relationship between HEP and PLpeb is higher in countries with cultural femininity. Hypothesis 5b The cultural masculinity-femininity moderates the relationship between HEP and Wpeb. Specifically, the positive relationship between HEP and Wpeb is higher in countries with cultural femininity. The research model is shown in Fig.1. 3 Methodology 3.1 Data andsample The survey was conducted through online questionnaire among employees of banking sector in Ecuador and Kazakhstan. We obtained 331 valid answers. A pretest was implemented Fig. 1 Research model Source: Authors’ own elaboration Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 among experts and academics with research interest in sustainability and green behavior with the aim of improving content validity. The recommendations of Armstrong and Overton (1977) and Weiss and Heide (1993) were followed to test non-response bias by observing differences among 75% of early and 25% late respondents. The t-test resulted in following parameters: age (p = 0.227), gender (p = 0.232), education level (p = 0.411) and years worked in the organization (p = 0.160), rejecting possibility of non-response bias in this study. The recommendations of Kock et al. (2021) and Podsakoff et al. (2003) were followed for limiting common method bias, including procedures such as clear recommendations for completing the survey, anonymity of responses and avoidance of long incomprehensible scales. Additionally, Harman one-factor test (Podsakoff & Organ, 1986) and Podsakoff etal. (2003) technique results demonstrated that common method bias was not an issue in this study. 3.2 Measures Exhaustive literature review was performed together with consulting experts and academics in the field with the aim of establishing content validity. Therefore, previously validated scales were used to measure selected variables. Seven-point Likert-type scales were applied in this study. Four-item scale adapted from Robertson and Barling (2013) was chosen to measure HEP. PLpeb was operationalized and measured adapting three items from various sources (Bogner & Wilhelm, 1996; Mweemba & Wu, 2010; Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010). Wpeb was measured by three items from Robertson and Barling (2013). Cultural femininity (FEM) was measured based on Hofstede insights country comparisons. Studied countries were categorized with high cultural femininity if they score 50 or less points in Hofstede’s masculinity dimension index (Hofstede Insights, 2023). 3.3 Data analysis approach Data analysis was performed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), CovarianceBased Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) and Conditional Process Analysis (PROCESS). CFA estimation following Gerbing and Anderson (1988), Hair etal. (2022), and Hu and Bentler (1999) guidelines were applied to assess scale reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity. CB-SEM was used to test hypothesized relationships for direct and mediating effects using the guidelines of Kline (2015) and Hair etal. (2022) for direct and mediating hypotheses. Zhao etal. (2010) and Hayes (2022) recommendations were applied for moderation and moderated mediation analysis using bootstrapping. For CFA and CB-SEM, we followed the recommended approach of considering a combination of key indices, the recommended thresholds for goodness of fit are CFI ≥ 0.90, IFI ≥ 0.95, TLI ≥ 0.95, NFI ≥ 0.95, and RMSEA ≤ 0.080 (Byrne, 2016; Hair etal., 2022). For CFA analysis, firstly, with the aim of evaluating reliability, the recommended threshold values considered were the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (CA > 0.70), composite reliability (CR > 0.60), and average variance extracted (AVE > 0.50) for all the constructs (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Secondly, to assess convergent validity, all retained items should be related N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 (Zhou etal., 2022). This study spotlights the importance of the voluntary PEB in the context of banks, and highlights the role of the HEP to bank managers interested in reducing their environmental impact. Some pro-environmental programs and initiatives such as environmental education and training (Minelgaitė & Liobikienė, 2021) may raise employee awareness on eco-degradation through, for instance, educational speeches on environmental issues (Saulick etal., 2023). Such awareness increases environmental knowledge, which is a key to foster HEP and improve existing PEB (Saulick etal., 2023). These findings can be considered relevant to Ecuadorian and Kazakhstani banking sector providing reinforcement for the prior literature evidence. As for policy implications of the current study, in order to foster HEP, which leads to Wpeb, and, as a consequence, PLpeb and Wpeb, implementing green policies and practices should help organizations striving for sustainability. Some practices such as green recruitment, green training, green performance management, and green rewards may be considered an option (Li etal., 2023). Through those policies the process of fostering a green work climate may be achieved where employee Wpeb will be supported and encouraged by managers (Norton etal., 2014). However, organizations wanting to promote voluntary PEB should be careful. Some obligatory policies or direct incentives for performance of certain behavior, may lead to negative spillover between PLpeb and Wpeb, because obliged behavior may lead to the unwillingness to perform PEB when not watched and controlled, or even unwillingness to have involved such behavior in self-identity (Vallerand, 2015). In addition, organization can establish a policy of provision of psychological support for their employees for engagement in environmental sustainability (Li etal., 2023). Organizations striving to sustainability should ensure correct provision of all necessary support and resources to their employees at work in order to achieve sustainable goals. 5.3 Limitations andfuture research lines Firstly, since gathered data is self-reported, the results may also capture variation in social desirability bias across studied cultures due to the desire to give answers that are socially acceptable (Cerri etal., 2019). Secondly, future research may include other Hofstede cultural dimensions (e.g., collectivism) and national factors as moderators in the proposed relationships. The findings regarding cultural femininity suggest that a more complete analysis of different moderators on the relationships between HEP and both PLpeb and Wpeb could provide interesting knowledge to understand how those relationships are reinforced. Thirdly, more variables from environmental literature could be added to the proposed model, such as environmental concern or the New Environmental Paradigm as the antecedents of HEP. Fourthly, since this research is focused on two countries and one sector of the economy, the generalizability of findings is potentially limited. Future research should collect data in more countries and sectors. Finally, cross-sectional nature of this work does not allow for drawing causal insights. Future research should perform longitudinal or experimental designs to gain a better understanding of causality in the context of this study. Notwithstanding aforementioned limitations, given the scarcity of research in the area of voluntary PEB, the findings of current study are hoped to contribute to better understanding the relationship between HEP and voluntary PEB both at home and at work. Funding Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 Data availability The datasets generated by the survey research during and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon reasonable request. Declarations Confict of interest All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. References Abbaszadeh, M. (2017). The role of spillover phenomena in transition of responsible environmental behavior from home to public sphere. Journal of Environmental Studies, 42(4), 753–769. Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Sage. Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A theory of planned behavior. Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11–39). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 07495978(91) 90020-T Ali, M., Seraj, M., Türüç, F., Tursoy, T., & Raza, A. (2023). Do banking sector development, economic growth, and clean energy consumption scale up green finance investment for a sustainable environment in South Asia: Evidence for newly developed RALS co-integration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(25), 67891–67906. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. Aronson, E. (1969). The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 4 (pp. 1–34). Elsevier. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S00652601(08) 60075-1 Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ BF027 23327 Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 14–25. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jenvp. 2006. 12. 002 Bissing-Olson, M. J., Aarti, I., Fielding, K. S., & Hannes, Z. (2013). Relationships between daily affect and pro-environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro-environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 156–175. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ job. 1788 Bogner, F. X., & Wilhelm, M. G. (1996). Environmental perspectives of pupils: The development of an attitude and behaviour scale. The Environmentalist, 16(2), 95–110. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ BF013 25101 Boiral, O. (2009). Greening the corporation through organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(2), 221–236. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s105510089881-2 Boiral, O., Paillé, P., & Raineri, N. (2015). The nature of employees’ pro-environmental behaviors. The Psychology of Green Organizations. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ acprof: oso/ 97801 99997 480. 003. 0002 Boiral, O., Raineri, N., & Talbot, D. (2018). Managers’ citizenship behaviors for the environment: A developmental perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 149, 395–409. Budzanowska-Drzewiecka, M., & Tutko, M. (2021). The impact of individual motivation on employee voluntary pro-environmental behaviours: The motivation towards the environment of Polish employees. N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(5), 929–948. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1108/ MEQ1120200268 Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. https:// doi. org/ 10. 4324/ 97813 15757 421 Carballo-Penela, A., Ruzo-Sanmartín, E., García-Chas, R., & Troilo, F. (2024). Does sustainable recruitment enhance motivation? A cross-country analysis on the role of person-organization fit. Sustainable Development. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ sd. 3071 Carballo-Penela, A., Ruzo-Sanmartín, E., & Sousa, C. M. P. (2023). Does business commitment to sustainability increase job seekers’ perceptions of organisational attractiveness? The role of organisational prestige and cultural masculinity. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(8), 5521–5535. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ bse. 3434 Cerri, J., Thøgersen, J., & Testa, F. (2019). Social desirability and sustainable food research: A systematic literature review. Food Quality and Preference, 71, 136–140. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. foodq ual. 2018. 06. 013 Corral-Verdugo, V., Lucas, M. Y., Tapia-Fonllem, C., & Ortiz-Valdez, A. (2020). Situational factors driving climate change mitigation behaviors: The key role of pro-environmental family. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(8), 7269–7285. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s1066801900496-0 Davidson, D. J., & Freudenburg, W. R. (1996). Gender and environmental risk concerns: A review and analysis of available research. Environment and Behavior, 28(3), 302–339. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 00139 16596 283003 Dutcher, D. D., Finley, J. C., Luloff, A. E., & Johnson, J. B. (2007). Connectivity with nature as a measure of environmental values. Environment and Behavior. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 00139 16506 298794 Fazio, R. H., Blascovich, J., & Driscoll, D. M. (1992). On the functional value of attitudes: The influence of accessible attitudes on the ease and quality of decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(4), 388–401. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 01461 67292 184002 Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford University Press. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. Fränkel, S., Sellmann-Risse, D., & Basten, M. (2019). Fourth graders’ connectedness to nature—Does cultural background matter? Journal of Environmental Psychology. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jenvp. 2019. 101347 Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218. Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192. Gousse-Lessard, A.-S., Vallerand, R. J., Carbonneau, N., & Lafrenière, M.-A.K. (2013). The role of passion in mainstream and radical behaviors: A look at environmental activism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, 18–29. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jenvp. 2013. 03. 003 Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2022). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression-Based Approach (3rd ed.). Guilford Publications. Higueras-Castillo, E., Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J., Muñoz-Leiva, F., & Molinillo, S. (2019). The role of collectivism in modeling the adoption of renewable energies: A cross-cultural approach. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(4), 2143–2160. Hofman, P. S., & Newman, A. (2014). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on organizational commitment and the moderating role of collectivism and masculinity: Evidence from China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(5), 631–652. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 09585 192. 2013. 792861 Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede’s culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(4), 417–433. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 00220 02184 01500 4003 Hogg, M. A. (2006). Chapter6 Social Identity Theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111–136). Stanford University Press. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1515/ 97808 04768 047008 Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 255–269. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 Hofstede Insights. (2023, March 5). Hofstede Insights. https:// www. hofst edeinsig hts. com/ produ ct/ compa recount ries/ Junot, A., Paquet, Y., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2017). Passion for outdoor activities and environmental behaviors: A look at emotions related to passionate activities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 53, 177–184. Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). environmental attitude and ecological behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 1–19. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1006/ jevp. 1998. 0107 Kang, J., Grable, K., Hustvedt, G., & Ahn, M. (2017). Sustainable water consumption: The perspective of Hispanic consumers. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 50, 94–103. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications. Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86, 104330. Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & King, C. E. (2015). empowering employee sustainability: Perceived organizational support toward the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 207–220. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s105510142093-z Li, C., & Li, Y. (2023). Factors influencing public risk perception of emerging technologies: A metaanalysis. Sustainability, 15(5), 3939. Li, W., Abdalla, A. A., Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., & Parveen, M. (2023). Towards examining the link between green hrm practices and employee green in-role behavior: Spiritual leadership as a moderator. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 383–396. https:// doi. org/ 10. 2147/ PRBM. S3961 14 Liao, Y., & Yang, W. (2022). The determinants of different types of private-sphere pro-environmental behaviour: An integrating framework. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(6), 8566– 8592. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s1066802101800-7 Liu, D., Chen, X.-P., & Yao, X. (2011). From autonomy to creativity: A multilevel investigation of the mediating role of harmonious passion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 294–309. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1037/ a0021 294 Lülfs, R., & Hahn, R. (2013). Corporate greening beyond formal programs, initiatives, and systems: A conceptual model for voluntary pro-environmental behavior of employees. European Management Review, 10(2), 83–98. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ emre. 12008 Luu, T. T. (2024). How and when to activate hospitality employees’ organizational citizenship behavior for the environment in South Korea and Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 32(1), 151–183. Mahmud, A., Ali, Z., & Ashrafuzzaman, M. (2023). How and when community-oriented-corporate social responsibility affects employee societal behavior: A moderated-mediated model. Heliyon, 9(9), e20097. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. heliy on. 2023. e20097 Maki, A., Carrico, A. R., Raimi, K. T., Truelove, H. B., Araujo, B., & Yeung, K. L. (2019). Meta-analysis of pro-environmental behaviour spillover. Nature Sustainability, 2(4), 307–315. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ s418930190263-9 Marans, R. W., & Lee, Y.-J. (1993). Linking recycling behavior to waste management planning: A case study of office workers in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 26(1), 203–214. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 01692046(93) 90017-8 McDonald, S. (2011). Green behaviour: Difference in recycling behaviour between the home and the workplace. McDonald, F. V. (2015). Developing and validating an integrated framework explaining pro-environmental behaviour in the workplace [University of Portsmouth]. https:// resea rchpo rtal. port. ac. uk/ portal/ files/ 76848 73/ Faye_ McDon ald_ Thesis_ Postv iva_ Final. pdf Mennino, S. F., Rubin, B. A., & Brayfield, A. (2005). Home-to-Job and Job-to-Home spillover: The impact of company policies and workplace Culture. The Sociological Quarterly, 46(1), 107–135. Minelgaitė, A., & Liobikienė, G. (2021). Changes in pro-environmental behaviour and its determinants during long-term period in a transition country as Lithuania. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 16083–16099. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s1066802101329-9 Muster, V., & Schrader, U. (2011). Green work-life balance: A new perspective for green HRM. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(2), 140–156. Mweemba, L., & Wu, H. (2010). Greening our future and environmental values: An investigation of perception, attitudes and awareness of environmental issues in Zambia. Environmental Values, 19(4), 485–516. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3197/ 09632 7110X 531570 Norton, T. A., Zacher, H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2014). Organisational sustainability policies and employee green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate perceptions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 49–54. N.Saifulina et al. 1 3 Ones, D. S., Wiernik, B. M., Dilchert, S., & Klein, R. M. (2018). Multiple domains and categories of employee green behaviors: More than conservation. In Research Handbook on Employee Pro-Environmental Behaviour, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 13–38. Paillé, P., Raineri, N., & Boiral, O. (2019). Environmental behavior on and off the job: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 158, 253–268. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 01492 06386 01200 408 Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57–83. Roberts, J. A., & Bacon, D. R. (1997). Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 40(1), 79–89. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S01482963(96) 00280-9 Robertson, J., & Barling, J. (2013). Greening organizations through leaders’ influence on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 176–194. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ job. 1820 Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2017). Toward a new measure of organizational environmental citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 75, 57–66. Saifulina, N., Carballo-Penela, A., & Ruzo-Sanmartín, E. (2020). Sustainable HRM and green HRM: The role of green HRM in influencing employee pro-environmental behavior at work. Journal of Sustainability Research, 2(3), e200026. https:// doi. org/ 10. 20900/ jsr20 200026 Saifulina, N., & Carballo-Penela, A. (2017). Promoting sustainable development at an organizational level: An analysis of the drivers of workplace environmentally friendly behaviour of employees. Sustainable Development, 25, 299–310. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ sd. 1654 Saleem, M., Qadeer, F., Mahmood, F., Han, H., Giorgi, G., & Ariza-Montes, A. (2021). Inculcation of green behavior in employees: A multilevel moderated mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 331. Saracevic, S., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Wu, T. (2022). How normative appeals influence pro-environmental behavior: The role of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 344, 131086. Saulick, P., Bekaroo, G., Bokhoree, C., & Beeharry, Y. D. (2023). Investigating pro-environmental behaviour among students: Towards an integrated framework based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s1066802302985-9 Scherbaum, C. A., Popovich, P. M., & Finlinson, S. (2008). Exploring individual-level factors related to employee energy-conservation behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(3), 818–835. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/j. 15591816. 2007. 00328.x Soderholm, P. (2013). Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour: Sustainability and Everyday Life. Routledge. Soyez, K. (2012). How national cultural values affect pro-environmental consumer behavior. International Marketing Review, 29(6), 623–646. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1108/ 02651 33121 12779 73 Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Information (international Social Science Council), 13(2), 65–93. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 05390 18474 01300 204 Tian, H., & Liu, X. (2022). Pro-environmental behavior research: Theoretical progress and future directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6721. Tian, Q., & Robertson, J. (2017). How and when does perceived csr affect employees’ engagement in voluntary pro-environmental behavior? Journal of Business Ethics, 155(2), 399–412. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s105510173497-3 Tonglet, M., Phillips, P. S., & Bates, M. P. (2004). Determining the drivers for householder pro-environmental behaviour: Waste minimisation compared to recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42(1), 27–48. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. resco nrec. 2004. 02. 001 Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., Weber, E. U., Raimi, K. T., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2014). Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and theoretical framework. Global Environmental Change, 29, 127–138. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. gloen vcha. 2014. 09. 004 Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., Yeung, K. L., & Wolff, J. M. (2021). Identity and guilt as mediators of pro-environmental spillover. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 659483. Harmonious environmental passion andvoluntary… 1 3 Tudor, T., Barr, S. W., & Gilg, A. (2007). A tale of two locational settings: Is there a link between proenvironmental behaviour at work and at home? Local Environment, 12, 409–421. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 13549 83070 14125 13 Vallerand, R. J. (2015). The psychology of passion: A dualistic model. Oxford University Press. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 10944 28100 31002 Wang, X., Tu, M., Yang, R., Guo, J., Yuan, Z., & Liu, W. (2016). Determinants of pro-environmental consumption intention in rural China: The role of traditional cultures, personal attitudes and reference groups. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19(3), 215–224. Weiss, A. M., & Heide, J. B. (1993). The nature of organizational search in high technology markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 220–233. Whitmarsh, L., Haggar, P., & Thomas, M. (2018). Waste reduction behaviors at home, at work, and on holiday: What influences behavioral consistency across contexts? Frontiers in Psychology. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/ fpsyg. 2018. 02447 Whitmarsh, L., & O’Neill, S. (2010). Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental selfidentity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 305–314. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jenvp. 2010. 01. 003 Willuweit, L. (2009). Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavior: An Investigation of the cross-cultural environmental behavior patterns. Stockholm University. Yuriev, A., Boiral, O., Francoeur, V., & Paillé, P. (2018). Overcoming the barriers to pro-environmental behaviors in the workplace: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 379–394. Zelezny, L. C., Chua, P.-P., & Aldrich, C. (2000). New ways of thinking about environmentalism: Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 443–457. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ 00224537. 00177 Zhang, Y., Dong, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., & Jiang, J. (2024). Can organizations shape eco-friendly employees? Organizational support improves pro-environmental behaviors at work. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 93, 102200. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jenvp. 2023. 102200 Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. Zhou, X. Y., Caldecott, B., Hoepner, A. G., & Wang, Y. (2022). Bank green lending and credit risk: An empirical analysis of China’s green credit policy. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(4), 1623–1640. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.