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EVALUATING VERTICAL-SLOT FISHWAY DESIGNS IN TERMS OF FISH SWIMMING
CAPABILITIES
T. Teijei o Rod íguez1 J. Pue as Agudo2, L. Pena Mosque a3, E. Peña González4
1 P o ., EPS, San iago de Compos ela Uni e si y, Campus uni e si a io, s/n, 27002, Lugo. Spain.
2 P o ., Ci il Enginee ing School, A Co uña Uni e si y, Campus de El iña, s/n, 15912, A Co uña. Spain.
3 Res., CITEEC, A Co uña Uni e si y, Campus de El iña, s/n, 15912, A Co uña. . Spain.
4 Assis an P o esso , Ci il Enginee ing School, A Co uña Uni e si y, Campus de El iña s/n, 15912, A
Co uña. Spain.
Con ac :
Te esa Teijei o Rod íguez
Add ess: Escuela Poli écnica Supe io ,
Campus Uni e si a io de Lugo, s/n,
27002, Lugo (Spain).
Tel: (+ 34) 982 223 325 Ex 23250, Fax: (+ 34) 982 241 835
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]s
o
Luis Pena Mosque a
Add ess: CITEEC
Campus de El iña, s/n,
15912, A Co uña,
Tel: (+34)981 167000 Ex . 5185, Fax: (+34) 981167179
E-mail: [email protected]
Key wo ds: ishway, mig a o y ish, e ical slo , bu s speed, p obabili y-o -use cu es, minimum
discha ge.
Sho i le: E alua ing e ical-slo ishways
EVALUATING VERTICAL-SLOT FISHWAY DESIGNS IN TERMS OF FISH SWIMMING
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CAPABILITIES
ABSTRACT
One o he majo p oblems in ishway design is ha op imal pa ame e s depend on an in e play o
hyd aulic and biological a iables. This s udy p esen s a me hodology o e alua ing ishway designs in
e ms o he swimming capabili ies o he a ge species. Speci ically, we ha e e alua ed wo e ical-slo
designs whose hyd aulic p ope ies we e empi ically cha ac e ized in a p e ious s udy. In iew o hese
empi ical da a, o each design we ha e es ima ed a) minimum discha ges gi ing minimum ish-
accep able dep hs; b) maximum pool sizes ensu ing low eloci ies low enough o be o e come by he
ish; c) maximum pool sizes ensu ing u bulence low enough o be accep able o he ish. These design
cons ain s a e calcula ed o di e en slopes (~6% o ~10%), di e en wa e empe a u es (10, 15 o
20C), and di e en ish leng hs. This me hodology cons i u es an e ec i e means o aking ish
swimming capabili ies in o accoun a he ishway design s age.
INTRODUCTION
In ecen decades wild salmonid popula ions (salmon Salmo sala L., sea ou and b own ou Salmo
u a L.) in i e s ha e declined d ama ically in bo h size and di e si y. As is well known, hese species
mig a e wi hin he i e sys em (po amod omy) o be ween eshwa e and ma ine en i onmen s
(anad omy). All o e he wo ld, i e s a e becoming inc easingly agmen ed by a i icial ba ie s (Mo i a
& Yoko a, 2002). One o he majo causes o he diminishing popula ions obse ed is almos ce ainly he
p esence o human-cons uc ed obs acles impeding he mo emen o hese popula ions in i e s. The
majo solu ion o his p oblem is o build s uc u es inco po a ed in o dams and o he obs acles ha will
allow he passage o ish. Among hese s uc u es, ishways a e, wi hou a doub , he mos widely used
(i.e. Denil ishways (Odeh, 2003), pool-and-wei , and e ical-slo ypes). The design o hese ish
passage acili ies o salmonids is gene ally ine icien o eels (low swimming pe o mance). Speci ic
de ices, using he c awling beha iou o he species, ha e been de eloped o mi iga e he e ec s o
obs uc ions (Feun eun, 2002).
The h ee basic elemen s go e ning he e ec i eness o a ishway a e a) he wa e cou se, b) he
ish, and c) he ishway i sel . Fishway design mus mee he equi emen s imposed by he i s wo
elemen s, while hyd odynamic cha ac e is ics ( low a es, dep hs) gene ally demand he mos a en ion. I
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is also in e es ing o no e ha he necessa y condi ions a y among di e en ish species.
In he design o a ishway, he hyd odynamic p ope ies o he sys em (no ably low eloci y)
mus ma ch he swimming capabili ies o he ish species o which he sys em is in ended. I is he e o e
impo an o p edic he eloci y dis ibu ion and dep h dis ibu ion in each pool.
I is also impo an o ake in o accoun u bulence ( ypically measu ed as powe dissipa ion pe
uni olume). Excessi e u bulence will make i di icul o he ishes o o ien a e hemsel es co ec ly,
while an abundance o la ge ai bubbles may hinde espi a ion. Maximum accep able u bulence is
con en ionally conside ed o be 200 W/m3 o he la ge anad omic salmon species, and 150 W/m3 o
smalle species, including ou .
The p esen s udy ocuses on e ical-slo ishways. In hese ishways, wa e a els om one
pool o he nex h ough a e ical slo in he ba le, o ming a wa e je which causes cen al u bulence
and hus ene gy dissipa ion, bu a he same ime lea es a eas o much lowe low eloci y on ei he side.
The ishes may mo e om one pool o he nex wi hou jumping, a any dep h wi hin he slo , while he
p esence o low- eloci y la e al a eas allows hem es . On he o he hand, some well-know ishways ha e
been conside ed o ac as an al e na i e low measu emen s uc u e (Boi en,, 2002).
The i s e ical-slo ishways we e cons uc ed a he Hell’s Ga e dam on he F ase Ri e in
Canada, and since hen his design has been gene ally adop ed wo ldwide. Key s udies include hose by
Raja a nam, Van de Vinne & Ka opodis (1986) and Raja a nam, Ka opodis & Solanski, (1992), who
pe o med expe imen al s udies in 18 e ical-slo ishway designs, acing ci cula ion pa e ns wi hin he
pools and in es iga ing ela ionships be ween discha ge and dep h a he cen e o he pool. These
expe imen s led he au ho s o iden i y h ee designs as e ec i e and eadily cons uc ed; wo o hese
designs ha e been used in he p esen s udy (Fig. 1).
[Figu e 1 abou he e]
He e, ou p ima y in e es is he e alua ion o ishways in e ms o he dep h equi emen s and he
swimming capabili y o he ish, speci ically salmonids. Simila e o s ha e been made in he s udy o
inco po a ing adul ish mig a ion in o cul e design (Rowland, 2003).
To assess ishways in e ms o he minimum dep h equi emen s o he ish, we used a p ocedu e
ha d aws on a me hodology commonly used in habi a e alua ion, namely he Ins eam Flow
Inc emen al Me hodology (IFIM) de eloped by he US Geological Su ey. In his con ex he e, he IFIM
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componen s o in e es a e “p obabili y-o -use cu es” o dep h, i.e. plo s ( o each li e s age o each ish
species) o ela i e p obabili y o occu ence compa ed o hyd aulic and habi a a iables (he e dep h; as
well as low eloci y, wa e empe a u e, and subs a e ex u e).
To assess ishways in e ms o swimming capabili y (i.e. in iew o he maximum low eloci y
ha he ish can o e come), IFIM me hodology is unsui able: he p obabili y-o -use cu es o low
eloci y ha e been gene a ed, bu hey e e o mean eloci ies (o 0 - ~150 cm/s), and a e no applicable
o he highe eloci ies (commonly up o ~150 cm/s) occu ing in ishways. In a ishway a ish does no
need o ole a e hese high lows o e long pe iods, bu mus simply be able o swim agains and
“ h ough” hese lows o sho dis ances. We ha e he e o e de eloped a p ocedu e in which he ishway
is di ided in o a se ies o bands, each wi h a gi en ups eam dis ance and a gi en low eloci y. The
maximum dis ance ha a ish can swim agains ha eloci y (Dmax) is hen es ima ed on he basis o
published da a o salmonids (o a gi en size and a a gi en wa e empe a u e), and he ease wi h which a
ish can c oss each band is es ima ed as Dmax/D, whe e D is he ups eam dis ance he ish mus swim
( he wid h o he band).
EXPERIMENTS
The lack o su icien quan i a i e da a on eloci ies and dep hs in he o e all pool olume in p e ious
s udies (Raja a nam, Van de Vinne & Ka opodis, 1986; Raja a nam, Ka opodis & Solanski,, 1992; Wu,
Raja a nam, & Ka opodis, 1999; Kim, 2001) wa an ed he de elopmen o a new se o expe imen s,
wi h he educed model s udy being he one mos sui able o he objec i es. We ha e cons uc ed a scale
model o a e ical-slo ishway, allowing o he de ailed cha ac e iza ion o low eloci ies and dep hs.
The model was cons uc ed in a plexiglass-walled channel 12 m in leng h, 0.99 m wid h and 1 m heigh ,
wi h plexiglass ba les i ed as equi ed (see nex pa ag aph). The channel (i.e. he ishway) was
ex e nally ein o ced wi h a s eel ame, and placed in a la ge conc e e channel. The slope o he ishway
could be a ied by aising o lowe ing i s uppe end. The whole s uc u e is included in a wa e ci cui
supplying up o 400 l/s, en e ing he ishway a minimal eloci y (see Fig. 2).
Figu e 2 abou he e
The ishway con ains 9 pools. The 4 lowe pools a e o design ype 1, and he 4 uppe mos , o
design ype 2, wi h a ansi ional pool in be ween he wo g oups (see Fig. 2). Flow and dep h
measu emen s we e ob ained, assuming a uni o m low (i.e. iden ical dep h a equi alen poin s wi h each
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o he 9 pools). Two slopes we e es ed, 5.700% and 10.054%, bo h wi hin he no mal ange o ishways
o his ype. Discha ge was a ied in s eps o 10 l/s, be ween he minimum o measu able low eloci y
(abou 20 l/s) and he maximum pe mi ed by he model (abou 125 l/s).
Flow eloci ies we e measu ed wi h an acous ic Dopple lowme e (ADV, Son ek), which allows
o he de e mina ion o he eloci y in he X, Y and Z dimensions a a gi en poin . Measu emen s we e
ob ained a 5 cm abo e he bo om, hen a 10-cm in e als om he su ace. F ee su ace le els (and hus
dep hs) we e de e mined wi h a DHI Type 202 wa e gauge. Da a measu emen s in he X and Y
dimensions we e ob ained ollowing p ede ined g ids pa allel o he bo om; he maximum dis ance
be ween da a poin s was 10 cm, wi h his dis ance being educed a ound he slo (whe e g ea e a ia ion
in low a e is expec ed). The elocime e and wa e gauge we e au oma ically posi ioned wi h a
p og ammable Ca esian posi ione . The discha ge en e ing he ishway om he supply pipe was
measu ed au oma ically by an elec omagne ic lowme e . This expe imen al design is summa ized in
Table 1.
[Table 1 abou he e]
Thus, o each discha ge, slope and ype, his expe imen al design p o ides dep h measu emen s
on an X-Y g id, and low eloci y measu emen s (in he X, Y and Z di ec ions) on an X-Y-Z g id. These
da a can hen be ex apola ed o eal ishway dimensions by he F oude simili ude. The dimensions used
in he e alua ion p ocess we e selec ed in line wi h con en ional slo wid hs o ishways o his ype,
which ange be ween 30 and 60 cm.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
1. FLOW PATTERNS
A de ailed analysis o he expe imen al esul s as ega ds low pa e ns is a ailable in Pue as, Pena &
Teijei o (2004). The main conclusions o his analysis can be summa ized as ollows.
1) Flow pa e ns a e mo e s able in esponse o a ia ions in discha ge and slope in ba le design 2
han in ba le design 1 (Fig. 3). [Figu e 3 abou he e]
2) Flow is basically bidimensional in bo h designs, independen o slope and discha ge; in o he
wo ds, he Z-di ec ion low eloci y is minimal in compa ison o low eloci y in he X and Y di ec ions.
Fu he mo e, low eloci y shows li le a ia ion wi h dep h. Thus, mean eloci y along a gi en e ical
line p o ides a eliable es ima e o eloci y a any poin on said line.
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3) The inc ease in low eloci y wi h slope is mo e ma ked in he main low pa h, and mo e so in
design 2 han design 1.
4) Dep h is consis en ly lowes in he a ea immedia ely below he slo , and consis en ly highes in
he a ea ups eam o he la ge ba le.
5) The basically bidimensional low means ha he ela ionship be ween discha ge and he
di e en measu emen s o dep h (pool cen e, slo , minimum, maximum, mean) is linea , which means
ha ene gy dissipa ion pe uni discha ge is basically independen o he discha ge.
2. MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DISCHARGES
Minimum accep able discha ges o success ul ish passage we e es ima ed on he basis o he
expe imen ally de e mined dep h da a and published p obabili y-o -use cu es o dep h in adul b own
ou (Bo ee, 1978, and Gosse, 1981; Fig. 4). Bo h cu es esul in high p obabili ies a 40 cm dep h: 0.65
in Bo ee (1978, and 0.88 ( es ing) o 0.7 (swimming) in Gosse (1981). In iew o hese p obabili ies, he e
we conside 40 cm o be he minimum dep h accep able o ou passage (no ing ha his is a
conse a i e cons ain , bu mino alues p o ide much lowe indices). The maximum-p obabili y dep h
is 75 cm in Bo ee’s cu e, 50 cm in Gosse’s “ es ing” cu e, and 90 cm in Gosse’s “swimming” cu e.
Salmon demand g ea e dep hs; as an example a minimum dep h o 50 cm (Clay, 1985) has been
conside ed , al hough a ho ough examina ion o his aspec has no ye been ca ied ou .
[Figu e 4 abou he e]
As no ed, he di e en dep h measu emen s (Y0 = pool cen e; Yb = slo ; Ymin = minimum; Ymax =
maximum; Ym = mean) a e all linea ly ela ed o dimensionless discha ge QA (QA = Q/(g b5)1/2; an
equa ion modi ied om Raja a nam, Ka opodis & Solanski,, 1992, see Pue as, Pena & Teijei o, 2004).
Table 2 lis s equa ions ob ained by eg ession o QA on Y0/b, and o Yb/b, Ymin/b, Ymax/b and Ym/b on Y0/b,
whe e b is he slo wid h. These equa ions pe mi an es ima ion, o each ba le design and a
ep esen a i e ange o slo wid hs, o he minimum discha ge equi ed o gua an ee a Ymin o a leas 40
cm (i.e. he dep h we ha e aken o be he minimum accep able o ou passage) o 50 cm o salmon.
These alues can be used o selec he slo wid h o a ishway in ended o a gi en ange o discha ges. In
addi ion, es ima ed dep h a he slo can be used o de e mine he mos app op ia e s a ing le el o he
ishway.
[Table 2 abou he e]
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As can be seen, he minimum accep able discha ge inc eases wi h slope in bo h ba le designs.
Fo a gi en slope, minimum accep able discha ge is always highe o ba le design 2, e lec ing he
simple eloci y dis ibu ion and highe mean eloci y in his design.
3. MODELLING FISHES’ SWIMMING CAPABILITY
The p e ious sec ion de ailed he p ocedu e o iden i ying he minimum accep able discha ge gi ing
minimum accep able dep h o ish passage. This sec ion examines he p ocedu e o iden i ying he
maximum accep able low eloci y in iew o he ishes’ swimming capabili y. The mul iple me hods and
c i e ia used in de e mining swimming speeds make i di icul o compa e he esul s epo ed by he
di e en au ho s (Blax e , 1969). Ne e heless, all he au ho s would appea o coincide in hei opinion
ha he e a e h ee main ac o s in luencing swimming speed (Cowx, 1998): swimming speed depends on
he species (Webb, 1984, Wo on, 1990); i inc eases wi h he size o he ish (Blax e , 1969; F y and
Cox, 1970; Webb,1976; Beamish, 1978; Hamme , 1995; Domenici, 2001) and i is empe a u e-
dependen (Wadle and Videle , 1980; Taylo , Eggin on & Taylo , 1996; Ojangu en and B aña, 2000).
Swimming capabili y is p edic ed on he basis o p e iously published da a o salmonids. Ou o all he
o mulas ha p o ide he maximum speed o salmonids, we ha e chosen hose pu o h in Beach’s
es ima es (1984), owing o hei wide dissemina ion, he conse a i e alues hey gene a e and because
when used in calcula ing he maximum dis ance a which a ish can swim in a cu en o a gi en speed,
hey esul in alues simila o hose ob ained in o he s udies (Zieme ,1961 y E ans & Johns on ,1980).
Mig a ing ish a e sing eloci y ba ie s a e o en o ced o swim a speeds g ea e han hei
maximum sus ained speed (Cas o-San os, 2005). Beach (1984) sugges s ha e ec i e modelling o ish
swimming equi es conside a ion o bo h bu s speed (i.e. in high-e o swimming basically powe ed by
he anae obic whi e muscle, only sus ainable o sho pe iods) and c uise speed (i.e. lowe -e o
swimming basically powe ed by he ae obic ed muscle, sus ainable o much longe pe iods). He
sugges s ha he e is a g adual ansi ion be ween he wo ypes o swimming. Beach’s cu es (Fig. 5),
de eloped om o mulae p oposed by Wa dle (1975) and Zhou (1982), show he maximum swimming
eloci ies a ainable by salmonids o di e en sizes a di e en wa e empe a u es, and he maximum
imes o e which hose eloci ies can be main ained. These cu es ha e p o ed eliable o ishway
design, and a e widely used. [Figu e 5 abou he e]
Zhou (1982) used empi ically de i ed equa ions o es ima e maximum c uising eloci y as a
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unc ion o body size and empe a u e. On he basis o hese indings, La inie , Po che , T a ade,
&,Gosse (1998) es ima ed he maximum dis ances (Dmax) swimmable agains cu en s o di e en
eloci ies o ish o 25 and 35 cm a empe a u es o 10, 15 and 20C. The esul s ob ained we e simila
o hose ob ained expe imen ally o b own ou and salmon by Zieme (1961) and E ans & Johns on
(1980), al hough in hese s udies empe a u e was no aken in o accoun , and only dis ances o 3 m o
mo e we e conside ed. La inie e al.’s equa ion o he calcula ion o Dmax (modi ied o exclude
meaningless nega i e alues) is as ollows:
Dmax = max {( - u) , 0} (1)
whe e Dmax = maximum dis ance swimmable (m), = maximum swimming eloci y (m/s), u =
low eloci y (m/s), = ime o e which can be main ained (s).
[Figu e 6 abou he e]
Figu e 6 shows modi ied e sions o he cu es o La inie e al. (1998). The o iginal cu es
conside ed Dmax o 1 m o mo e; he modi ied cu es shown he e ha e been ex ended down o 0.1 m
(using equa ion 1 and Beach’s es ima es o maximum eloci ies and associa ed main enance imes). This
allows hese cu es o be applied in he p esen con ex , since in ishways ish ha e o swim e y sho
dis ances agains a e y as cu en .
Gi en he es ima es o ish swimming capabili y summa ized in Figu e 6, he nex s ep is o ela e
hese es ima es o he low eloci y da a o he ishway. To his end we conside ha he pool comp ises
a se ies o “bands” h ough which he ish mus pass (Fig. 7); each band is made up o a se ies o columns
(i.e. quad ila e al p isms, in some cases wi h cu ed sides); each column is cen ed on an X-Y da a poin ,
i s X-Y bounda ies de ined ei he by he line o equidis ance wi h espec o adjacen da a poin s, o by an
edge ( he pool wall o he bounda y o he je low zone). Wi hin each column, low eloci y is assumed
o be cons an (i.e. independen o dep h; see abo e). As shown in Figu e 7, he a ea conside ed in his
analysis excludes eci cula ion zones, es ing zones and zones in which ish a e no likely o en e .
[Figu e 7 abou he e]
The leng h o each band in he di ec ion o low (DB) is es ima ed as
n
i
Bi
n
i
BiBiB WDWD
11
whe e WBi is column wid h (pe pendicula o low) and n is he numbe o exis en columns in
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9
each band.
The maximum dis ance swimmable wi hin a gi en band, B, is likewise es ima ed as he maximum
dis ances swimmable in each o n columns weigh ed by he column wid h (in each case calcula ed on he
basis o low eloci y in ha column):
n
i
Bi
n
i
BiBiB WDmaxWDmax
11
In all cases, we used eal ishway dimensions and low eloci ies ex apola ed o eal dimensions
using he F oude simili ude.
Fo each band, we can he e o e de e mine Dmax/D, which se es as an index o ease o passage:
high Dmax/D alues indica e easy passage, low Dmax/D alues di icul passage, and Dmax/D < 1
indica es ha he ish canno c oss ha band. Fo his calcula ion, Dmax alues g ea e han 10 m a e
conside ed o be 10 m (gi en ha he la ges pool conside ed was only 6 m in leng h).
3.1. MAXIMUM POOL DIMENSIONS IN VIEW OF Dmax/D
Dmax/D p o iles mus be calcula ed sepa a ely o each ish leng h, wa e empe a u e, ishway design,
ishway slope and slo wid h b. Figu e 8 shows Dmax/D p o iles o 25-cm ish a 10C in a ype-2 design
wi h slope 10.054%. As can be seen, hese calcula ions sugges ha slo wid h is he c i ical de e mining
ac o o passage di icul y. Simila esul s we e ob ained o he o he slope and he o he ba le design.
These esul s a e as expec ed, since he slo is a na ow opening wi h a high eloci y ac oss he wid h,
while in he o he bands eloci y may be high a some poin s bu lowe a o he s.
[Figu e 8 abou he e]
In iew o hese indings, we pe o med mo e de ailed Dmax e sus D calcula ions o assess
maximum accep able slo wid hs in each design. Speci ically, we ook Dmax o be he alue a he slo
(i.e. Band 1), and calcula ed D o Band 1. Table 3 (a, design 1; b, design 2) shows Dmax alues and
co esponding D alues o a ange o slo wid hs, calcula ed sepa a ely o he wo slopes conside ed,
and o 25- and 35-cm ish (i.e. all ish o la ge salmonids only). These alues a e calcula ed using he
lowes empe a u e (10C). Maximum accep able slo wid hs calcula ed on he basis o hese conse a i e
cons ain s a e summa ized in Table 4. Conside ing 25-cm ish and he 5.700% slope, o example, Dmax
a slo wid h 90 cm is 1.67 (i.e. g ea e han he co esponding D alue o 0.46), whe eas Dmax a slo
wid h 100 cm is 0.36 (i.e. lowe han he co esponding D alue o 0.51, indica ing ha ish will be
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Webb, P.W. 1975. Hyd odynamics and ene ge ics o ish p oopulsion. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 190, 158
pág.
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pp.
Webb, P.W. 1978. Fas -s a pe o mance and body o m in se en species o eleos ish. J. esp. Biol., 74:
211-226.
Webb, P.W. 1984. Fo m and unc ion in ish swimming. Sci. Ame . 251. Pp. 157-165.
Wu, S., Raja a nam, N., Ka opodis, C.. 1999. S uc u e o low in e ical slo ishways. ASCE Jou nal
O Hyd aulic Enginee ing. Vol 125 Nº 4, Pp. 351-360.
Zhou, Y. 1982. The swimming beha io o ish in owed gea s; a eexamina ion o he p inciples. Sco l.
Fish. Wo k. Pap. (4). 1-55. Depa men o Ag icul u al and Fishe ies o Sco land.
Zieme , G. L. 1961. Fish anspo in wa e ways. Alaska Depa men o ish and Game. 10pp
pág.
18
SYMBOLS
b = slo wid h (m)
D = dis ance a ish is equi ed o swim agains a gi en low eloci y (m)
DB= leng h o each band in he di ec ion o low (m)
Dmax = maximum dis ance a ish can swim agains a gi en low eloci y (m)
g = accele a ion due o g a i y (m s-2)
L = pool leng h (m)
P = powe dissipa ion pe uni olume (W/m3)
Q = discha ge (m3/s)
QA = adimensional discha ge
S = channel slope
= ime du ing which he ish can main ain (s)
u = low eloci y (m/s)
= maximum swimming eloci y (m/s)
W = pool wid h (m)
WBi = column wid h o i da a poin (m)
Y0 = wa e dep h in he cen e o a ishway pool (m)
Yb = wa e dep h in he slo o a ishway pool (m)
Ymin = minimum wa e dep h in a ishway pool (m)
Ymax = maximum wa e dep h in a ishway pool (m)
Ym = mean wa e dep h in a ishway pool (m)
Δh = e ical d op om one pool o he nex (m)
ρ = densi y o wa e (g/cm3)
β = coe icien depending on ba le con igu a ion and slope
λ = coe icien depending on ba le con igu a ion and slope
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19
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The au ho s would like o hank he CITEEC s a (Cen o de Inno ación Tecnolóxica en
Edi icación e Enxeñe ía Ci il) a he Uni e sidade de A Co uña (Spain), wi hou whose help he
de elopmen o expe imen al wo k essen ial o his esea ch would no ha e been possible, as well as he
Spanish Minis y o Science and Technology, which unded his esea ch p ojec (CICYT-HID-1999-
0297).
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20
Table 1. Summa y o he expe imen al design o hyd aulic cha ac e iza ion
Discha ges Veloci ies
Design Type 1
Type 2 Type 1
Type 2
S 5,70%
10,054%
5,70%
10,054% 5,70%
10,054%
5,70% 10,054%
Q Range 16-85 35-115
25-85 35-125 16-85 35-125
25-185 35-125
Nº Discha ges 8 9
7 9 8 9
7 9
Sec ion Poin s 89 110
109 109 101 140
132 132
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21
Table 2. a. Reg ession equa ions ela ing dimensionless discha ge QA and he di e en dep hs
Design
So Q
A
Ymin/b Yb/b Ymax/b Ym/b
Type 1
5,700% 0.631Yo/b 0.9739Yo/b-0.1409 0.9758Yo/b+0.2512
0.9993Yo/b+0.3018
1.015Yo/b
Type 1
10.054%
0.8888Yo/b
0.9742Yo/b - 0.3822
1.0008Yo/b+0.2918
1.021Yo/b+0.6133 1.033Yo/b
Type 2
5,700% 0.6867Yo/b
0.9789Yo/b-0.2871 1.031Yo/b+0.0407 1.0065Yo/b+0.3583
1.0183Yo/b
Type 2
10,054%
0.9988Yo/b
0.9196Yo/b-0.4069 0.9949Yo/b+0.2826
1.0323Yo/b+0.4811
1.0002Yo/b
Table 2.b. Minimum accep able discha ges (m3/s) showing dep h accep able o b own ou (Ymin = 40
cm) and salmon (Ymin = 50 cm)
b (m)
Mimimun discha ge o ou (m3/s) Mimimun discha ge o salmon (m3/s)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2
5.700%
10.054%
5.700%
10.054%
5.700%
10.054%
5.700%
10.054%
0.3 0.167 0.270 0.203 0.293 0.204
0.322
0.243
0.351
0.4 0.267 0.448 0.335 0.483 0.324
0.528
0.397
0.571
0.5 0.387 0.672 0.499 0.719 0.466
0.783
0.585
0.843
0.6 0.528 0.943 0.697 1.003 0.632
1.089
0.810
1.166
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22
Table 3. The i s column o his able shows di e en he slo wid hs conside ed in bo h slopes. Columns
2 and 5 ( u (cm/s) ) indica e he speed gene a ed o each slo wid h and slope. Columns 3,4,6 and 7
e lec he maximum dis ance (Dmax (m)) ha he ish can swim agains he cu en whe e eloci y is ,
calcula ed o salmonids 25 and 35 cm in leng h. The las column shows dis ance D (m), band wid h,
whe e speed is conside ed o be cons an and equal o u. (Table 4a - ype-1 ba les, Table 4b - ype-2
ba les)
Slo
wid h (cm)
Type 1 5,700% Type 1 10,054%
D(m)
u(cm/s)
Dmax (m)
Size 0,25 m
Dmax (m)
Size 0,35 m
u(cm/s)
Dmax (m)
Size 0,25 m
Dmax (m)
Size 0,35 m
30 119 > 10 m > 10 m 162 6.79 > 10 m 0.15
40 137 9.69 > 10 m 184 4.21 > 10 m 0.21
50 153 7.80 > 10 m 207 1.52 > 10 m 0.26
60 168 6.08 > 10 m 230 0 > 10 m 0.31
70 181 4.51 > 10 m 249 5.88 0.36
80 194 3.04 > 10 m 266 1.12 0.41
90 206 1.67 > 10 m 282 0 0.46
100 217 0.36 > 10 m 295
0.51
110 227 0 > 10 m 309
0.56
120 238 8.96 323
0.62
130 247 6.44 337
0.67
140 257 3.64 349
0.72
150 266 1.12 361
0.77
160 274 0 373
0.80
a)
Slo size (cm)
Type 2 5,700% Type 2 10,0543%
D (m)
u(cm/s)
Dmáx (m)
Size 0,25 m
Dmáx (m)
Size 0,35 m
u(cm/s)
Dmáx (m)
Size 0,25 m
Dmáx (m)
Size 0,35 m
30 140 9.39 > 10 m 183 4.33 > 10 m 0.23
40 161 6.86 > 10 m 211 1.05 > 10 m 0.31
50 180 4.64 > 10 m 236 0 9.52 0.38
60 198 2.62 > 10 m 259 3.08 0.46
70 213 0.77 > 10 m 280 0 0.54
80 228 0 > 10 m 299 0.61
90 242 7.84 318
0.69
100 255 4.17 335
0.77
110 268 0.69 351
0.84
b)
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23
Table 4. . Maximum slo wid hs showing Dmax > D a 10C, o each design con igu a ion and o 25-
and 35-cm ish
Con igu a ion Slope
Maximum slo wid h (cm)
25 cm ish 35 cm ish
Type 1
5,700% 100 150
10,054% 50 80
Type 2
5,700% 70 100
10,054% 40 60
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24
Table 5. Powe dissipa ed (W/m3) in di e en ishway design con igu a ions, o a ange o slo wid hs. λ
is he coe icien in equa ion 5, used o ob ain he powe dissipa ion es ima es.
Powe dissipa ed (w / m3)
Type and slope b = 30cm
b = 40 cm b = 50cm
b = 60 cm
Type 1 5,700% 0.685 99.56 114.96 128.53 140.80
Type 1 10.054% 0.948 137.79 159.10 177.88 194.86
Type 2 5,700% 0.748 104.37 120.51 134.74 147.60
Type 2 10.054% 0.989 137.99 159.34 178.15 195.15
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25
TABLE LEGENDS
Table 1. Summa y o he expe imen al design o hyd aulic cha ac e iza ion
Table 2. a. Reg ession equa ions ela ing dimensionless discha ge QA and he di e en dep hs
Table 2.b. Minimum accep able discha ges (m3/s) showing dep h accep able o b own ou (Ymin = 40
cm) and salmon (Ymin = 50 cm)
Table 3. The i s column o his able shows di e en he slo wid hs conside ed in bo h slopes. Columns
2 and 5 ( u (cm/s) ) indica e he speed gene a ed o each slo wid h and slope. Columns 3,4,6 and 7
e lec he maximum dis ance (Dmax (m)) ha he ish can swim agains he cu en whe e eloci y is ,
calcula ed o salmonids 25 and 35 cm in leng h. The las column shows dis ance D (m), band wid h,
whe e speed is conside ed o be cons an and equal o u. (Table 4a - ype-1 ba les, Table 4b - ype-2
ba les)
Table 4. Maximum slo wid hs showing Dmax > D a 10C, o each design con igu a ion and o 25- and
35-cm ish .
Table 5. Powe dissipa ed (W/m3) in di e en ishway design con igu a ions, o a ange o slo wid hs. λ
is he coe icien in equa ion 5, used o ob ain he powe dissipa ion es ima es.
pág.
32
a)
B1 B3
B2
B13
B5
B6
B7 B9
B4 B8 B10 B12
B1
B11
DBiColumn
W
B
i
Da a Poin
b)
Figu e 7. Segmen a ion o he pools in o bands (a, ype-1 ba les, B1-B14; b, ype-2 ba les, B1-B13), as
used o calcula e alues o Dmax and D. Also de ailed is he a ea o in luence o a measu emen poin
(speed is conside ed o be cons an and equal o he measu emen a said poin along he en i e column).
pág.
33
Figu e 8. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en slo wid hs ( ype-2 ba les, slope 10.054%, ish leng h
25 cm, wa e empe a u e 10C).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Band
Dmax/D
b=30cm
b=40cm
b=50cm
b=60cm
pág.
34
Figu e 9. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en empe a u es in a high-discha ge ishway ( ype-1 and
ype-2 ba les, slope 10.054%, ish leng h 25 cm, slo wid h 60 cm).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Cumula i e dis ance (cm)
Dmax/D
Type 1 10ºC
Type 1 15ºC
Type 1 20ºC
Type 10ºC
Type 2 15ºC
Type 2 20ºC
pág.
35
Figu e 10. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en empe a u es in a low-discha ge ishway ( ype-1 and
ype-2 ba les, slope 5.700%, ish leng h 25 cm, slo wid h 30 cm).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Cumula i e dis ance (cm)
Dmax/D
Type 1 10ºC
Type 1 10ºC
Type 1 20ºC
Type 2 10ºC
Type 2 15ºC
Type 2 20ºC
pág.
36
Figu e 11. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o 25- and 35-cm ish (mean alues o slo wid hs 30, 40, 50 and
60 cm, ype-1 ba le, slope 10.054%, empe a u e 10C; mean alues o slo wid hs 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm
ype-2 ba le, slope 5.700%, empe a u e 10C).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Cumula i e dis ance (cm)
Dmax/D
Size 0,25 m ype 2 10.054%
Size 0,35 m ype 2 10.054%
Size 0.35m ype 1 5,7%
Size 0.25 m ype 1 5.7%
FIGURE LEGENDS
Figu e 1. The wo ba le designs e alua ed in he p esen s udy ( ypes 1 and 2, basically a ian s o ypes
16 and 6 espec i ely o Raja a nam e al., 1992). Pool dimensions a e exp essed in e ms o slo wid h b.
Figu e 2 .Diag am o he hyd aulic ci cui whe e he ishway has been in oduced (a)and he plan o he
ishway model ins alled (b) whe e i is possible o see he wo ypes o ba les s udied. Also shown a e he
pools (pool 3and 7) whe e he measu emen s we e aken.
Figu e 3. Schema ic ep esen a ions o low pa e ns in ype-1 designs (a, low discha ge - slope 5.500%
o 10.054%, QA < 2.75; b, high discha ge - slope 10.054%, QA > 2.75) and ype-2 designs ( low pa e n
basically una ec ed by discha ge).
Figu e 4. P obabili y-o -use cu es o dep h, o adul b own ou , as epo ed by Gosse (1981) (a) and
Bo ee (1978) (b). IP = no malized p obabili y o occu ence.
Figu e 5. Plo s o salmonids o a) maximum swimming eloci y compa ed o ish leng h, and b)
maximum ime du ing which can be main ained (also compa ed o ish leng h), in bo h cases a di e en
empe a u es. These cu es a e om Beach (1984).
Figu e 6. Es ima ed maximum dis ance swimmable (Dmax, m) compa ed o di e en low eloci ies, o
25- and 35-cm ish, a a wa e empe a u e o 10, 15 o 20C.
Figu e 7. Segmen a ion o he pools in o bands (a, ype-1 ba les, B1-B14; b, ype-2 ba les, B1-B13), as
used o calcula e alues o Dmax and D. Also de ailed is he a ea o in luence o a measu emen poin
(speed is conside ed o be cons an and equal o he measu emen a said poin along he en i e column).
Figu e 8. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en slo wid hs ( ype-2 ba les, slope 10.054%, ish leng h
25 cm, wa e empe a u e 10C).
Figu e 9. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en empe a u es in a high-discha ge ishway ( ype-1 and
ype-2 ba les, slope 10.054%, ish leng h 25 cm, slo wid h 60 cm).
Figu e 10. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o di e en empe a u es in a low-discha ge ishway ( ype-1 and
ype-2 ba les, slope 5.700%, ish leng h 25 cm, slo wid h 30 cm).
Figu e 11. Dmax/D p o iles calcula ed o 25- and 35-cm ish (mean alues o slo wid hs 30, 40, 50 and
60 cm, ype-1 ba le, slope 10.054%, empe a u e 10C; mean alues o slo wid hs 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm
ype-2 ba le, slope 5.700%, empe a u e 10C).
