Terminas prie termino. IX

202 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. IX Deadline after deadline. IX Jonas Klimavičius Resting old field tools: plough, hoe, hand and harrow Justinas Marcinkevičius Padargas and its numerous synonyms with various meanings are widely spread in the living language. Their geographical location is supplemented by information from ancient writings (and dictionaries). Most of them have a clear motivation, some even have similar ones. Etymological explanation is not needed. Another similarity of their motivation is its lack of distinctiveness, which leads to an insufficient differentiation of meanings, which is quite characteristic of living language. Some semantic differentiation of the general language vocabulary, which began in the new writings, also took place in this microsystem, but slowly and incompletely, and the accompanying metaphorization of meanings levelled the differences again. The thesaurus and the normative dictionary have made little contribution here. Only the relatively late termination, although not entirely complete and not without controversy, had a positive effect on the general usage. 1.Nagingas (innagus) man – figuratively, not termically (not homo faber) speaking – only took into his nails, into his hand (: to collect “to take”; although there is a long time ago another etymology) some nails, handy object of nature (stone, bone, shell, tree branch or rod) – nail or tool (for trading, fishing, hunting, fighting, work, play or music). By nature, black is probably complete, although in origin it may be synonymous with various times or various places. Contribution 1. (and ėnag) LKŽ IV 1957 – “an object with which something is done; a tool, an instrument; weapon’. But already in the live language of the matter – first of all, what is done, not worked – rod, whip, scrap, bruckle, whip, whip, … However: And master without a tongue dumb (– stupid) Karklėnai. All of my legs are blunt. Tool 1. (and tool) is not even taken care of defining – it is interpreted quite erroneously, i.e. synonyms „tool, device, instrument, tool“. Although – from dogs… 203Terminologija | 2013 | 20 1954: 1st place in the 1954 FIA Formula One World Championship. "tool, tool, instrument" (2. s. "stick, stick"), tool 1. – slightly better – „innagis, instrument with which something is worked“, but DŽ2 1972 – even worse: „instrument with which something is worked (usually with the hands); įnagis’; slightly better SinŽ 1980 – tool 1. „p r i e t ai s a s, kuriuo kas dirbama“ (although the device is the dominant of another row of synonyms!..). Trūksta tikslumo ir DŽ3 1993: įnagis – 1. ‘simple tool’ and ‘tool’ is ‘working instrument (e.g. handheld)’. Although there have been special normative remarks 40 years ago (Grinaveckienė 1972: 43; Klimavičius 1973: 25–26), and DŽe 2006 contribution – without a certificate of dialect. – 1. ‘simple tool’ [2. ‘impacting object (…)’]. In the press, with the metaphorization efforts (almost a race) flourishing, the knife becomes an extraordinary tool: Parker and the simple knife became his most important k u r yb o s i n a gi a i s MkslL 2006 5 14. And the tool 2. prk. “a means of achieving a goal” really too narrowly – outdated! – understood – it is already also “to perform the most diverse work, action, activity”: SNO – a tool for the maintenance of international peace and security T 1975 217 3; tools of politics Vd 2004 19 22, art perceived as a tool NŽA 2010 7–8 276, boat – my work tool Sav su TV 2012 39 18, voice – my work tool Sav su TV 2012 3 21, his work tool – body IQ 2011 4 118. Whether literal or metaphorical: The computer is no longer isolated in r an k i s Vd 2005 43 19. In 1895, Vincas Pietaris mentions toy tools in his memoirs: Of the toy tools in Gudeliai, Žiūrai used harps, retuk (– retuk) (drum – drum), pipe with horn V. PietRR 1973 417. K. Būga has tried to use the wind instrument, and A. Sabaliauskas-Žalia Rūta – the (folk) instrument. However, K. Sirvydas’s dictionary already includes the instrument of musicians and songwriters. STŽZ 1923 instrument interpreted (hardly changed) – tool. In 1936, the company was renamed "Steel, Steel, Steel". The musical and medical (surgical, etc.) instruments were established. LKŽ IV 1957 instrument 1. „instrument, gun“ is also mentioned in the writings of M. Daukša, S. Vaišnoras. DŽ2 1972 instrument 1. ‘working tool’: surgical, blacksmithing i. PolŽ 1984 инструмент – only a tool. DG3 1993 instrument 1. “work tool”, but only surgical, DŽe 2006 – surgeon. It is not the same as the 2009-2010 season, but the 2009-2010 season is not a playoff, but a play-off. From the current press usage, it is first necessary to indicate the non-presented and non-presentable use of the instrument in the meaning of a tool: staliaus instrumentai Vd 2007 35 16 (signed by: future 204 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. The 9th President of Lithuania – Harvard University student Gintaras Gavėnas! ), designer's tools: brush, pencil, angle, etc. Vd 2005 35 47, children get used to working with instruments KV 1988 20 14. The tableware trio is described musically – instrumental ensemble Sav su TV 2007 36 20. Advertising pila: woodworking and electrical installation tools. International chic students write: b u d e l i o darbo instrumentai LA 1992 56 2, r ū ky m o instrumentas Vd 2006 26 23. Even the poet: The battles are over / Both terrible and holy. / And the axe by the bed – / Only an instrument / For the coffin The best instrument – r a nk o s KV 1983 51 7. The poet here – both hand sukalti, / Ar vygei išskobti LA 1992 27 14. Apie skulptorių – nepaprastai: and head – still had enough of a tool: My r a nk a, how good in ra n k i s you are to me! / - - - my greatest i n t e r p r e s s, my g a l v a, <…> J. RainL 1975 178. o scribe’s instruments – m en t a l in i a i Vd 2005 41 56. And women's beauty is increasingly emphasized as an instrument Sav with TV 2006 9 18. A considerable group of instruments has become particularly frequent: gas v a m z di s – a normal p o li t i n i s instrument Vd 2006 13 3, ve k s e li s is an especially good instrument for working capital f i n an s uo t i Vd 2005 39 37, internet r y šy s is a wonderful instrument NŽA 2005 9 418; pension k au p i m o instruments LTV 2007-08-10, legal and institutional instruments NŽA 2007 8–9 419. This is the most true means, cf. instrument – 3. prk. means, way PONS. ALKŽ 2004. Why, instead of saying simply and clearly – translate means instrumentalize, although then translated into Lithuanian: Amor concupiscentiae instrumentalizes the other: the other becomes part of me, the good of the other I appropriate to myself, pa v er s d a ma s it p r i e mo n e for my good NŽA 2007 11–12 555. The most natural metaphorization of an instrument is musical, for example. : People in leadership positions, <…>, can realize only what lies in the thinking of the epoch. I n s t ru m e n ta s, which they have to g r o t i, is not made of them – they are only planted next to it. Also the work, <…>, is not written by them – they are given only the accordions A. ŠveicK and E 1989 81. "There are no other instruments to help a person get out of behavioral poverty, <…> Vd 2004 41 24". A rather strange combination of instrument and mechanism: the European Union could be a perfect example. It was supposed to be a place where everyone could put the best of themselves to create a perfect m e c h an i z m a t e. In the opinion of S. Rouvillois, so far we have only a crumbly and difficult-to-manage i n s t r u me n t ų k r ūv ą, not a harmoniously functioning mechanism Vd 2004 22 19. I am just amazed at the linguistic stupidity when the editor beats a really sensible translator, German. Instrumentarium translated 205Terminology | 2013 | 20 tools: “Translation loses <…> the tools with which to grasp what the author is doing in reconstructing the chronotop” NŽA 2013 4 300. In addition to the international instrument, there is also foreignness – the musical strament LKŽ XIII 1984 and the strament LKŽ XV 1991, the strumeñtas “tool” LKŽ XIII 1984. This is from foreign-language manors – as well as the farm’s “inventory” LKT 1970 328 (Suginčiai). The clever man (like homo habilis) has already processed, reprocessed, i.e. made himself. Tai jo – padarga(s) (: padaryti Skardžius 1943: 102; Sabaliauskas 1990: 207) 1. „tool, device, equipment (e.g. used for agricultural work or in the household)“ LKŽ IX 1973. It is known from Jon Bretkūnas, Mikalojus Daukša, the most typical of the Zemgalės. Yra ir kuopinės reikšmės: Mediga ant padargo ratų, žambių, stalų, šlėdžių (– šlajų), kubilų, lovų, krosnių, šėpų (– spintų) A. Juškos žodynas. The range of meaning seen here is further enhanced by other sources, e.g. : I can’t do without other tools, but (– but) I’ve become accustomed to using an axe. Padargas 3. „traps irritating table“ (Biržai, Kupiškis), of course, is not a polysemy, but a homonym (: padirg(in)ti). There is also a few variants in Žemaičių kalba, e.g., pagárga, and padargas is the only derivative of the suffix -gas, although among the more abundant -ga derivatives padarga is the only one with a grammatical meaning of a suffix, the others are action names (LKG I 1965: § 451; both padargas and padarga are omitted in the description of the construction of nouns). 4.: Creatures of the farm: harrow, harrow, axe, spitfire A. Juška's dictionary. It is also used in the sense of a group: Menkas gaspadorius (– master), kad padaras visa ruduva (– autumn) an kiemo lydinas Rodūnia. He had many beautiful clothes and makes V. Krėvė. In the western part of the Highlands there is also a padarynė: Padarynių medis J. Brodovskio žodynas. She's a company girl. I gave everything to Ramygala, both the animals and what I had made. Here the breadth of its meaning is revealed: In autumn and winter stotkus (– rakatus), or furniture, and other household goods, by the way: zambius, ekėtes <…> was kept by s. Daukantas. Even more rare effect 2: His fold is full of all kinds of consequences Šiauliai. Rare and syncopic woodland (Šeduva, Panevėžio r. Smieggiai). The excess of adjective synonyms in the same dialect or even in the conversation is expressed by their concurrent use: All the farm tools and maderynė ugny supleškėjo Grūžiai. In every turn you would find the material you need for your clothing and your work. 206 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. IX Divorced vak. dz. meaning – creature 5. and Radviliškis’s creature 3. – “high”, although low. 2Tools “picked up” are excluded from the tool article. Southern Vacation. height. adjective padarinys „suitable for making tools“, but the illustration shows only the tools (e.g. firewood) trees Igliauka (tools trees are mentioned only from the writings of J. A. Pabrėža). This is evidenced by the nouns: M ed ž i o meistras dirba padargus: vežimus, važius A. Juškos Dictionary. They had enough wood for tools and heat M. Valančius. As the material (: wood, tree) spread to fabrics and irons, so the scope of the meaning of the tool (with variants) expanded. Already in the old Baroque writings there are great metaphors: M. Daukša takes away the naked eyes of the murderers. There are slaves and pa d a r ga i s (company, intermediaries) of the devil S. Vaishnava. Like a continuation of the holy scriptures: There are going out of the houses crowds of people with all the ba ž n y č i o s p a d a r a i s (flags, lanterns, etc.) with all the elevation Žemaitė. This is also true of ancient warfare: Horses, weapons, k a r ė s p a d a rgas and chariots – all of them came into the hands of the Lithuanian s. Daukantas. Albert, taking the ruins of the castle, takes Daukantas to the castle. <…> slightly damaged t a r a n u s, destroyed ma š i n as and only waited for her cover to be able to take out of the city armored vehicles, guns and throw down the damaged p a dargus of Nerin A. VienR III 1986 322 (Kryžkelės). It reaches even the life of the primitive man: <…> neolithic period <…> man a km e n i a i s pa d a r gai s šelpėsi LT II 4 1919 511–512 (J. Basanavičius). Finally, innovations for industry are also caught: The effects of the farm are still being made, adapted to better tillage of the land Varpas (1895). Triebwerk – a circa-driven machine, K II. Automat – a product of K I. In common language, even after the variant padargas has become established, the scope of its meaning does not have very clear boundaries. Sometimes more or less detailed areas are described: A. Kaminsko poetry revolves between the tools of the human mind L and M 1981 37 4. <…> ploughing, sowing, grinding, k e pi m u i requires many different p a d or g LP 1981 74 2. In fact: Girnas, like other implements, <…> T 1983 123 4. But which would be the cooking appliance – oven, stove or pan? The complete lack of clarity is also shown by the prefix predur and others: kalė plogus, knives, chisels, scythes, daggers, axes, various hooks and k i t u s b u i t i ni u s p a da r g u s P. TarasPab 1972 25. In the wheels you saw a chest, iron traps for wolves and foxes, a cauldron, and in the cauldron two oak plates, a bucket, seven spoons and k i t u s v i r im o m e n o tools A. KivSBr 1968 96. Are the tools listed here (except hooks) attachments?! Why here different objects are described as implements: 207Terminologija | 2013 | 20 I sell fi k u s ą, g a r a ž ą, p i a ni n ą, children's v ež i m ė lį and other family padargus ŠlKal 1975 20.Pasakų senovės tyrinėtojas irgi bent kiek stebina apyčiupa in the meaning of this word: Why is this ship on wheels? Knowing the purpose of the machine, these tools are not suitable V. J. BagdKGPas 1992 162. Padargas becomes a frequently used word, often with a hint of humour and irony: So – theater <…> is one of the world’s deception garments. Well, if at least a scarf, but it can be a bikini (…) up to the inevitable h i g i enas gear L and M 1990 42 6. “If we punish thieves with k a r t u v i s, robbers with e š a f o t u, and heretics with l a u ž u, then would it not be better for us with all these ba u s m i ų p ad a rga i s to strike at these creators of destruction as well <…>” (Luther) S. Mark NN 1969 207. <…> we got rid of such s t a t i o n s as a handful of l a z d a, di r ž a s and ž i rn i ų in the corner of the room Šl 1976 5 4. But there is also a serious, admiring metaphor: The semantic fields of words such as autumn, door, clay, day are worked with individual tools L and M 1982 51 5. So the value of the tool is 1. “agricultural work or household activities” should not only be clarified (definition), but fixed and made mobile. From the musical instrument (Adolfo Sabaliauskas called joy instrument A. KivSBr 1968 56) only a memory remains: He asked them to take an interest in folk music instruments during their holidays – this is how we then called folk instruments GKr 1978 41 6. Since man is also, although alive, but a tool, it is not surprising that tool 2. is an “organ of the body” in LKŽ IX 1973. In addition to the sentence, the source of the living language is also indicated – Šeduva, but this is perhaps somewhat folkloristic, humorous, because it is a foreignness šlunkas 1. LKŽ XV 1991 (most likely displaced his own member – only the 1st member of the finger remained 2. and 3. „ankle, hip“ LKŽ VIII 1970). But just then the visionary Jonas Jablonskis started to implement the device here: The bat s p ar n as is the most excellent, the best l i e č ia m as i s device LKŽ IX 1973. As a term, it has not even become an equivalent or synonym of the organ, but not one writer, translator or journalist of the living language follows Jablonski's trail: Just as in aviation, s k r i d i m o p a d a r ga i must be perfectly prepared: p l u n k s n a s impregnate, smearing themselves with fat and from the occipital gland MG 1975 9 23. <…> the p a da r gai receiving beauty are the external senses – sight and hearing GrožKont 1980 341. The head, eyes, nose, cheeks, ears – the most valuable parts of a person’s body – are not protected by the laws of fighting, which protect the neck, chest, and the rest of the body J. Par OD 1984 255. "My proud suffering 208 Jonas Klimavičius | Term after term. IX so long persecuted and overthrown and cut into pieces! Oh, that the divine unity, that weave of pain, would bind these alienated p a da r g u s i r na r i u s that make up me” (Oskaras Milašius) I and B 1988 258. 1980, pp. 209. A little bit with humour, but without irony: <…> adding a trembling hand to the most important tool of the human body sung by poets – the heart. Kazimieras Jaunius 1part 2. and effect 2.: There are two parts of speech: the vocal cords in the throat node and the resonator. Jablonski's merit was that he preferred the more usual variant and established the language tools. Sometimes a novelty emerges, e.g. the tongue as the main k a l b o s p r i m o n ė J. LipskSomP 1979 15. Of course, the interpretation of J.E. 2006 tool 2. – “body organ” is unreasonably too broad. Cannon 1. „padargas, padarynė, įrankis, prietaisas“ in LKŽ IX 1973 is Žemaičių, also referred to in P. Ruigis’ dictionary. More illustrated version cannon: I changed the cannons: drills, hammers, axes, feathers [ploughed the wing of the plough] A. Juška's dictionary. No objects are so necessary to a carpenter and craftsman as the tools of his craft. S. Daukantas. The motivation is explained only by etymology: „:to be; In the past, the root could have had the meaning of a finite verb, cf. bauen, sva. būan "to live, a p di r b t i, to plant" from *bhū-" (Skardžius 1943: 193). But why isn’t the most important meaning of bauen – “to build” – added here? Mostly newer sources – dictionaries and writings – show another side of the meaning: Senovės muzikos pabūklai L. Ivinskis. We have both horns and cannons – tell us how to sit down? J. Balvočius-Gerutis. "Brodovskij's Dictionary". Cannon of far vision L. Ivinskis. He also published two books of poems, The Shadows of Truth (1880) and The Shadows of Truth (1882). The guns are extinguishing S. Daukantas, death (– death) M. Valančius, torture S. Gimžauskas, luxury S. Gimžauskas. A rare requirement – “a component of a broken thing”: All the guns of the mills were chosen by Kuršėnai. A similar, but quite rare condition – quite different from the also rare 1. „place of residence, residence, headquarters“ K. Sirvydo žodynas, Panevėžys, Vaižgantas – 2. (more common condition 3., condition 7.) „įtaisas, prietaisas“ LKŽ I1 1941: Adynykas (– clock) nautical – condition useful on the sea, courses show sailors how to control the watch L. Ivinskis. It is a cold, dry climate with rain and sunny days. 209Terminologija | 2013 | 20 In newer writings, the gun is quite random, but quite varied, e.g.: <…> class guardian said that we should buy drawing s u v in i us, all p a b ū k l a i iškrito iš p a iš e l i us ir tr i nt u k ų. <…>. Man nusiminimas taip nusmelkė širdį, kad rankų NŽA 2013 5 357 (J. Aistis). "Trio, Trio, Trio" (feat. <…>? <…>. It appears, and clumsy k e li o n ė s p a būklas, <…> N. GogR V 1954 288 (trans. M. Miškinis). <…> there were frequent catastrophes in the s u s i s i m a p ab ū k l ų B. RailKA 1991 405. 2006: 1st place. “a tool, a device, a tool” is not a truth – it is a proverb. Military guns are large weapons S. Šalkauskis. Strangely enough, the 1919 cannon is not yet this: cannons, tools – opyдия, приспособленiя, инструменты, gun for lifting the cover – приборъ для подъема клапана. But already in RLŽ 1924 opyдie – not only a tool, a gun, a rocket; a tool; a tool; It's a cannon, armored. Although SinŽ 1980’s dominant tool 1. is interpreted as “a device with which something is worked with”, the device is the dominant of another order of synonyms and is interpreted neither this way nor that way – as “special adaptation”. 1978–1979: 1. "some more sophisticated tool, device, apparatus". Device and device, as well as adaptation 2. mostly in the Highlands: Ajagi, koki now prietaisai: prieina t r ak t o r iu s in baisią akmenį, kumšterėja ir varkin Kuktiškės. Where is my thing – all the devices are to blame? Veliuona. These are devices – they hang [the clock], and they go to Pilviškiai. Move, boy, over the Nemunas, without the i r k lo, l u o o, without the Zapyškis device. I don't have any adjustments d eš r o m s k i mš t Skirsnemunė. Like a clear motivation – “p r i t a i s y ti what p r i e ko” from the examples does not confirm. In fact, it is quite different – cf. adapt 8. „įrengti, įrengti“: „to fit, to fit in“: Pritaikyk tu vaikui kokius ratukus Sudeikiai. In that river (– ditch) the mill was adapted for Vepriai. Fishing there fitted rods with wheels – and throw Degučiai, fix 11. „to establish, to set up“: Dalges reiso trumpan kotan Čedasai and 17. „to make, produce something“: Biržai repaired birch spoons from the root of birch (LKŽ XV 1991). The real motivation of the device is exactly the same as the nochyna of our unfortunate alienation “tool, tool” of the LKZ VIII 1970 source – Polish. naczynie: naczynić ‘to make’. Transmotivation begins in the living language – 1. ‖ “what fits what”: Pillowcases or pillow covers are almost the same Palanga. Therefore, it was necessary to have a reasoned device 1 without the current ambiguity. “what is fitted; device, apparatus“ (and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and device, and 210 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. IX įtaisinys) LKŽ IV 1957: Medui košti įtaisų neturiu Ėriškiai. We don't even have the equipment to weave left. It is a good device that when writing does not need to wear ink Marijampolė. The railway was completed in 1924, and the railway station in 1926. Half a century later, when he began to look more broadly and specifically at the differences, he found them to be roughly captured rather inaccurately: “A device is a more complex means than a tool <…>.” “Appliances must be distinguished from devices, in other words, parts of machines or devices” (Lukšys 1973: 70,71). And when attempting to systematically regulate the concept of device, the boundaries are not found (Dragūnevičius, Klementavičius 1984: 11). Still 15 years later, the device – English and French instrument – is defined precisely, although the concept is complicated: “a single device, usually in combination with other devices and an energy source, used to perform measurements and process their results” (Valiukėnas, Smilgevičius 1999: 8). The end of MetrŽ 2006 has been changed – instead of “used <…>” – “performing certain functions”. And some appliances (an appliance is a “solid compact device performing certain technological, technical or other functions, usually used in the household, household, medical or other field”) are called appliances, e.g. household electrical appliances (vacuum cleaners, fryers, ovens, irons, etc.) (Valiukėnas, Smilgevičius 1999: 7–8). Such a device is quite close to a device – English device, unit, French dispositif, unité – “a finished product (– means) for performing a certain technological, technical or other function” (Valiukėnas, Smilgevičius 1999: 7; MetrŽ 2006). After all this, the interpretations of DŽe 2006 – device – techn. “equipment operating on the basis of complex physical phenomena, apparatus”, device – techn. “what is equipped; what device (e.g. uncomplicated)” – seem to be lost between science and the pursuit of clarity. The device 1. ‖ „part of the body, organ” Subdivision, also device 1. ‖ body device Vydūnas, intestinal device J. Balvočius-Gerutis, device 1. / plant devices or organs: flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots LT II 3 1914 431 (K. Grinius) did not enter the general lexicon, even the terminology as such a tool. In the living language, the main meaning of equipping is 1. „to dress, to fit (a house, a house, a room)“ in writings expanded, and the fitting is already from VĮ 1924 and 3. ‘device, mechanism’ LKŽ X 1976. The abstract objective (jail, laying, weaving, ploughing, kneading; dressing, dressing up, eating, cooking, squeezing, pouring) or otherwise specific thing, not action (meeting, meeting, meeting) and written language characteristic meaning of the suffix -ing for scientific terminology is not foreign to the living language. 217Terminologija | 2013 | 20 ta in one unit, to perform certain functions (e.g., reducers, couplings, bearings, gears)“, although it appeared much earlier in the standard dictionary – 1nokgas 4. tech. „from parts assembled part of the mechanism“ DŽ3 1993. The definition of implement 1. has one known flaw – “agricultural and household tillage, transport, sledge” and, although well-intentioned, an undefined compromise statement: “By tradition ∆ k a r t a i s d ar va d i n a m os simple tillage machines without rotating parts, e.g., ploughs, harrows” ŽŪE II 2003. In fact, in this encyclopedia, the plough is “metal tillage p a d a r ga s <…>” ŽŪE III 2007, the harrow is “a tool <…>” ŽŪE I 1998. The definition of agricultural machinery here is essentially tautological – “machines that perform human work. darbai“, but the types of chassis listed – wheeled, tracked, semi-tracked ŽŪE III 2007 (Antanas Sakalauskas) confirms only the separation of plough and harrows from machines – their recognition as implements. That's it. And this is not the only case. There are several types of agricultural equipment: Agricultural implements (agricultural implements) Agricultural tools (agricultural tools) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) Agricultural machinery (agricultural machinery) landwirtschaftliches Gerät EurŽ 2004; traktorinis plūgas – „mašina (padirgas) arti že prie žemės“ LietRTermB, although the definition of cultivator “for loosening and leveling of agricultural soil, weed control and application of mineral fertilizers” has been replaced by the approved definition – „m a š in a dirt loosening and weed control. It may have fertilizer insertion devices" LietRTermB. The principle of distinction – the possession or non-possession of rotating parts – is unclear, because the term rotating parts itself is not defined anywhere – neither ŽŪMechŽ 1983 and PolŽ 1984 (organ and часть), nor TechEnc IV 2010. And the linguist is able to distinguish that the engine is necessary for the propeller – wheels, tracks, etc. to rotate, that the propeller of the helicopter’s wings are rotated by the motor – through the propeller, and the helicopter rotates themselves from the air (so the first can be described as rotating, the second – rotating operation), that the rotor of hydraulic turbines is rotating, and the electric machines – rotating part, that the rotary furnace – “a cylindrical furnace rotated around the horizontal axis for the processing of liquid iron <…> into steel and non-ferrous metals” TechEnc IV 2010 is rotated, not so that the processing takes place, but only so that the cylinder (the load in it) heats evenly. Although it is strange that in order to define what is a tool, it is necessary to understand what is a machine, but this is inevitable. Although the usage of living language presented in LKŽ is not termal, even the writings – often such or determined – it is better to start with it. The car, 218 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. IX may, jam. mãšyna, t. p. mašėnas, mãšinas LKŽ VII 1966 1. „Kybartai had mechanical machines. There is a s a v i nizmas, atliekantis kokį nors darbą“: Kuliama mašina Druskininkai. Pjaum s uk a m ą wool comb machine Šatės. It is easier to sew with a stocking sewing machine than with a hand sewing machine. The cows are milked by Pumpėnai. For the longines was the machine Darbėnai; 2. ‘mechanised means of transport (car, motorcycle, etc.)’; 3. “train” Eišiškės, Obeliai. Pasvalys (compare with machinist), even 4. „stove“ Švėkšna, Veiviržėnai, Pagramantis, Čekiškė, Jurbarkas, Naumiestis, Vilkaviškis, Šunskai, Kalvarija, Sasnava, Ūdrija, Krokialaukis. There is also a typewriter – 1. typewriter, meat grinder Raštai, 2. „fire lighter“ Tilžė, Klaipėda (machine Daugailiai), 3. ‘light vehicle (‘car’)’; in some places even a “zipper” – a machine. The name "machine" is very commonly used for a horse-drawn manege and forging machine, from which the word "mašinbude" "pašiūrė mašinom (pvz., manege) laikyti" (forging machine, forging machine 1). „building machine“ Raštai (building machine Tryškiai, Kairiai, Papilė), 2. „building time, building block” Žagarė, Gruzdžiai (machine time Klykoliai); engineer “who maintains the casting machine” Laižuva, Žemaičių Kalvarija; machined, machined 1. „culti su mašina“ Šatės, Kretingalė, Tauragė, Sintautai (mašinėti 2. Šatės, mašinavoti, mašynavoti 1. Kvėdarna, Salantai, Židikai), mašinaũtė, mašynautė 1. „cutting with machine, cutter“ Judrėnai, Vainutas, Skaudvilė, Pagramantis, 2. „building machine time“ Kaattinėnai, Žviñgiai [machine 2. „skirti pieną separatorium, separuoti“ Seredžius, Priekulė (machined 2. Alsėdžiai, Židikai), 3. „grind meat with a grinder“ Jurbarkas, grind 2. ‖ "to escape (honey)“ Smalininkai]. In SNŽŽ 1907 there is no machine (perhaps it was taken for granted), and the mechanism is “the whole device of the machine, its assembly” (a similar situation in SNŽŽ 1924). TŽZ 1936 machine – “any mechanical device by which energy, force is adapted to perform any useful work”, similar here and the mechanism – 1. ‘means necessary to transmit force and induce action’; 2. ‘the assembly of machinery and its parts’. There is no science here. Scientific definitions of terms are quite clear: machine – “a device for transforming energy, materials and information” – energy, labor and information LTE VII 1981 (very similarly and VLE XIV 2008, TechEnc III 2006), but LTE IV, VLE VIII 2005, TechEnc II 2003 no device, and in the historical part of the machine mentioned flights, Archimedes’ screw, lever, screw (even a windmill) do not look modern devices, let alone machines. Lever may be a lever mechanism (mechanism – “system of bodies in which the motion of one or more solid bodies is converted into a certain 219Terminologija | 2013 | 20 bodov giba“ LTE VII 1981) – the motion of a part is transformed into the motion of a stone or log. But then all the technical means discussed are mechanisms, and they are combined with machines by the theory of mechanisms and machines and its branch – the dynamics of mechanisms and machines LTE VII 1981, TechEnc III 2006. The industry is divided into the machinery and equipment industry, whose "enterprises construct, manufacture, prepare for operation and repair equipment. m a ši n a s, į r en g i n i u s, p r i e ta i s u s” VLE XIV 2008, among which is “ž. and energy machines”, the N. Vilnia d al g i ų factory, a simple machine, is also mentioned here (1912). machines and p ad a r g a i. Techniques – in the category of “material means of human activity” production techniques first mentioned machines and mechanisms, but further divided only machines, one of them – agricultural machines LTE XI 1983. This technical article states: "A universal ∆ classification has not yet been developed." The article itself shows that what has been created is very imperfect. The definition of the most recent Russian dictionary is somewhat comforting: машина – 1) „м ех а н и зм или сочетания механизмов, осуществляющие определенные целесообразные движения для преобразования энергии (м а ши н ы-д в и г а т е л и), изменения формы, свойств, состояния или положения предмета труда (м а ш и н ы-о р у д ия, рабочие машины), сбора, передачи, хранения, обработки и использоinformation processing (e.g., computers) ", CIS 1979. However, the new TSI 2013 only repeats the TSI 2001 definition of machine 1 – “a device consisting of one or more mechanisms for transforming energy, materials or information, performing mechanical work”. Therefore, machines are not related to devices, but to mechanisms. The most real machines are energy-converting – engines (engine, motor – “a machine converting some kind of energy into mechanical work” LTE XII 1984) or mechanisms with motors. This idea is supported by the second meaning of machine – “car”. I dare to add that the mechanisms for the exchange of living – human or animal – energy are theoretically not classified as machines, because physics does not talk about such a kind of energy. Even a fairly large mechanism is therefore not called a machine, even a motor – it is only a mechanism with a machine – an engine. Machines-guns are machinery, or implements – not only horse-driven, but also tractor-driven. Vėtymo a r pa i (mašinos) LEtn 1982 54, a r p a s – the primary grain cleaning machine TechEnc I 2000 is theoretically only a tool or a mechanism. Mechanization of agriculture, not mechanization. To call a mechanism, or a tool, a machine, is the same as to call an oak a tree: it is possible, but only to a limited extent. 220 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. In the 19th century, linguists and editors Lietuvių technikos mokslininkai – terminologai ir terminografai, taip insightfully reduced the number of such “machines” in a simple way – they terminated Lithuanian words and created new ones, e.g.: šienapjovė, žoliapjovė, javapjovė, lapapjovė, straudapjovė, … pomidorų sodas, daigasodė, … linarovė, kelmarovė, … poliakalė, poliatraukė, … angliakasasė, žemėkasė, žemsemė, … smėliapūtė, šratasrautė, šratasvaidė, šeivatrynė, … (even a steam locomotive, although a steam machine); sowing, planting, fertilising, sewing, … grain cleaning, seed cleaning, beet harvesting, flax spreading, lime spreading, …; throwers, hoists, sweepers, straws, …; spinner, puller, mixer, shovel, packer, … pipe laying machine, snow plough, pruner, water lift, stone collector, …; kedentuvė, šukuotuvė, pašytuvė, pluoštintuvė, dulkintuvė,…; sorter, shaker. In the Russian language, which has always been our terminology, there is машина PolŽ 1984, ŽŪMechTŽ 1983. There are more “machines” in English: machine – 1) – and talking machine – phonograph, 3) bicycle; <…>; airplane, 4) sewing machine, machine-gun, machine-tool [net and tool – 3) machines – 1) tools, instruments, 2) tools, 4) cutters], e.g. machinist – 1) blacksmith; skilled worker (metalworker or machine worker, 4) sewing with a sewing machine; Tailor ALKŽ 1975. It should be assumed that our excessive machine of terms, the mechanism of their use, is heavily influenced by their metaphorical use, obviously easily traceable from the great contact languages. For example: television is a machine of hell Vd 2008 4 26, the machine of state institutions Vd 2008 4 70; market mechanisms NŽA 2007 8–9 418, mechanisms of terror NŽA 2007 11–12 566, mechanisms of manipulation of consciousness Vd 2008 4 57, organizational mechanism L and M 2005 26 2, “mechanisms” of power operation, application: legal mechanism, discipline mechanism, security mechanism NŽA 2007 11–12 548, mechanism of self-protection of life species Vd 2008 4 57, mechanism of strengthening the family institution Vd 2004 41 24, rally kitchen – complex mechanism Vd 2005 3 54. This does not contribute to clarity and simplicity of language or to the accuracy of concepts, quite the contrary. DŽe 2006 definitions are incomplete, even not without defects: machine – 1. tech. „mechanism performing some task“: steam m., which is not a machine of work, but of energy; mechanism – 1. “a device for transmitting and transforming movements”, and in fact – “a technical means of transforming the movement of force into a movement or action of work”, 3. p. “internal structure, s is t e m a”: language m., state m., which is “the way the system operates/functions”; technika – 221Terminologija | 2013 | 20 1. “material means of human activity (machines, equipment, etc.)”, and others are essential parts – “production. buildings, roads, bridges, canals, vehicles, communications” LTE XI 1983, and therefore cannot be omitted. CONCLUSIONS Wide groups of synonyms – tool, tool; the instrument; padargas (padaras, padarynė, padarinys), pabūklas, būklas, prietaisas, įtaisas, įrengimas, įrenginys, įranga; įkaboklis, įstrakalas, kibyklas, pakibyklas; means, rykas, rakadas – most of the members are from the living language. The motivation is mostly clear or etymologically easy to explain, but there are also controversial interpretations. Almost every member is not without polysemy, the spectrum of synonymous meanings is quite wide and not quite defined. Polysemy and synonymy exist even in the same dialect. Most of them have entered the common language, only hook, snare, (pa)kibyklas remained as if unnecessary. The surplus of options fell off quite easily. Norm-setting lexicography has not managed to cope with the need for differentiation here. Termination has been carried out in a wannabe way, taking time – of course, according to the progress of technology, but also delayed, but perhaps close to the final result (it only depends on the indefiniteness of the scientific classification of concepts in this field). Semantically, the instrument separated into music and medical technology, the gun into warfare. Ryko and rakando, whose meanings are characterized by considerable contrast, the results of termination may be only half-hearted. For a very long time in the usage, the undefined installation (e.g., co-operative dgsk. installations) remained in place of the device (and not the most clear) and equipment. A very unsatisfactory, although not noticed by everyone, thing of usage – tool instead of tool. On the other side, the attachment is unreasonably pushed by the machine, which is not properly separated from the mechanism. Here we must rely on theory, not on the pragmatic names of the subjects (or departments!), nor on the practice of living language, which, by the way, has also been influenced by other languages (general, not terminological usage), theory is not regulated. Otherwise, in Lithuanian terminology, the machine is very understandably reduced – with specific Lithuanian clearly motivated words (mostly novelties). Unused means of the most general meaning – as lexicographic and terminographic definitions, descriptions and generalizing word – perhaps because the means was an intrusive contribution to the interminable communist education, indoctrination and organization, and also a corrective “event”, but that is long past. Determination and metaphorization of terms – mostly publicistic, especially of the instrument, a little less of the tool, the mechanism – mostly cosmopolitan and non-creative, stamping. 222 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. IX Sources 1975 – English-Lithuanian dictionary. 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