„Jūra“ biologijos nomenklatūroje

7 8 Alvydas Umbrasas | The Sea in Biological Nomenclature Sea in biology nomenclature ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: biology nomenclature, taxonomic names, fish names, metaphor, systematism, error The article examines Lithuanian biology nomenclature names associated with the word sea. The main focus is on the names of fishes1 (because they are the most common in the study), but the names of mammals, birds, other animals and plants are also discussed. The material was collected from the Fish Names Dictionary (ŽPŽ 2005) compiled by Juozas Virbickas and published by the Terms Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (LRTB) and other animal and plant name dictionaries2. The aim is to show the diversity of names and their formation patterns, to draw attention to non-systematics and other shortcomings. The article was prompted by a discussion with colleagues about the use of the words sea and maritime in nomenclatural names. When I started to look into it, it turned out that there is a lot of interesting material in dictionaries. Unlike the Lithuanian botanical nomenclature, which has a fairly long tradition of management and corresponds relatively well to the scientific (Latin or mostly Latinized) names established according to the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants3 (iCN), the Lithuanian zoological nomenclature has been managed differently and often does not correspond to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (iCZN). Obviously, these requirements are valid only for scientific Latin1 For advice on the names of some fishes I thank the scientist of the Nature Research Center Dr. Gintautas Wheaton. 2 See references and references. When giving examples in sentences, the source is sometimes cited before the group of examples, or most often after it. Where the source is not given for fish (to avoid repetition), reference is made to ICES 2005. Some of the Latin names mentioned in the article alongside Lithuanian names may be outdated, already changed, but in the context of the study of Lithuanian names this is irrelevant. 3 Formerly known as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the name was changed at the 2011 Melbourne Botanical Congress. 7 9Terminologija | 2015 | 22 is not only an important reference for some names, but also an important benchmark for the standardization of Lithuanian nomenclature. Except for a few exceptions caused by tradition, Lithuanian botanical nomenclature was and still is organized according to the principle that each genus has a distinct single name, and the differences between species are shown by adding one indicative word, i.e. binary names are formed (Gudžinskas, Rašomavičius 2004: 3, 4). Both Latin and Lithuanian names of higher-generic botanical taxa are also mononyms, formed by means of conventional suffixes, sandus (Kutorga 1997: 23–25, 55, see also Gaivenis 1973: 23). The Latin zoological nomenclature is based on similar principles, but the Lithuanian equivalents do not follow a strict system – not only species, but also genera or higher taxa are quite often named with names with two or even more elements, the number of elements that make up species names also varies, and the same genus name with different elements is used to name different genera. In the eyes of botanists, such a non-systematic system appears to be unprogressive (Gudžinskas, Rašomavičius 2004: 4), but in zoology it has already acquired tradition and is difficult to change4. There is a well-established tendency in nomenclature to indicate the locations of both plants and animals by means of suffixes with the suffix -inis, by making derivatives from various generic and actual words denoting places, geographical objects (e.g.: Andean, Atlantic, highland, Asian, Bolivian, jungle, Egyptian, Japanese, marshy, meadow, santominian, cave). According to this model, for example, the previously used names mountain pine, mountain pine are changed to mountain pine (Motacilla cinerea), mountain pine (Pinus montana). Kazimieras Gaivenis has previously written that such a change is often not necessary (Gaivenis 1973: 24), but this principle of nomenclature has become established, although the Vedic names sometimes are not typical of the common language. Of course, there are names in the nomenclature, in which the place is indicated 4 The Subcommittee on Terminology of the State Lithuanian Language Commission has over the past few years discussed the zoological nomenclature, especially naming the genera and species not previously named in Lithuanian, but there are no substantial changes – it is difficult to change traditions, and the aim of systematism is greatly hindered by the change of Latin nomenclature, caused by the frequent transfer of species from one genus to another, so having a stable single-member naming of the genus becomes difficult, zoologists tend to not name at least some genera in Lithuanian at all. True, there are unusual opinions that the scientific names of the taxa are not Latin, but international, common to all languages, so they should be equated with the international words functioning in the Lithuanian language and Lithuanian equivalents should not be created at all (Gliwa 2011: 119), but this is too cardinal. 8 0 Alvydas Umbrasas | The Sea in Biological Nomenclature Differently (e.g. : Schizothorax argentatus, Ichthyomyzon greeleyi, Cyprinodon macularius, Pellona harroweri, Fluta alba (ZPZ 2005), but they are relatively rare and are now considered atypical. In the prevailing model, the association with the sea is expressed by the accent maritime in nomenclatural names. In the fish nomenclature system, this word is used to refer to taxons of different ranks: families (a), genera (b), species (c), e.g. : (a) tropical pike (Steindachneriidae), sea bass (Spariidae), sea pike (Bramidae), catfish (Ariidae), sea bass (Kyphosidae), sea eel (Congrididae); (b) Phytichthys, Sciadeichthys, Taenianotus, Neosebastes, Lioscorpius, Spinachia, Anadoras, Yerutius, Merluccius, Petromyzon, Pleuronectes, Sebastiscus, Psammoperca, Brama, Congrina, Lateolabrax, Allosmerus, Crenidens; (c) African sea pike (Merluccius capensis), Australian sea pike (Aplochiton marinus), white-striped sea pike (Sebastiscus albofasciatus), sailing sea pike (Taenianotus triacanthus), sea bass (Gobius cobitis), sea platessa (Pleuronectes platessa), sea pike (Stizostedion marinum), sea catfish (Bagre marinus), sea eel (Gnathophis habenatus), marbled sea carp (Dactylosargus arctidens), small sea sandfish (Callionymus rissoi), blue sea carp (Pachymetopon aeneum), red-spotted sea pike (Taractes rubescens), eastern sea pike (Allosmerus elongatus), light sea pike (Yerutius apricus), eel sea pike5 5 In 2013, the Subcommittee on Terminology of the State Lithuanian Language Commission, together with zoologists, changed the name to eel-like live-weaved pike (published in the List of Names of Commercial Fish Species (CFS)). By the way, in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (VLe iX 2006) lot. Zoarces viviparus is called a sea bird, although ZPZ 2005 refers to it as the common live-bearing bird, in other sources, without synonym, sea bird is also called simply live-bearing bird or live-bearing bird (Repečka, Bukelskis, Kesminas 1998: 74; Virbickas 2000: 99). 8 1Terminology | 2015 | 22 Zoarces anguillaris, Cebedichthys violaceus, Sebastes elongatus. In 2005, 144 taxons were identified with the focus on marine NP. The names are often derived from the commonly known mononymous names of fish. Although the Lithuanian names of the family and genus sometimes coincide, for example, sea eels (Bramidae and Brama), sea eels (Congrididae and Congrina) (in the Latin nomenclature this is not possible, it is not convenient in the Lithuanian nomenclature, but sometimes perhaps there is a lack of means of expression), the names of taxa of the same rank cannot coincide in any way, so the great sea bass (Sebastes marinus and Stereolepis gigas) found in the common sea bass (Sebastes) and large sea bass (Stereolepis) genera is an error in the nomenclature of the 2005 IUCN Red List. The Japanese sea eel (Conger japonicus and Japonoconger sivicolus) is a species of sea eel that is found in the genus Conger and the genus Japonoconger. In a large data set, such errors usually occur through inadvertence, and one of the reasons for the occurrence is the use of the same basic elements to name different genera. There are more such overlap errors in the 2005 SIP (see the article below). Not only fish are associated with the sea. Birds could be mentioned first. The 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists sea eagles (Haliaeetus) and sea swallows (Fregetta) in the genus Haliaeetus, as well as a dozen species named with the word "sea", such as the African sea eagle (Cuncuma vocifer), the white-bellied sea swallow (Fregetta grallaria), the sea runner (Arquatella maritima), the sea hawk (Charadrius hiaticula), and the sea swallow (Pluvialis squatarola). The name of the mammal, Enhydra (in the genus only Enhydra lutris) (ŽinPZ 2002), is also made up of this element, as are the names of other animals, such as: the Arthropoda type of invertebrate animal group Pantopoda (sea spiders), the turtle subgroup Chelonioidea (sea turtles), the Ophidia family of reptiles Hydrophiidae (sea snakes), the Iguanidae family lizard Amblyrhynchus cristatus (sea iguana) (VLe iX 2006). Another name is also in the botanical nomenclature – the tree growing by the sea (mangroves) Avicennia marina, herbaceous ra marina) (BVZ 1998). augalai jūrinėrupija(lot. Ruppiamaritima), jūrinisandras(lot. Zoste- 8 2 Alvydas Umbrasas | Sea in the nomenclature of biology NOMENCLATURAL NAME with the word sea Although it could be expected that when naming fish the connection with the sea is most often shown by the word sea, the number of names with the word sea in the 2005 NPZ is almost three times more – as many as 409 taxa names. There are many names6, but the variety of words that go through their main elements is not very large. The most clearly distinguished group of names are those that are composed of names of other animals than fish. These are metaphorical names that include mammals (a), birds (b), amphibians (c), insects (d) (d) names, e.g. (genus): (a) sea buffaloes (Taurus), sea mice (Neosynchiropus), sea dogs (Percis), shovel-headed sea bats (Haliutichthys), muren sea dogs (Halimuraenoides), Norwegian sea foxes (Leptagonus), fingered seahorses (Dunckerocampus), sharks, sea foxes (Alopias), grassy sea dogs (Cristiceps); (b) Hirundichthys, Alectrias, Prognichthys, Cheiloprion, Diplecogaster; (c) sea toads (Cyclopterus); (d) sea butterflies (Chaetodon), sea wasps (Ocosia). Species are also named analogously, their names sometimes differ from the names of the genera only in number (in zoology it is usual that genera are named in the plural, species in the singular), usually more elements are added, e.g. : (a) Atlantic sea hare (Eumicrotremus spinosus), Darwin's sea bat (Ogcocephalus darwini), yellow seahorses (Hippocampus kuda), long-tailed sea mouse (Spinaciapitichthys draconis), Japanese sea dog (Percis japonicus), sea buffalo (Taurus bubalis), sea bat (Platax pinnatus), coral sea rabbit (Siganus corallinus), pelagic sea fox8 (Siganus corallinus) and sea lion (Siganus leucocephalus); Alopecia 6 Throughout the article, an effort is made to show the greatest possible diversity with the smallest possible number of examples. Usually, only one example of a particular pattern is given, although in nomenclature there are usually several to several dozen or even dozens of analogous examples (the same elements are repeated in the names of both species and genera or higher taxa). 7 The word order changed in the species name appears to be a confusion – Puerto Rican Sea Shovelhead Bat (Haliutichthys smithii). In addition, the place name is replaced by an adjective in other sources, cf. bird names Puerto Rican Amazon, Puerto Rican Puffin (PPZ 2009). 8 This species is in the genus named sharks sea fox (Latin Alopias). The latter name is distinguished by the fact that the metaphor is in the prepositional position. It is also possible that the name may be derived from the Latin word for seahorses, Phyllopteryx. 8 3Terminology | 2015 | 22 pelagic), silver-scaled sea dog (Blennioclinus stella), (b) graceful sea antelope (Gastrocyathus gracilis), sea lion (Sym phodus tinca), sea šiaurinėdurklasnukėjūrųlaputė(lot. Aganopsisvulsa); sparrow (Prognichthys brevipinnis), common sea shark (Hirundichthys affinis), scale swallow (Shuettea scalaripinnis), mirror sea urchin (Hirundichthys speculiger), green-winged sea urchin (Alectrias benjamini); (c) sea toad9 (Cyclopterus lumpus); (d) the sea wasp (Ocosia vespa), the four-legged sea butterfly (Chaetodon capistratus). The metaphorical meaning led to the choice of the sea10 as a mark, rather than the maritime one, because with the latter mark, which is systematic in nomenclature, the meaning would be direct (we would talk about mammals, birds, etc.). As you can see, some of the animal names used to name fishes are with deminutive suffixes, sometimes even with different ones (fox, fox; dogs, puppies). It is therefore considered that such a suffix does not distance, does not hide the metaphorical connection with the animal (otherwise, the sea accent would normally be used). However, the previously known and now still used name of the fish associated with reptiles11 sea dragon (Trachinus draco) (LTe V 1979; VLe iX 2006) was changed to the great sea dragon (Trachinus draco) (genus – simply dragonfish (Trachinus)) in the 2005 NPZ. In this case, it was probably thought that adding a suffix and changing the genus changes the name fundamentally, so there is no longer a need to write the sea. That makes sense. However, the species name sea bat (Platax pinnatus) was treated differently – the genus of the Ephippididae family was named simply bat (Platax) (see the species blue bat (Platax orbicularis)). It should also be noted that in another family, named Ogcocephalidae, there are several genera whose names contain the compound sea bats, for example, 9 The name of this fish is associated not only with an amphibian, but also with a bird, it is also called the sea bat (VLe iX 2006). In older sources, the name ciegorius is preferred, but metaphorical synonyms are also mentioned, including the sea hare (Virbickas 2000: 116). 10 There are also fish names based on animal metaphors with a different noble name, e.g.: algae mouse (Fucomimus), water goat (Pelecus), water goat (Pachychilon) (ZPŽ 2005). Instead, with the accent watery, names of direct meaning are used, e.g.: common watery starling (Cinclus cinclus) (PPZ 2009), watery sturgeon (Hydropotes inermis), watery rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) (ŽinPZ 2002). 11 For example, Draco, a genus of ibex in the family Agamidae (VLe V 2004). 8 4 Alvydas Umbrasas | Marine biology nomenclature common sea bats (lat. Ogcocephalus). If it was considered that the difference between the genus bat and bat in the fish nomenclature is sufficient (in general, such little-different names are better avoided, especially in one system12), then according to the system the name sea bat could be chosen. Species names are usually associated with the names of the genera, but there are also differences, for example, the common sea bream (Hirundichthys affinis) is in the genus Hirundichthys (other species in it are with the word čiurlys), the sea can (Symphodus tinca) is in the genus Symphodus (more taxa with the word povas are not named). If we respect the logic of the names, it seems strange when the spotted sea fox (Lo vulpinus) is in the genus of spotted rabbitfish (Lo). When creating titles, it would be better to avoid such a logical metaphoric mismatch, especially if it is not dictated by tradition. By the way, the word “rabbitfish” would have been suitable for a higher rank than the genus, and instead of the common rabbitfish (Latin: Siganus) could have been sea rabbits (this combination is now not in any of the genus names), because the genus includes the brown sea rabbit (Latin: Siganus rivulatus) and so on. The genus Eumicrotremus also includes the rounded sea hare (Eumicrotremus orbis) and the Atlantic sea hare (Eumicrotremus spinosus), although there are no sea hares in the fish genus. The reason for this is clear – the name is already taken, the sea hare (Erignathus barbatus) is a seal, the only one in the genus Erignathus (ŽinPŽ 2002). With this in mind, it is generally doubtful who needed to put the compound sea hare in the nomenclature of fish (the solution could be a deminutive sea hare or similar). If we look at the system of naming fish taxa with the same key word, we can see manifestations of non-systematics. It is difficult to avoid this in a multidisciplinary system, but harmonisation should be sought wherever possible. The genus, which includes the species Hector's sea antelope (Gastroscyphus hectoris), is called the Briggs water antelope (Gastroscyphus). 12 It is not very convenient when the genus differs and different classes of animals, for example, the Parachaetodon are fish (ZPZ 2005) and the Tricholestes are birds (PPZ 2009). When making suffixes for fish names, the systems are confused, e.g. perch ectreposebastes, but perch grenadiers trachonurus (ZPZ 2005). The main focus of the name of the latter fish is already the stingray, here there must have been grenadiers stingrays. It can also be mentioned that, for example, the Atlantic great predator (Magnisudis atlantica) is a fish (ZPZ 2005) and the great predator (Catharta skua) is a bird (PPZ 2009). The name of the genus is of course combined – the hard-spiked predator (Osteogeniosus militaris). 8 5Terminology | 2015 | 22 near the sea is possible (especially if the fish live not only in the sea; true, in usage it is more common water, cf. water goat (lot. Pelecus), water axe (lot. Carnegiella)), although here the difference is not justified. Another genus in the same family, Gobiesocidae, is called the striped Briggs' antelope (Gastrocymba). There are no seas or waters, although the genus includes the species Gastrocymba quadriradiata. In the same family there are the genera Arabes and Diplocrepis. Based on nearby names, we can suggest swamp antelopes (if they actually live in swamps), ocean antelopes13. The name of the genus of the Balistidae family, Canthidermis, should be changed to Oceanic hornbills (and the oceanic patterned hornbill, Nelusetta ayraudi, should be changed accordingly). In the Syngnathidae family, the Syngnathoides seem not to be very reasonable next to the Solegnathus – the needlefish seahorses would be appropriate. In the family Agonidae, the chili leaf (Aganopsis) is not appropriate, the chili leaf should be used. Although there are sea butterflies (Chaetodon), it is logical and semantically reasonable to include freshwater butterflies (Pantodon), but in the genus of long-billed sea butterflies (Forcipiger) the common long-billed butterfly (Forcipiger longirostris) is not appropriate, it could be, for example, the long-billed sea butterfly. In 2005, two species of fish were named from the names of other animals: Chromis and Monodactylus. The first is in the family Pomacentridae, the second in the family Monodactylidae. The authors of the nomenclature also failed to note that the long-tailed seahorses (Acentronura gracillissimus and Hippocampus ramulosus) were included in two genera, assigned to both the long-tailed seahorses (Acentronura) and the common seahorses (Hippocampus), respectively. Fish naming after other animals is an example of figurative nomenclature. According to K. Gaivenis, in terminology, visuality is usually not avoided where the distinguishing (distinctive) function of terms is more important than the nominal (nominative) function. expressive terms are often created in systematic terminology, because here, to distinguish one plant or 13 Adjectives are more oriented to birds, cf. swamp chicken (Latin Gallinula), water starling (lot. Cinclus) (PPŽ 2009). 8 6 Alvydas Umbrasas | In order to distinguish one animal species from another, in the nomenclature of marine biology, often recourse is taken to figurative comparison (Gaivenis 1991: 29). For the sake of curiosity, it can also be mentioned that some fish names are associated with two animals at once, the signs of similarity are also shown by a secondary accent, for example: Anoplagonus, Diademichthys lineatus, Siganus vermiculatus, Eckloniaichthys scylliorhinoceps, Discochaetodon octofasciatus. The imagery, expressiveness of such names is especially pronounced. A separate group consists of metaphorical fish names with the focus on the seas, the main focus of which is words meaning various objects. Examples of names of genera (a) and species (b): (a) Syngnathus, Thamnaconus, Hemiarus, Pervagor, Nerophis, Halieutopsis, Dicologlossa, Sphoeroides, Crenicichla, Symphurus, Argyropelecus; (b) bearded tongue (Monochirus hispidus), spotted tongue (Sphoeroides maculatus), Indian tongue (Halieutopsis microps), black-headed tongue (Pervagor melanocephalus), common tongue (Dicologlossa cuneata), common sea-ylla (Nerophis ophidion), Paraíba sea-spatula (Crenicichla dorsocellata), thin-mouthed sea-needle (Syngnathus tenuirostris), clear sea-ax (Sternoptyx diaphana), sand-tongue (Thamnaconus arenaceus). Metaphorism in this case also led to the fact that the names are not composed with the accent jūrinis14. In the Scoleidae family of right-eyed sea tongues, two genera are named short-finned sea tongues (Brachirus and Microchirus), and the Senegalese sea tongue is a species of the spiny sea tongues (Cynoglossus) and the common sea tongues (Solea), which are in the left-eyed sea tongues (Cynoglossidae) and the already mentioned right-eyed vis(lot. Cynoglossussenegalensisir Soleasenegalensis) pateko į dvi gensea tongues families, respectively. By the way, in the 2005 ZPZ there is also the female genus name Parexglossum, 14 if, for example, next to the sea needle, the name needlefish is used, there is no need to write sea, instead of Amphelikturus, systematically perfectly suitable for the sea needlefish and accordingly the species name (see small sea sandfish (Callionymus rissoi)). 9 3Terminology | 2015 | 22 Fined sea turtles (Pterygotrigla), sea turtles satyrs (Satyrichthys). For the sake of curiosity, we can also mention a couple of fish names, which include the names of different animals: butterfly sea turtle (Paratrigla papilio), crocodile sea turtle (Gargariscus prionocephalus). However, the name blue-tailed sea turtle ZPZ 2005 refers to different genera of species – lat. Currupiscis volucer and Chelidonichthys kumu. According to some sources (Jennings 1998), the Latin names are synonyms, so the dictionary did not have to provide this taxon twice at all. The stitch made with the sand may also be a side mark in the nomenclature system, e.g., sea-going plethora (lat. Ereunias). It is also the name of a species of sea turtles (Tursiops truncatus). It has been discussed earlier that the system includes sea butterflies, but since the sea is referred to in this case by another sand, the sea is omitted, although the species of that genus is the seaweed butterfly (Hemitaurichthys zoster). The name is derived from the Latin name of the lake, Potavius. Here the sea is the second layer of the punch. There are no more such punches in 2005. Previously, the name was Pollachius virens (Repečka, Bukelskis, Kesminas 1998: 56; Virbickas 2000: 89), but in 2005 it was changed to American cod, although the synonym is still used for commercial purposes (see ICES). The punches of the pattern in question enter not only the names of fish, but also of other animals. In 2009, the genus was renamed Haematopus, and among the species, the Eurasian sea bass (Haematopus ostralegus), also known simply as sea bass. It is also known as the Sea Shark (the name is mentioned in the DLKŽ7 2012 Shark article). This is especially true of the synonymy of the punch and the compound expression, especially in non-special usage. DLKŽ7 2012 also includes the stingray (Phalacrocorax carbo), but now it is only a synonym, the nomenclature provides the great cormorant (PPŽ 2009). from LMR7 2012 can be mentioned the plant name sea sand (lat. Honkenya22). In the plant nomenclature there is another name, which indicates a connection with the sea (because it usually grows by the sea or the like), e.g.: sea onion (Uniola) (LRTB), sea onion23 (lot. Drimia, Urginea) (DAV 2007). 22 Should be Honckenya (see iTiS). 23 Sea onion ‘juicy leaves of Urginea maritima bulbs’ (MTŽ 1980) may also be included in the non-nomenklature, as is the sea cabbage already mentioned. 9 4 Alvydas Umbrasas | The Sea in Biological Nomenclature CONCLUSIONS 1. Biologijos taksonų pavadinimuose įprasta gyvūnų ir augalų paplitimo places to show adjectives with suffix -inis, making derivatives from various places, geographical objects meaning general and actual words. The relationship of an animal or plant with the sea (living in the sea, growing near the sea, etc.) is often indicated by the word "sea" in the names, according to the prevailing tendency in the creation of biology nomenclature (e.g., sea bream (Pleuronectes), sea eagles (Haliaeetus), sea snakes (Hydrophiidae), sea bream (Zostera marina)). 2. there are numerous names of marine fish, mammals and invertebrates derived from names of land animals. In order to distinguish such metaphorical names from the names of the animals that form the basis of the metaphor, the word sea is used – thus the sea swallows (Chromis and Monodactylus) are fish, and the sea swallows (Fregetta) are birds, the sea hare (Erignathus barbatus) is a seal, and the aquatic rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) is simply a rabbit that lives by the water. Sea buffaloes (Taurus) and sea butterflies (Chaetodon) that swim in the water have biologically nothing in common with buffaloes and flying butterflies in the meadows. In the name of marine animals, sea is also used when the metaphor is based on the name of objects or other objects (e.g., sea sharpeners (Pervagor), sea squeakers (Crenicichla), sea stars (Asteroidea), persons or creatures (e.g., sea angels (Pomacanthidae), sea shepherds (Nomeus), sea riders (Ophiosciodon), plants or parts of plants (e.g., sea lilies (Crinoidea), sea buds (Blastoidea)). Even with deminutives, the metaphorism is pronounced, so it is written sea mouse (Neosynchiropus), sea snake (Alectrias), but sea is not readily written if the genus is changed, for example: great sea dragon (Trachinus draco) (previously called sea dragon), half-mouthed warrior (Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus) (see long-mouthed sea warrior (Ostichthys archiepiscopus)). Metaphorical names of aquatic animals may also have other meanings, for example: Hemitaurichthys (seaweed butterflies), Pelecus (water goats). 3. Where a specific sea is required in the biology nomenclature, the word'sea' shall be added. It is often used as a name for fish. : Baltic plate (Pleuronectes platessa baltica), Black sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax). Other animal names found 9 5Terminology | 2015 | 22 only a couple: Red Sea cliff swallow (Petrochelidon perdita), Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus). 4. the choice of the sea or sea is avoided by making names with stitches (sand sea-). Typically, the names of fish taxa are used, such as: Odontoglyphis, Odontanthias, Lepidotrigla. There is also a bird genus of sea urchins (Haematopus). In addition, the name of the sea and the seaside are often used to refer to different taxons, but this is not convenient in broader use. In botany, to show the connection with the sea in the genus name, only a punch is possible, because two-word names are avoided, for example: seavižė (Latin: Uniola), jūrsvygūnis (lot. Drimia). In the Fish Names Dictionary (FZ 2005) in the names of some similar taxa, the elements marinis, jūrų, jūros vary unreasonably or sometimes none of these elements are written, although according to the system of neighboring names such element seems necessary. other non-systemic expression. Different taxons (generes, species) have the same name. One of the reasons for the overlap is the use of the same basic words for different genera and species. Since the volume of the dictionary prepared for a long time is large and the structure is systematic, it was not easy for the compiler and reviewers to see the names in different places. Some of the inconsistencies may have arisen when correcting the dictionary according to the comments of the terminologists – corrected in some places, not corrected elsewhere or corrected as it was already used in the dictionary. In the future, weaknesses in the handling of fish names must be corrected. LITTERACY AND SOURCES 1998: Dictionary of Botanical Names. Compiled by R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius: Botanikos institutas. DAV 2007: Kisielienė D., Grigienė i., Grigas A. Ornamental plants nomenclature: Lithuanian, Latin, English, German, Polish and Russian languages, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. DLKŽ7 2012: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. 7th edition. and supplement. I'm sorry. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. eTAŽ 2008: Explanatory Dictionary of Ecology Terms: Lithuanian-English-German-Russian. Prepared by A. Paulauskas, K. Jankevičius, R. Liužinas, V. Raškauskas, P. Zajančkauskas, Vilnius: Soil Cleaning Technologies. 1973: The End of the Trial. – Language Culture 25, 19–27. Gaivenis K. 1991: On the imagery of Lithuanian terms. – Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 29. Problems of Lithuanian Lexicon and Terminology, 26-31. Gaivenis K. 1997: Terminology of J. 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Fourth edition adopted by the international Union of Biological Sciences, London: international Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 1999. - http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp. iTiS – IntegratedTaxonomicInformationSystem. – http://www.itis.gov. Jennings G. 1998: TheSeaandFreshwaterFishesofAustralia&NewGuinea 2. North-East,North,North-West AustraliaandNewGuinea, London: Calypso Publications. Kabailienė M., Radzevičius S. 2011: Paleontology. Vilnius: Vilnius University. Kutorga e. 1997: Nomenclature of botany and mycology, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press. Order No. 3D-826 of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania of 10 December 2013 “On the amendment of Order No. 3D-22 of the Minister of Agriculture of 15 January 2008 “On the approval of the list of names of commercial fish species” (Journal of Laws, 2013, No. 128-6541). LRTB – The Terms Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. – http://terminai.vlkk.lt. LTe V 1979: Lietuvos Tarybinė Enciklopedija 5. Vyr. red. J. Zinkus, Vilnius: Mokslas. 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius S., Vileišis A. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius: Mokslas. PPŽ 2009: Dictionary of bird names: in Latin, Lithuanian, English, German, French and Russian. Compiled by M. Žalakevičius, i. Žalakevičienė, Vilnius: Vilnius University Institute of Ecology. Repečka R., Bukelskis e., Kesminas V. 1998: Lithuanian fish 2. Baltic Sea Fishes, Vilnius: Dexma. Virbickas J. 2000: Lithuanian fish, Vilnius: Trys žvaigždutės. VLe V 2004: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 5. Vyr. red. A. Račis, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. VLe iX 2006: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 9. Vyr. red. A. Račis, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. ŽinPŽ 2002: Dictionary of Mammals Names: Latin, Lithuanian, English, French, Russian, German. Prepared by P. Bluzma (eds.), R. Mažeikytė, e. Mickevičius, J. Prūsaitė, K. Baranauskas, R. Baleišis, Vilnius: Ecology Institute publishing house. 2005: Fish Names Dictionary. Compiled by J. Virbickas, Vilnius: Vilnius University Ecology Institute. Михайлов В. А. 2000: Морскаясвинка:животныевнашемдоме, Москва: ЮНВЕС. JŪRA IN BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE The paper deals with Lithuanian names in biological nomenclature related to the word jūra (sea). it pays most attention to names of fish (due to the large number of such names containing this word), but also the names of mammals, birds, other animals and plants are researched. An attempt is made to show the variety of names and patterns of their creation and to draw attention to the lack of systematicity and other faults. There is a settled trend in Lithuanian nomenclature to indicate the habitats of both animals and plants using components with the suffix -inisderived from various words meaning places and geographical features. On the basis of this model, the connection of an animal or plant with the sea (lives in the sea or grows near the sea) is, according to prevailing trends in the creation of biological nomenclature, most frequently indicated by the word jūrinis. Quite a few names of fishes, mammals or invertebrates which live in the sea have been created using names of animals living on the 9 7Terminologija | 2015 | 22 land. in order to separate such metaphorical names of taxa from the names of the animals which are taken as the basis of the metaphor, the component jūrų is used. Thus jūrų kregždės are fishes and jūrinės skruzdėlės are birds. When a specific sea needs to be indicated in the biological nomenclature, a word combination with the component jūros is created. in some names the components jūrinis or jūrų are replaced by compounds with the component jūr-. The research shows that the components jūrinis, jūrų and jūros in the names of some similar taxa presented in Žuvų pavadinimų žodynas (Dictionary of the names of fish) (Vilnius, 2005) by J. Virbickas vary unnecessarily. Sometimes none of these components is presented even if it seems necessary when compared with the system of contiguous names. Other cases of lack of systematicity have also been noticed. There are some different taxa (species, genera) named the same. The dictionary is large, it is arranged systematically and its preparation took a long time therefore its compilers and reviewers had difficulties in ordering names presented in different places. Future ordering of the names of fish should include some corrections. Retrieved 2015-08-31. Alvydas Umbrasas Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius e-mail [email protected]