Filino ych, Vale iia; De e ianko, Olena; Mykolaie s, Ana olii; Poho ielo a,
Oleksand a; Denysiuk, Ma iia
A icle
Gig con ac as a Uk ainian legal phenomenon and
ea u es o i s occu ence in he amewo k o gig
economy
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Filino ych, Vale iia; De e ianko, Olena; Mykolaie s, Ana olii; Poho ielo a,
Oleksand a; Denysiuk, Ma iia (2025) : Gig con ac as a Uk ainian legal phenomenon and ea u es
o i s occu ence in he amewo k o gig economy, Resea ch in Globaliza ion, ISSN 2590-051X,
Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 10, pp. 1-7,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100274
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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Gig con ac as a Uk ainian legal phenomenon and ea u es o i s
occu ence in he amewo k o gig economy
Vale iia Filino ych
a,*
, Olena De e ianko
a
, Ana olii Mykolaie s
b
, Oleksand a Poho ielo a
c
,
Ma iia Denysiuk
c
a
Na ional A ia ion Uni e si y, 03058, 1 Lyubomi Guza A e, Kyi , Uk aine
b
Depa men o Public Adminis a ion, In e egional Academy o Pe sonnel Managemen , 03039, 2 F ome i ska S , Kyi , Uk aine
c
Depa men o Labou Law and Social Secu i y Law, Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi , 01033, 60 Volodymy ska S ., Kyi , Uk aine
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Gig economy
Gig con ac
IT law
Digi al economy
In o ma ion echnology
ABSTRACT
The a icle s udies ela ions a ising in connec ion wi h he use o gig con ac s when wo king wi h emo e
wo ke s / gig specialis s wi hin he amewo k o he gig economy. The e o e, he aim o he s udy is o
de e mine he legal na u e o gig con ac s, iden i y hei ad an ages and disad an ages, speci y global ends in
he digi al economy in he con ex o ensu ing he igh s o wo ke s in new o ms o employmen , and sugges
imp o emen s o p o ec he igh s and eedoms o wo king ci izens. In o de o achie e he esea ch aim,
a ious app oaches o gig economy and gig con ac s a e analyzed. Mo eo e , he cha ac e is ics o he gig wo k
a e iden i ied wi hin he legisla i e amewo k o he EU, USA, India, and Uk aine. Fu he mo e, he esea ch
examines whe he gig wo ke s a e conside ed independen con ac o s. As a esul , i is es ablished ha gig
con ac is a hyb id o a ci il con ac and an employmen con ac which combines lexibili y in wo k and basic
social gua an ees. Apa om ha , he legal ins umen s egula ing gig con ac s in Uk aine a e s udied o single
ou i s main ea u es and inno a ions. The a icle a gues ha he use o such ools is a esponse o he challenges
associa ed wi h he labo ma ke globaliza ion and o e s ecommenda ions o imp o ing he egula ion o he
gig economy in Uk aine based on in e na ional expe ience.
In oduc ion
The con empo a y wo ld can be jus i iably cha ac e ized as he
digi al wo ld. The gig economy e e s o a labo ma ke cha ac e ized by
sho - e m, lexible jobs, whe e wo ke s a e ypically independen
con ac o s, eelance s, o empo a y employees. Enabled by digi al
pla o ms such as Ube , Upwo k, and TaskRabbi , his o m o wo k is
seen as a hallma k o economic globaliza ion, allowing businesses o ap
in o a global wo k o ce. P oponen s a gue ha he gig economy o e s
unpa alleled lexibili y, access o di e se wo k oppo uni ies, and an
al e na i e o adi ional employmen s uc u es. Howe e , c i ics
highligh conce ns o e job secu i y, lack o social p o ec ions, and he
classi ica ion o gig wo ke s as independen con ac o s a he han
employees, which o en dep i es hem o labo igh s and bene i s. The
deba e o e egula ing gig wo k con inues in di e en ju isdic ions,
e lec ing ensions be ween economic e iciency, wo ke igh s, and he
e ol ing na u e o employmen in he digi al age. In o ma ion ech-
nology plays an in eg al ole in nea ly e e y aspec o mode n li e. As a
esul , a dis inc sphe e o social in e ac ion has eme ged, cen e ed on
i ual (o digi al) space. This ans o ma ion has led o he eme gence
o a highly p o i able digi al economy, whe e labo and employmen
s uc u es a e undamen ally eshaped by digi aliza ion. The mode n
wo ld economy is signi ican ly in luenced by digi aliza ion, which
changes adi ional app oaches o he o ganiza ion o labo and
employmen . Hence, he e is also a need o a comp ehensi e se lemen
o hese ela ions wi h legal ins umen s and me hods. These economic
ela ions should be egula ed by specialized IT law. This issue is ele an
o Uk aine because, acco ding o da a o 2022, he IT indus y b ough
he s a e 6 billion US dolla s in expo e enue (Da id, 2024), and
con inues o de elop, inc easing i s u no e . Acco ding o da a as o
Augus 2023, he e we e abou 307 housand IT specialis s in Uk aine
(Med edenko & Med edenko, 2023). To acili a e he de elopmen o
he IT indus y, he s a e in oduced Diia as he economic and legal space
o his indus y. Thus, he Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX “On s imula ing
he de elopmen o he digi al economy in Uk aine” (also known as he
Law on Digi al Economy and he Law on Diia.Ci y) came in o o ce on
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (V. Filino ych).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
jou nal homepage: www.sciencedi ec .com/jou nal/ esea ch-in-globaliza ion
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100274
Recei ed 11 Sep embe 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 10 Feb ua y 2025; Accep ed 10 Feb ua y 2025
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
A ailable online 11 Feb ua y 2025
2590-051X/© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/ ).
Augus 14, 2021. Mo eo e , he Tax Code was amended o p epa e he
ax sys em o he unc ioning o he adop ed law. In o he wo ds, a gig
con ac was in oduced as a new legal ins umen in o de o egula e
he ela ionship be ween he cus ome and he c ea o o IT p oduc s and
se ices (Hajiheyda i & Delgosha, 2024).
McKinsey expe s no e ha he gig economy is an economic sys em in
which so-called gig wo ke s engage in eelance ac i i ies and ake on
pa - ime jobs. So-called “gigs” a e small asks, mini-p ojec s ha a e
ca ied ou on pa wi h adi ional wo k p ac ices, using digi al pla -
o ms (Ash o d e al., 2018). Howe e , unlike adi ional hi ed wo k, gig
wo ke s ac as independen con ac o s and eelance s in he ields o
web de elopmen , design, legal consul ing, ansla ion, and copy-
w i ing. Some imes he cus ome o gig se ices may equi e he
employee o be a a ce ain wo kplace. Howe e , emo e wo k has
become especially ele an du ing he COVID-19 pandemic. Hajiheyda i
and Delgosha (2024) de ines he gig economy as a ee ma ke sys em in
which empo a y posi ions a e commonplace and businesses hi e inde-
penden wo ke s o pe o m sho - e m jobs (commi men s). These in-
dependen employees ypically include single-p ojec wo ke s,
eelance s, independen con ac o s, and hose hi ed o a ixed (usually
sho ) pe iod o on a pa - ime basis.
Many companies ind i p o i able o hi e specialis s o comple e
sho - e m p ojec s and assignmen s wi hou hi ing hem on s a .
Howe e , such an employmen model equi es a de ailed se lemen o
he mu ual ela ions be ween he con ac ing agen s h ough he gig
con ac . Since he concep o gig economy is no el o Uk aine, he e is
a lack o comp ehensi e s udies on his issue. Thus, Ta asyuk (2022)
analyzed ea u es o he use o gig con ac s and hei e ec i eness o IT
specialis s, making a compa ison wi h employmen con ac s. The
esea che also gene alized he condi ions o concluding gig con ac s
and poin ed ou he p ospec s o his ype o ci il law ela ions in he
digi al economy. Simila ly, Bezdi nyi (2024) compa ed he gig con ac
and o he ypes o ag eemen s ha can be concluded be ween a com-
pany and IT specialis s, depending on he ype o legal ela ionship be-
ween he pa ies.
Med edenko and Med edenko (2023) s udied ea u es inhe en in
gig con ac s and poin ed ou he ad an ages and disad an ages o such
ag eemen s. Vozniuk and Kolesnychenko (2021) examined he legal
gua an ees o he social igh s o gig specialis s, he na u e o gig con-
ac s, and po en ial h ea s o he social igh s o gig specialis s.
Simu ina (2023) explo ed he concep o gig con ac s based on Uk ai-
nian egula o y expe ience. The esea che examined he po en ial o
sol ing he p oblem o social insecu i y in he digi al economy, iden i-
ied di e ences in he de ini ion o he concep o gig wo ke s in he
Eu opean and Uk ainian labo law, and de ined he isks o excluding IT
wo ke s om he scope o labo legisla ion in he con ex o he gig
economy. In con as , o eign legal schola s concen a e on he concep s
o gig economy, gig wo k, and gig wo ke s. Thus, Zhang and Yan (2024)
e ealed he concep s o gig economy and gig wo k. Taneja (2024)
de ined esponsibili ies o gig wo ke s and a eas o hei in e ac ion.
Mau y (2024) analyzed he bene i s o he gig economy o wo ke s and
compa ed gig wo ke s and independen con ac o s. G aham and Anwa
(2019) ocus on labo u u es and consequences o changes due o he
de elopmen o global gig economy.
Mo eo e , i is necessa y o de ine he e m “digi al nomadism”.
ˇ
Símo ´
a (2022) de ined i as a li es yle whe e indi iduals le e age
echnology o wo k emo ely while a eling o li ing in di e en lo-
ca ions, o en wi hou being ied o a ixed o ice o pe manen esi-
dence. Wood e al. (2019) assessed he quali y o wo k in he gig
economy in e ms o emo e wo k. They p esen da a om an in e e-
gional su ey, ocusing on algo i hmic con ol o online labo pla o ms,
which p o ides wo ke s wi h a high le el o lexibili y, independence,
and ask complexi y. In addi ion, Liang e al. (2018) examined a gende
gap in wages in he gig economy and explained his phenomenon by he
deg ee o gende di e ences in he job applica ion s a egy.
The objec o he s udy is social ela ions egula ed by ci il,
in o ma ion, and labo law, a ising in connec ion wi h he use o gig
con ac s wi hin he amewo k o he gig economy and he imple-
men a ion o he igh s o he pa ies o he gig con ac . The subjec o
he s udy is a gig con ac as a ci il legal con ac unde which a gig
specialis pe o ms speci ic wo k commissioned by a esiden o Diia.
Ci y who pays o such wo k and p o ides he gig specialis wi h social
gua an ees and p ope wo king condi ions. The aim he esea ch is o
de e mine he legal na u e o gig con ac s, iden i y hei ad an ages and
disad an ages, speci y global ends in he digi al economy in he
con ex o ensu ing he igh s o wo ke s in new o ms o employmen ,
and sugges imp o emen s o p o ec he igh s and eedoms o wo king
ci izens in he con ex o globaliza ion.
The cen al a gumen o his a icle is ha gig con ac s a e an
inno a i e legal ool ha seeks o s ike a balance be ween labo lexi-
bili y and basic social gua an ees, which is impo an in he globalized
digi al economy. The s udy ocuses on how such con ac s unc ion in
Uk aine unde he Diia.Ci y legal egime and how hey ealize hei
po en ial o add ess social p o ec ion issues in he con ex o global
changes in employmen . In his ega d, he esea ch se s he ollowing
esea ch ques ion: “How do gig con ac s adap wo ke s o he chal-
lenges o digi al globaliza ion, while p o iding bo h lexibili y and social
gua an ees?” In esponse o his ques ion, he a icle analyzes gig con-
ac s as a legal ins umen ha eme ged in Uk aine and i s co ela ion
wi h in e na ional app oaches o he egula ion o he gig economy. This
a icle holds ele ance wi hin he wide discussion on globaliza ion, as
labo ma ke changes d i en by digi aliza ion c ea e new challenges o
na ional legal sys ems. The a icle a gues ha he use o such ools is a
esponse o he challenges associa ed wi h he labo ma ke globaliza-
ion and o e s ecommenda ions o imp o ing he egula ion o he gig
economy in Uk aine based on in e na ional expe ience.
This esea ch is pa icula ly ele an in he global con ex , whe e he
gig economy is becoming an in eg al pa o labo ma ke s ac oss he
wo ld. The esea ch will explo e how Uk aine’s legal sys em has
add essed hese challenges, d awing compa isons wi h in e na ional
p ac ices in he gig economy. This a icle a gues ha gig con ac s a e an
inno a i e legal ool ha seeks o s ike a balance be ween labo lexi-
bili y and basic social gua an ees, which is impo an in he globalized
digi al economy. The s udy ocuses on how such con ac s unc ion in
Uk aine unde he Diia.Ci y legal egime and how hey ealize hei
po en ial o add ess social p o ec ion issues in he con ex o global
changes in employmen . This a icle holds ele ance wi hin he wide
discussion on globaliza ion, as labo ma ke changes d i en by digi a-
liza ion c ea e new challenges o na ional legal sys ems and equi e he
ha moniza ion o local in e es s wi h global ends. The esea ch will
highligh how legal inno a ions in Uk aine can o e insigh s and solu-
ions o o he coun ies g appling wi h he challenges o egula ing gig
wo k in a apidly changing global economy. This esea ch no el y lies in
demons a ing how legal inno a ion can acili a e adap a ion o changes
in he global economy. Compa ing he expe ience o Uk aine, he USA,
he EU, and India, he a icle o e s ecommenda ions o he u he
de elopmen o he gig economy, which is an in eg al pa o he mode n
globalized wo ld.
Ma e ials and me hods
The s udy applied h ee key heo e ical app oaches as analysis ools
o in e p e ing empi ical da a. In his ega d, he globaliza ion heo y
was used o analyze how gig con ac s e lec he labo ma ke ans-
o ma ion unde he in luence o globaliza ion and digi aliza ion,
especially ega ding he ension be ween lexibili y and social gua an-
ees. Mo eo e , he heo y o egula o y inno a ions acili a ed e alu-
a ing gig con ac s as a new legal mechanism ha mee s he challenges
o he labo ma ke , being on he e ge o ci il and labo law. Apa om
ha , he ins i u ional heo y helped in es iga e he ole o ins i u ional
amewo ks, such as he Diia.Ci y in Uk aine, in he implemen a ion and
main enance o gig con ac s, and iden i y ac o s in luencing he
V. Filino ych e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
2
success o such egula o y app oaches.
Gene al and special esea ch me hods we e used o achie e he aim
o he s udy. Thus, he obse a ion me hod was used a he s age o
collec ing and p ocessing he da a o gene alize he knowledge and
cha ac e ize phenomena and ca ego ies unde s udied. Mo eo e , he
compa a i e me hod was used o es ablish common and dis inc ea u es
o he gig economy and gig wo k in di e en coun ies. The me hod o
analysis was applied o single ou cons i u e elemen s o gig economy
and gig wo k. Fu he mo e, he syn hesis me hod made i possible o
de e mine impo an aspec s o gig economy. Apa om ha , he
me hod o analogy pe mi ed o compa e he phenomenon o gig wo k o
a simila phenomenon o eelancing. Fu he mo e, da a se s o he
s udy we e p ocessed and analyzed ia a combina ion o a ious sou ces
and me hods. Fo legal analysis, legal ac s we e collec ed, in pa icula ,
he Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX “On s imula ing he de elopmen o he
digi al economy in Uk aine” (Law on Diia.Ci y) and he legisla ion o he
USA, India, and he EU on he gig economy egula ion. Da a om hese
sou ces we e analyzed using he con en analysis in o de o single ou
key p o isions ha ela e o labo lexibili y, social gua an ees, and ax
incen i es o gig wo ke s.
To collec empi ical da a, an online su ey was conduc ed among
200 Uk ainian IT wo ke s wo king unde gig con ac s. A ques ionnai e
con ained closed and open ques ions ha co e ed a ious aspec s o gig
con ac s, including he le el o sa is ac ion, he a ailabili y o social
gua an ees and income. The da a was collec ed by Google Fo ms, and
esponses we e sys ema ized and analyzed using hema ic coding o
de e mine majo ends and issues. Apa om ha , 10 semi-s uc u ed
in e iews we e conduc ed wi h legal expe s, ep esen a i es o IT
companies, and go e nmen o icials. Thay helped collec quali a i e
da a on he p ac ical aspec s o he wo k o gig wo ke s in Uk aine and
wi hin he in e na ional con ex . Quan i a i e da a om he in e iews
we e p ocessed using s a is ical me hods o es ablish co ela ions be-
ween social gua an ees and employee sa is ac ion. Consequen ly, he
ela ionship be ween legal inno a ions, social gua an ees and he eal
expe ience o gig wo ke s was iden i ied in o de o p o e he e ec-
i eness o gig con ac s in Uk aine.
Mo eo e , he g ouping me hod was used in he p ocess o educing
he unde s anding o gig wo k o wo k unde a gig con ac . Besides, he
co ela ion analysis was applied o analyze ypical p o isions o a gig
con ac . Fo ecas ing made i possible o subs an ia e he possible s a e
o he gig economy in Uk aine in he u u e. The use o he compa a i e
legal me hod acili a ed iden i ying con o e sial ea u es in he egu-
la ion o legal ela ions be ween esiden s o he Diia.Ci y and a gig
specialis , as well as o compa e he egula ions o di e en coun ies in
he ield o he gig economy and gig wo k. The o mal logical me hod
helped conside he legal doc ine in he ield o egula ion o gig wo k.
Thus, i allowed o de ine he concep o gig con ac s, which a e an
in eg al elemen o he gig economy in Uk aine, analyze he egula ions
o di e en coun ies. The modeling me hod was used o single ou he
ad an ages and disad an ages o wo king unde a gig con ac ,
including in compa ison wi h sole p op ie o ship. Finally, i was used o
discuss u he implemen a ion o gig wo k in Uk aine.
Resul s and discussion
The eme gence and de elopmen o he gig economy in he wo ld is
associa ed wi h changes in he labo ma ke . As G aham e al. (2019)
no e, he eme gence o a “plane a y labo ma ke ” o digi al wo k is
obse ed, which aims o capi alize on geog aphy. To c ea e such a
ma ke , special digi al echnologies ha e been de eloped and imple-
men ed. This is he pla o m which o e s o he pu chase and sale o
labo (G aham e al., 2019). The gig economy is a phenomenon ha
a ose due o he implemen a ion and use o in o ma ion echnologies. In
his ega d, i is possible o claim ha he gig economy is a global
concep because wi h he help o a ious applica ions and online pla -
o ms, cus ome s and pe o me s om all o e he wo ld can in e ac in
eal ime. As Fulle e al. (2020) no es, digi al labo pla o ms a e an
excellen sou ce o skilled digi al wo ke s o pe o m IT wo k.
The e o e, i is impo an o dis inguish speci ic ea u es o he gig
economy. Thus, employe s a e able o gain insigh in o hei employees,
while cus ome s enjoy a uly global each h ough hei abili y o lea n
abou employees. Cus ome equi emen s a e lis ed on online labo
pla o ms, whe e p ospec i e employees om a ound he globe submi
bids o hese posi ions. This allows employe s o collec in o ma ion
abou he p ospec i e employee. A he same ime, indi iduals seeking
employmen ha e he abili y o gain knowledge abou po en ial job
openings. They a e g an ed access o a comp ehensi e da abase
comp ising a mul i ude o acancies om ac oss he globe, no me ely in
hei own ci y. I is o en he case ha cus ome s a e eluc an o di ulge
in o ma ion abou hemsel es. Fu he mo e, online pla o ms end o
acili a e e ical, a he han ho izon al, communica ion be ween pe -
o me s, which conside ably cons ains hei capaci y o uni e.
Fu he mo e, gi en ha all wo k is conduc ed ia he In e ne in
some capaci y, employe s a e p i y o in o ma ion abou hei em-
ployees. This da a is exchanged be ween he wo pa ies and can be
u ilized in a ious ways. Consequen ly, he clien pu chases labo as a
commodi y on he ma ke . Howe e , he na u e o digi al wo k and he
ypes o employmen con ac s possess dis inc i e cha ac e is ics. Wo k
asks can be decomposed in o mo e s aigh o wa d asks, which a e
commonly e e ed o as gigs. Such o de s a e o en comple ed wi h
g ea apidi y, compelling clien s o ini ia e a simila bidding p ocess o
secu e new jobs. F equen ly, he cus ome is no en i ely sa is ied wi h
he comple ed o de , and nume ous pla o ms pe mi he paymen o
comple ed wo k only i hey a e ully sa is ied wi h i . In such ins ances,
he employee may o ei he p omised emune a ion o he wo k pe -
o med. In addi ion, in o ma ion ega ding employe s is p o ided o
wo ke s, and in some cases, wo ke s may also iew he cus ome ’s
loca ion, he his o y o in e ac ions be ween cus ome s and o he
wo ke s, and ela ed da a. Howe e , when employees a e only g an ed
access o a limi ed se o in o ma ion ega ding hei employe s, hey a e
aced wi h conside able challenges in ansi ioning in o al e na i e
occupa ional oles. The pu chase and sale o labo o e s ha e a isen on
he global scale, c ea ing an imbalance o powe be ween wo ke s and
hei cus ome s. Labo has become indi idualized and comme cialized,
wi h a globalized labo supply and in ense compe i ion be ween po-
en ial wo ke s (G aham e al., 2019).
The gig economy is o med due o wo undamen al ac o s, namely:
he labo o ce becomes mobile, and he wo k is done emo ely ia cybe
pla o ms (Ko uko a & Ne a a, 2023). This leads o he sepa a ion o
jobs and loca ions. In o he wo ds, gig wo ke s ha e he oppo uni y o
wo k om anywhe e on he plane , while cus ome s can choose he
wo ke om a much la ge lis o specialis s. The e o e, he lexibili y
a o ded by gig wo k is a no able ad an age o e he adi ional 9-hou
wo kday. Consequen ly, in o de o gene a e income h ough he ech-
nology ma ke , i is necessa y o in es addi ional ime, gain access o
he In e ne , and de elop speci ic skills. In con as , he cos s associa ed
wi h pa - ime wo k a e minimal. Fu he mo e, wo ke s ha e he abili y
o egula e and sus ain a balance be ween hei occupa ional and pe -
sonal esponsibili ies. Mo eo e , gig wo k p o ides an oppo uni y o
indi iduals o e ine hei skills and expand hei knowledge base, which
can hen be applied in a adi ional employmen se ing. Addi ionally, i
is easible o an indi idual o gene a e income om any geog aphical
loca ion.
The apid expansion o he gig economy is no only a na ional end
bu a e lec ion o global economic shi s, la gely d i en by he
inc easing digi aliza ion o labo ma ke s and echnological ad ance-
men s. As businesses ac oss he wo ld inc easingly ely on eelance,
sho - e m, and emo e wo ke s, he gig economy anscends na ional
bo de s. This globaliza ion o labo ma ke s allows businesses o access a
global alen pool, hus inc easing compe i ion bu also expanding op-
po uni ies o wo ke s, especially in he digi al sec o . The gig economy
is also in e connec ed wi h he b oade p ocess o economic
V. Filino ych e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
3
globaliza ion, which includes he expansion o global ade, in e na-
ional inance, and he in eg a ion o economies wo ldwide (Sachs,
2020). Consequen ly, he ole o gig wo ke s is becoming e e mo e
signi ican as hei labo suppo s in e na ional supply chains, ech
i ms, and online pla o ms.
One o he p ima y d i e s o his phenomenon is he g ow h o
digi al pla o ms such as Ube , Ly , TaskRabbi , and Upwo k. These
pla o ms acili a e he connec ion be ween clien s and gig wo ke s in
eal- ime, elimina ing geog aphic ba ie s. As a esul , he gig economy
has become one o he as es -g owing sec o s in global labo ma ke s.
Acco ding o ecen s udies, by 2025, he gig economy could encompass
up o 50 % o he global wo k o ce (B ynjol sson & McA ee, 2014). This
phenomenon, o en e e ed o as “pla o m capi alism,” is undamen-
ally al e ing how wo k is s uc u ed, mo ing away om adi ional
employe -employee ela ionships owa d mo e lexible, decen alized
o ms o labo (Scholz, 2016). None heless, gig wo k has se e al sig-
ni ican disad an ages. Fi s ly, such lexible wo king ela ionships o en
canno be p ope ly egula ed due o he in lexibili y o he labo laws o
a pa icula coun y. Fo example, in some coun ies employees can only
wo k a hei assigned wo kplace (physical loca ion). Mo eo e , coun-
ies ha e di e en ax ules. Apa om ha , communica ion be ween
pa ies may be di icul due o di e en ime zones. The lack o ace- o-
ace con ac may cause dis us when sha ing knowledge and expe ience
(ˇ
Símo ´
a, 2022).
The esea ch conduc ed by he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende
Equali y also shows he lack o clea legal quali ica ion and egula ion o
gig wo k. Hence, in s a es wi h no clea app oaches o egula ing gig
wo k on online pla o ms, gig wo ke s a e conside ed sel -employed by
de aul . As a esul , mos o hese wo ke s a e dep i ed o social gua-
an ees, such as ma e ni y lea e, child ca e lea e, o sick lea e. Fo
example, he laws o some coun ies equi e a ce ain amoun o wo king
ime as a condi ion o ecei ing ma e ni y o pa en al lea e bene i s.
Consequen ly, gig wo k is inhe en ly agmen ed. Acco dingly, gig
wo ke s do no ha e enough con inui y o mee wo k du a ion e-
qui emen s (Ba bie i e al., 2021).
The EU egula ion has se e al ea u es and o en becomes a cause o
disag eemen ega ding he classi ica ion o labo ma ke pa icipan s.
Al hough he app oaches o he cou s a e gene ally simila , he e a e
di e ences in he weighing o ac o s and labo legisla ion, which can
cause au ho i ies o make opposing decisions unde p ac ically he same
ci cums ances. Fu he mo e, in he con ex o he COVID-19 pandemic,
a consis en classi ica ion o pa icipan s in he gig economy became
ele an because gigs we e he main sou ce o income o many people.
Thus, EU labo legisla ion should aim o s ike a balance be ween he
igh s o gig wo ke s and he in e es s o gig companies (Ke ikm¨
ae &
Kajande , 2022). The EU has a emp ed o balance he in e es s o
wo ke s and businesses by c ea ing amewo ks ha allow lexibili y bu
ensu e social p o ec ion. Fo example, he Eu opean Commission has
ecen ly p oposed new di ec i es o he egula ion o digi al pla o ms,
ocusing on imp o ing anspa ency, ai ness, and wo king condi ions
o gig wo ke s (Eu opean Commission, 2021). The Eu opean model o
labo p o ec ion o gig wo ke s could se e as a e e ence poin o
o he egions, including Uk aine, as i seeks o de elop i s own legisla-
i e amewo k o he digi al economy.
In his ega d, i is impo an o no e Indian legisla ion, whe e se e al
aspec s o gig wo k a e egula ed. India has a Code on Social Secu i y
(2020), which con ains egula ions o pla o m wo ke s and gig wo ke s.
The Code de ines he la e as people who ca y ou wo k ou side he
adi ional employe -employee s uc u e and ecei e emune a ions
om his ac i i y. The no ms o he Code conce n such impo an aspec s
as educa ion bene i s, heal h and p egnancy bene i s, acciden insu -
ance, and pensions. Gig wo ke s ha e he igh o s ike and he igh o
sue agains un ai dismissal (Chi ag e al., 2023). The ise o digi al
pla o ms in India has been acili a ed by he coun y’s la ge and young
ech-sa y popula ion, making i an a ac i e des ina ion o
ou sou cing. Howe e , India aces unique challenges ega ding labo
igh s, social secu i y, and wo ke classi ica ion, as many gig wo ke s
a e no en i led o he same p o ec ions as ull- ime employees. Ragha-
an (2021) discusses he ise o gig wo k in India, no ing he lack o
su icien legal and social p o ec ions o hese wo ke s, and s esses he
need o a mo e obus egula o y amewo k o add ess he g owing gig
economy.
In e ms o he legal s a us o gig wo ke s, i is also wo h conside ing
whe he hey a e conside ed independen con ac o s. Thus, in he
Uni ed S a es, a pe son who is hi ed by an indi idual o a company o
pe o m a speci ic ask unde a con ac ha can be e mina ed by ei he
pa y unde a mu ual ag eemen will be conside ed an independen
con ac o . Mo eo e , i he wo k pe o med by his con ac o cos s a
leas $500, hen he employe will issue he con ac o a Fo m 1099 (i.e.,
In e nal Re enue Se ice o m) whe e he income ecei ed o wo k
unde an independen con ac should be indica ed. A he same ime,
human igh s ac i is s ad oca e ea ing gig wo ke s as adi ional em-
ployees, gua an eeing hem a ce ain le el o income and heal h insu -
ance, and no as independen con ac o s who a e dep i ed o mos
social gua an ees and labo igh s. A he same ime, he CARES Ac and
Ame ican Reco e y Ac p o ide gig wo ke s wi h some addi ional ben-
e i s ha egula employees a e en i led o (Zwe le e al., 2024). In
con as , he si ua ion in he Uni ed S a es is mo e agmen ed, wi h
di e en s a es adop ing a ying policies ega ding gig wo ke s. Cal-
i o nia’s Assembly Bill 5, passed in 2019, was a landma k a emp o
p o ide g ea e p o ec ion o gig wo ke s by equi ing companies like
Ube and Ly o ea hei d i e s as employees a he han indepen-
den con ac o s (G aham, 2017). Howe e , he e ec i eness o his bill
has been con es ed, and in 2020, o e s in Cali o nia passed P oposi ion
22, which exemp ed gig companies om classi ying d i e s as em-
ployees, he eby con inuing he deba e o e wo ke igh s and p o-
ec ions in he gig economy (F iedman, 2020).
Fu he mo e, he legal s a us o an independen con ac o implies a
ce ain deg ee o au onomy al hough in some cases i is ques ionable.
Fo ins ance, many online pla o ms pa icipa e in ansac ions and
e alua ion o gigs, he eby eusing da a om he la e in he ma ching
algo i hm, which has led o doub s abou wo ke au onomy. This was
one o he g ounds o se e al lawsui s and subsequen cou decisions o
eclassi y independen con ac o s as employees (Kou simpogio gos
e al., 2020). As hese ends illus a e, he gig economy is in insically
ied o he p ocess o globaliza ion, which bo h c ea es new oppo u-
ni ies and exposes wo ke s o new ulne abili ies. The key challenge
mo ing o wa d will be inding a egula o y balance ha allows gig
wo ke s o bene i om global labo ma ke s wi hou sac i icing hei
igh s and p o ec ions. Scholz (2016) a gues ha labo s anda ds need o
e ol e wi h he changing na u e o wo k, ad oca ing o new o ms o
social con ac s ha a e i o he digi al e a.
The global na u e o he gig economy aises he issue o c oss-bo de
labo mobili y and he implica ions i has o in e na ional law. Wo ke s
in he gig economy o en wo k o clien s loca ed in di e en pa s o he
wo ld, which b ings abou ques ions ela ed o axa ion, dispu e eso-
lu ion, and social secu i y. The In e na ional Labou O ganiza ion (ILO)
has ecen ly called o in e na ional coope a ion o de elop a global
amewo k o egula ing gig wo k, ocusing on issues like minimum
wages, access o social p o ec ion, and dispu e esolu ion mechanisms
(Messenge , 2018). Such amewo ks will need o be adap able o he
di e se legal sys ems and economic condi ions o di e en coun ies, bu
hey ep esen a necessa y s ep in ensu ing ha gig wo ke s a e no le
behind as he wo ld economy becomes inc easingly digi al and
in e connec ed.
In Uk aine, he egula ion o he gig economy was implemen ed by
he Law on Diia.Ci y (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023). As a esul ,
Diia.Ci y as a mode n legal amewo k o IT businesses was es ablished.
Acco ding o he Diia.Ci y Regis e , as o Janua y 25, 2024, he e a e
847 esiden companies, while as o Feb ua y 22, 2022, he e we e only
74 o hem (U i alo , 2023). The e o e, since he beginning o he ull-
scale wa o he Russian Fede a ion agains Uk aine, he numbe o
V. Filino ych e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
4
Diia.Ci y esiden s ha e inc eased app oxima ely 8 imes. Gi en he
ma ial law in Uk aine, such indica o s es i y o he e ec i eness o his
legal amewo k o IT businesses. One o he mos no ewo hy in-
no a ions o Law on Diia.Ci y (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023) is he
in oduc ion o he concep o a gig con ac . This will encou age
Uk ainian IT businesses o swi ch o he o icial employmen o hei
pe o me s unde such an ag eemen while p ese ing he ax bene i s
inhe en in ci il con ac wi h indi idual en ep eneu s (Simu ina,
2023). Hence, in pa ag aph 1 o A icle 1 o Law on Diia.Ci y (Law o
Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023), a gig con ac is de ined as a ci il con ac ,
acco ding o which a gig specialis , ha is, an indi idual who is a
con ac o and/o pe o me unde such an ag eemen , unde akes o
pe o m wo k and/o p o ide se ices ollowing he asks o he Diia.
Ci y esiden as a cus ome , and he Diia.Ci y esiden unde akes o pay
o he wo k pe o med and/o se ices p o ided and o p o ide he gig
specialis wi h app op ia e condi ions and social gua an ees o pe -
o ming wo k and/o p o iding se ices (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX,
2023). Consequen ly, a gig con ac can be conside ed a ce ain hyb id
o a ci il con ac and an employmen con ac , which combines a
ce ain lexibili y in wo k and basic social gua an ees.
Acco dingly, he pa ies o he gig con ac a e he Diia.Ci y esiden
and he gig specialis . As al eady no ed, he gig specialis is an indi idual
ac ing as a pe o me o con ac o unde such a con ac . As o he
esiden o Diia Ci y, ollowing pa ag aph 11 o A icle 1 and A icle 5 o
he Law on Diia.Ci y (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023), i can be a
legal en i y egis e ed on he e i o y o Uk aine in he p esc ibed
manne , which olun a ily acqui ed such s a us in he Diia.Ci y Regis e .
To acqui e his s a us, such he legal en i y mus ca y ou he speci ied
ype o ac i i y, pay i s employees and gig specialis s (o which he e
mus be a leas 9 in o al) a emune a ion o a leas he equi alen o
1,200 eu os pe mon h, and ecei e a quali ied income o a leas 90
pe cen o i s o al income. A he same ime, a legal en i y canno
become a esiden o Diia.Ci y i i is egis e ed in he e i o y o ano he
s a e, has he s a us o a non-p o i o ganiza ion, en e p ise, o ins i u-
ion, is bank up , and is subjec o sanc ions unde Uk ainian legisla ion.
In addi ion, A icle 4 o he Law on Diia.Ci y (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-
IX, 2023) s a es ha a esiden can employ no only gig specialis s bu
also wo ke s based on employmen con ac s and o he con ac o s
based on o he ci il o economic con ac s.
Fu he mo e, i is necessa y o highligh ha a gig con ac is a
speci ic ype o ci il con ac ha pe mi s o ix he o ma o coope a-
ion mo e accu a ely and a he same ime is mo e lexible han a labo
con ac . In his con ex , i is impo an o ou line he ollowing possi-
bili ies ha gig con ac s p o ide acco ding o A icles 20–23 o Law on
Diia.Ci y (Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023). Acco ding o A icle 21,
he pa ies can ag ee on an i egula ime o wo k. I he exac ime
canno be de e mined, he specialis has he igh o plan his/he
wo king ime independen ly in case i equi es an inc eased le el o he
ini ia i e o he specialis wi h pe iodic wo k wi hou special in-
s uc ions om he cus ome (i.e., esiden ). Apa om ha , acco ding
o Pa 6 o A icle 20, he esiden mus p o ide he con ac o wi h he
means o pe o m he wo k o pay him/he ce ain compensa ion i he
gig specialis pe o ms he wo k using his/he own equipmen unless
o he wise speci ied in he con ac .
Conce ning he aca ion and sick lea e, such basic social gua an ees
p esc ibed in he gig con ac signi ican ly dis inguish i om he ci il
con ac wi h indi idual en ep eneu s. Thus, A icles 21–23 p o ide gig
specialis s wi h an annual paid b eak om wo k las ing a leas 17
wo king days; empo a y disabili y assis ance as an analog o sick lea e;
a b eak om wo k o p egnancy and childbi h du ing 70 days be o e
and 56 days a e childbi h (70 days a e g an ed i he bi h was di i-
cul , o mo e han one child was bo n) as an analog o ma e ni y lea e. In
addi ion, his law gua an ees compulso y s a e social insu ance o gig
specialis s. As wi h an employmen con ac , he employe (in his case,
a Diia.Ci y esiden ) mus no i y he au ho i ies abou he conclusion o
he con ac , calcula e, and pay a single con ibu ion o compulso y s a e
social insu ance o he specialis . Thus, Clause 6 o Pa 1 o A icle 20
ensh ines he p o ision o addi ional compensa ion paymen s o gua-
an ees o gig wo ke s. Apa om ha , A icle 24 o Law on Diia.Ci y
(Law o Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023) is ocused on in ellec ual p ope y
igh s o hose objec s ha a gig specialis c ea es in connec ion wi h he
pe o mance o a gig con ac . Acco dingly, mo al igh s belong o he
c ea o . As o p ope y igh s, he gig con ac p o ides o a simpli ied
mechanism o he ans e o igh s o he company immedia ely a e
he c ea ion o he objec . Hence, i he con ac does no p o ide
o he wise, no addi ional documen s need o be signed o his pu pose.
The momen o acquisi ion o p ope y igh s by a esiden is a e he
c ea ion o he wo k.
I also indica es he possibili y o a esiden o en e in o non-
disclosu e and non-compe e ag eemen s. Thus, A icle 26 no es ha
he acco ding o he non-disclosu e ag eemen , he specialis unde akes
he obliga ion o e ain om disclosing ade sec e s and o he con i-
den ial da a abou he esiden o Diia.Ci y. Such an ag eemen may be
g a ui ous and p o ide o he paymen o compensa ion i a iola ion
occu s. A he same ime, i s essen ial condi ions a e he e ms o non-
disclosu e and he di ec de ini ion o in o ma ion ha is p ohibi ed o
disclose. Rega ding he non-compe e ag eemen s, A icle 27 equi es i
o be concluded in w i ing and indica es i as a paid ag eemen . I s
essen ial condi ions a e he pe iod o abs inence om ele an ac ions
(which should no exceed a yea om he da e o e mina ion o he
ela ionship be ween he specialis and he esiden ), he e i o y o
dis ibu ion, an exhaus i e lis o compe ing ac i i ies, ma e ial bene i s
o he specialis o compliance wi h he non-compe e ag eemen s.
A icle 28 makes i clea ha e usal o en e in o he non-compe e
ag eemen is no a g ound o e mina ion o he gig con ac (Law o
Uk aine No. 1667-IX, 2023).
Ta asiuk (2022) poin s ou ha e mina ing gig con ac s is no
cha ac e is ic o such legal ela ions. The a ionale o his is wo old.
Fi s ly, he company’s s a us as a esiden o Diia.Ci y is a isk o being
e oked; secondly, he cus ome is en i led o unila e ally e mina e he
con ac . In such a scena io, he la e pa y is obliged o no i y he
specialis o hese ci cums ances wi h a minimum o 30 days’ ad ance
no ice o o pay compensa ion equi alen o he weigh ed a e age daily
emune a ion o each day o non-compliance. A gig specialis is
pe mi ed o e mina e a gig con ac no ea lie han 30 days p io o he
con ac ’s e mina ion. This pe iod is wice as long as is p o ided o in
A icle 38 o Labo Code o Uk aine (1971). The e o e, basic social
gua an ees, no need o independen ly calcula e and pay axes, ce ain
lexibili y in pe o ming wo k asks, con idence and s abili y a e he key
ad an ages o using gig con ac s o he gig specialis . Meanwhile,
special ax egime, p o ec ion o in ellec ual p ope y, con idence and
s abili y a e he main ad an ages o Diia.Ci y o he esiden s.
Hence, i is possible o o mula e ce ain sugges ions aimed a
imp o ing legisla ion o p o ec he igh s and eedoms o wo king
ci izens. In his con ex , since only people pe o ming asks in he ield o
IT ac i i ies can en e in o a gig con ac as wo ke s, i is impo an o
egula e he issue o such wo k o non-IT s a . Acco dingly, on July 10,
2022, he Law o Uk aine No. 2421-IX “On amendmen s o ce ain leg-
isla i e ac s o Uk aine on he egula ion o labo ela ions wi h un ixed
wo king hou s” (Law o Uk aine No. 2421-IX, 2022) was adop ed. I
supplemen ed he Labo Code o Uk aine (1971) wi h A icle 21–1 and
in oduced a special o m o con ac , i.e., an employmen con ac wi h
non- ixed wo king hou s. Such a con ac p o ides o he pe o mance
o ce ain wo k, bu i s e ms do no es ablish a speci ic ime o i s
comple ion. Thus, he employee pe o ms such wo k only when he
employe has asks, bu wi hou a gua an ee ha such wo k will be
p o ided con inuously. In essence, i comes o eelancing, o gig wo k.
An employee unde such an ag eemen ecei es all he bene i s and
igh s as unde a egula employmen con ac , bu o a ce ain ime he/
she may s ay wi hou a li elihood means, so ea o ins abili y a ises.
The Law o Uk aine No. 2421-IX egula es his aspec . In acco dance
wi h he Labo Code o Uk aine (1971), in he e en ha an employe
V. Filino ych e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
5
ails o p o ide wo k, despi e a alid con ac , he wo ke is en i led o
emune a ion o a o al o 32 h o wo k. This emune a ion is o be
calcula ed a a a e ha is no less han he hou ly wage paid o an
employee wi h simila quali ica ions. In consequence, he wo ke will
no be dep i ed o he means o sus ain onesel , al hough he emu-
ne a ion hey ecei e may be less han one could o he wise expec . I
hus ollows ha he emune a ion p o ided mus be ha o a simila
employee a o he en e p ises, a he han an a e age sala y. The spe-
ci ic emune a ion owed o his pa icula employee unde he e ms o
he con ac in ques ion is ha which is acc ued o 32 h o wo king
ime.
In addi ion, A icle 21–1 no es ha his ype o con ac may include
addi ional g ounds o i s e mina ion, which, “mus be ela ed o …
o he easons o an economic, echnological, s uc u al o simila na-
u e”. Howe e , his wo ding is ague; as a esul , he employe can
abuse wo ke s’ igh s. Acco dingly, he legisla ion should clea ly s a e
wha is conside ed ele an easons. A icle 21–1 also s ipula es ha
when an employmen con ac is concluded wi h a non- ixed wo ke o
a pe iod exceeding 12 mon hs, he wo ke is en i led o eques he
conclusion o a adi ional ixed- e m o open-ended employmen con-
ac . The employe is obliged o espond o such eques s wi hin 15
days, ei he by complying wi h hem o by p o iding jus i ica ion o he
e usal in w i ing. In such ins ances, he employee may once mo e
eques he speci ied bene i s, bu no soone han 90 days a e he
p e ious demand. The e o e, i is necessa y o legally es ablish a speci ic
numbe o pe missible e usals a e which he employee is hi ed unde a
egula employmen con ac . The e o e, o imp o e he social p o ec-
ion o gig wo ke s in Uk aine, i is ad isable o conside c ea ing a
special social secu i y und o gig wo ke s, which will be inanced by
cus ome companies o by he employees. As a esul , mechanisms o
esol ing dispu es be ween gig wo ke s and cus ome s, including
media ion and a bi a ion, will be mo e e ec i e is gig wo ke s unde -
s and hei igh s. Hence, apid dynamics a e obse ed in he deploy-
men o he digi al economy in he wo ld and in Uk aine. Social changes
ha ga e impe us o new hyb id o ms o coope a ion. The in oduc ion
o gig con ac s and con ac s wi h non- ixed wo king hou s is clea
e idence o his.
Conclusions
The gig economy became an in eg al pa o he economy o many
coun ies. Fo many wo ke s, gig wo k is a good op ion because i p o-
ides lexibili y and he abili y o ea n money on hei e ms. Howe e ,
gig wo ke s ace signi ican challenges, such as hei classi ica ion in
many coun ies as independen con ac o s, which means ha gig
wo ke s do no ecei e he bene i s, p o ec ions, and gua an ees ha
egula wo ke s enjoy. The go e nmen s o some s a es a e al eady
wo king o sol e his p oblem. Uk aine ensu ed he unc ioning o he
legal egime o Diia.Ci y wi h he possibili y o concluding a gig con-
ac . Such a documen is a ai ly lexible ool o in e ac ion be ween
he cus ome and he con ac o , which p o ides basic social gua an ees
o a specialis who is no on he company’s s a while lea ing hem he
oppo uni y o eelance.
Howe e , c i ics o gig con ac s exp essed signi ican conce ns
abou u he egula ion o he ma ke and wo king condi ions, which is
p ima ily due o mis us o he s a e and human igh s bodies. This
con ac ual ins umen p esen s o he inhe en disad an ages, including
he possibili y ha a Diia.Ci y esiden , as a cus ome , may unila e ally
impose ad an ageous e ms and condi ions upon hemsel es. One such
ins ance could be he e usal o a scheduled appoin men wi h a
specialis on he g ounds o e usal o execu e non-compe e ag eemen s.
Mo eo e , a gig specialis is no su icien ly p o ec ed om he poin o
iew o he possibili y o e mina ion o a gig ela ionship by a esiden ,
subjec o paymen o compensa ion. I is necessa y o indica e he
possibili y o in e e ence by he cus ome in he pe sonal li e o he
con ac o when using means o con ol o e he pe o mance o wo k,
o example, as pa o moni o ing he use o in o ma ion and commu-
nica ion sys ems and ideo su eillance.
Due o i s lexibili y, a gig con ac allows he pa ies o esol e a
signi ican a ay o issues no co e ed by cu en labo legisla ion, e-
lec ed in he con ac ’s eal ag eemen s wi h a specialis . Compa ed o
coope a ion wi hin he amewo k o a sole p op ie o ship, a gig
specialis is no equi ed o egis e he app op ia e s a us. Thus, he e
a e no isks o eclassi ica ion o such ela ions in o labo ela ions. The
ax bu den is also educed, al hough an addi ional 1,5% mili a y ax
mus be paid. Fu he mo e, i a specialis caused damage o a esiden ’s
p ope y, no mo e han 20 % o he amoun will be wi hheld mon hly
om his/he emune a ion. Ano he ad an age o gig con ac s is he
p o ision o social bene i s o he gig specialis , adi ional o labo
ela ions.
Apa om ha , he analysis o Uk ainian expe ience can be use ul
o o he coun ies ha seek o balance lexibili y wi h social p o ec ion
o employees. This esea ch no el y lies in demons a ing how inno a-
i e legal ins umen s can adap na ional labo models o global ends.
Compa ing egula o y p ac ices in Uk aine, he USA, he EU, and India,
he esea ch o e s ecommenda ions o he u he imp o emen o he
gig economy. This analysis can be use ul o Uk aine and o o he
coun ies ha seek o balance he in e es s o wo ke s and employe s in
he digi al age.
Diia.Ci y has only ecen ly been ope a ing, so i is s ill di icul o
p edic he eali ies o i s unc ioning al hough posi i e dynamics a e
al eady isible oday. I is al eady clea ha gig con ac s a e an e ec-
i e solu ion ha o e s specialis s a o able condi ions bu can also
impose bu densome obliga ions. Wi h he use o gig con ac s, he labo
ela ionships become mo e anspa en and acco dingly, mo e a ac i e
o a ac ing ex e nal in es men .
Thus, gig con ac s in Uk aine a e an example o an inno a i e
app oach o labo egula ion in he e a o globaliza ion. Howe e , hey
equi e u he analysis and imp o emen . Gig con ac s do no only
c ea e new oppo uni ies o employees and employe s, bu also s im-
ula e discussion abou he adap a ion o legal sys ems o he ans-
o ma ions o he global labo ma ke . In his ega d, social aspec s o he
gig economy a e one o he mos con o e sial ones as his o m o
employmen o en balances be ween lexibili y and ulne abili y o
wo ke s. Al hough gig con ac s o e conside able eedom in choosing
a wo k schedule and he abili y o wo k emo ely, hey a ely p o ide
employees wi h ull- ledged social gua an ees such as paid aca ions,
sick lea e o e i emen bene i s.
In Uk aine, he in oduc ion o gig con ac s in Diia.Ci y was a s ep
owa ds imp o ing he si ua ion. Thus, hey p o ide o ce ain social
gua an ees such as paid lea e, disabili y insu ance, and ma e ni y lea e.
Howe e , hese mechanisms a e s ill limi ed o he IT sec o , lea ing
wo ke s in o he indus ies wi hou simila p o ec ion. The e o e, social
aspec s o he gig economy cons i u e he limi a ions o his s udy and
s ipula e u he esea ch.
E hical app o al
All p ocedu es pe o med in s udies in ol ing human pa icipan s
we e in acco dance wi h he e hical s anda ds o he ins i u ional and
na ional esea ch commi ee and wi h he 1964 Helsinki decla a ion and
i s la e amendmen s o compa able e hical s anda ds.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Vale iia Filino ych: W i ing – o iginal d a . Olena De e ianko:
W i ing – o iginal d a . Ana olii Mykolaie s: W i ing – o iginal d a .
Oleksand a Poho ielo a: W i ing – o iginal d a . Ma iia Denysiuk:
W i ing – o iginal d a .
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
V. Filino ych e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100274
6
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
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