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EFFECTIVENESS OF GLASS FIBER MESH REINFORCEMENT
APPLIED TO ROAD CONSTRUCTION
LOCATED IN A MINING SUBSIDENCE AREA
Ma eusz KAŁUŻA1 , Mi osław KOTASIŃSKI2
1 Depa men o Geo echnics and Roads, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Silesian Uni e si y o Technology,
Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
2 Depa men o Geo echnics and Roads, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Silesian Uni e si y o Technology,
Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
ma eusz.kal[email p o ec ed], mi oslaw.ko [email protected]
DOI: 10.31490/ ces-2019-0011
Abs ac . Local dis ic oads ep esen low echnological
egime when i comes o ehabili a ion ea men s.
Analysed oad is loca ed in a mining subsidence a ea in
Uppe Silesia in Poland. Glass ib e mesh in e laye
ein o cemen had been es ed nume ous imes a di e en
oads. The main objec i e o his pape is o in es iga e
he e ec i eness o applied ein o cemen o oad
loca ed in a mining subsidence a ea. E alua ion was
pe o med by de e mining a s a e o c acking indica o in
acco dance wi h isual-me hod o pa emen su ace
e alua ion. Resul s shows high e ec i eness o applied
ein o cemen . Fu he esea ches a e ecommended.
Keywo ds
In e laye ein o cemen , glass ib e mesh, mining
subsidence, pa emen dis ess.
1. In oduc ion
Local dis ic oads ep esen almos 30% o all oads
managed by local go e nmen uni s nex o na ional,
oi odeship and municipal oads. F om oad
adminis a o poin o iew e icien managemen o a
oad ne wo k a ec s he a ac i eness o adjacen a eas
in bo h in es men and li ing desi abili y. Because o ha
local oads a e signi ican poin in budge plans o local
go e nmen uni s. In he las ew yea s we can obse e a
end o apply an in e laye ein o cemen in pa emen
cons uc ion, e.g. glass- ibe mesh wi h o wi hou
addi ional ab ic.
Glass- ibe mesh is a bidi ec ional ein o cemen
embedded in-be ween pa emen ’s asphal laye s. P ope
applica ion allows igh coope a ion be ween asphal
conc e e laye s and by ha p o ides op imal ans e o
in e laye s esses, associa ed wi h load, om laye s o
ein o cemen [5]. Mesh ein o cing o lexible
pa emen s achie es one o mo e objec i es [8]:
• P e en s e lec i e c acking.
• Imp o es he a igue esis ance o asphal
conc e e laye .
• Imp o es shea esis ance agains u ing in high
s ess loca ions.
• Imp o es bea ing capaci y.
Objec i es showed abo e indica e g ea con ibu ion
o ein o cemen o he li e ime o he pa emen , which
also dec ease he oad main enance cos s o e ime.
Many oads in analysed dis ic a e loca ed in mining
subsidence a eas. Rein o cing a pa emen cons uc ion
p e iously de o med by mining subsidence may p o e
ine ec i e acco ding o sho ime-pe iods be ween
ehabili a ion ea men s [3]. In he mining subsidence
a eas p ope selec ion o pa emen cons uc ion is c ucial
o i s du abili y. Ho izon al unloosing de o ma ions ɛ
in luencing subg ade causes addi ional ensile s ess ɛxd in
pa emen cons uc ion. Rigid pa emen s because o i s
high elas ic modulus a e p one o pe manen
de o ma ions and damages. Tha is why in mining
subsidence a eas lexible pa emen s should be
domina ing, cos e ec i e solu ion. In he mining
subsidence a eas due o he ho izon al unloosing
de o ma ions ɛ , subg ade’s bea ing capaci y lowe s [3],
[4], [7].
Addi ionally changes in s a e o s ess in subg ade
lead o ul ima e bea ing capaci y, which u he may
cause excessi e de o ma ion. Because ul ima e bea ing
capaci y o cons uc ion is connec ed wi h subg ade
ul ima e bea ing capaci y, i dec eases acco dingly.
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Addi ional ac o ha dec eases he bea ing capaci y o
he pa emen cons uc ion is changing and uns able le el
o g ound wa e , which o en accompanies he mining
exploi a ion. Majo p oblem is ha ho izon al unloosing
de o ma ions cause ensile s ess in cons uc ion and in-
be ween cons uc ion laye s – subg ade/subbase. This
ex a ensile s ess may also cause he loss o in eg i y o
agg ega e base cou se. Addi ional ensile s ess in uppe
laye s o pa emen cons uc ion, especially when
empe a u e is low, may lead o in ense p opaga ion o
c acking and asphal conc e e de o ma ions. C acking
and oad su ace de o ma ions a e caused by addi ional
dynamic load om oad a ic. Clea ly, he in luence o
mining subsidence is e y dange ous o du abili y and
sa e y o pa emen cons uc ion. This leads o a p oblem
o inding p ope solu ion o p o ec ing he pa emen
cons uc ion om mining subsidence, which applies o
bo h new and ehabili a ed oads.
Analysed sec ion o pa emen was ehabili a ed in
2008 by milling exis ing asphal laye s and applying new
ones – 3 cm o le eling cou se AC11P 50/70, 6 cm o
binde cou se AC16W 50/70 and 4 cm o su ace cou se
AC11S 50/70. Righ lane was addi ionally ein o ced
wi h ibe -glass mesh ( ensile s engh 50/50 kN/m by
elonga ion 3%) applied on exis ing cons uc ion unde
binde cou se while le lane was le wi hou
ein o cemen . Analysed oad is a dis ic oad managed
by egional go e nmen uni , wi h se ice le el KR4
(Polish classi ica ion), wo-lane (2 x 3,0 m), wo-way
oad wi h so shoulde s. Wa e is d ained om he
oadway by p ope c oss slopes in o oad di ches.
Un o una ely he e a e no cu en load a ic da a –
based on oad se ice le el load a ic should be be ween
336 – 1000 equi alen single axle loads o 100 kN pe
day pe a ic lane. I lies in he mining subsidence a ea
o 2nd ca ego y ( e ain ele a ion 2,5 mm/m < T < 5,0
mm/m, cu a u e adius 20 km > |R| >12 km, ho izon al
g ound de o ma ion 1,5 mm/m < |ɛ| < 3,0 mm/m) in
Uppe Silesia. A e 10 yea s i was decided o analyse
he e ec i eness o applied solu ions, ha ing in mind
con inuous mining subsidence in luence. I is wo h
conside ing whe he he ibe glass ein o cemen
p olonged he li e ime o he pa emen o no .
Ad an ages o using in e laye ein o cemen
men ioned be o e a e widely desc ibed and examined,
howe e he echnological egime o wo k pe o med on
local oads is lowe and a away om ecommended by
echnological s anda ds. E ec i eness o geocomposi e
was p o en in many p ac ical applica ions [1], [2], [6]. A
lo o communica ion in as uc u e is wo king co ec ly
in di icul g ound condi ions due o p ope applica ion o
geocomposi e [1], [6], [8], [9], [11]. Howe e , ailu es o
pa emen su ace a e sho ime o usage s ill happens
despi e applying ein o cemen s [1]. I is a esul o
imp ope choose o ein o cing ma e ial on design s age
and la e mis akes du ing execu ion o wo k. Acco ding
o [1] amongs he mos o en e o s conside ing
echnology egime and echnical s anda ds o
geocomposi e a e:
• Misin e p e a ion o ensile s eng h wi h long
ime du abili y.
• No enough knowledge abou geosyn he ic
ma e ials heology.
• Assuming ha mul iple laye s o geosyn he ic in
one cons uc ions sum hei du abili y o ensile
s eng h.
• Assuming oo high allowed elonga ion (e en
20%).
• Changing geog ids o geo ex iles by con ac o s.
• Using ma e ials o he han speci ied by
documen a ion.
• Using pins in a eas whe e geosyn he ic should
wo k eely.
2. Ma e ials and Resea ch Me hods
S a e o c acking analyse was pe o med in acco dance
wi h a non-des uc i e isual me hod. I was c ea ed by
Gene al Di ec o a e o Na ional Roads and Highways –
Sys em o e alua ion o pa emen su ace [14], [15].
Because o i s eliabili y and simply ules o e alua ing
he pa emen su ace condi ions i was used o pu poses
o his analysis.
Sys em o e alua ion o pa emen su ace includes
ollowing ypes o da a [14]:
• Bea ing capaci y
• S a e o c acking
• Roughness index o longi udinal p o ile
• Ru ing
• F ic ional p ope ies
• S a e o pa emen su ace
In his analysis main ocus was o de e mine s a e o
c acking, a pa ame e ha desc ibes loss o in eg i y o
pa emen su ace. S a e o c acking is desc ibed by
eliable indica o o su ace c acking nm based on isual
in en o y o ollowing pa emen su ace dis esses:
• Fa igue c acking.
• Longi udinal c acking.
• T ans e se c acking.
• Po holes.
• Pa ching.
• Polished agg ega e and a elling.
The i s s ep was o di ide analysed oad in o ou
sec ions each 100 m long o each lane ( ein o ced and
un ein o ced) and in en o y he su ace dis esses. Nex
s ep was o ca ego ize hem by deg ee o se e i y in o
wo g oups, low se e i y c acking (sealed and no wide-
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open o unsealed bu wi hou c umbled edges) and high
se e i y c acking (unsealed and wide c acks wi h
c umbled and c acked edges). In en o ied and
ca ego ized dis esses men ioned abo e we e hen used o
de e mine a eliable indica o o su ace c acking nm o
400 m sec ion o oad di ided in o ou 100 m sec ions
o each lane, in acco dance wi h o mulas included in
Appendix A o sys em o e alua ion o pa emen su ace
[14]. Pa emen su ace e alua ion was pe o med by
using nm indica o o assign p ope class o condi ion wi h
able 1 [15].
Fig. 1: Examples o analysed oad’s dis esses, longi udinal and
a igue c acking.
Me hodology used o p epa ing an in en o y di e s
om he o iginal one in e e ence o longi udinal
c acking in an axis o he sec ion, be ween wo lanes. I
was no assigned nei he o le no igh lane because he
main objec i e was o de e mine he e ec i eness o used
ehabili a ion ea men s.
The e o e assigning his pa icula longi udinal
c acking o one o he lanes would dis up he esul s.
Those longi udinal c acking in he oad axis a e be ween
15 – 45 m long and appea s in e e y 100 m sec ion.
Excep de ining he s a e o c acking ac o s, collec ed
da a we e analysed o ange and quan i y o dis esses in
each sec ion o e e y lane. Main pu pose was o
de e mine he in luence o in e laye ein o cemen on
equency o dis ess occu ence. Dis esses we e
in en o ied by [14] me hodology and compa ed di ec ly
wi hou de e mining he n- ac o s. Because s a e o
c acking is used o planning he necessa y ehabili a ion
ea men s, addi ionally i was compa ed o indices o
c acking de e mined acco dingly o [13]. I is simpli ied
me hod o ca ego izing he pa emen su ace condi ion
by in ensi y o ans e se c acking and is de e mined only
by his ype o dis ess. Toge he wi h [14], [15], i is used
o decide he mos app op ia e ea men me hod.
𝐼=
𝐿+𝐿
 (1)
whe e:
Is – index o c acking
Ln – amoun o ans e se c acks pe 100 m (na owe
han wid h o a lane/ oad)
Lp – amoun o ans e se c acks pe 100 m ( ull wid h o
a lane/ oad)
Sec ions a e hen di ided in o h ee g oups:
Is < 0,5 – non-c acked sec ions
1 < Is < 3 – medium c acked sec ions
Is > 3 – hea y c acked sec ions [13]
S a e o c acking indica o nm allows o p edic he
loss o bea ing capaci y which hen has o be con i med
by de lec ion measu es. The index o c acking Is pic u es
he in ensi y o c acking and hus in o ms us abou
ehabili a ion ea men ange as i can be pe o med o
whole analysed su ace as well as o single c acking.
Also, he s a e o c acking indica o includes all
men ioned dis esses [15] while index o c acking
includes only ans e se c acks [13].
3. Resul s
A e analysing he eliable s a e o c acking indica o s
showed in igu e 2 we can no ice ha a oad lane
ein o ced wi h glass- ibe mesh is classi ied in o B-
ca ego y – su icien condi ion on each sec ion o he
lane. The un ein o ced lane also quali ies in o B-ca ego y
wi h excep ion o second sec ion ha cu en ly classi ies
Tab. 2: Classes o pa emen su ace condi ion [15][16]
Class o condi ion A B C D
nm indica o alues nm > 0,90 0,90 ≥ nm ≥ 0,56 0,55 ≥ nm ≥ 0,41 0,40 ≥ nm
A – good condi ion New and ehabili a ed su ace ha does no equi e ea men
B – su icien condi ion
C – insu icien condi ion Su aces wi h dis esses ha equi e planned ea men
D – bad condi ion Su aces wi h dis esses ha equi e immedia e ac ions
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o C-ca ego y. Values o he indica o s di e s by a e age
o 0,14 and i is wo h o men ion ha s a e o c acking
indica o s may be used o es ima e he loss o bea ing
capaci y (howe e i has o be e i ied wi h index o
bea ing capaci y de e mined by de lec ion measu e).
I can be p esumed ha un ein o ced lane will equi e
ehabili a ion ea men s much ea lie han he ein o ced
lane, as i s deg ada ion will p oceed as e o e ime.
Lowe indica o alue esul s in highe amoun o
dis esses. E e y addi ional discon inui y in asphal
conc e e su ace leads o p oneness o chemical and
physical ac o s such as wa e pene a ion, eezing
damages, gas, oil and sal pene a ion e c.
Fig. 2: Compa ison o eliable c acking indica o s.
Du ing in en o y no o he dis esses han
longi udinal, ans e se and a igue c acking we e
spo ed. Me hodology o de e mining he eliable s a e o
c acking indica o s demands conside ing bo h ans e se
and longi udinal c acking as linea dis ess and hus
calcula ing hei in luence oge he [15]. In he analysed
sec ions i is wo h o look a ange and quan i y o
dis esses in each sec ion o e e y lane. Figu es 3-6 show
longi udinal, ans e se and a igue c acking di ided by
se e i y [15], lanes and sec ions.
Fig. 3: Compa ison o combined longi udinal c acking leng hs.
Figu e 3 shows summa y leng h o longi udinal
c acking. As we can see he quan i y o c acks is
no iceably highe in sec ions wi hou glass- ib e
ein o cemen . In he lane ein o ced wi h geosyn e ic
only one longi udinal c ack wi h high se e i y was
obse ed. On he con a y, we may no ice ha he la ges
quan i y o dis esses appea s in he sec ion 2 o
un ein o ced lane. I is he only sec ion wi h condi ion
class C- insu icien condi ion.
Figu e 4 shows summa y leng h o ans e se
c acking. Simila ly o longi udinal c acking we can see
ha he quan i y o c acks is no iceably highe in he
un ein o ced lane han i is in he lane ein o ced wi h
glass- ib e mesh. Analogical sec ion 2 o un ein o ced
lane is he mos dis essed one and he quan i y o c acks
is wo imes highe han in sec ion 4, which is second
mos damaged om all analysed sec ions. Again he lane
ein o ced wi h glass- ib e mesh shows almos no high
se e i y dis esses.
Fig. 4: Compa ison o combined ans e se c acking leng hs.
Figu e 5 ep esen s he leng h a ios o longi udinal
and ans e se c acks be ween un ein o ced and
ein o ced lanes, di ided in o ou 100 m sec ions.
Clea ly in he lane ein o ced wi h geosyn he ic
equency o dis esses occu ence is signi ican ly lowe
han in he un ein o ced lane. Again, sec ion 2 shows he
g ea es di e ence be ween lanes as he e a e almos 23
imes mo e ans e se c acks and 7 imes mo e
longi udinal c acks in he un ein o ced lane han in
ein o ced one.
Fig. 5: Compa ison o ans e se and longi udinal c acking leng h
a ios.
The lowes di e ence be ween lanes appea s in
sec ion 3 o analysed oad, which is he only sec ion ha
is sepa a ed om he shoulde s wi h conc e e cu bs. High
se e i y ans e se c acks a e mos ly wide on he whole
lane wid h, howe e , hey end a he bo de be ween
un ein o ced and ein o ced lane and do no p opaga e
in o ein o ced lane su ace.
Figu e 6 ep esen s a compa ison o a igue c acking
su ace a eas. In he analysed oad no high se e i y
a igue c acks we e obse ed. In ein o ced lane we may
obse e smalle quan i y o a igue c acks excep om
sec ion 2. Conside ing all p e iously p esen ed igu es,
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sec ion 2 is he mos in e es ing o analyse. Despi e he
un ein o ced lane being signi ican ly damaged (condi ion
class C) he ein o ced lane (condi ion class B) shows
almos h ee imes mo e a igue c acks han un ein o ced
one. In any analysed sec ion no po holes, pa ching o
polished agg ega e we e obse ed.
Fig. 6: Compa ison o a igue c acking su ace a eas.
Table 2 shows he compa ison o eliable c acking
indica o s [15] wi h c acking indices de e mined by [13].
As s a ed p e iously e e y sec ion wi h Is index highe o
e en o 1 is conside ed medium c acked and e e y
sec ion wi h Is index highe han 3 is hea ily c acked and
demands immedia e ea men .
Tab. 2: Compa ison o eliable c acking indica o s wi h c acking
indices
All sec ions o un ein o ced lane and sec ion 1 o
ein o ced lane a e conside ed hea ily c acked – he
in ensi y o c acking equi es ehabili a ion ea men s on
whole su ace, no only he c acking i sel . The esidual
sec ions a e conside ed medium c acked and ea men
may only a ge c acking wi hou necessi y o epai ing
whole su ace. This shows he di e ence be ween s a e o
c acking indica o nm epo ed ea lie ha allows us o
p edic he loss o bea ing capaci y and index o c acking
Is which pic u es he in ensi y o c acking.
S a e o c acking indica o nm allows o e alua e
su ace condi ion and se iceabili y ime while index o
c acking Is de e mines whe he ehabili a ion ea men
should be applied o single c acking o o whole su ace.
E en when bea ing capaci y is s ill accep able, e en ual
ea men should be applied o whole pa emen su ace in
his pa icula case.
4. Conclusions
Each o he analysed sec ion is unde di e en in luence,
which di e en ia e p oduced dis esses, such as une en
embankmen subsidence, wa e pene a ion inside
subg ade and oad cons uc ion, lack o ha d shoulde o
conc e e cu bs and mining subsidence. Reliable s a e o
c acking indica o s a e app oxima ely 15% highe o
lane ein o ced wi h glass- ibe mesh, which is also
con i med by in ensi y o c acking ep esen ed by indices
o c acking. Analysed sec ions di e s be ween
hemsel es and sec ion 3 is a good example. In his
sec ion pa emen su ace is bo de ed by conc e e cu bs
wi h shoulde s in good condi ion and i p oduces
signi ican ly lowes di e ences be ween ein o ced and
un ein o ced lane. Clea ly glass- ibe mesh imp o es he
condi ion o he pa emen su ace, which is pic u ed by
s a e o c acking indica o s, s a e o c acking indices and
by di ec quan i y o dis esses. Howe e o e all oad
condi ion would g ea ly imp o e a e bo de ing oad
wi h conc e e cu bs and p o iding igh wa e d ainage.
Fa igue c acks amoun in ein o ced lane o sec ion 2
may sugges ha mis akes we e made du ing applica ion
o mesh esul ing in dec ease o a igue c ack esis ance.
Rebuilding a whole oad cons uc ion and embankmen
will be necessa y in close u u e. A e ha i would be
possible o analyse he impac o mining subsidence on
su ace pa emen , now he g oup o ac o s is oo wide.
As o cos s i is de ini ely an e icien solu ion.
Building in glass ibe mesh o a 100 m sec ion o 6 m
wide oad is a cos e icien solu ion compa ing o o e all
cos s. I is wo h no icing ha in many cases
ehabili a ion ea men is used when in ac he oad
should be ebuild wi h ull pa emen cons uc ion and
ollowing in as uc u e, conside ing he alid a ic load
and g ound wa e condi ions.
Analysed oad was ebuil a ound 40 yea s ago. The
exac subbase is ha d o iden i y due o widening he oad
du ing las 40 yea s, which p oduces di e ences in
s i ness among di e en a eas o he oad su ace. Tha
leads o p oblems wi h designing app op ia e solu ions
o ehabili a ion ea men s. I mus be poin ed ou ha
o op imiza ion o p ope solu ion, i is c ucial o use he
pa emen s uc u al design me hod ha includes
addi ional mining subsidence in luence. Resea ches led
be o e [3] showed ha ho izon al de o ma ions ha e a
majo impac on pa emen cons uc ion wo k, leading o
change o subg ade bea ing capaci y in ime and
p oducing ela i e dispa i y in displacemen be ween
poin s in su ace and subg ade which ac i a es he
ho izon al ic ion on bo de be ween laye s and causes
addi ional ensile s ess. Conside ing mining subsidence
addi ional designing c i e ia we e p oposed [3]:
• C i e ion o ul ima e e ical s ess in subbase
(p o ec s pa emen su ace om excessi e pe manen
de o ma ions caused in pe iods o changing bea ing
capaci y o subg ade du ing o mining subsidence) .
• C i e ion o ul ima e ho izon al s ess in lowe laye
o subbase on he bo de wi h subg ade (p o ec s
subbase om losing bea ing capaci y).
P esen ed c i e ia will help o p o ide igh solu ion
o lexible pa emen cons uc ion on mining subsidence
a eas, which should no be designed using he ypical
Sec ion 1 2 3 4
Un ein o ced
lane
I
s
8,5 34 5,5 11
nm 0,66 0,56 0,65 0,62
Rein o ced
lane
I
s
4,5 1 1 1
nm 0,76 0,78 0,77 0,73

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ca alogues e.g. [13]. Analyses p o ided in his pape we e
pe o med on own measu es. Da a abou exis ing
pa emen cons uc ion was gained om oad
managemen uni . Un o una ely geo echnical
documen a ion was no p epa ed nei he was a p ope
design o ehabili a ion ea men s applied in 2008. A e
his analysis, i is clea ha using ein o cemen in his
pa icula oad was a good solu ion, ne e heless, because
o mining subsidence i should be moni o ed. Fo u he
esea ches geo echnical condi ions, de lec ions and
in e laye bonding will be de e mined. Then, i would be
possible o con inue he analyse and o mula e wide
conclusions including he glass ibe mesh e iciency
du ing mining subsidence in luence. Un o una ely he
cu en g oup o ac o s in luencing he analysed oad
does no allow o de e mine he mining subsidence
impac and u he esea ches a e necessa y o exclude
o he ac o s.
Re e ences
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Abou Au ho s
Ma eusz KAŁUŻA was bo n in Racibó z, Poland. He
ecei ed his M.Sc. om Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing a
Silesian Uni e si y o Technology in 2016. His esea ch
in e es s include using geocomposi es o g ound and
pa emen cons uc ion ein o cemen oge he wi h
p e en ion o mining subsidence damages o oads and
highways.
Mi osław KOTASIŃSKI was bo n in Wielowieś,
Poland. He ecei ed his PhD. om Facul y o Ci il
Enginee ing a Silesian Uni e si y o Technology in
2004. His esea ch in e es s include using geocomposi es
o g ound and pa emen cons uc ion ein o cemen
oge he wi h p e en ion o mining subsidence damages
o oads and highways. Me hods o designing he p ope
ein o cemen solu ion o a ie y o cases in oads.