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INTRODUCTION
Se e al pape s ha e been de o ed o he is-
sue, as well as o possible solu ions o how o
equalize di e en alues o ensile o ces in li
ca ie opes [1, 2, 3]. These pape s desc ibed
s uc u al solu ions and p inciples o de ice, he
so-called mechanical ope ension compensa o s
which allow o de ec ins an aneous alues o
ensile o ces in indi idual c oss-sec ions o ca -
ie opes o ac ion ope li s and o adjus any
possibly di e en ensile o ces o he same alue.
These de ices use s ain gauge load cells [3] o
oil s ain gauges [1, 2].
T ac ion ope elec ic li s use ic ion be-
ween ca ie opes and g oo es o he li ma-
chine ac ion disk o exe a e ical mo emen
o he li cage.
Ca ie opes o ac ion li s, see Fig. 1, wi h
ope ansmission 1:1, a e a ached o he li cage
and coun e weigh by means o sp ing hinges. By
using a 2: 1 ope ansmission bo h ends o ca ie
opes a e ixed by sp ing hinges o he b acke s in
he ele a o sha .
The load capaci y o he li , i.e. he maxi-
mum weigh o he load, assigns he gi en num-
be o opes o he ac ion li , howe e , wo ca -
ie opes a e he minimum. The ensile o ce, ex-
e ed by he weigh o he cage and he maximum
weigh s o he load, a ec ing he ca ie opes o
ac ion li s mus be e enly dis ibu ed o e all
c oss-sec ions o he opes. The ensile o ce can
be e enly dis ibu ed ac oss all c oss-sec ions o
he opes using one o he a ian s o ope me-
chanical ension compensa o s [1, 2, 3], ope sen-
so s [4] o ope hyd aulic ension compensa o [5].
Tensile Fo ces in Li Ca ie Ropes Exe ed by he Fluid P essu e
Leopold H abo ský1
1 VŠB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. lis opadu 2172/15, 708 00 Os a a – Po uba, Czech Republic
e-mail: leopold.h abo sky@ sb.cz
ABSTRACT
This pape desc ibes he me hodology by which i is possible o compa e di e en ensile o ces ha a e caused by
he une en dis ibu ion o loads in ca ie opes o li s. In o de o compa e he applied ensile o ces in a ce ain
numbe o ca ie opes, i is possible o use he de ice called “ ope hyd aulic ension compensa o ”, when, o ex-
ample, building new ele a o s, changing ca ie opes du ing eno a ions o se icing exis ing li s. The compa i-
son o ensile o ces in li ca ie opes by he desc ibed de ice is based on he me hod o liquid p essu e di usion
in a closed essel. The ope hyd aulic ension compensa o consis s o a numbe o s uc u al pa s, he main o
which a e double-ac ing hyd aulic cylinde s. The numbe o hese cylinde s is equal o he numbe o ca ie opes
o he gi en li . The p essu e o he hyd aulic luid, which is supplied o he inne shell o indi idual hyd aulic
cylinde s, con ols he leng h o ex ension o indi idual pis on ods o he hyd aulic cylinde s. The posi ion o he
pis on in each o he hyd aulic cylinde s is di ec ly p opo ional o he leng h o he ex ended pis on od, which co -
esponds o comp ession o he cylind ical coiled sp ing, abo e which he espec i e hyd aulic cylinde is loca ed.
Di e en comp essions o indi idual cylind ical sp ings exe di e en magni ude o ensile o ces in suspension
eye-bol s, in o whose longi udinal axes he o al load size is dis ibu ed une enly. The pape also desc ibes he
desc ip ion and hyd aulic ci cui diag am o a hyd aulic powe uni , which is used o con ol he pis on posi ions
o wo-way hyd aulic cylinde s.
Keywo ds: ensile o ce, li , ca ie ope, luid p essu e.
Volume 13, Issue 3, Sep embe 2019, pages 31–37
h ps://doi.o g/10.12913/22998624/110050
Ad ances in Science and Technology
Resea ch Jou nal
Recei ed: 2019.05.21
Re ised: 2019.06.14
Accep ed: 2019.07.05
A ailable online: 2019.07.16
Ad ances in Science and Technology Resea ch Jou nal Vol. 13(3), 2019
32
The ope hyd aulic ension compensa o , see
Fig. 2, allows o compensa e o di e en ensile
o ces ope a ing in he li ca ie opes, based on
he p inciple o Pascal’s law, which gene ally de-
ines ha he p essu e exe ed anywhe e in closed
incomp essible luid sp eads uni o mly in all di-
ec ions h oughou he olume o he liquid.
The sp ing hinge o li ca ie opes, see
Fig. 3, consis s o a suspension eye-bol A, a cy-
lind ical comp ession coiled sp ing B, wo pla es
C, D, a washe G and a hexagonal nu F and a
lock nu E. The end o each ca ie ope is h ead-
ed h ough he eye o he suspension bol A and
by means o ope clamps o p essed slee es an
eye is o med on he ca ie ope. The h eaded
pa s o suspension bol s wi h eyes A a e h eaded
h ough he holes in he b acke , which is ixed o
he wall o he li well.
In he space abo e he uppe su ace o he
b acke , on he shank o he suspension bol wi h
eye A, a pla e C is h eaded, he inne hole o
which se es o i ing o he cu on pa o
he closing h ead o he cylind ical sp ing B. The
pla e D is h eaded on o he opposi e end o he cy-
lind ical sp ing B. To p e en he bol shank om
sliding ou o he b acke opening, he washe G
is h eaded on o he bol shank and he hexagonal
nu s F a e sc ewed on o he h eaded pa o he
bol , which is secu ed agains loosening by he
lock nu E. Cylind ical comp ession sp ings B o
all hinge bol s A ha e he same s i ness (sp ing
s i ness, de ined by he ela ionship k = F/Dl [-],
indica ing he a e o change in i s leng h Dl [m]
wi h espec o he ac ing ex e nal o ce F [N] a
elas ic de o ma ion.).
Di e en magni ude o ac ing ensile o ces Fi
[N] in he ca ie opes ( he o al numbe o opes i
= 1, …, n) causes, wi h iden ical s i ness o [-] cy-
lind ical spi al sp ings, di e en alues o sp ing
de o ma ion Dli [m], see he ela ionship (1).
1 i n
F F F 
1 1i in n
F = k. 1 F = k. l F = k. l     
1 in
1 1 1 [m]  
(1)
Wi h hyd aulic cylinde s (wi h iden ical con-
s uc ion dimensions and pis on diame e s d [m])
moun ed on he end pa o suspension bol s, he
p essu e p [Pa] o hyd aulic luid (dis ibu ed by
he hyd aulic piping in o he space unde he pis-
ons o all hyd aulic cylinde s) makes i possible
o ha e p ima ily di e en alues o ac ing ensile
o ces Fi [N] in he ca ie opes modi ied o he
same alue F [N].
Fig. 1. Sp ing hinge o li ca ie opes
Fig. 2. Rope hyd aulic ension compensa o
33
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PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC TENSION
COMPENSATOR IN CARRIER ROPES
A e he assembly o all sp ing hinges o
he b acke in he li well (o o he li cage
ame) (Fig. 1), and a e ins alla ion o he ca -
ie opes, he li cage and he coun e weigh ,
he comp ession coil sp ings B (Fig. 3) o he
sp ing hinges a e de o med di e en ly due o
he une en dis ibu ion o applied load in o he
selec ed numbe o ca ie opes, which can be
desc ibed by ela ionship (1).
Each ully ex ended pis on od (exe ed
by he p essu e o he hyd aulic luid supplied
abo e he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s, see Fig.
6a) om he wo-way hyd aulic cylinde s ( he
numbe o cylinde s used is iden ical o he num-
be o ca ie opes) is mechanically connec ed
o he end po ion o he h ead o he suspen-
sion bol . Since di e en ensile o ces (ac ing
in he indi idual ca ie opes) a e comp essed
di e en ly by he sp ings, he ends o hyd aulic
cylinde s ha e di e en dis ance om he uppe
su ace o he b acke .
Two cylind ical bodies (2a, 2b, see Fig. 4) o
he same o e all leng h a e always inse ed be-
ween he on pa o each hyd aulic cylinde
and he uppe su ace o he pla e (D, see Fig.
3). The maximum leng h o he wo cylind ical
bodies (2a, 2b, see Fig. 4) is selec ed acco ding o
he design o he hyd aulic cylinde s used, name-
ly acco ding o he maximum possible leng h o
ex ension o pis on ods om he shell o hyd au-
lic cylinde s.
By using he cylind ical bodies (2a, 2b, see
Fig. 4), which p ecisely de ine he dis ance be-
ween he on pa o a pa icula hyd aulic cyl-
inde and he uppe su ace o he pla e (D, see
Fig. 3) o a pa icula suspension sc ew, he on
pa s o he hyd aulic cylinde s a e s ill di e en
om he uppe su ace o he b acke .
To con ol he ex ension o he pis on od
om he shell o he wo-way hyd aulic cyl-
inde o he hyd aulic ension compensa o , a
hyd aulic powe uni has been c ea ed, (Fig. 5).
The ci cui diag am o he hyd aulic ci cui o
he hyd aulic powe uni is shown in Figu e 6.
The hyd aulic powe uni consis s o manual
hyd aulic pump 1, one-way al e 2, wo wo-
way al es 3 and 4, hyd aulic quick-couplings
5 and 6, which a e connec ed o each o he by a
hyd aulic pipeline.
To compensa e o he di e en ensile o ce
alues Fi [N] in indi idual ca ie opes, he hy-
d aulic luid is pumped a e ins alla ion o all
wo-way hyd aulic cylinde s (Fig. 2) on he sus-
pension bol shanks using he le e o manual hy-
d aulic pump 1 h ough he pipeline and h ough
Fig. 3. Sp ing hinge o li ca ie opes
Fig. 4. D a design o he mobile hyd aulic ension compensa o
Ad ances in Science and Technology Resea ch Jou nal Vol. 13(3), 2019
34
he open one-way al e 2 and wo-way al e 3
ha is adjus ed o sui able posi ion (see Fig. 6b)
o he quick-coupling 5. Hyd aulic hoses which
b ing he same luid p essu e unde he pis ons
o hyd aulic cylinde s 7a and 7b a e connec ed
o he quick-coupling 5. O he hyd aulic hoses
also in e connec he spaces abo e he pis ons o
hyd aulic cylinde s 7a and 7b.
Due o he inc easing p essu e p [Pa] o he
hyd aulic luid unde he pis ons o all hyd au-
lic cylinde s, he sp ing wi h he smalles load
is comp essed as i s (i s leng h li = lmax (i)
[m], and i he same comp ession o his sp ing
is achie ed wi h he sp ing wi h he bigges load,
all sp ings a e subsequen ly comp essed by he
same size. Then, due o he applied hyd aulic
luid p essu e p2 [Pa] unde he pis ons o he
hyd aulic cylinde s 7a and 7b he ela ionship
(2) applies which s a es ha he ini ially di e -
en ensile o ces in he ca ie opes F (i) [N]
al eady each he same magni ude F [N].
ii
2
F F F
p = =
SS
 
11i i n n
F + F = F + F +...+ F + F = F [N]  
(2)
Since he lowe su aces o cylind ical bodies
2b (see Fig. 4) lean agains he uppe su aces o
pla es 5b and also because he cylind ical bodies
2a a e a ached o he shells o hyd aulic cylin-
de s, a he ime when hyd aulic luid a a ce ain
(g adually inc easing) p essu e is supplied by he
hyd aulic powe uni unde he pis ons o hyd au-
lic cylinde s, he pis on ods a e g adually inse -
ed in o he shells o he hyd aulic cylinde s. The
pis on ods o indi idual hyd aulic cylinde s a e
mechanically a ached o he ends o he shanks
o espec i e suspension bol s, so he leng h o
inse ion o he pis on od in o he shell o indi-
idual hyd aulic cylinde s is no (wi h he same
ins an aneous p essu e p [Pa] o hyd aulic luid
in he space below he pis ons) o he same size.
Each o he pis on ods is inse ed in o he shell
o he hyd aulic cylinde by a di e en leng h DLi
[m], which is di ec ly p opo ional o he ensile
load (and he ins an aneous p essu e o he hy-
d aulic luid ac ing unde he pis on o he espec-
i e hyd aulic cylinde ) ac ing in he axis o he
suspension bol o which he espec i e hyd aulic
cylinde is connec ed. A he same magni ude o
g adually inc easing hyd aulic luid p essu e (ap-
plied below he pis ons o all hyd aulic cylinde s),
Fig. 5. Hyd aulic powe uni con olling pis on ods o double ac ing hy-
d aulic cylinde s o ope hyd aulic ension compensa o
Fig. 6. Diag am o he hyd aulic ci cui o he hyd aulic powe uni
35
Ad ances in Science and Technology Resea ch Jou nal Vol. 13(3), 2019
he pis on od is ini ially inse ed in o he shell o
he hyd aulic cylinde a ached o he suspension
bol which is a ec ed by he smalles ensile o ce
(because he ca ie ope has he smalles load).
Pis on ods e ac ed (di e en leng h alues DLi
[m]) in o he shells o hyd aulic cylinde s p oduce
di e en ensile o ces Fi [N], which a ec he
espec i e suspension bol s. Due o he di e en
ensile o ces Fi [N], he end pa s o shanks o he
indi idual suspension bol s begin (by inc easing
he hyd aulic luid p essu e below he pis ons o
hyd aulic cylinde s) o mo e upwa ds ( ela i e o
he op su ace o he b acke ) by a di e en size
o DLi [m], which is p opo ional o he amoun o
load a ec ing he ca ie ope.
The shells o hyd aulic cylinde s a e as-
ened o cylind ical bodies 2a by means o sc ews
which ha e iden ical and cons an design leng hs
(see Fig. 4). Cylind ical bodies 2a a e in e con-
nec ed wi h cylind ical bodies 2b, which a e also
designed o ha e he same leng h. The lowe su -
aces o cylind ical bodies 2b lean on he uppe
su aces o pla es 5b, and ha is why, when he
pis on ods (wi h di e en leng h DLi [m]) a e in-
se ed in o he shells o hyd aulic cylinde s, he
ensile o ces Fi [N] a e ans e ed o cylind ical
sp ings, which a e de o med di e en ly by hese
di e en o ces Fi [N]. In simpli ied e ms, i can
be de ined ha he known alue o he inse ion
leng h DLi [m] o he pis on od in o he shell o
a pa icula hyd aulic cylinde , a a speci ic p es-
su e pi [Pa] below he pis on, causes he comp es-
sion o he sp ing Dli [m].
I he same design o all (i- h numbe ) com-
p ession cylind ical sp ings is selec ed o sp ing
hinges o ca ie cables o he gi en li , he leng h
o all sp ings wi hou load is l0 [m].
A he ins an aneous liquid p essu e pi [Pa]
below he pis on o he i- h hyd aulic cylinde , he
i- h sp ing leng h can be exp essed as DLi [m] and
he ins an aneous comp ession o he DLi [m] o
his sp ing by he ela ionship (3).
i 0i
L = l - 1 [m]
D(3)
I he leng h o he sp ing wi h he bigges
load is labelled as lmin(i) [m] hen a some poin
when he p essu e o he liquid unde he pis on
jus eaches he alue o p2 [N] ( he p essu e al-
ue pi [Pa] co esponds o he leng h o he loaded
sp ing o he leng h lmin(i) [m] o he i- h sp ing ha
had he bigges load a he ini ial momen ), he
leng h o all sp ings can be exp essed as lmin(i) [m]
and he ins an aneous comp ession o all sp ings
DLmax(i) [m] by he ela ionship (4).
max(i) 0 min(i)
L = l - 1 [m]D(4)
When he p essu e p2 [N] is eached, all
sp ings each he same leng h l(i) = lmin(i [m], which
equals o he leng h o he sp ing wi h he big-
ges load lmin(i) [m] a he luid p essu e pi ˂ p2 [Pa]
o he sp ing ha had he bigges load as i s , i
is possible o obse e om he ela ionship (4)
ha i he p essu e p2 [N] is jus a ained hen all
sp ings ake he leng h l(i) = lmin(i) [N].
Wi h u he p essu e inc ease p3 ˃ p2 [Pa],
he same comp ession size DL [m] o all spi al
comp ession sp ings occu s and all sp ings ha e
he same leng h l [m].
I he p essu e in he liquid p2 [Pa] is eached
below he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s, hen
he comp essi e o ce F [N] (p opo ional o he
highes alue o all he loads ac ing on all he
sp ings be o e ins alla ion o ension compensa-
o ) ac s on he i s mos comp essed sp ing 6
(Fig. 4). Also, o all o he sp ings 6 o all sus-
pension bol s, his p essu e o ce F [N] ac s when
he p essu e in he liquid p2 [Pa] is eached below
he pis ons o he hyd aulic cylinde s.
By inc easing he applied p essu e unde he
pis ons o he hyd aulic cylinde s abo e he p es-
su e p2 [Pa], all he sp ings 6 (Fig. 4) a e com-
p essed by he comp essi e o ce ansmi ed by
he cylind ical bodies 2a, 2b om he hyd aulic
cylinde s 1. The shanks o he suspension bol s 12
a e li ed by he ods 13 o he hyd aulic cylinde
1 and he nu s 3 a e emo ed om he pla es 5b.
By igh ening all nu s 3 wi h he same momen o
o ce (i.e. all nu s 3 a e igh ened so ha all sp ing
leng hs a e he same), he equi ed uni o m load
dis ibu ion is achie ed ac oss all c oss-sec ions
o he ca ie opes.
A he ime o supply o he p essu ized hy-
d aulic luid (p essu e inc ease p [Pa]) unde he
pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s (7a, 7b, see Fig.
6b), he liquid is d awn om he spaces abo e he
pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s 7a, 7b by he hy-
d aulic hose o he quick-coupling 6. The hyd au-
lic luid is ou ed h ough he hyd aulic powe
uni line (Fig. 5) ia a wo-way al e 4 (adjus ed
o a sui able posi ion, see Fig. 6b) o he hyd aulic
pump ank 1.
I a uni o m load dis ibu ion o all c oss-
sec ions o ca ie opes is achie ed as desc ibed
abo e, all componen s o he ope hyd aulic

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36
ension compensa o mus be emo ed om he
sc ew hinge o ca ie opes. When disassembling
i is necessa y o ex end all pis on ods om hy-
d aulic cylinde s o he maximum possible posi-
ion. This is ensu ed by he hyd aulic powe uni .
The le e o he manual hyd aulic pump 1 pumps
he hyd aulic luid h ough a line h ough he
open one-way al e 2 and he wo-way al e 3
(adjus ed o a sui able posi ion, see Fig. 6a) o he
quick-coupling 6. A hyd aulic hose is connec ed
o he quick-coupling 6 which supplies he liq-
uid abo e he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s 7a,
7b. Ano he hyd aulic hose connec s he spaces
unde he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s 7a and
7b. The luid om unde he pis ons o hyd aulic
cylinde s 7a and 7b is discha ged h ough he hy-
d aulic hose o he quick-coupling 5. The hyd au-
lic luid is ou ed ia a pipeline in he hyd aulic
powe uni ia a wo-way al e 4 (adjus ed o a
sui able posi ion, see Fig. 6a) in o he hyd aulic
pump ank 1.
Wi h u he p essu e inc ease p3 ˃ p2 [Pa],
he same comp ession size DL [m] o all spi al
comp ession sp ings occu s and all sp ings ha e
he same leng h l [m].
I he p essu e in he liquid p2 [Pa] is eached
below he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s, hen
he comp essi e o ce F [N] (p opo ional o he
highes alue o all he loads ac ing on all he
sp ings be o e ins alla ion o ension compensa-
o ) ac s on he i s mos comp essed sp ing 6
(Fig. 4). Also, o all o he sp ings 6 o all sus-
pension bol s, his p essu e o ce F [N] ac s when
he p essu e in he liquid p2 [Pa] is eached below
he pis ons o he hyd aulic cylinde s.
By inc easing he applied p essu e unde he
pis ons o he hyd aulic cylinde s abo e he p es-
su e p2 [Pa], all he sp ings 6 (see Fig. 4) a e com-
p essed by he comp essi e o ce ansmi ed by
he cylind ical bodies 2a, 2b om he hyd aulic
cylinde s 1. The shanks o he suspension bol s 12
a e li ed by he ods 13 o he hyd aulic cylinde
1 and he nu s 3 a e emo ed om he pla es 5b.
By igh ening all nu s 3 wi h he same momen o
o ce (i.e. all nu s 3 a e igh ened so ha all sp ing
leng hs a e he same), he equi ed uni o m load
dis ibu ion is achie ed ac oss all c oss-sec ions
o he ca ie opes.
A he ime o supply o he p essu ized hy-
d aulic luid (p essu e inc ease p [Pa]) unde he
pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s (7a, 7b, see Fig.
6b), he liquid is d awn om he spaces abo e
he pis ons o hyd aulic cylinde s 7a, 7b by he
hyd aulic hose o he quick-coupling 6. The hy-
d aulic luid is ou ed h ough he hyd aulic
powe uni line (Fig. 5) ia a wo-way al e 4
(adjus ed o a sui able posi ion, see Fig. 6b) o he
hyd aulic pump ank 1.
CONCLUSION
The possible way o how o achie e uni o m
load dis ibu ion in o wo o mo e ca ie opes
in he ac ion li using a ope hyd aulic ension
compensa o is gi en in he ex o Chap e 2 o
his pape . This de ice is po able and is moun ed
on suspension bol s only when i is necessa y o
se he same ensile o ces in ca ie opes. A e
ca ying ou i s ac i i ies, i is possible o emo e
he de ice om he suspension bol s and mo e i
o ano he ac ion ope li .
In con as o he known p inciple o he hy-
d aulic compensa o [5], he desc ibed de ice
can be p o ided wi h s ain gauge load cells ha
can de ec ins an aneous ensile o ces in ca ie
cables, eco d hem and use hem o ce i ica e
p ocessing pu poses.
The desc ibed ope hyd aulic ension com-
pensa o can ully ul il he unc ion o which
i has been designed wi hou he use o s ain
gauge load cells. I he compensa o is no
equipped wi h a s ain gauge, hen he pis on od
o he hyd aulic cylinde 13 (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5)
is connec ed o he cylind ical body 10 mechani-
cally. The h eaded end po ion o he shank o
bol 12 is sc ewed on o he in e nal h ead o he
body 8. By means o a h eaded od (which e-
places he s ain gauge load cell) o he equi ed
leng h, he bodies 8 and 10 a e in e connec ed
so ha he hyd aulic compensa o pe o ms as
desc ibed abo e.
Double-ac ing hyd aulic cylinde s which
equalize he ini ially di e en ensile o ces in
he opes o he same alues a e connec ed ia
hyd aulic p essu e hoses o he hyd aulic powe
uni . Wi h he hyd aulic powe uni , he hyd aulic
luid is pumped om he ank h ough he man-
ual hyd aulic pump ia sui ably open o closed
hyd aulic al es o he spaces below o abo e
he hyd aulic cylinde pis ons. In he “unde /
abo e he pis on” space o cylinde s, whe e he
hyd aulic luid p essu e is supplied by he hand
pump, he pis on mo es in he cylinde and he
hyd aulic luid om he “below / abo e he pis-
on” space mo es o d ain he hyd aulic luid
back in o he ank.
37
Ad ances in Science and Technology Resea ch Jou nal Vol. 13(3), 2019
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k has been suppo ed by The Minis-
y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s o he Czech
Republic om he Speci ic Resea ch P ojec
SP2019/101.
REFERENCES
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Dis ibu ion o S ain in o Ca ies. 022097Wo ld
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U ban Planning Symposium’2017. Vol. 245, 2017,
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