ene gies
A icle
Syngas Composi ion: Gasi ica ion o Wood Pelle
wi h Wa e S eam h ough a Reac o wi h Con inuous
Biomass Feed Sys em
Je zy Chojnacki 1,* , Jan Najse 2, K zysz o Rokosz 1, Vacla Pee 2, Jan Kiela 2
and Bogusława Be ne 1
1Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Koszalin Uni e si y o Technology, Raclawicka S .15-17,
75-620 Koszalin, Poland; [email p o ec ed] (K.R.); [email p o ec ed] (B.B.)
2
ENET Cen e, VSB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. Lis opadu 2172/15, 708 00 Os a a, Czech Republic;
[email p o ec ed] (J.N.); acla [email p o ec ed] (V.P.); [email p o ec ed] (J.K.)
*Co espondence: je zy[email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +48-94-3478-359
Recei ed: 15 July 2020; Accep ed: 22 Augus 2020; Published: 25 Augus 2020


Abs ac :
In es iga ions we e pe o med in ela ion o he he mal gasi ica ion o wood g anula e
using s eam in an allo he mal eac o wi h elec ic hea e s. They s udied he impac o he empe a u e
inside he eac o and he s eam low a e on he pe cen age sha es o H
2
, CH
4
, CO, and CO
2
in
syn hesis gas and on he calo i ic alue o syngas. The es s we e conduc ed a empe a u es inside
he eac o equal o 750, 800, and 850
◦
C and wi h a s eam low a e equal o 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kg
·
h
−1
.
The in ensi y o gasi ied biomass was 20 kg
·
h
−1
. A signi ican impac o he empe a u e on he
pe cen ages o all he componen s o syn hesis gas and a signi ican impac o he s eam low a e on he
con en o hyd ogen and ca bon dioxide in syngas we e ound. The highes pe cen age o hyd ogen
ob ained was 43.3%. The calo i ic alue o he gas depended signi ican ly on he empe a u e inside
he eac o and he co ela ion be ween he empe a u e and he s eam low a e. I s maximum alue
was 13.3 MJ
·
m
−3
a 800
◦
C. This pape also includes an assessmen o he mu ual co ela ions o he
pe cen age sha es o he indi idual syn hesis gas componen s.
Keywo ds: biomass; s eam gasi ica ion; allo he mal eac o
1. In oduc ion
Biomass can be used as a bio enewable esou ce o many ad anced ma e ials [
1
], bu i is also
a e y impo an uel ecognized as a enewable ene gy sou ce [
2
]. The di ec combus ion o some
plan p oduc s in boile s may elease many subs ances ha a e ha m ul o he en i onmen [
3
].
The gasi ica ion o biomass a high empe a u es enables he pu i ica ion o he esul ing gases
be o e combus ion and makes i possible o con ol he emission o pollu an s. The mal gasi ica ion
can help des oy was e (e.g., municipal was e) and con e he ene gy con ained in i in o hea o
elec ici y [
4
]. The simple biomass gasi ica ion in eac o s h ough pa ial combus ion in a limi ed ai
s eam esul s in he p oduc ion o a gas wi h a lowe hea alue (LHV), usually below 6 MJ
·
Nm
−3
[
5
,
6
].
The mal gasi ica ion can be modi ied by in oducing s eam o oxygen ins ead o ai in o he gasi ie ,
hus changing he composi ion o syngas p oduced [
6
–
13
]. In o de o ob ain he highes syngas ene gy
alue, a emp s ha e been made o ob ain he highes possible hyd ogen and me hane con en and o
minimize he sha e o ca bon dioxide [
12
,
14
]. The high hyd ogen con en is achie ed in he p ocess o
biomass gasi ica ion wi h he s eam o he mal gasi ica ion o mois biomass [15–18].
The mos popula aw ma e ials used o he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass wi h he pa icipa ion
o wa e apo is wood in a ious o ms as sawdus , dus , chips, and g anula es [
9
,
19
,
20
]. Apa om
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376; doi:10.3390/en13174376 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ene gies
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 2 o 14
wood, ypical cul i a ed ene gy c ops [
21
] and was e biomass such as s aw and hay [
22
,
23
], sewage
sludge and manu e [
24
–
26
] as well as bioca bon om p e ious biomass gasi ica ion may unde go
s eam gasi ica ion [
12
,
27
]. The aw ma e ials o gasi ica ion may also include was e om he ag i- ood
indus y (e.g., oil p oduc ion pomace [
28
], g ape pomace [
7
], g ain ha was used in dis ille ies and
in b ewe ies [
10
,
20
,
29
], co ee hulls [
30
] and hazelnu shells [
6
]). Wa e s eam gasi ica ion can be
used no only in ela ion o biomass, bu also in he p ocess o he he mal gasi ica ion o ha d coal,
pea , and municipal was e as well as plas ics [
31
–
35
]. Resea ch is being ca ied ou on he use o
CO
2
ob ained om he combus ion o syngas o inc ease he olume o syngas gene a ed du ing
he he mal gasi ica ion o municipal was e, pa icula ly whe e inc easing he CO
2
/s eam a io can
acili a e he p oduc ion o bo h CO and H
2
in he esul ing gas [
33
]. Resea ch is also being conduc ed
on he co-gasi ica ion o ha d coal wi h biomass whe e a syne gy e ec was obse ed. The olume o
hyd ogen p oduced is inc easing in ela ion o he gasi ica ion es s o he biomass and coal i sel [
31
].
As a esul o high- empe a u e biomass gasi ica ion including wa e s eam gasi ica ion,
he esul ing gas is con amina ed, mainly wi h dus and a . In o de o be in oduced in o u bines and
combus ion engines, especially in o uel cells, i mus be pu i ied [
23
,
26
]. The il e se s composed om
he cyclones and po ous ma e ials a e used o ea he mechanical impu i ies om ine pa icles in
syngas. Ve y high gasi ica ion empe a u es [
36
] and ca alys s in oduced in o he sys em can also be
used o emo e chemical impu i ies [
37
,
38
]. Calcium compounds such as dolomi e a e mos commonly
used as CO2and a so ben s in he gasi ica ion p ocess [26].
The sha e o wa e apo in he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass can ake place in a ious
ypes o gasi ie s. These can be au o he mal gasi ie s, whe e biomass is hea ed by means o hea
ob ained om pa ial combus ion, and allo he mal gasi ie s, whe e hea is supplied om ex e nal
sou ces [
10
,
34
,
35
]. Biomass was gasi ied wi h wa e s eam in ixed-bed gasi ie s and in eac o s wi h a
con inuous low o biomass and p oduced gas [
21
,
23
,
31
,
38
]. Biomass s eam gasi ica ion was es ed
in a eac o wi h ee biomass all and lowe syngas ake-o [
27
] and in mono o dual luidized bed
eac o s [
8
,
9
,
24
,
29
,
33
,
39
–
41
]. In au o he mal luidized bed gasi ie s, a gasi ying medium is used o
main ain he pa icles in he suspension o he gas o be gasi ied. This is usually ai o oxygen. In he
case o he allo he mal gasi ie whe e s eam is he only gasi ying medium, s eam is also used o suppo
he luidiza ion p ocess and o li he pa icles [11,35].
Since he pu pose o he mal gasi ica ion wi h wa e s eam is o ob ain syn hesis gas wi h he
highes possible calo i ic alue, he aim is o con e ca bon dioxide p oduced du ing gasi ica ion
in o ca bon monoxide and me hane and o use i o en ich syngas wi h hyd ogen. Exo he mic and
endo he mic eac ions occu ing du ing his p ocess a e desc ibed by chemical equa ions ci ed by he
au ho s in [11,21,25,35,42]. The mos impo an chemical eac ion equa ions a e he ollowing:
Cha oxida ion:
C+O2→CO2(1)
Boudoua d eac ion:
CO2+C↔2CO (2)
Wa e –gas shi eac ion:
CO +H2O↔CO2+H2(3)
Wa e –gas eac ion:
C+H2O↔CO +H2(4)
The mal c acking:
CnHm→C+CxHy+H2(5)
Based on he he modynamic equilib ium equa ions, mass and ene gy balances, and dedica ed
compu e so wa e, a emp s ha e been made o model he gasi ica ion p ocesses, while aking
in o accoun he indi idual s ages o he p ocess [
40
,
42
–
44
]. The esul s o he expe imen al and
model in es iga ions ha ha e been conduc ed o da e indica e ha he e a e op imal anges o he
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 3 o 14
s eam con en in he gasi ying medium. This was ound, among o he s, du ing gasi ica ion wi h
an ai –s eam mix u e [
7
]. The esul s demons a ed ha he composi ion o syn hesis gas p oduced
du ing wa e s eam gasi ica ion and i s calo i ic alue as well as he ela ions be ween he sha es o
H
2
and CO con ained he ein, may depend on he gasi ica ion empe a u e and he s eam o biomass
a io [11,13,18,40].
Many expe imen s conce ning biomass gasi ica ion wi h s eam we e ca ied ou in au o he mal
eac o s wi h he use o ai o oxygen mos ly in small labo a o y gasi ie s. The no el y o his wo k is
ha he esea ch was ca ied ou in an ins alla ion wi h a la ge eac o wi h a con inuous biomass eed
sys em o ob ain pu e syngas wi h a high concen a ion o me hane and hyd ogen.
The aim o he esea ch was o de e mine he in luence o empe a u e in he allo he mal low
eac o and he in luence o he s eam low a e o he eac o , o he syn hesis gas composi ion and i s
lowe hea alue. S eam oge he wi h he hea gene a ed in he eac o hea ing se s we e he gasi ying
ac o s. An analysis o he pe cen age sha es o he ollowing gases was planned: H
2
, CH
4
, CO, C
m
H
n
as well as CO2and O2in he expec ed syn hesis gas composi ion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Gasi ica ion Ins alla ion
The esea ch was ca ied ou on an ins alla ion o he mal biomass gasi ica ion loca ed in he
Ene gy Resea ch Cen e o he VŠB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, which p oduces syngas used o
d i e powe gene a o s. The ins alla ion consis ed o an elec ically hea ed eac o wi h a con inuous
supply o biomass and s eam, a se o de ices o cleaning and cooling syn hesis gas, and a gas
composi ion analyze . A iew o he gasi ica ion eac o is shown in Figu e 1.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 14
in es iga ions ha ha e been conduc ed o da e indica e ha he e a e op imal anges o he s eam
con en in he gasi ying medium. This was ound, among o he s, du ing gasi ica ion wi h an
ai –s eam mix u e [7]. The esul s demons a ed ha he composi ion o syn hesis gas p oduced
du ing wa e s eam gasi ica ion and i s calo i ic alue as well as he ela ions be ween he sha es o
H2 and CO con ained he ein, may depend on he gasi ica ion empe a u e and he s eam o biomass
a io [11,13,18,40].
Many expe imen s conce ning biomass gasi ica ion wi h s eam we e ca ied ou in au o he mal
eac o s wi h he use o ai o oxygen mos ly in small labo a o y gasi ie s. The no el y o his wo k is
ha he esea ch was ca ied ou in an ins alla ion wi h a la ge eac o wi h a con inuous biomass
eed sys em o ob ain pu e syngas wi h a high concen a ion o me hane and hyd ogen.
The aim o he esea ch was o de e mine he in luence o empe a u e in he allo he mal low
eac o and he in luence o he s eam low a e o he eac o , o he syn hesis gas composi ion and
i s lowe hea alue. S eam oge he wi h he hea gene a ed in he eac o hea ing se s we e he
gasi ying ac o s. An analysis o he pe cen age sha es o he ollowing gases was planned: H2, CH4,
CO, CmHn as well as CO2 and O2 in he expec ed syn hesis gas composi ion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Gasi ica ion Ins alla ion
The esea ch was ca ied ou on an ins alla ion o he mal biomass gasi ica ion loca ed in he
Ene gy Resea ch Cen e o he VŠB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, which p oduces syngas used o
d i e powe gene a o s. The ins alla ion consis ed o an elec ically hea ed eac o wi h a con inuous
supply o biomass and s eam, a se o de ices o cleaning and cooling syn hesis gas, and a gas
composi ion analyze . A iew o he gasi ica ion eac o is shown in Figu e 1.
Figu e 1. Reac o iew: 1—bo om o he eac o , 2—s eam pipe, 3—ash collec ion, 4— e ical sc ew
con eyo , 5—ho izon al sc ew con eyo .
The eac o was hea ed om below by means o a 20 kW o al elec ic hea e and om abo e by
means o i e ba hea e s wi h a o al powe o 35 kW. The mocouples o empe a u e
measu emen s we e ins alled in he lowe and uppe pa s o he eac o o allow empe a u e
adjus men s inside he eac o . Du ing he es s, he empe a u e was eco ded in he uppe pa o
Figu e 1.
Reac o iew:
1
—bo om o he eac o ,
2
—s eam pipe,
3
—ash collec ion,
4
— e ical sc ew
con eyo , 5—ho izon al sc ew con eyo .
The eac o was hea ed om below by means o a 20 kW o al elec ic hea e and om abo e by
means o i e ba hea e s wi h a o al powe o 35 kW. The mocouples o empe a u e measu emen s
we e ins alled in he lowe and uppe pa s o he eac o o allow empe a u e adjus men s inside
he eac o . Du ing he es s, he empe a u e was eco ded in he uppe pa o he eac o , di ec ly
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 4 o 14
o e he bed. The ma e ial subjec ed o gasi ica ion as he biomass was wood pelle s, ed by means o
a biomass eede , wi h low scales ins alled o con ol he a e o he biomass eed. F om he eede ,
he pelle s we e ed in o he eac o om below, on o a mo ing g a e, using ho izon al and e ical
sc ew con eyo s. A e he biomass was incine a ed, he ash ell om he g a e o he bo om o he
eac o , om which i was emo ed by means o a sc ew con eyo o a closed me al con aine . The ank
was emp ied a he end o he expe imen . The design o he eac o p e en ed any uncon olled ai
om en e ing i om he ou side.
The s eam was p oduced by means o an elec ic gene a o . The a e o s eam low in o he
gene a o was adjus ed by al es and by means o a low me e moun ed on a pipe wi h wa e lowing
in o he s eam gene a o . The empe a u e o he wa e apo supplied om he gene a o o he eac o
was 650
◦
C. A diag am o he comple e biomass he mal gasi ica ion plan including he equipmen o
gas ea men and analysis is shown in Figu e 2.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 14
he eac o , di ec ly o e he bed. The ma e ial subjec ed o gasi ica ion as he biomass was wood
pelle s, ed by means o a biomass eede , wi h low scales ins alled o con ol he a e o he biomass
eed. F om he eede , he pelle s we e ed in o he eac o om below, on o a mo ing g a e, using
ho izon al and e ical sc ew con eyo s. A e he biomass was incine a ed, he ash ell om he
g a e o he bo om o he eac o , om which i was emo ed by means o a sc ew con eyo o a
closed me al con aine . The ank was emp ied a he end o he expe imen . The design o he eac o
p e en ed any uncon olled ai om en e ing i om he ou side.
The s eam was p oduced by means o an elec ic gene a o . The a e o s eam low in o he
gene a o was adjus ed by al es and by means o a low me e moun ed on a pipe wi h wa e
lowing in o he s eam gene a o . The empe a u e o he wa e apo supplied om he gene a o o
he eac o was 650 °C. A diag am o he comple e biomass he mal gasi ica ion plan including he
equipmen o gas ea men and analysis is shown in Figu e 2.
Figu e 2. Diag am o he biomass gasi ica ion plan : 1—pelle dispense , 2— eac o , 3—cyclone
sepa a o , 4—dolomi e eac o , 5—wa e coole , 6—high empe a u e il e , 7—coole , 8—syngas
analyze , A—s eam, B—gas, C—ash, D—dus , E—used dolomi e, F—wa e , G—dus , H—ice wa e .
The syngas p oduced in he ins alla ion was designed o d i e a powe gene a o d i en by a
combus ion engine. In o de o mee he equi emen s conce ning he pu i y o he gas used o
powe he engine, he syngas was cleaned by means o a se o mul iple de ices [45]. Dus was
emo ed by means o a cyclone sepa a o (ma ked wi h he numbe 3) and wi h a dus il e (no. 6).
A eac o wi h a dolomi e ca alys was used o elimina e a om he gas. The gas empe a u e was
educed by passing i h ough a wa e coole ed wi h unning wa e om a wa e sys em and ice
wa e coole s. The ins alla ion was designed and cons uc ed in coope a ion wi h he Czech
company ATEKO a.s.
2.2. Ma e ials
A cons an low a e o he wood pelle in o he gene a o was accep ed o he pu pose o his
s udy, which was 20 kg∙h
−1
. The labo a o y-de e mined physical pa ame e s o he pelle s a e shown
in Table 1. The elemen al composi ion o he g anula e is shown in Table 2.
The low a e o s eam in o he gene a o was adjus ed o 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kg∙h
−1
. The a io o
he s eam a e o he a e o he biomass o pelle s in oduced in o he S/B eac o was 0.5, 0.75, and
1.0, espec i ely.
Figu e 2.
Diag am o he biomass gasi ica ion plan :
1
—pelle dispense ,
2
— eac o ,
3
—cyclone
sepa a o ,
4
—dolomi e eac o ,
5
—wa e coole ,
6
—high empe a u e il e ,
7
—coole ,
8
—syngas
analyze , A—s eam, B—gas, C—ash, D—dus , E—used dolomi e, F—wa e , G—dus , H—ice wa e .
The syngas p oduced in he ins alla ion was designed o d i e a powe gene a o d i en by a
combus ion engine. In o de o mee he equi emen s conce ning he pu i y o he gas used o powe
he engine, he syngas was cleaned by means o a se o mul iple de ices [
45
]. Dus was emo ed by
means o a cyclone sepa a o (ma ked wi h he numbe 3) and wi h a dus il e (No. 6). A eac o
wi h a dolomi e ca alys was used o elimina e a om he gas. The gas empe a u e was educed by
passing i h ough a wa e coole ed wi h unning wa e om a wa e sys em and ice wa e coole s.
The ins alla ion was designed and cons uc ed in coope a ion wi h he Czech company ATEKO a.s.
2.2. Ma e ials
A cons an low a e o he wood pelle in o he gene a o was accep ed o he pu pose o his
s udy, which was 20 kg
·
h
−1
. The labo a o y-de e mined physical pa ame e s o he pelle s a e shown
in Table 1. The elemen al composi ion o he g anula e is shown in Table 2.
The low a e o s eam in o he gene a o was adjus ed o 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kg
·
h
−1
. The a io
o he s eam a e o he a e o he biomass o pelle s in oduced in o he S/B eac o was 0.5, 0.75,
and 1.0, espec i ely.
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 5 o 14
Table 1. Physical pa ame e s o he pelle .
Pa ame e Size Symbol
Diame e 6 mm
Leng h 10–30 mm
Bulk densi y 650 kg·m−3
Humidi y 8.67 % hm.
Calo i ic alue 17.5 MJ·kg−1
Ash con en <0.6 %
A i ion 2 %
Table 2. Elemen al composi ion o he g anula e.
Ing edien s Con en s %
C 47.43
H 6.10
N 0.04
O 40.00
S 0.05
Cl 0.013
Ash 0.39
2.3. Me hods
A Po able Syngas Analyze Gas 3100 was used o measu e he pe cen age composi ion o he
gene a o gas. The analyze was connec ed o a pipe wi h cooled and pu i ied gas coming ou o he
ins alla ion. The gas samples we e collec ed by means o a ball al e p obe equipped wi h a hea ed
ibe glass il e ap, whe e solids and some a pa icles we e cap u ed. Then, he gas lowed h ough
essels illed wi h isop opanol, whe e a esidues we e emo ed om he gas. The gas hen passed
h ough h ee co e ed dishes placed in a eeze , whe e all he emaining o ganic subs ances and
mois u e we e p ecipi a ed. Wi h he help o he analyze , he con en s o CO, CO
2,
CH
4
, H
2
, O
2
,
and C
n
H
m
in he syn hesis gas we e eco ded con inuously. The es s o he gas composi ion we e
pe o med wi h h ee empe a u es se inside he eac o a 750, 800, and 850 ◦C.
All pa ame e s we e measu ed con inuously du ing he expe imen and eco ded by a compu e .
The es measu emen s we e made a e he se empe a u e inside he eac o had been eached and
s abilized and a e he s eam low a e and gas discha ge p essu e had been eached. The da a we e
eco ded once e e y minu e o he measu emen pe iod o 10 min.
The esea ch was ca ied ou on a ins alla ion o he mal biomass gasi ica ion loca ed in he
Ene gy Resea ch Cen e o he VŠB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, which p oduces syngas used o
d i e powe gene a o s.
3. Resul s and Discussion
The esul s o all he measu emen s o he concen a ions o he gases es ed, wi h each empe a u e
and wi h each a e o s eam low, showed hyd ogen, me hane, hyd oca bon, ca bon dioxide, and ca bon
monoxide con en s and no ee oxygen O
2
con en was ound. The p esence o C
n
H
m
hyd oca bons
in syngas was negligible, ne e exceeding 0.8%. A a empe a u e o 850
◦
C, he con en o his gas
was equal o “0” o all he apo low a es and did no exceed 0.2% a 750
◦
C; hence, a decision was
made o omi i s con en as a sepa a e gas o u he analyses and o add he C
n
H
m
concen a ions
de e mined in he syngas o he CH4concen a ion.
The a e aged measu emen esul s o he de e mined alues o he empe a u e in he eac o
and he s eam low a es a e p esen ed in Table 3. The esul s o he measu emen s o he pe cen age
sha e o hyd ogen, me hane, ca bon dioxide, and ca bon monoxide in syn hesis gas unde wen a
wo- ac o analysis o a iance in o de o de e mine he signi icance o he impac o he ollowing:

Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 6 o 14
he s eam ou low a e in he eac o and he empe a u e inside he eac o on he changes in he
concen a ion o hese componen s in he gas ob ained.
Table 3. A e aged measu emen esul s wi h s anda d de ia ions.
Temp
◦C
S eam Flow
Ra io kg·h−1
H2% CH4% CO2% CO%
Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De .
750 10 44.56 0.24 13.44 0.13 22.34 0.21 19.66 0.33
750 15 43.34 0.49 13.72 0.29 21.64 0.75 21.30 0.88
750 20 42.60 0.42 14.15 0.28 22.88 0.74 20.37 0.51
800 10 38.30 5.10 15.56 1.54 23.87 3.74 22.27 7.55
800 15 35.92 1.79 16.90 0.58 22.78 0.21 24.40 1.29
800 20 33.87 0.78 17.08 0.39 23.69 0.73 25.37 1.19
850 10 36.36 2.17 12.34 1.52 29.06 2.50 22.24 3.17
850 15 35.34 0.45 11.02 0.47 31.40 0.86 22.24 0.85
850 20 35.58 0.27 10.99 0.16 34.00 0.42 19.43 0.44
3.1. Impac o he S eam Flow Ra e on he Concen a ion o Syn hesis Gas Componen s
The impac o he s eam low a e on he concen a ions o syn hesis gas componen s is shown in
Figu e 3, which p esen s he a e age pe cen age sha es o syn hesis gas componen s calcula ed on he
basis o he alues ob ained o all es ed empe a u es.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 14
he s eam ou low a e in he eac o and he empe a u e inside he eac o on he changes in he
concen a ion o hese componen s in he gas ob ained.
Table 3. A e aged measu emen esul s wi h s anda d de ia ions.
Temp °C S eam Flow
Ra io kg∙h
−1
H
2
% CH
4
% CO
2
% CO%
Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De . Con . S and.
De .
750 10 44.56 0.24 13.44 0.13 22.34 0.21 19.66 0.33
750 15 43.34 0.49 13.72 0.29 21.64 0.75 21.30 0.88
750 20 42.60 0.42 14.15 0.28 22.88 0.74 20.37 0.51
800 10 38.30 5.10 15.56 1.54 23.87 3.74 22.27 7.55
800 15 35.92 1.79 16.90 0.58 22.78 0.21 24.40 1.29
800 20 33.87 0.78 17.08 0.39 23.69 0.73 25.37 1.19
850 10 36.36 2.17 12.34 1.52 29.06 2.50 22.24 3.17
850 15 35.34 0.45 11.02 0.47 31.40 0.86 22.24 0.85
850 20 35.58 0.27 10.99 0.16 34.00 0.42 19.43 0.44
3.1. Impac o he S eam Flow Ra e on he Concen a ion o Syn hesis Gas Componen s
The impac o he s eam low a e on he concen a ions o syn hesis gas componen s is shown
in Figu e 3, which p esen s he a e age pe cen age sha es o syn hesis gas componen s calcula ed on
he basis o he alues ob ained o all es ed empe a u es.
Figu e 3. Impac o he a e o s eam ou low on he composi ion o syn hesis gas ( he leas signi ican
di e ence a he signi icance le el p < 0.05, o : H
2
= 1.0%, CH
4
= 0.4%, CO
2
= 0.8%, CO = 1.5%).
The Figu e 3 shows he calcula ed alues o he leas signi ican di e ences (LSD) o each o
hese gases. These alues make i possible o ind he alue o he s eam low a e a which a
signi ican di e ence in he gas composi ion occu ed.
No signi icance o he impac o he s eam low a e on he pe cen age o CO and CH
4
in he
syn hesis gas was ound. Howe e , he impac o he s eam low a e on he CO
2
and H
2
concen a ions was ound o be signi ican . An inc ease in he s eam low a e in he eac o caused
an inc ease in ca bon dioxide and a dec ease in hyd ogen con en . The op imum hyd ogen con en ,
an a e age o 39.5%, was obse ed wi h he s eam low a e o 10 kg∙h
−1
, which co esponded o he
39.5 37.9 37.0
14.1 14.2 14.4
25.1 25.3 26.9
21.4 22.6 21.7
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
10.0 15.0 20.0
Gas con en
S eam low a e [kg∙h-1]
H2 CH4 CO2 CO
Figu e 3.
Impac o he a e o s eam ou low on he composi ion o syn hesis gas ( he leas signi ican
di e ence a he signi icance le el p<0.05, o : H2=1.0%, CH4=0.4%, CO2=0.8%, CO =1.5%).
The Figu e 3shows he calcula ed alues o he leas signi ican di e ences (LSD) o each o hese
gases. These alues make i possible o ind he alue o he s eam low a e a which a signi ican
di e ence in he gas composi ion occu ed.
No signi icance o he impac o he s eam low a e on he pe cen age o CO and CH
4
in he
syn hesis gas was ound. Howe e , he impac o he s eam low a e on he CO
2
and H
2
concen a ions
was ound o be signi ican . An inc ease in he s eam low a e in he eac o caused an inc ease in
ca bon dioxide and a dec ease in hyd ogen con en . The op imum hyd ogen con en , an a e age o
39.5%, was obse ed wi h he s eam low a e o 10 kg
·
h
−1
, which co esponded o he S/B a io o 0.5.
Simila esul s we e p esen ed in [
25
,
31
]. In o he s udies on he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass wi h
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 7 o 14
s eam, wi h o wi hou ai , he maximum sha e o hyd ogen con en in syngas was ob ained a highe
S/B alues [7,10,11,40].
3.2. Impac o he Tempe a u e on he Concen a ion o Syn hesis Gas Componen s
Based on he alues ob ained o all es ed s eam low a ios, he a e age pe cen age sha es o he
gases included in he syn hesis gas we e de e mined o pa icula empe a u es in o de o assess he
signi icance o he impac o he empe a u e in he gene a o on he composi ion o he gas. The leas
signi ican di e ences we e de e mined o each o hese syngas ing edien s a he signi icance le el o
p<0.05.
Using he calcula ed alues o he leas signi ican di e ences o compa e he changes in he
con en s o he indi idual gases depending on he empe a u e inside he eac o , i can be no ed
ha a signi ican dec ease in hyd ogen con en in he syn hesis gas occu ed be ween 750 and 800
◦
C.
The highes pe cen age sha e o H
2
in he syn hesis gas was 43.3% and i occu ed a he lowes eac o
empe a u e o 700
◦
C. The me hane con en o syn hesis gas inc eased signi ican ly be ween 750 and
800
◦
C and hen dec eased be ween 800 and 850
◦
C. The ca bon dioxide con en inc eased signi ican ly
be ween 800 and 850
◦
C. The ca bon monoxide con en inc eased signi ican ly a 800
◦
C, and hen
e u ned o he p e ious le el a 850 ◦C (Figu e 4).
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 14
S/B a io o 0.5. Simila esul s we e p esen ed in [25,31]. In o he s udies on he he mal gasi ica ion
o biomass wi h s eam, wi h o wi hou ai , he maximum sha e o hyd ogen con en in syngas was
ob ained a highe S/B alues [7,10,11,40].
3.2. Impac o he Tempe a u e on he Concen a ion o Syn hesis Gas Componen s
Based on he alues ob ained o all es ed s eam low a ios, he a e age pe cen age sha es o
he gases included in he syn hesis gas we e de e mined o pa icula empe a u es in o de o
assess he signi icance o he impac o he empe a u e in he gene a o on he composi ion o he
gas. The leas signi ican di e ences we e de e mined o each o hese syngas ing edien s a he
signi icance le el o p < 0.05.
Using he calcula ed alues o he leas signi ican di e ences o compa e he changes in he
con en s o he indi idual gases depending on he empe a u e inside he eac o , i can be no ed ha
a signi ican dec ease in hyd ogen con en in he syn hesis gas occu ed be ween 750 and 800 °C. The
highes pe cen age sha e o H
2
in he syn hesis gas was 43.3% and i occu ed a he lowes eac o
empe a u e o 700 °C. The me hane con en o syn hesis gas inc eased signi ican ly be ween 750 and
800 °C and hen dec eased be ween 800 and 850 °C. The ca bon dioxide con en inc eased
signi ican ly be ween 800 and 850 °C. The ca bon monoxide con en inc eased signi ican ly a 800 °C,
and hen e u ned o he p e ious le el a 850 °C (Figu e 4).
Figu e 4. Impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he composi ion o he gene a ed gas ( he leas
signi ican di e ence a a signi icance le el p < 0.05 o H
2
= 1.0%, CH
4
= 0.4%, CO
2
= 0.8%, CO = 1.5%).
3.3. Impac o Reac o Tempe a u e and he S eam Flow Ra e on he Syngas Hea Value
The esul s o he syngas calo i ic alue de e mined wi h he GAS 3100 Syngas gas analyze
we e also co e ed by a wo- ac o a iance analysis o calcula e he signi icance o he impac o he
s eam low a e and he empe a u e inside he eac o on he syngas ene gy alue. The analysis
demons a ed he signi icance o he impac o he empe a u e and he signi icance o he impac o
he empe a u e and s eam low a e co ela ion on he syngas calo i ic alue. A diag am ha shows
he impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he lowe hea alue o syn hesis gas is shown in
Figu e 5.
No signi icance was ound in he impac o he s eam low a e alone on he changes in he
syngas hea alue. The maximum lowe hea alue o he syn hesis gas was ob ained a 800 °C. A
u he inc ease in empe a u e up o 850 °C in he gene a o esul ed in a dec ease in he hea alue
o he gas gene a ed. By analyzing he composi ion o syngas a his empe a u e, i can be
43.3 35.4 35.7
14.0
17.2 11.5
22.3 23.4 31.5
20.4 24.0 21.3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
750 800 850
Gas con en
Tempe a u e in ea o [oC]
H2 CH4 CO2 CO
Figu e 4.
Impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he composi ion o he gene a ed gas ( he leas
signi ican di e ence a a signi icance le el p<0.05 o H
2
=1.0%, CH
4
=0.4%, CO
2
=0.8%, CO =1.5%).
3.3. Impac o Reac o Tempe a u e and he S eam Flow Ra e on he Syngas Hea Value
The esul s o he syngas calo i ic alue de e mined wi h he GAS 3100 Syngas gas analyze we e
also co e ed by a wo- ac o a iance analysis o calcula e he signi icance o he impac o he s eam
low a e and he empe a u e inside he eac o on he syngas ene gy alue. The analysis demons a ed
he signi icance o he impac o he empe a u e and he signi icance o he impac o he empe a u e
and s eam low a e co ela ion on he syngas calo i ic alue. A diag am ha shows he impac o he
empe a u e in he eac o on he lowe hea alue o syn hesis gas is shown in Figu e 5.
No signi icance was ound in he impac o he s eam low a e alone on he changes in he syngas
hea alue. The maximum lowe hea alue o he syn hesis gas was ob ained a 800
◦
C. A u he
inc ease in empe a u e up o 850
◦
C in he gene a o esul ed in a dec ease in he hea alue o he gas
gene a ed. By analyzing he composi ion o syngas a his empe a u e, i can be concluded ha he
dec ease in he ene gy alue was in luenced by he inc ease in he pe cen age o CO
2
and he dec ease
in he CO and CH4con en s.
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 8 o 14
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 14
concluded ha he dec ease in he ene gy alue was in luenced by he inc ease in he pe cen age o
CO2 and he dec ease in he CO and CH4 con en s.
Figu e 5. Impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he syngas lowe hea alue.
The impac o he co ela ion be ween he eac o empe a u e and he s eam ou low a e on
he syngas hea alue is shown in Figu e 6. The calo i ic alue o syn hesis gas ob ained a he le el
o 13.3 MJ∙m−3 a he empe a u e o 800 °C, and he s eam in low a e o 15.0 and 20.0 kg∙h−1 was
ypical o he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass wi h hese condi ions [6,13].
Figu e 6. Impac o empe a u e in he gene a o and he s eam ou low a e (10; 15; 20 kg∙h−1) on he
syngas lowe hea alue.
3.4. Co ela ions be ween he Con en o he Indi idual Syngas Componen s
The basic componen s o gasi ied wood biomass and in oduced wa e apo such as O2, H2,
and C we e in he eac o . The amoun and he pe cen age con en o he p oduced gases ha
cons i u e he componen s o he syngas ob ained in he eac o esul di ec ly om he mass low
a e o s eam and biomass, he empe a u e in he eac o , and he chemical p ocesses desc ibed by
Equa ions (1)–(5), which ook place du ing he gasi ica ion in he eac o . An analysis o he mu ual
co ela ions be ween he pe cen age con en s o indi idual gases was ca ied ou , aking in o
accoun he esul s o all measu emen s. Figu es 7 and 8 show he pe cen age changes o ca bon
monoxide and ca bon dioxide con en s in he syngas wi h an inc easing me hane pe cen age
con en .
12.1 13.0
10.4
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
700 750 800
Lowe Hea Value [MJ∙m-3]
Tempe a u e in ea o [oC]
12.0 12.4
10.7
12.2 13.3
10.4
12.1 13.3
10.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
750 800 850
Lowe Hea Value [MJ∙m-3]
Tempe a u e in gene a o [oC]
10 15 20
Figu e 5. Impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he syngas lowe hea alue.
The impac o he co ela ion be ween he eac o empe a u e and he s eam ou low a e on he
syngas hea alue is shown in Figu e 6. The calo i ic alue o syn hesis gas ob ained a he le el o
13.3 MJ
·
m
−3
a he empe a u e o 800
◦
C, and he s eam in low a e o 15.0 and 20.0 kg
·
h
−1
was ypical
o he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass wi h hese condi ions [6,13].
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 14
concluded ha he dec ease in he ene gy alue was in luenced by he inc ease in he pe cen age o
CO2 and he dec ease in he CO and CH4 con en s.
Figu e 5. Impac o he empe a u e in he eac o on he syngas lowe hea alue.
The impac o he co ela ion be ween he eac o empe a u e and he s eam ou low a e on
he syngas hea alue is shown in Figu e 6. The calo i ic alue o syn hesis gas ob ained a he le el
o 13.3 MJ∙m−3 a he empe a u e o 800 °C, and he s eam in low a e o 15.0 and 20.0 kg∙h−1 was
ypical o he he mal gasi ica ion o biomass wi h hese condi ions [6,13].
Figu e 6. Impac o empe a u e in he gene a o and he s eam ou low a e (10; 15; 20 kg∙h−1) on he
syngas lowe hea alue.
3.4. Co ela ions be ween he Con en o he Indi idual Syngas Componen s
The basic componen s o gasi ied wood biomass and in oduced wa e apo such as O2, H2,
and C we e in he eac o . The amoun and he pe cen age con en o he p oduced gases ha
cons i u e he componen s o he syngas ob ained in he eac o esul di ec ly om he mass low
a e o s eam and biomass, he empe a u e in he eac o , and he chemical p ocesses desc ibed by
Equa ions (1)–(5), which ook place du ing he gasi ica ion in he eac o . An analysis o he mu ual
co ela ions be ween he pe cen age con en s o indi idual gases was ca ied ou , aking in o
accoun he esul s o all measu emen s. Figu es 7 and 8 show he pe cen age changes o ca bon
monoxide and ca bon dioxide con en s in he syngas wi h an inc easing me hane pe cen age
con en .
12.1 13.0
10.4
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
700 750 800
Lowe Hea Value [MJ∙m-3]
Tempe a u e in ea o [oC]
12.0 12.4
10.7
12.2 13.3
10.4
12.1 13.3
10.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
750 800 850
Lowe Hea Value [MJ∙m-3]
Tempe a u e in gene a o [oC]
10 15 20
Figu e 6.
Impac o empe a u e in he gene a o and he s eam ou low a e (10; 15; 20 kg
·
h
−1
) on he
syngas lowe hea alue.
3.4. Co ela ions be ween he Con en o he Indi idual Syngas Componen s
The basic componen s o gasi ied wood biomass and in oduced wa e apo such as O
2
, H
2
,
and C we e in he eac o . The amoun and he pe cen age con en o he p oduced gases ha cons i u e
he componen s o he syngas ob ained in he eac o esul di ec ly om he mass low a e o s eam
and biomass, he empe a u e in he eac o , and he chemical p ocesses desc ibed by Equa ions (1)–(5),
which ook place du ing he gasi ica ion in he eac o . An analysis o he mu ual co ela ions be ween
he pe cen age con en s o indi idual gases was ca ied ou , aking in o accoun he esul s o all
measu emen s. Figu es 7and 8show he pe cen age changes o ca bon monoxide and ca bon dioxide
con en s in he syngas wi h an inc easing me hane pe cen age con en .
Ene gies 2020,13, 4376 9 o 14
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 14
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
CH4 [%]
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
CO [%]
Figu e 7. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO and pe cen age con en o CH4.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
CH4 [%]
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
CO2 [%]
Figu e 8. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO2 and pe cen age con en o CH4.
The CO con en inc eased wi h he g owing CH4 con en . This ela ionship is desc ibed in he
ollowing eg ession equa ion:
CO = 10.552 + 0.81718 ∙ CH (6)
wi h he calcula ed co ela ion coe icien = 0.56371 a he signi icance le el o p = 0.95.
In he case o CO2, he con en o his gas dec eased signi ican ly as he CH4 con en inc eased.
The eg ession equa ion is de e mined as ollows:
CO= 46.859 − 1.518 ∙ CH (7)
wi h he co ela ion coefficien = −0.7606, a he signi icance le el p = 0.95.
The ela ion be ween he CO2 and CO con en is shown in Figu e 9. The ollowing eg ession
equa ion was de e mined:
CO= 37.385 − 0.5313 ∙ CO (8)
wi h he co ela ion coefficien = −0.3859 a he signi icance le el o p = 0.95.
Figu e 7. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO and pe cen age con en o CH4.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 14
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
CH4 [%]
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
CO [%]
Figu e 7. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO and pe cen age con en o CH4.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
CH4 [%]
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
CO2 [%]
Figu e 8. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO2 and pe cen age con en o CH4.
The CO con en inc eased wi h he g owing CH4 con en . This ela ionship is desc ibed in he
ollowing eg ession equa ion:
CO = 10.552 + 0.81718 ∙ CH (6)
wi h he calcula ed co ela ion coe icien = 0.56371 a he signi icance le el o p = 0.95.
In he case o CO2, he con en o his gas dec eased signi ican ly as he CH4 con en inc eased.
The eg ession equa ion is de e mined as ollows:
CO= 46.859 − 1.518 ∙ CH (7)
wi h he co ela ion coefficien = −0.7606, a he signi icance le el p = 0.95.
The ela ion be ween he CO2 and CO con en is shown in Figu e 9. The ollowing eg ession
equa ion was de e mined:
CO= 37.385 − 0.5313 ∙ CO (8)
wi h he co ela ion coefficien = −0.3859 a he signi icance le el o p = 0.95.
Figu e 8. Co ela ion be ween pe cen age con en o CO2and pe cen age con en o CH4.
The CO con en inc eased wi h he g owing CH
4
con en . This ela ionship is desc ibed in he
ollowing eg ession equa ion:
CO =10.552 +0.81718·CH4(6)
wi h he calcula ed co ela ion coe icien =0.56371 a he signi icance le el o p=0.95.
In he case o CO
2
, he con en o his gas dec eased signi ican ly as he CH
4
con en inc eased.
The eg ession equa ion is de e mined as ollows:
CO2=46.859 −1.518·CH4(7)
wi h he co ela ion coe icien =−0.7606, a he signi icance le el p=0.95.
The ela ion be ween he CO
2
and CO con en is shown in Figu e 9. The ollowing eg ession
equa ion was de e mined:
CO2=37.385 −0.5313·CO (8)
wi h he co ela ion coe icien =−0.3859 a he signi icance le el o p=0.95.
An a emp o ind he ela ion be ween CH4and H2is shown in Figu e 10.