Chemical and P ocess Enginee ing 2014, 35 (3), 317-329
DOI: 10.2478/cpe-2014-0024
*Co esponding au ho , e-mail: s [email p o ec ed] cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; deg uy e .com/ iew/j/cpe
317
ENERGY BALANCE SHEET OF A SEMI OPERATIONAL
THERMIC SYSTEM
S anisla Honus*1,2, Ve onika Sassmano á2, Ja osla F an ík2,
P zemyslaw Bukowski2 and Dagma Juchelko á1,2
1VŠB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Depa men o
Ene gy, 17. lis opadu 15/2172, 708 33, Os a a Po uba, Czech Republic
2VŠB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Cen e ENET, 17. lis opadu 15/2172, 708 33, Os a a
Po uba, Czech Republic
The a icle is ocused on he ene ge ical balance o a echnical sys em o he con e sion o c ushed
y es by py olysis. P ocess empe a u es we e se in he ange om 500 o 650°C. Mass inpu o he
ma e ial was 30 kg pe hou . The aim o he a icle is o answe he ollowing ques ions as ega ds
he indi idual p oduc s: Unde which p ocess condi ions can he highes quali y o he indi idual
p oduc s ela ed o ene gy be eached? How does he he mal e iciency o he sys em change in
eac ion o a ious condi ions o he p ocess?
On he basis o he expe imen al measu emen s and calcula ions, apa om o he hings, i was
disco e ed ha he py olysis liquid eaches he highes ene ge ic alue, i.e. 42.7 MJ.kg-1, ou o all
he indi idual p oduc s o he py olysis p ocess. Gene a ed py olysis gas disposes o he highes
lowe calo i ic alue 37.1 MJ.kg-1 and he py olysis coke disposes o he maximum 30.9 MJ kg-1.
F om he ene ge ic balance, he he mal e iciency o he expe imen al uni unde he s a ed
ope a ional modes anging om abou 52 % o 56 % has been es ima ed. Indi idual indings a e
elabo a ed on de ail in he a icle.
Keywo ds: ene gy balance, py olysis, was e, combus ion, p ocess gas
1. INTRODUCTION
The wo ldwide p oduc ion o caou chouc con inuously inc eases. The caou chouc is u ilised om
60–70 % o he p oduc ion o y es because he numbe o ca s and ucks owne s inc eases, oo. The
consequence is ha he e is a wo ldwide ise o he was e ubbe om wo n y es. In 2011, only in
Eu ope abou 3 million ons o y es we e p oduced. Beside au omo i e indus y, o example he
mining o ae ospace indus y p esen s one o signi ican sou ces o wo n y es. (Bo oska e al., 2007) A
pa o he was e y es is he e o e p ocessed in cemen -wo ks, ano he pa o hem is bu n bu mos o
hem a e piled up a dumping g ounds. F om he poin o iew o he en i onmen al aspec s, such as he
complica ed disposal o y es, i is necessa y o elimina e piling y es up a dumping g ounds and o
ocus on a sui able me hod o hei ecycling in o de o u ilise he ene ge ic po en ial o his kind o
ma e ial. Py olysis is an en i onmen ally iendly me hod and a he same ime, i enables o ob ain
use ul p oduc s in he powe indus y e.g. exac ly om was e y es.
Py olysis is a p ocess o he mal deg ada ion o he o ganic ma e ial in an ine a mosphe e whe e, by
in luence o high empe a u es, a complica ed se ies o eac ions occu s ha p oduces p oduc s such as
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he py olysis gas, py olysis liquid and py olysis coke (Conesa e al., 1998; F on s e al., 2009;
Nowacky, 2001; S a , 2005). In compa ison wi h gasi ica ion, no oxygen akes pa in he p ocess
(Pas o e al., 2008). The gaseous and liquid p oduc s ob ained om py olysis p ocess migh be u ilised
as a sou ce o ene gy (C epsi e al., 1999; Guo e al., 2002; Guo e al., 2003). The py olysis coke migh
be u ilised as an adso ben on he base o ca bon o adso p ion o e.g. acidic compounds c ea ed du ing
sewage wa e ea men (Inguanzo e al., 2002; Zabai ou e al., 2004). Py olysis coke could be used as
an al e na i e o me allu gical coke. In o m o powde i can be injec ed h ough uye es in o blas
u nace agg ega e (Ju so á e al., 2013).
F om a poin o iew o y e chemical composi ion, as opposed o ossil uels, y es a e ela i ely
homogenous. I is he eason why hey we e selec ed o he expe imen al es s. The a icle deals wi h a
calcula ion o ene ge ic balances o he es ed py olysis sys em while he y es we e u ilised as an inpu
aw ma e ial. Some au ho s we e also conce ned wi h he calcula ion o ene ge ic balance bu o he
cons uc ionally di e en sys ems and di e en inpu aw ma e ial. Lian and Guomin (2011) made a
calcula ion o he he mal balance o a acuum py olysis sys em wi h esidual whea s aw used as he
inpu aw ma e ial. On he basis o he ene ge ic balances calcula ion, hey concluded ha he sys em
selec ed his way and he selec ion o inpu aw ma e ial is he bes way o ca y ou ene ge ic
egene a ion. Sa u e al. (2011) c ea ed a simpli ied ma hema ical model o he he mic sys em using
biomass as a aw ma e ial. The model wi h specially modi ied so wa e se es o op imise he he mic
sys em and o dec ease ene ge ic and ma e ial losses on he base o balances calcula ion.
Xiqiang e al. (2011) u ilised packs o whea and co n s aw as he inpu aw ma e ial o mic owa e
py olysis sys em (MWP) o ind ou he o al ene ge ic balances o he sys em. The esul s
demons a ed ha he MWP is mo e ad an ageous in compa ison wi h con en ional sys ems o
example o he e o hea ing and p oduc dis ibu ion. The ob ained in o ma ion on he ene ge ic
balances is necessa y and use ul o design and ope a ion o py olysis sys ems. I is ob ious ha he
ene ge ic balance is he i s s ep o he economic analysis ha la e designa es e iciency and p ac ical
u ilisa ion o he es ed py olysis de ice (Lian and Guomin, 2011; Quanyuan e al., 2012; Xiqiang e al.,
2011).
2. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The expe imen al py olysis sys em speci ied as PYROMATIC was de eloped a he VSB – Technical
Uni e si y o Os a a. The uni is c ea ed by a sys em o pa ial de ices ha enable o execu e he
whole echnological p ocess o py olysis. Tha means a anspo o he inpu ma e ial o he eac o , i s
hea ing up unde ba ed access o ai , ea men o he c ea ed py olysis gas and ou pu o he py olysis
oil and ca bon.
Deli e y o he inpu ma e ial is ealised by he bel con eye ha eeds i o he hoppe om which i is
ad anced u he by means o he sc ew con eye o he eac o . The hoppe se es as a bin o he
inpu ma e ial s o age. I can s o e a maximum o abou 120 kg o c ushed y es. Be ween he sc ew
con eye and he eac o , due o he mal dila a ions, he e is a clo h compensa ing de ice ( he hoppe is
a ached ixedly, he eac o is mo eable).
In he eac o wi h he ac i e leng h o 4,000 mm, he ma e ial is py olysed and a he same ime, i is
pushed o wa d by means o he wo p ima y sc ews and one seconda y sc ew ( his one leads he
ma e ial back o he inpu pa o he e o ) wi h he ollowing diame e s o 2210 mm and 1110 mm.
The eac o is made o i e- esis ing aus eni ic s eel AVESTA 253 MA (EN 1.4835). I s esis i i y
p o es sa is ac o y up o he empe a u e o 1 100 °C.
Du ing he p ocess, ma e ial is hea ed up and he py olysis gas is p oduced. The gas is d awn o he
eac o o he cyclone and u he o he coole s whe e highe hyd oca bons condensa e o he py olysis
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liquid. Ca bonised solid esidue is collec ed in a gas- igh ank loca ed unde he de ice unde he edge
pa o he e o - behind he seconda y sc ew.
The hea o hea ing he eac o up is supplied by indi ec hea ing om i e gaseous bu ning sec ions
ha a e placed one a e ano he unde he eac o body. E e y sec ion is c ea ed by he wo low
p essu e a mosphe ic bu ne s. Maximum he mal inpu o he u nace is 200 kW, so he maximum is 40
kW pe bu ne sec ion.
Na u al gas is used o eac o hea ing. Tempe a u es in he eac o a e moni o ed by he mocouples
K 113 13 a all he sec ions and equi ed p ocess empe a u e is main ained by means o an au oma ic
on-o con ol. Ai o combus ion is b ough in o indi idual sec ions h ough he holes unde bu ne s
and i can be con olled ei he by h o ling a he inpu o by e olu ions o he exhaus gas an.
A numbe o measu emen de ices ensu e con ol du ing he ope a ion. All sys em pa ame e s ela ed
o ene gy a e moni o ed. The uni con ol is managed om he cen al con ol boa d and all
au oma ically measu ed quan i ies a e sa ed o he compu e in ime in e als and consequen ly
e alua ed. The senso s calib a ion is execu ed egula ly unlike he ex e nal de ices.
A scheme o he whole sys em is, including he inpu and ou pu ene gy s eams, p esen ed in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. S eams in expe imen al sys em
Wi hin he sys em, he chemical ene gy o he na u al gas is ans o med o bu n gases ene gy. These
gases on he one hand p o ide he mal inpu o he ma e ial py olysis while on he o he hand hey
co e he mal losses (chimney loss and ansmission o hea o he su oundings). The inpu ma e ial is
by means o he he mal ene gy o bu n gases con e ed o gaseous, liquid and solid p oduc . The
mechanism o his ans o ma ion is cons an . Howe e , wi h a modi ica ion o he p ocess condi ions
( empe a u e, p essu e), he quan i y o chemical ene gy in he indi idual p oduc s (pe a uni ) changes,
oo.
Mass inpu powe o he inpu y es du ing he expe imen s was 30 kg pe hou and he ime o he
ma e ial s ay in he eac o was 30 minu es in he p ima y pa and 15 minu es in he seconda y pa o
he eac o . Tempe a u es om 500 °C o 650 °C we e selec ed o he expe imen s because he gases
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c ea ed wi hin he empe a u e ange om 500 °C o 1200 °C, a es abile. I applies o such gasses as
H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 which is also s a ed in he li e a u e (Koppe and Juchelko a, 2011; S a , 2005;
Vyme al and Plesnik, 1994).
Table 1. Tes ed y es ( ubbe ) composi ion
Componen Con en Me hod o
De e mina ion
C 85.40
ČSN P ISO TS /
12902
H 7.57
N 0.48
S 0.44
O 0.01
M
1.71 ISO 11722
FC 23.03 ISO 5071-1
V 70.86 ISO 562
A 6.11 ISO 602
M – Mois u e, FC – Fixed Ca bon, V – Vola ile Combus ible, A - Ash
3. METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PRODUCTS QUALITY RELATED TO ENERGY
3.1. Py olysis gas
Du ing he de ice ope a ion, composi ion o he ou pu py olysis gas was con inuously moni o ed by
analyse s ha measu ed concen a ions o hyd ogen, me hane, ca bon monoxide, ca bon dioxide and o
he o al o ganic ca bon. Abundance o indi idual hyd oca bons in he TOC was consequen ly
de e mined in he labo a o y by gas ch oma og aphy (Ch om 5) a packed columns MS 5A,
Ch omoso b 102 and Po apak QS wi h he mo-conduc i e (TC) and lame ionised (FI) de ec ion.
Samples o gas we e sen o he labo a o y in gasp oo sacks made o nalophan.
G oss calo i ic alue o he py olysis gas )(gi
Q can be consequen ly de e mined om he indi idual
olume ac ions by he equa ion o mula:


 n
i
iiigi QQ
1
,)( (1)
whe e i
 is an olume ic ac ion o he indi idual selec ed (combus ible) componen s in he
py olysis gas (Leung e al., 2002).
3.2. Py olysis liquid
Py olysis liquid analysis was conduc ed in he labo a o ies o DEZA, a.s. Company. The esul s o he
labo a o y analysis we e measu ed wi h he NA 1500 de ice (made by Fison Ins umen Company) o
de e mina ion o he o al con en o C, H, N, O, S. The da a we e ecalcula ed a he de ice so wa e
acco ding o he Dulong Rule o he ne and g oss calo i ic alues acco ding o he CSN 656169
s anda d.
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3.3. Py olysis coke
Py olysis coke analysis was conduc ed in he analy ical labo a o ies a he VSB – Technical Uni e si y
o Os a a acco ding o he s anda dized me hodology. The g oss and ne calo i ic alues as he
pa ame e s ela ed o ene gy o he py olysis coke we e de e mined in he labo a o y calo ime e
acco ding o he CSN EN 15400 S anda d – De e mina ion o Ne and G oss Calo i ic Values o Solid
Al e na i e Fuels.
4. METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL THERMAL FLOWS IN SYSTEM "BURNT
GASES ROUTE"
To al he mal balance comes om he idea ha a u nace is a de ice in which a ans o ma ion o he
chemically bound ene gy o he hea ing gas ( eleased by bu ning) o he he mal ene gy o he cha ge
p oceeds. A un o his ans o ma ion is no absolu e because i is connec ed wi h a c ea ion o ce ain
ene gy losses. The mal balance gene ally comes om he quali a i e and quan i a i e o mula ion o
he he mal lows en e ing he u nace and ou going om i . F om he ene gy conse a ion law, i can
be exp essed igo ously:
Ou pu Inpu QQ   (2)
whe e he he mal ene gy inpu Inpu
Q
 is in ou case de e mined by:
zFT,plFT,plChT,Inpu QQQQ   (3)
and he he mal ene gy ou pu Ou pu
Q
is hen:
sp(z )Z(z )K(z )Ou pu QQQQQ R
  (4)
I we pu down he indi idual ene gy s eams, he equa ion o he o al he mal balance o he py olysis
u nace will be he ollowing:
sp(z )Z(z )K(z ) zFT,plFT,plChT, QQQQQQQ R
  (5)
4.1. Hea inpu
The bu ne s mus supply hea o hea he cha ge up and o co e he mal losses. Bu ne s’ powe
ou pu / u nace powe inpu i
P migh be easily de e mined on he base o he a e age consump ion om
he ollowing equa ion:
zFT,plFT,plpli, zFT,plFT,plChT,i QQVQQQQP 

  (6)
Because he empe a u e o he in ake ai and empe a u e o he hea ing gas a e conside ed he same as
he su ounding empe a u e, hese componen s do no b ing any physical hea o he balanced sys em
and he i ems zFT,
Q
and plFT,
Q
 can be igno ed in Eq. (6). A simpli ied equa ion o he necessa y
he mal powe ou pu o he bu ne s will be
plpli,plChT, VQQP 
 (7)
E e y bu ne o he expe imen al sys em is equipped wi h a gasome e o measu ing he amoun o he
bu n gas. Na u al gas consump ion in he indi idual bu ne sec ions was au oma ically ead in he
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in e als once pe minu e. On his basis, he alue pl
V
 was de i ed.
4.2. The mal losses in ou coming was e bu n gases
Losses can be di ided in o wo pa s. The i s one is a loss by he chemical hea o bu n gases ha is
caused by an impe ec combus ion when CO and HC a e con ained in he ou coming bu n gases. In
ou case, hei con en is insigni ican so his loss can be igno ed. The second pa is c ea ed by a loss
caused by he physical hea o he bu n gases. This ep esen s he hea discha ged om he u nace in
he lue gases. I is he mos impo an loss - i has he g ea es impac on he inal e iciency. The hea
low in he was e bu n gases )(z sp
Q
is dependen on hei amoun , he mal capaci y and empe a u e
( he lue gas a e age empe a u es we e: 303 °C, o he p ocess empe a u e 500°C; 340°C o 550°C;
356°C o 600°C; 396°C o 650°C), espec i ely.
sp(odp)sp(odp)p,ssp,sp(z ) cVQ 


(8)
The speci ic hea o he bu n gases is de ined on he basis o known abundance o he componen s
con ained in hem.
OHOHp,NNp,OOp,COCOp,spp, 22222222




ccccc



 (9)
whe e i

is an olume ic ac ion o he gi en componen in he bu n gases ha can be de i ed on he
basis o s oichiome y.
Volume low o bu n gases ssp
V,
was de ined on he basis o dynamic and s a ic p essu e by means o
he P and l ube and digi al mic o manome e . Also a measu emen o oxygen concen a ion in he
was e bu n gases wi h he aim o de e mine he excess o ai du ing combus ion o he hea ing gas was
conduc ed ( o compa ison pu poses he s oichiome y was aken in o conside a ion o abo e
men ioned concen a ions o he indi idual componen s in he bu n gases). In bo h cases he
measu emen poin was in he e ical pa o he chimney lue si ua ed behind he bu n gases an.
The empe a u e o he bu n gases was au oma ically eco ded a he ou pu om he sys em – he da a
we e sa ed o he compu e in he in e als las ing one minu e as well as in he case o moni o ing o
he gas consump ion
4.3. The mal losses by hea ansmission o su oundingai by ee con ec ion and adia ion
De e mina ion o his componen esul s om he de ice geome y, cha ac e is ics o he insula ion
ca idges su ace and om he measu ed a e age su ace empe a u es. The su ace empe a u es we e
measu ed a all insula ion ca idges ha c ea e expe imen al sys em co e . F om he measu ed da a he
coe icien s o he hea ans e by ee con ec ion and adia ion migh be de e mined. A i s , his
combined hea ans e was es ima ed sepa a ely and hen he esul ing alues we e summa ised. So o
he o al he mal low Z(z )K
Q
 he ollowing equa ion is alid
R(z )K(z )Z(z )K QQQ  
 (10)
Bo h he mal lows a e speci ied o e e y insula ion ca idge sepa a ely. Apa om many o he
hings, o he p ecise calcula ion o he hea ans e o ee space i mus be conside ed whe he he
wall is e ical, ho izon al o inclined.
The coe icien o he hea ans e by ee con ec ion is de i ed om he Nussel numbe , Nu :
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L
Nu z



K(z ) (11)
The Nussel numbe o ee con ec ion Nu in unlimi ed space is de ined by


n
z
G P cNu  (12)
whe e c, n – subsidia y coe icien s while i is alid:
 3
101P 
G ; c = 0.45; n = 0
 23 105P 101  G ; c = 1.18; n = 0.125
 72 102P 105  G ; c = 0.54; n = 0.25
 P 102 7G  ; c = 0.135; n = 1/3
In he case o ho izon al pla es in e ed by a wa m side up, he coe icien c is inc eased by 30 %, while
a ho izon al pla es in e ed by a wa m side down he coe icien c is dec eased by 30 %. In he case o
he inclined pla es, c is inc eased by 15 %.
The G asho numbe G which is a pa o Eq. (12) is de ined:
TT
gL
G
ok
z


2
1
2
3

 (13)
To al he mal loss by ee con ec ion is simply de ined as



 iokS S Q K(z )K(z )

 (14)
The o al adia ion low emi ed by walls o he uni o he space o he hall is de ined by he ela ion:





















i
H
S
SH S
T
T
CQ
4
4
0Z(z ) 100100

 (15)
whe e 0
C is adia ion cons an (5.67 [W·m-2·K-4]), H
T he modynamic empe a u e o he hall walls
(293.15 [K]) and SH

a deg ee o he sys em emissi i y (sys em in he hall space):









1
11
1
2HH
i
P
SH
S
S


(16)
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Du ing he py olysis p ocess usually 24 – 30 w % o he py olysis gas, 33 – 40 w % o he py olysis
liquid and 31 - 41 w % o he py olysis coke we e c ea ed which was demons a ed wi h ega d o
p ocess empe a u e selec ion and also on he basis o ou expe imen s (Helleu e al., 2001; Xiqiang e
al., 2011).
I was disco e ed ha om 15 o 31 % o py olysis gas olume consis s o ca bon monoxide and
hyd ogen in a ious p opo ions depending on he selec ed empe a u e o he py olysis p ocess. Wi h
he empe a u e ise he hyd ogen p opo ion in he gas inc eases signi ican ly and he ca bon dioxide
p opo ion dec eases sligh ly.
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S. Honus, V. Sassmano á, J. F an ík, P. Bukowski, D. Juchelko á, Chem. P ocess Eng., 2014, 35 (3), 317-329
324 cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; deg uy e .com/ iew/j/cpe
Table 2. Mass abundance o py olysis p oduc s depending on p ocess empe a u e
P ocess empe a u e [°C] 500 550 600 650
Mass abundance o py olysis gas [%] 30.1 24.1 26.5 26.5
Mass abundance o py olysis coke [%] 31.3 36.1 41.0 41.0
Mass abundance o py olysis liquid [%] 38.6 39.8 32.5 32.5
The majo i y componen o he py olysis gas is mos ly a sum o hyd oca bons in which me hane has
he highes abundance. The a io o hyd oca bons in he gas anges om 33 % o 51 % wi h he a e age
alue o 41%. The p oduc ion o hyd oca bons in he py olysis gas in all cases inc eases up o he
p ocess empe a u e o 600°C. A a highe empe a u e o 650°C he hyd oca bons con en is al eady
lowe because he inc ease o he empe a u e dec eases hei abundance in a ixed condi ion.
Table 3 ep esen s he a e age measu ed concen a ions o he selec ed componen s in he py olysis gas
om py olysis o was e y es and a a ious p ocess empe a u es. The es (which balance he gas
olume o 100%) a e gases called “ballas ”, like N2, SO2, o H2S. They we e no measu ed because hey
do no in luence he calo i ic alue.
Table 3. Concen a ion o selec ed componen s in py olysis gas wi h ega d o he p ocess empe a u e
An in e es ing p oblem is CH4 p oduc ion in di e en empe a u es. Acco ding o he F ancis diag am
and nume ical calcula ion he me hane con en should dec ease wi h he ise o empe a u e. In ou
measu emen s he CH4 con en is he highes o 600°C. We explain i as he in luence o y e
agmen a ion, which in luences i s eac i i y a e wa ds. Bu his dependence needs a u he
in es iga ion, and measu emen s a di e en agmen a ion.
As i ollows om Table 2 wi h inc easing empe a u e o he py olysis p ocess, he olume o he
o med gaseous p oduc s inc eases a he expense o solid and liquid p oduc s. F om he poin o iew
o he p ocess empe a u e, i is alid ha he py olysis gas gene a ed a empe a u e o 600°C has he
highes g oss calo i ic alue ha is 37.1 MJ.m-3N. I we ha e a look a he chemical ene gy accumula ed
in he gas ela ed o i s conc e e p oduced olume, hen wi h he inc easing empe a u e, he ene gy
s eam always inc eases.
The py olysis liquid shows he highes alue o he g oss calo ic alue when i is o med a he p ocess
empe a u e o 500°C. I is alid ha wi h he inc easing p ocess empe a u e, he g oss calo i ic alue
o he c ea ed py olysis liquid dec eases. Among he indi idual p oduc s o py olysis, he py olysis
liquid e eals he highes quali y ela ed o ene gy (up o 42.7 MJ·kg-1).
The calo i ic alue o he py olysis coke is he lowes in compa ison wi h he o he p oduc s o he
py olysis - i is on a e age o abou 30.3 MJ·kg-1 (we ook he a e age om 4 measu emen s a
empe a u es om 500 °C o 650 °C). The same alue o he py olysis gas is on a e age 34.3 MJ·kg-1
and o he py olysis liquid i is 40.6 MJ·kg-1. Wi h he p ocess empe a u e he g oss calo i ic alue o
P ocess
Tempe a u e
Sample Designa ion
H2 CO CO2 CH4 C
2H4 C
2H6 ∑C3HY ∑C4HY ∑C5HY ∑C6HY
[°C] [%]
500 12.4 2.8 2.4 17.9 3.0 4.4 5.6 4.2 4.5 0.8
550 13.3 3.7 2.3 19.8 3.9 4.7 5.2 3.6 2.4 1.0
600 22.2 3.1 1.9 29.2 4.0 4.9 5.4 3.7 2.5 1.1
650 28.3 2.9 1.4 4.6 5.2 6.3 7.0 4.8 3.2 1.4
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Ene gy balance shee o a semi ope a ional he mic sys em
cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; deg uy e .com/ iew/j/cpe 325
he py olysis coke inc eases as well as he ene gy s eam inc eases when ela ed o he p oduced
olume o he py olysis coke ( he in luence o uel empe a u e on he calo i ic alue was omi ed).
The calo i ic alue o he py olysis coke is he lowes in compa ison wi h he o he p oduc s o he
py olysis - i is on a e age o abou 30.3 MJ·kg-1 (we ook he a e age om 4 measu emen s a
empe a u es om 500 °C o 650 °C). The same alue o he py olysis gas is on a e age 34.3 MJ·kg-1
and o he py olysis liquid i is 40.6 MJ·kg-1. Wi h he p ocess empe a u e he g oss calo i ic alue o
he py olysis coke inc eases as well as he ene gy s eam inc eases when ela ed o he p oduced
olume o he py olysis coke ( he in luence o uel empe a u e on he calo i ic alue was omi ed).
O cou se, also he s eam o hea ing gas, olume s eam o bu n gases inc ease wi h inc easing
empe a u e o py olysis. Unde s andably, consump ion o elec ical ene gy pe 30 minu es o he
ope a ion unde a cons an inpu powe di e s minimally a all he empe a u es.
The py olysis p ocess gene a es losses. I causes all ene gy s eams o diminish, e en he chemical ones
(see Fig. 2). The chemical ene gy, calcula ed as a low calo i ic alue mul iplied by he inpu o ou pu
ma e ial mass s eam, was diminishing in he py olysis eac o . The mal losses (as lue gases loss) and
he na u e o he py olysis p ocess a e he easons o endo he mic eac ion appea ance.
Fig. 2. Ene gy s eams; examined inpu ma e ial: y es, empe a u e: 600oC
The mal losses inc ease wi h he inc easing empe a u e (which is ob ious) bu he o al he mal
e iciency o he examined py olysis de ice was no always he highes o he lowes empe a u es.
Typical he mal ene gy s eams o was e y es a e also p esen ed in Fig. 2. The g ea es he mal ene gy
loss is a “chimney loss” ( he was ed hea in lue gases) bu his loss can be diminished by hea
ecupe a ion. Tha is why i can be said, ha he py olysis de ice e iciency could be highe .
On he basis o he measu ed hea losses and he inpu gas chemical ene gy, he o al he mal e iciency
o he uni was calcula ed (see he las ow in Table 4). The he mal e iciency did no inc ease as
expec ed. The highes e iciency (close o 55 %) was calcula ed o he empe a u e ange be ween
550 and 600 °C.
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