POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 16 |NUMBER: 2 |2018 |JUNE
T ansien Faul A ea Loca ion and Faul
Classi ica ion o Dis ibu ion Sys ems Based on
Wa ele T ans o m and Adap i e Neu o-Fuzzy
In e ence Sys em (ANFIS)
Ali KHALEGHI 1, Mahmoud OUKATI SADEGH 1,
Mahdi GHAZIZADEH-AHSAEE 2, Ali eza MEHDIPOUR RABORI 3
1Depa men o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee ing, Facul y o Elec ical and Compu e Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Sis an and Baluches an, Zahedan, Daneshgah Boule a d, I an
2Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Zabol, Zabol, I an
3Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing and Compu e , Facul y o Enginee ing,
Shahid Bahona Uni e si y, Pajoohesh Squa e, Ke man, I an
[email p o ec ed], ouk[email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed], a.mehdip[email p o ec ed]
DOI: 10.15598/aeee. 16i2.2563
Abs ac . A no el me hod o loca e he zone o an-
sien aul s and o classi y he aul ype in Powe Dis-
ibu ion Sys ems using wa ele ans o ms and Adap-
i e Neu o-Fuzzy In e ence Sys ems (ANFIS) has been
de eloped. I d aws on ad anced echniques o sig-
nal p ocessing based on wa ele ans o ms, using da a
sampled om he main eede cu en o ex ac impo -
an cha ac e is ics and dynamic ea u es o he aul
signal. In his me hod, algo i hms designed o aul
de ec ion and classi ica ion based on ea u es ex ac ed
om wa ele ans o ms we e implemen ed. One o
ou di e en algo i hms based on ANFIS, acco ding
o he ype o aul , was hen used o loca e he aul
zone. S udies and simula ions in an EMTP-RV en-
i onmen o he 25 kV powe dis ibu ion sys em o
Canada we e ca ied ou by conside ing en ypes o
aul s wi h di e en aul incep ion, aul esis ance and
aul loca ions. The simula ion esul s showed high ac-
cu acy in classi ying he ype o aul and de e mining
he aul a ea, so ha he maximum obse ed e o was
less han 2 %.
Keywo ds
Adap i e Neu o-Fuzzy In e ence Sys em (AN-
FIS), elec ical dis ibu ion sys ems, aul
classi ica ion, aul de ec ion, aul loca ion,
wa ele ans o ms.
1. In oduc ion
Faul loca ion is a key issue in he p o ec ion o powe
sys ems and accu a e and swi aul loca ion p ocesses
educe expec ed ene gy ha will no be supplied, in-
c ease sys em e iciency and p omo e cus ome sa is-
ac ion wi h he powe dis ibu ion sys em. Imple-
men a ion o aul loca ion algo i hms in powe sys-
ems needs o conside bo h ansmission and dis ibu-
ion ne wo ks. P olonged aul co ec ion p ocesses in
powe sys ems may cause i epa able damage, and con-
sequen ly, apid aul de ec ion and co ec ion in hese
sys ems is o he u mos impo ance. Measu emen s
o ol age, cu en , powe and equency in ansmis-
sion lines can be made wi h high p ecision, allowing
he exac aul loca ion o be de e mined quickly and
imely ac ion aken o esol e he p oblem. A a i-
e y o algo i hms has been p esen ed in he li e a u e
and a numbe o hem ha e been applied o p ac ical
ne wo ks [1], [2] and [3].
In dis ibu ion ne wo ks, each eede o a dis ibu ion
subs a ion co e s a la ge a ea and, unlike ansmission
ne wo ks, i is no a s aigh line bu a he a line com-
posed o se e al la e als. In addi ion, each eede in-
cludes a a ie y o dis ibu ion ans o me s. The e-
o e, aul loca ion in dis ibu ion ne wo ks is mo e
challenging, cos ly, and less accu a e han o ans-
mission sys ems. Few s udies ha e explo ed his issue
[4], [5], [6] and [7].
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Faul loca ion in a dis ibu ion ne wo k is aced wi h
he ollowing p oblems ha complica e he p ocess o
de e mining he aul loca ion:
•The wide expansion o dis ibu ion ne wo k eed-
e s and hei la e als.
•Di e en ypes o o e head and unde g ound ca-
bles, wi h a ying c oss-sec ional a eas and phase
con igu a ions, in di e en pa s o he dis ibu-
ion ne wo k.
•The p esence o dis ibu ion ans o me s in di e -
en pa s o he dis ibu ion ne wo k, wi h a ied
nominal capaci ies and loading ac o s.
•The exis ence o jus one da a logge o aul ol -
age and cu en a he beginning o he dis ibu-
ion ne wo k eede s.
The me hods o aul loca ion in powe sys ems a e
di ided in o wo majo ca ego ies: impedance and a -
elling wa es [5] and [7]. Howe e , as aul loca ion is
mo e di icul in dis ibu ion ne wo ks, gi en p oblems
such as se e al la e als, aul loca ion in dis ibu ion
ne wo ks is di ided in o wo majo pa s: (1) loca ing
he aul zone, (2) de e mining he exac loca ion o
aul . Fi s , he aul ed zone is exi ed om he ne -
wo k and hen exac aul loca ion is de e mined. The
pu pose o his pape is o in oduce new me hods o
de e mine he a ea o he aul ( aul ed zone).
Re e ence [8] es ima ed he aul zone using cu en
pa e ns, and e-close - use coo dina ion. Re e -
ence [9] used an algo i hm based on a ma ix o
loca e he aul zone. In his me hod, he a ays
we e made o bina y da a (0 and 1) ansmi ed
om Feede Te minal Uni s (FTU). Re e ence [10]
p oposed a synch onized ol age-based non-i e a i e
me hod by aking ad an age o he subs i u ion
heo em. By eplacing he aul ed line wi h a sui ably
adjus ed cu en sou ce injec ing he same amoun
o ansmission line cu en , an equi alen ne wo k
was es ablished. A wo-s age aul loca ion algo i hm
using Radial Basis Func ion (RBF) based Suppo
Vec o Machine (SVM) and Scaled Conjuga e G a-
dien (SCALCG)-based A i icial Neu al Ne wo k
(ANN) was p oposed in [11]. In he i s s age, he
magni udes o he undamen al ha monics o he
posi i e sequence ol age and cu en signals o he
aul ed phases we e inpu o RBF-based SVM o ge
an app oxima e aul a ea. In he second s age, he
SCALCG-based ANN was implemen ed o indica e he
p ecise aul loca ion using high equency cha ac e -
is ics. The impedance-based me hod p oposed in [12],
loca es he aul in a hie a chical manne , in which he
aul ed zone, aul ed line and aul poin a e loca ed in
u n. Re e ence [13] p oposed a mul i-objec i e op i-
miza ion me hod using a Non-Domina ed So ing Ge-
ne ic Algo i hm (NSGA) algo i hm o de e mine he
loca ion o aul s in he dis ibu ion sys em.
When a aul occu s in powe sys ems, as and ac-
cu a e aul classi ica ion ( o pos - aul analysis) and
es o a ion o he sys em o i s o iginal s a e a e o
he u mos impo ance. In many aul loca ion me h-
ods, in o ma ion abou he ype o aul is he basis
o aul loca ion, so he co ec classi ica ion o aul s
a ec s he p ecise de ec ion o he aul zone. Gi en
he impo ance o aul classi ica ion o elay pe o -
mance, many s udies ha e ocused on aul classi ica-
ion p oblems in he ansmission sys em [14], [15] and
[16]. S udies o aul classi ica ion in powe sys ems
a e di ided in o wo g oups: (1) designs ha u ilize
s eady s a e elec ical componen s [17], [18] and [19],
and (2) designs ha u ilize ansien elec ical compo-
nen s [20], [21] and [22]. Fo example, Re . [18] used an
algo i hm based on uzzy logic o de e mine he ype
o aul in adial unbalanced sys ems. Re e ence [20]
used a new app oach, based on wa ele ans o ms, o
iden i y and classi y he ype o aul by compa ing he
wa e o ms. Re e ence [22] de eloped a new me hod o
classi y he ype o aul , using Adap i e Neu o-Fuzzy
In e ence Sys ems (ANFIS). This me hod was based on
applying wa ele ans o ms o he aul cu en .
Since mos aul s occu ing in powe sys ems a e
ansien in na u e [23], in his pape , we p opose a new
algo i hm o de e mine he a ea o ansien aul in
dis ibu ion ne wo ks using ANFIS. Based on ea u es
ex ac ed om he main eede cu en , no el algo-
i hms o de ec ing and classi ying di e en ypes o
aul s a e p esen ed. This in o ma ion is hen used o
de ec he aul zone.
Fou algo i hms we e designed o de ec he aul
zone, one o each ype o aul (single-phase-
o-g ound, double-phase- o-g ound, phase- o-phase,
h ee-phase/ h ee-phase- o-g ound). The aul zone
was hen de e mined using ained ANFIS ne wo ks.
EMTP-RV is used o simula ions. Simula ions we e
ca ied ou in h ee s eps: (1) iden i ica ion o he aul ,
(2) classi ica ion o he aul ype, and (3) loca ion o
he aul ed zone. This me hod is less complex han
p e iously epo ed me hods as he e a e no long and
complex calcula ions in ol ed, and he aul ed zone is
de e mined p omp ly (app oxima ely 4 cycles). This
me hod also has highe accu acy, when compa ed wi h
o he s udies [22] and [24]. A u he ad an age o his
me hod is ha iden i ica ion o he aul and classi i-
ca ion o he aul ype a e comple ely independen o
line and aul pa ame e s.
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2. Wa ele T ans o m Analysis
The inpu s o he designed algo i hms we e ea u es
ex ac ed om he main eede cu en , which we e de-
i ed om wa ele ans o ms. Wa ele ans o ms can
be conside ed as an ex ension o Fou ie ans o ms,
bu ins ead o wo king on one scale ( equency o ime),
hey wo k on mul iple scales. This mul i-scale ea u e
o wa ele ans o ms leads o he decomposi ion o
a signal in o se e al scales, wi h each scale ep esen -
ing a pa icula ea u e o he signal unde s udy [25].
Wa ele ans o ms di ide he signal in o di e en le -
els, each le el con aining equency- ime in o ma ion
o he signal. In his s udy, ea u es o he p o ile o
ansien s a e aken o he 2000–4000 Hz ange. The
p ocess o Mul i-Resolu ion Analysis (MRA) o he
inpu signal is shown in Fig. 1.
HPFLPF
HPFLPF
HPF
LPF
HPFLPF
HPFLPF
HPFLPF
Inpu signal
2000-4000 Hz
0-2000 Hz
1000-2000 Hz
500-1000 Hz
250-500 Hz
125-250
Hz
62.5-125
Hz
0-1000 Hz
0-500 Hz
0-250 Hz
0-125 Hz
0-62.5 Hz
500-4000 Hz62.5-500 Hz0-62.5 Hz
T ansien
Cha ac e is ics
Ha monic
Cha ac e is ics
Main equency
Cha ac e is ics
Fig. 1: F equency di ision mul i- esolu ion le els up o 6.
3. Adap i e Neu o-Fuzzy
In e ence Sys ems (ANFIS)
ANFIS is one o he models o neu o- uzzy sys ems.
Neu al ne wo ks and uzzy sys ems a e bo h indepen-
den sys ems. Inc easing aining p ocesses, inc easing
membe ship unc ions, and independen uzzy ules a e
ac o s in complexizing p oblem sol ing. This led o
he de elopmen o he ANFIS me hod, which com-
bines he bene i s o bo h neu al ne wo ks and uzzy
logic. ANFIS aims o elimina e he disad an ages o
each o hese sys ems while e aining hei complemen-
a y bene i s [26]. Fuzzy logic in his sys em is used as
a con ibu o o he aining algo i hm and can adjus
he pa ame e s o he uzzy sys em.
4. Es ima ing Faul Time
Algo i hm
Fi s ly, he main eede cu en s in each cycle a e e-
cei ed and hei essen ial cha ac e is ics a e ob ained
om hei wa ele ans o ms. Based on a wa e o m
analysis o he aul signal a di e en imes, i was
ound ha in all cases, he wa e o m ob ained om
he wa ele ans o m o he main eede cu en , a
he ime o ansien aul , possessed he highes jump.
By compa ing momen a y a ia ions in a sample wi h
he p e ious sample in each cycle, he maximum a ia-
ion o he wa ele ans o m can be de ec ed. I he e
we e no aul in he selec ed cycle, he sum o a ia-
ions would be equal o ze o. I a aul akes place,
he ime o maximum change is conside ed as he ime
o aul occu ence. Fo example, wa ele ans o m o
phase-A du ing aul occu ence in node 6 o he 25 kV
powe dis ibu ion sys em o Canada [27] wi h a esis-
ance o 40 ohms and a aul incep ion o 10 deg ees,
is shown in Fig. 2. Figu e 3 shows changes om mo-
men o momen . I can be seen ha he momen wi h
he highes change in alue was conside ed as he aul
occu ence ime.
As shown in he lowcha in Fig. 4, o a oid in e -
e ence in de ec ing he ime o he ansien aul wi h
en e o exi loads, a e de e mining he s a ime o
dis u bance in he wa ele ans o m cu en signal, he
du a ion o he dis u bance is calcula ed using a an-
sien de ec ion lag. I his ime is less han 3 cycles,
he dis u bance in he cu en signal is conside ed as
a ansien aul and he aul ime is es ima ed. Us-
ing he algo i hm in Fig. 4, he aul de ec ion ime
and aul occu ence we e 4 mic oseconds, he eby in-
dica ing high p ecision in a cycle o 16.6 milliseconds.
Dis u bance du a ion
Fig. 2: Cu en wa ele ans o m o phase A (Du ing aul ).
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Dis u bance du a ion
Fig. 3: Ins an aneous changes o he cu en wa ele ans o m
o phase A.
Recei e cu en o main
eede
Ia,Ib,Ic
Wa ele T ans o m
SWa=WT(Ia)
SWb=WT(Ib)
SWc=WT(Ic)
ΔSWa= SWa(i)-SWa(i-1)
ΔSWb= SWb(i)-SWb(i-1)
ΔSWc= SWc(i)-SWc(i-1)
(ΔSWa) 0
and
(ΔSWb) 0
and
(ΔSWc) 0
Yes
No
Wha ime is maximum o ΔSWa?
o
Wha ime is maximum o ΔSWb?
o
Wha ime is maximum o ΔSWc?
Nex cycle
Maximum o (ΔSWa, ΔSWb,
ΔSWc) is
Conside ed as Time o aul
Calcula e Dis u bance Du a ion using
T ansien De ec ion lag
>3 cycle
T ansien Faul has no
occu ed
<3 cycle
Maximum o (ΔSWa, ΔSWb,
ΔSWc) is
Time T ansien aul occu ed
Fig. 4: Flowcha o he algo i hm o es ima ing aul ime (iis
he numbe o samples aken in one cycle).
5. Faul Classi ica ion
Algo i hm
In mos aul -loca ing algo i hms, aul classi ica ion
is one o he mos impo an pa s o he p ocess. In
his s udy, a new algo i hm o classi y he ype o aul
based on ea u es ex ac ed om he main eede cu -
en is p esen ed. Analysis o he wa ele o he aul
signals e ealed ha signals ex ac ed om wa ele
ans o ms displayed speci ic beha io o each ype o
aul .
Fo example, in he case o phase- o-phase aul s,
he sum o he wa ele ans o ms o he phases in-
ol ed om he main eede cu en was almos equal
o ze o (Fig. 5), while in he case o single-phase- o-
g ound aul s, wa ele ans o ms o he wo phases
wi hou aul s we e almos equal. Figu e 6 shows he
wa ele ans o ms o he h ee-phases when a C-phase-
o-g ound aul ook place. I can be seen ha he
Phase-C wa ele ans o m wi h he aul is dis inc ,
bu wa ele ans o ms o he o he wo phases dis-
play simila beha io .
Fig. 5: Wa ele ans o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing AC
phase- o-phase aul (du ing aul ).
Fig. 6: Wa ele ans o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing Cg
single-phase- o-g ound aul (du ing aul ).
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I he abo e condi ions a e no es ablished o de e -
mine he ype o aul s, he absolu e alue o he di e -
ence be ween he maximum cu en peak o each phase
du ing and be o e he aul is compu ed. Then, mag-
ni udes ob ained om each phase a e compa ed wi h
each o he . I alues ob ained o one phase a e negligi-
ble compa ed o o he phases, he phase is conside ed
o be wi hou aul and he numbe o aul y phases
can be es ima ed (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10).
Fo example, in Fig. 8 a double-phase- o-g ound
aul occu ed in he AB phases. I can be seen ha
he di e ence in cu en peak in phase C be o e and
du ing he aul is insigni ican , bu in phases A and
B, he e a e signi ican di e ences (app oxima ely 2
imes g ea e han be o e he aul o phase A and
app oxima ely 6 imes g ea e o phase B). Simila ly,
o h ee-phase- o-g ound aul s, shown in Fig. 7, he
di e ence be ween cu en peak be o e and du ing he
Fig. 7: Wa e o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing ABCg h ee-
phase- o-g ound aul (du ing aul ).
Fig. 8: Wa e o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing ABg double-
phase- o-g ound aul (du ing aul ).
aul o all h ee phases is high. Fo phase- o-g ound
aul s, only he di e ence be ween he cu en peak
be o e and du ing he aul in he aul y phase is
high (Fig. 10). Simila ly, o phase- o-phase aul s
(Fig. 9) gi en he di e ence be ween he cu en peak
be o e and du ing he aul , he same conclusion can
be eached o each phase. Figu e 11 shows a lowcha
o he aul classi ica ion algo i hm. This algo i hm is
independen o he esis ance, loca ion and aul incep-
ion.
The algo i hm o he classi ica ion o aul ype is
ini ially implemen ed wi h espec o he de ec ion al-
go i hm, p o ided ha a aul has aken place in he
ne wo k.
In he i s s ep, he wa ele ans o ms o he h ee-
phases o he main eede cu en a e summed up pai -
wise and p o ided ha he es ima ed sum o a leas
one o he wa ele ans o ms is ze o i is conside ed
Fig. 9: Wa e o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing AC phase-
phase aul (du ing aul ).
Fig. 10: Wa e o m o h ee-phase cu en du ing Cg single-
phase- o-g ound aul (du ing aul ).
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P oposed algo i hm o
aul ime iden i ica ion
Yes
NSWa+NSWb 0
O
NSWb+NSWc 0
O
NSWa+NSWc 0
YES
A1=max(Ia)
B1=max(Ib)
C1=max(Ic)
A2=max(-Ia)
B2=max(-Ib)
C2=max(-Ic)
A= A1-A2
B= B1-B2
C= C1-C2
Which one is
smalle ?
i
A<<
i
C<<
i
B<<
0<A/B<e
&
0<A/C<e
0<B/A<e
&
0<B/C<e
0<C/A<e
&
0<C/B<e
yes
Phase o phase aul
BC Phase o phase aul
AC Phase o phase aul
AB
yes yes
Th ee phase aul
ABCg/ABC
NO
NO
NO
NO
NSWa NSWb
O
NSWb NSWc
O
NSWa NSWc
YES
YES
A1=max(Ia)
B1=max(Ib)
C1=max(Ic)
A2=max(-Ia)
B2=max(-Ib)
C2=max(-Ic)
A= A1-A2
B= B1-B2
C= C1-C2
i
A>> i
C>>
i
B>>
0<B/A<e
&
0<C/A<e
0<A/B<e
&
0<C/B<e
0<A/C<e
&
0<B/C<e
YES
Single phase o g ound aul
Ag Single phase o g ound aul
Bg
Single phase o g ound aul
Cg
YES YES
Which one is
bigge ?
NO NO
A2=max(-Ia)
B2=max(-Ib)
C2=max(-Ic)
A1=max(Ia)
B1=max(Ib)
C1=max(Ic)
A= A1-A2
B= B1-B2
C= C1-C2
NO
NO
NO
go nex s ep
No Nex cycle
Recei e cu en o main
eede
Ia,Ib,Ic
No malized Wa ele T ans o m
NSWa=NWT(Ia)
NSWb=NWT(Ib)
NSWc=NWT(Ic)
YES
Which one is
smalle ?
i
A<< i
C<<
i
B<<
0<A/B<e
&
0<A/C<e
0<B/A<e
&
0<B/C<e
0<C/A<e
&
0<C/B<e
yes
Double phase o g ound
BCg Double phase o g ound
ACg Double phase o g ound
ABg
yes yes
Th ee phase aul
ABCg/ABC
NO
NO
NO
0<e<0.5
Fig. 11: Flowcha o he aul classi ica ion algo i hm.
as a phase- o-phase aul . In he nex s ep, o ensu e
ha he aul is phase o phase, he cu en peak di -
e ence be o e and du ing he aul is checked o each
phase. I he di e ence be ween he cu en peak be-
o e and du ing he aul is high o all h ee phases,
he aul ype is de e mined as h ee-phase. I he sum
o wa ele ans o ms o pai ed phases is no app oxi-
ma ely equal o ze o, i p oceeds o he nex s ep. A
his poin , i he wa ele ans o m o one phase is sim-
ila o ano he phase, a single-phase- o-g ound aul is
conside ed. Then, o ensu e ha he aul is single-
phase, he di e ence be ween he cu en peak be o e
and du ing he aul is calcula ed. I he di e ence
be ween he cu en peak be o e and du ing he aul
is signi ican in mo e han one phase a single-phase-
o-g ound is ejec ed and he nex s ep is conside ed.
The lowcha in Fig. 11 shows ha in classi ying phase-
phase- o-g ound and h ee-phase aul ypes only he
absolu e alue o he di e ence be ween he maximum
cu en peak o each phase du ing and be o e he aul
is used.
6. Faul A ea Loca ion
Algo i hm
To a oid he ailu e o all lines du ing a aul and o
con inue powe supply o he sys ems, dis ibu ed sys-
ems we e di ided in o sepa a e egions [28]. The di-
ision o egions in he dis ibu ion sys em was based
on sys em opology, he p esence o p o ec i e de ices,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12
22 24 25
15
19 18
20 16
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23
13
14 21
17
7
R
zone1
zone2
zone3
zone4
zone5
52 R
F1 F2
F3
Fig. 12: Diag am o he 25 kV powe dis ibu ion sys em o Canada.
Faul classi ica ion
Algo i hm 2Algo i hm 1 Algo i hm 3 Algo i hm 4
Loca e aul ed zone
Single phase o
g ound aul Phase o phase aul Double phase o
g ound aul Th ee phase aul
Fig. 13: Flowcha o loca e he aul y zone.
he leng h o eede s, e c. [29]. As an example, he
25 kV powe dis ibu ion sys em o Canada [27] was
s udied as a p ac ical sys em (Fig. 12). This sys em
was di ided in o i e egions wi h espec o p o ec-
i e de ices, and in case o a aul in each egion, he
aul y zone was de ec ed and only he speci ied a ea
was disconnec ed om he ci cui .
A e comple ing he p ocess o es ima ing aul ime
and classi ica ion o aul ype, he aul zone loca ion
was de e mined using he ANFIS sys em. To loca e he
aul zone, da a om he h ee-phase wa ele ans o m
cu en was di ec ed o he app op ia e algo i hm, one
o each ype o aul (Fig. 13). In his algo i hm, o
educe da a in e e ences and diminish e o s in he
loca ion o aul zone using he ANFIS sys em, da a
we e analysed in smalle ba ches. Acco ding o he
algo i hm lowcha shown in Fig. 14, a e de e mining
he ype o aul , he ained in e ence sys em o his
aul ype was used.
7. E alua ion o he
Pe o mance o he
P oposed Algo i hms
7.1. Es ima ing he Faul Time
To e alua e he pe o mance o he algo i hm in es i-
ma ing aul ime, i was implemen ed o en ypes o
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2018 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 161
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 16 |NUMBER: 2 |2018 |JUNE
Wha is he ype o
aul ?
Faul y zone
Ag
Cg
Bg AB
AC
BC ABg
ACg
BCg ABC ABCg
Single phase
aul Double phase
o g ound aul Th ee phase
aul
Double phase
aul
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS1)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS2)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS3)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS4)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS5)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS6)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS7)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS8)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS9)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS10)
T ained
ne wo k
(ANFIS11)
Fig. 14: Flowcha o he aul a ea loca ion algo i hm.
aul s wi h a ied s a ing angles a 20 andom loca-
ions in he 25 kV powe dis ibu ion sys em o Canada
[27]. The esul s a e shown in Tab. 1. The accu acy o
he algo i hm was compu ed using Eq. (1):
pe cen age accu acy =
eal ime o aul −es ima ed aul ime
du a ion o one cycle ·100.(1)
In Tab. 1, i can be seen ha he la ges e o in es-
ima ing he aul ime was 1 %, which indica es a high
accu acy o he algo i hm.
7.2. E alua ing he Pe o mance o
he Faul -Type Classi ica ion
Algo i hm
To e alua e he pe o mance o he aul - ype classi i-
ca ion algo i hm, he algo i hm was un o en ypes
o aul in one loca ion in he 25 kV powe dis ibu ion
sys em o Canada (node 6, aul esis ance 40 ohms,
aul incep ion 8 deg ees) [27]. The esul s a e p e-
sen ed in Tab. 2. Fo example, in he i s ow, a single-
phase- o-g ound aul Ag ook place. As discussed in
Sec. 4. , in single-phase aul mode, he wa ele
ans o ms o he aul - ee phases a e almos iden i-
cal (SWb =SWc) and by compa ing he di e ence
be ween he peak cu en o he phase, bo h du ing
and be o e he aul , wi h he o he phases, i can be
de e mined whe he a aul has occu ed in phase A

max 
id
a
−max 
ib
a

.
Simila ly, o he ou h ow whe e an AB phase-
o-phase aul ook place, by compa ing he wa ele
ans o m o he cu en , i was obse ed ha he
wa ele ans o ms o he A and B phases we e sym-
me ical (SWa +SWb = 0). Also, by compa -
ing he di e ence o he cu en peaks, bo h be-
o e and du ing he aul , wi h he o he phases, i
could be de e mined whe he a aul had aken place
in phases A o B 
max 
id
a

−
max 
ib
a

and


max 

id
b




−

max 

ib
b



. I should be no ed
ha he p oposed me hod had 100 % accu acy in clas-
si ying he aul ype, his was no obse ed in p e ious
s udies [22].
7.3. E alua ing he Faul A ea
Loca ion Algo i hm
As men ioned p e iously, he main pu pose o he p e-
sen ed pape is o de e mine he aul egion in he dis-
ibu ion sys em, and he p ecise loca ion o he aul is
no conside ed. On he o he hand, o ob ain su icien
da a o aining he ANFIS ne wo k, di e en ypes o
aul s in a ying nodes and unde di e en aul esis-
ance, aul incep ion and aul ypes ( o 1000 epochs)
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POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 16 |NUMBER: 2 |2018 |JUNE
Tab. 1: E alua ion o he pe o mance o he es ima ing aul ime algo i hm.
Type o Faul loca ion Faul impedance Real ime Es ima ed aul E o o es ima ed
aul (node) Ωo aul (ms) ime (ms) aul ime
ABg 1 10 15 14.8293 1 %
BCg 6 20 11 10.9283 0.4 %
Bg 12 40 7 6.9601 0.2 %
Ag 8 80 4 4.0156 0.09 %
ACg 9 10 1 1.0984 0.5 %
BCg 11 20 15 14.9519 0.2 %
Bg 13 40 11 10.9323 0.4 %
Bg 14 80 7 7.0155 0.09 %
Bg 15 10 4 4.0354 0.2 %
Bg 16 20 1 1.075 0.4 %
Bg 17 40 15 14.9804 0.1 %
Cg 18 80 11 10.9876 0.07 %
Cg 19 10 7 6.9325 0.4 %
ABC 6 0 11 10.9402 0.3 %
AC 8 20 11 10.9679 0.1 %
ABg 11 80 4 4.0275 0.1 %
Bg 14 80 11 10.9679 0.1 %
Bg 16 40 7 7.0036 0.02 %
Cg 21 20 4 4.0354 0.2 %
Cg 18 20 11 10.9718 0.01 %
Tab. 2: E alua ion o he pe o mance o he es ima ing aul ime algo i hm.
Type o SWa SWb SWc max ib
amax ib
bmax ib
cmax id
amax id
bmax id
c
aul
Ag 5.703 -3.24 -3.24 144.1712 149.0179 152.1604 943.6845 146.4857 143.3865
Bg 4.556 -2.566 -2.566 180.7221 149.0179 144.0064 171.35 7109.5 143.3865
Cg 13.78 1.758 1.758 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 149.0797 197.2185 4566.4
AB 0.6724 -0.6752 0.0009 144.1714 149.0179 143.3915 6400.5 6401.8 143.3865
BC 0.0006 -7.908 7.906 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 153.959 7395.7 7287.2
AC -3.794 0.1803 3.807 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 2334.2 149.029 2446.8
ABg -1.497 -0.5625 4.46 182.5789 149.0179 159.6409 885.6958 5454.3 143.3865
BCg 1.714 -8.864 6.0343 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 144.174 6700.6 3773
ACg 7.531 2.004 -5.567 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 636.7509 156.3637 3719
ABCg 3.241 -0.629 -2.207 144.1712 149.0179 143.3865 949.447 6627.6 3902.8
we e simula ed and he collec ed da a used o aining
he ANFIS ne wo k (Tab. 3).
The da a necessa y o es ing he ained ne wo k
a e shown in Tab. 4. Faul s iden i ied ou side he aul
zone by he ANFIS ne wo k we e conside ed as inco -
ec . The accu acy o he p oposed me hod is calcu-
la ed om Eq. (2):
pe cen age e o =inco ec answe
o al o answe ·100.(2)
Tab. 3: T aining da a.
Faul y node 1,9,12,13,16,19,20,23,25
Faul esis ance 0,10,20,40,80
Faul incep ion 11,43,75,118,161
To al o da a 1125
Tab. 4: Tes ing da a.
Faul y node 6,10,15,18,22
Faul esis ance 5,15,30,50,70
Faul incep ion 8,54,96,108,144
To al o da a 575
Table 5 shows he da a used o each aul , based on
he aul phase as well as he sha e o each one in he
p ocess o aining and es ing he ANFIS ne wo k. In
Tab. 6, he e alua ion o he aul loca ion algo i hm
and he accu acy o he algo i hm o each aul phase
based on he numbe o da a is shown.
Tab. 5: Da a used o ain and es he aul a ea loca ion al-
go i hm.
Type o aul Faul y phase P ocess
Single phase Ag Bg Cg T ain Tes
o g ound 225 425 225 275 150
Double phase ABg ACg BCg T ain Tes
o g ound 150 150 150 300 150
Double AB AC BC T ain Tes
phase 150 150 150 300 150
Th ee ABCg/ABC T ain Tes
phase 150 100 50
The p oposed me hod o aul iden i ica ion was
assessed o 10 ypes o aul s in di e en loca ions
and unde di e en condi ions and compa ed wi h he
me hod de eloped in [24]. The esul s a e shown in
Tab. 7.
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2018 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 163