GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 68 (2022), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 91–98, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2022-0072
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE SURFACE
WATER OF THE DOI CANAL, THE CHO DEM AND BEN LUC
RIVERS, VIETNAM
Van Vu Duc THIEU1, Binh An NGUYEN1, Thi Thu Huong DINH2, Thi T uc Thao NGUYEN2,
Thuy Lan Chi NGUYEN2, Anh Duc PHAM2*
1 Ton Duc Thang Uni e si y, Facul y o En i onmen and Labou Sa e y, Ho Chi Minh Ci y, Vie nam
2 Van Lang Uni e si y, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing and Technology,
Ho Chi Minh Ci y, Vie nam
*E-mail: duc.pa@ lu.edu. n
ABSTRACT
The Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s play he key oles in i iga ion, na iga ion and ecological
es o a ion. I is impo an o clea ly iden i y he pollu ion, in luencing ac o s, ecological isks and possible
sou ces o hea y me als in he su ace wa e o his i e sys em. The su ace wa e o 7 sampling si es was
collec ed o e 7 consecu i e pe iods om Ap il 2019 o Oc obe 2021. Each su ace wa e sample was analyzed
o 9 hea y me als including Fe, Mn, C , Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. Sampling and sample handling echniques we e
pe o med based on he S anda d Me hods o he Examina ion o Wa e and Was ewa e . Among all nine hea y
me als examined in he s udy a ea, he concen a ions o Fe (1.00  5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14  0.28 mg/L) we e
he highes and he concen a ions o C , Cd and As we e below he lowe limi o de ec ion. The esul s showed
ha he a e age Fe and Mn con en s bo h exceeded he pe missible h esholds o he Na ional echnical egula ion
on su ace wa e quali y (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Addi ionally, he con en o Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni did
no mee he wa e quali y s anda ds o aqua ic li e (Uni ed S a e En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency).
Keywo ds: Dis ibu ion; Hea y me al pollu ion; Ri e ; Su ace wa e ; Wa e quali y p o ec ion.
1 INTRODUCTION
The Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s has a leng h o abou 30 km, a wid h o 30  70 m, a dep h
o 3  7 m. This i e sys em is one o he impo an inland wa e ways connec ing Ho Chi Minh Ci y wi h Long
An p o ince (Mekong Del a). This i e sys em plays an impo an ole in i iga ion, anspo a ion and ecological
es o a ion. Among he ino ganic pollu an s o i e wa e , hea y me als ha e d awn signi ican a en ion on hei
non-biodeg adable na u e and o en accumula e a opical a eas causing ha m ul biological e ec s [1]. Hea y
me al pollu ion le els in aqua ic ecosys ems a e o u gen conce n because o hei pe sis ence, en i onmen al
oxici y, and bioaccumula ion. The aqua ic en i onmen ecei es hea y me als in un ea ed o inadequa ely ea ed
was ewa e om domes ic, indus ial, ag icul u al and na iga ion sou ces [2]. Man-made ac i i ies such as mining,
inal disposal o ea ed and un ea ed was es con aining oxic me als as well as me al chela es [3] om indus ies
such as s eel mills, ba e y indus y, he mal powe plan s, e c. and also he indisc imina e use o e ilize s and
pes icides con aining hea y me als in ag icul u e led o he de e io a ion o wa e quali y causing se ious
en i onmen al p oblems h ea ening human heal h [4] and aqua ic ecosys em [5, 6].
Sanka e al. [7] s a ed ha he concen a ions o di e en me als, such as Ch omium (C ), Manganese (Mn), Cobal
(Co), Nickel (Ni), Coope (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd). Me cu y (Hg) and A senic (As) inc eased
sha ply in coas al a eas due o ag icul u al and domes ic was e; guidelines o was e ea men om indus ies such
as me al pla ing; pene a ion o o ganic and ino ganic chemicals; me al leaching om solid was e; and he use o
me als and me al componen s. Concen a ions o hea y me als in wa e and ish om he Yamuna Ri e a
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Allahabad ha e ound ha Pb and Cu a e abo e he WHO allowable limi s, indica ing a haza dous isk o human
heal h, while A senic was de ec ed below he allowable limi [7]. In Vie nam, empe a u e, pH, dissol ed oxygen
(DO), conduc i i y, salini y, chlo ophyll-a, phaeopigmen s, concen a ion o suspended pa icula e ma e (SPM),
pa icle size dis ibu ion, nu ien s, ca bon and dissol ed and g anula o ganic phospho us, and ace me al
concen a ions (C , Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and MMHg) we e measu ed a 17 si es along he Saigon Ri e in
he coun y ( il e ed and suspended ma e ) and sedimen . This s udy showed ha he wa e quali y o he Saigon
Ri e was mode a ely pollu ed, in which he discha ge sou ces con aining signi ican hea y me al concen a ions
ha e been iden i ied [8].
The Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s ecei ed hea y me als in un ea ed o inadequa ely ea ed
was ewa e om domes ic, indus ial, ag icul u al and wa e way sou ces. I was e y impo an o moni o and
assess he cu en pollu ion s a us, in luencing ac o s, ecological isks and possible sou ces o hea y me als in
su ace wa e o his i e sys em. This opic was e y impo an o de e mine he le el o hea y me al pollu ion
in his i e sys em. The esul s con ibu ed o p o iding in o ma ion and da a o local au ho i ies on hea y me al
pa ame e s as well as pollu ion le els o he Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. S udy a ea
Da a om abou 70 km2 wi h leng h o 30 km we e used as ep esen a i e samples o he s udy a eas. Wa e
samples o hea y me al analysis (I on, Manganese, Ch ome, Zinc, Coppe , Lead, Cadmium, Nickel and A senic)
a 7 si es we e aken in 7 pe iods in Ap il and Oc obe (2019, 2020); Ap il, June and Oc obe (2021) (see Fig. 1;
Tab. 1).
Figu e 1. S udy a ea o hea y me al concen a ions wi h 7 sampling si es
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Table 1. Coo dina es and loca ions o he sampling si es in s udy a ea
Si es
Local Names
Longi ude (N)
La i ude (S)
CD01
Ba Lon C eek lows in o Doi Canal (nea Residen ial A ea 13C)
10°42’48.05” N
106°38’49.51” E
CD02
Doi Canal a 16 Wa d, Dis ic 8 (nea Ri e Wha )
10°43’06.17” N
106°37’57.22” E
CD03
Binh Dien Ri e (nea Binh Dien Ma ke )
10°42’18.03” N
106°36’25.97” E
CD04
Binh Dien Ri e (nea Binh Dien B idge)
10°42’04.67” N
106°35’50.39” E
CD05
Binh Dien Ri e (nea Cai Tam B idge)
10°41’37.99” N
106°34’41.70” E
CD06
My Nhan C eek low in o Ben Luc Ri e (nea Tan Bua Fe y
S a ion)
10°40’52.58” N
106°32’17.54” E
CD07
Ben Luc Ri e (nea Tan Bua Fe y S a ion)
10°41’09.70” N
106°32’21.22” E
2.2. Sample collec ion
Wa e samples o on-si e pa icula e me al analysis we e aken in acco dance wi h he s anda ds o TCVN 6663
– 1:2011 (ISO 5667 – 1:2006) Wa e quali y – Sampling – Pa 1: Guidance on he design o sampling p og ammes
and sampling echniques; and, TCVN 6663 – 3:2008 (ISO 5667 – 3:2003) Wa e quali y – Sampling – Pa 3:
Ins uc ions o sample s o age and handling [9, 10]. All samples we e collec ed in clean, 2.0-li e polye hylene
bo les, p e-washed wi h 10% ni ic acid and deionized wa e . P io o sampling, he bo les we e insed a leas
h ee imes wi h wa e om he sampling si e. Sample loca ions a each poin we e aken in he middle o he i e
wi h a su ace wa e dep h o 30  40 cm [10-12]. All wa e samples we e immedia ely b ough o he labo a o y.
2.3. Analy ical me hods
The s anda d me hods o hea y me als and hei analy ical me hods we e p esen ed b ie ly in Tab. 2.
Table 2. Pa ame e s and me hods o wa e quali y analysis
No.
Pa ame e s
Uni
Me hods
QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNT
A1
B1
1
Fe
mg/L
TCVN 6177:1996
0.5
1.5
2
Mn
mg/L
SMEWW 3111B:2017
0.1
0.5
3
C
mg/L
TCVN 6222:2008
0.05
0.5
4
Zn
mg/L
TCVN 6193:1996
0.5
1.5
5
Cu
mg/L
SMEWW 3111B:2017
0.1
0.5
6
Pb
mg/L
SMEWW 3111B:2017
0.02
0.05
7
Cd
mg/L
SMEWW 3111B:2017
0.005
0.01
8
Ni
mg/L
SMEWW 3111B:2017
0.1
0.1
9
As
mg/L
US EPA Me hod 2008
0.01
0.05
No es: A1 Le el (wa e quali y o domes ic wa e supply and aqua ic li e conse a ion); B1 (wa e quali y o
i iga ion and d ainage pu poses)
Samples we e acidi ied wi h 2 mL o concen a ed Ni ic acid o p e en p ecipi a ion o me als, educe adso p ion
o analys o essel walls and o a oid mic obial ac i i y, hen aqueous samples we e p ese ed a 2°C un il
analysis. Su ace wa e samples we e il e ed h ough a milipo e il e using 0.45 µm Wha man il e pape . I he
concen a ion exceeded he calib a ion cu e, he samples we e app op ia ely dilu ed and acid was added o
measu e he sample. Samples o hea y me al analysis we e measu ed in he Induc i ely Coupled Plasma Op imal
Emission Spec ome e [13].
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2.4. Da a analysis
The ob ained da a we e subjec ed o a s a is ical analysis o check he analysis o a iance (ANOVA) and he
co ela ion be ween all pa ame e s using R s a is ical so wa e. Map o he s udy a ea and Sampling loca ions we e
applied using Google Ea h.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Hea y me al concen a ions in i e wa e
Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, C , Cd and As concen a ions ha e been de ec ed in he su ace wa e a se en di e en
loca ions o se en pe iods on he Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s du ing 2019, 2020 and 2021
we e de ec ed and eco ded in Tab. 3.
Table 3. Hea y me al concen a ions in he su ace wa e o he s udy a ea
Pa ame e s
(mg/L)
Sampling Si es
CD01
CD02
CD03
CD04
CD05
CD06
CD07
Fe (mg/L)
Range
1.011.16
2.383.63
2.725.04
1.652.11
1.212.85
1.051.84
1.062.04
Mean
1.06
3.25
3.59
1.91
1.78
1.36
1.68
Mn (mg/L)
Range
0.140.19
0.240.27
0.220.28
0.160.23
0.160.22
0.160.19
0.160.18
Mean
0.16
0.25
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.17
Cu (mg/L)
Range
0.02900.34
0.0570.078
0.0380.081
0.0320.065
0.0260.070
0.0510.062
0.0400.058
Mean
0.031
0.062
0.053
0.045
0.047
0.056
0.049
Ni (mg/L)
Range
0.0290.037
0.0430.057
0.0340.053
0.0310.043
0.0250.038
0.0260.033
0.0250.030
Mean
0.033
0.049
0.44
0.037
0.031
0.029
0.028
Zn (mg/L)
Range
0.0260.034
0.0480.056
0.0450.068
0.0300.041
0.0260.030
0.0260.032
0.0260.034
Mean
0.029
0.052
0.054
0.036
0.028
0.030
0.029
Pb (mg/L)
Range
0.0080.010
0.0100.012
0.0080.012
0.0080.010
0.0080.010
0.0080.012
0.080.010
Mean
0.009
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.010
C (mg/L)
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
Cd (mg/L)
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
As (mg/L)
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
Tab. 3 showed ha he a e age concen a ions o mos hea y me als we e obse ed in descending o de Fe > Mn
> Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > C , Cd, As compa ed wi h he concen a ions o hea y me als (Mn > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb)
we e wi hin he allowable limi o he Na ional echnical egula ion on su ace wa e quali y o QCVN 08-MT:
2015/BTNMT a he B1 Le el [14]. In pa icula , he concen a ion o hea y me als such as ch omium, cadmium
and a senic has no been de ec ed in wa e samples a his sys em. While he a e age i on (Fe) con en exceeded
he allowable h eshold o he Na ional echnical egula ion on su ace wa e quali y o QCVN 08-MT:
2015/BTNMT a he B1 Le el. In addi ion, he a e age concen a ions o Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb we e all
highe han he alues abo e he allowable limi s o he Na ional echnical egula ion on su ace wa e quali y o
QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT a he A1 Le el [15]. Human ac i i ies could be he main sou ce o hea y me als
in su ace wa e o he Doi Canal and he Cho Dem and Ben Luc Ri e s.
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3.2. Spa ial dis ibu ion o hea y me al concen a ions in i e wa e
The concen a ion o di e en me als in i e wa e o de s as ollows: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb (Fig. 2). The
esul s showed ha he hea y me als i on and zinc had he highes concen a ions a he CD2 and CD3 si es. The
nex concen a ion is shown a he CD4 posi ion and he lowes concen a ion a he CD1 si e. The esul s showed
ha he i on and zinc had he highes concen a ions a he CD2 and CD3 si es. The nex concen a ion indica ed
in he si e CD4, and he lowes concen a ions in si e CD1. The esul s o concen a ions o lead and nickel
luc ua ed simila o he concen a ions o in manganese and coppe . While he concen a ions o ch omium,
cadmium and a senic we e lowe han he lowe he limi o de ec ion (Fig. 2). These esul s we e qui e simila o
he hea y me al pollu ion s udy in he Lake Manzal, Egyp [16] which showed ha he concen a ions o di e en
me als in wa e , plank on and ish issue ollow he same o de : Zn > Cu > Pb> Cd. The a e age concen a ions o
me als in wa e we e as ollows: Cu, 0.055; Zn, 0.311; Cd, 0.020; and Pb, 0.022 mg/L.
Figu e 2. Hea y me als measu ed in he 7 sampling si es a he s udy a ea

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Among he six hea y me als iden i ied abo e, he seasonal a ia ion was no signi ican . This needed o be
obse ed u he o p o ide a clea unde s anding o he cha ac e is ics o seasonal a ia ions in hea y me al
concen a ions. T an e al. (2020) sugges ed ha he o al me al concen a ion in he sea wa e o he Saigon –
Dong Nai es ua ies in he ainy season was highe han in he d y season [17]. The inc ease in ain all o e he
Saigon – Dongnai Ri e Basin du ing he ansi ion pe iod mobilized bo h dissol ed and g anula me als (Fe, C ,
Ni, and Pb) om e es ial o aqua ic en i onmen s [18]. In addi ion, Raji e al. (2016) indica ed ha he
concen a ions o hea y me als moni o ed in he Soko o Ri e in No hwes e n Nige ia we e gene ally highe in
he d y season han du ing he we season [19]. The dis ibu ion o hea y me als could also be a ec ed by he
p ope ies o he hea y me als and by luc ua ions in he wa e low.
3.3. Co ela ion analysis
Pea son’s co ela ion was pe o med on he da a se summa izing he a e age alues o su ace wa e o he s udy
a ea based on signi ican le els (p=0.05). Co ela ion analysis was pe o med o he associa ion be ween me als
and in ame als o unde s and he signi icance o he associa ion be ween me als and samples. Su ace wa e has a
posi i e co ela ion be ween Fe-Mn (0.79), Fe-Zn (0.82), Fe-Cu (0.42), Fe-Pb (0.46), Fe-Ni (0.64); Mn-Zn (0.81),
Mn-Cu (0.41), Mn-Pb (0.40), Mn-Ni (0.76); Zn-Cu (0.48), Zn-Pb (0.35), Zn-Ni (0.87); Cu-Pb (0.39), Cu-Ni (0.51);
and Pb-Ni (0.25). (Fig. 3). This would help o unde s and he na u e o hese me als and hei species cha ac e is ics
in aqua ic en i onmen s.
Figu e 3. Rela ionship among hea y me al concen a ions in he s udy a ea
Among he nine hea y me als, he e a e six pa ame e s ha we e e alua ed acco ding o he esul s o co ela ion
analysis, including Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni (Fig. 3). Among hea y me als, a signi ican posi i e co ela ion was
obse ed be ween Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.64  0.87), while Cu exhibi ed a signi ican posi i e co ela ion wi h Ni
(0.51). Cu and Pb showed a no oo s ong co ela ion wi h Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.25  0.48) (Fig. 3). This could
help o unde s and he na u e o hese me als and hei species cha ac e is ics in aqua ic en i onmen s. Simila o
he s udy o Ka e al (2008), i could be concluded ha such i e wa e was no sui able o d inking pu pose due
o he inapp op ia e concen a ions o Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni and i could no be sui able o i iga ion due o he
excess concen a ion o Fe and Mn [1]. Di e en om he esul s o S ady e al., (2017), his s udy did no show
a co ela ion be ween Fe and As as well as Fe and Ni [8].
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4 CONCLUSIONS
The esul s showed he spa ial homogenei y o hea y me als in su ace wa e o s udied i e s. Among all nine
hea y me als examined in he s udy a ea, he concen a ions o Fe (1.00  5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14  0.28 mg/L)
we e he highes , and he lowes concen a ions o C , Cd and As (unde he limi o de ec ion). The esul s showed
ha he a e age Fe and Mn con en s bo h exceeded he pe missible h esholds o he Na ional echnical egula ion
on su ace wa e quali y (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). While he concen a ions o Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni did
no mee he wa e quali y c i e ia o aqua ic li e (Uni ed S a e En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency).
Among he six hea y me als iden i ied abo e, he seasonal a ia ion was no signi ican . This needs o be obse ed
u he o p o ide a clea unde s anding o he cha ac e is ics o seasonal a ia ions in hea y me al concen a ions.
Among he hea y me als, a signi ican posi i e co ela ion was obse ed be ween Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni Fe, Mn, Zn
and Ni (0.64  0.87), while Cu exhibi ed a signi ican posi i e co ela ion wi h Ni (0.51). Addi ionally, Cu and Pb
showed a no oo s ong co ela ion wi h Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni (0.25  0.48). This could help o unde s and he na u e
o hese me als and hei species cha ac e is ics in aqua ic en i onmen s.
Al hough some hea y me als ha e been ound o be bene icial o humans and o ganisms o a ce ain ex en , i
could be ha m ul o a ce ain ex en . The e o e, he app op ia e wa e ea men measu es need o be aken
immedia ely o emo e hea y me al loads om indus ial was ewa e and eno a e was ewa e ea men plan s as
well as moni o wa e quali y o he human heal h p o ec ion.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The au ho s would like o exp ess ou hanks he EMAS, TDTU o he echnical suppo o his s udy. This s udy
was also inancially suppo ed by Van Lang Uni e si y, Vie nam.
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