1
Syne gizing ca bon cap u e and u iliza ion in a biogas
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upg ading plan based on calcium chlo ide: Scaling-up and
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p o i abili y analysis
3
F ancisco M. Baena-Mo eno a,b *, T. R. Reina b,c *, Mónica Rod íguez-Galán a, Beni o
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Na a e e a, Luis F. Vilches a
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a Chemical and En i onmen al Enginee ing Depa men , Technical School o
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Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, C/ Camino de los Descub imien os s/n, Se illa 41092,
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Spain
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b Depa men o Chemical and P ocess Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Su ey, GU2 7XH
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Guild o d, Uni ed Kingdom
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cDepa amen o de Química Ino gánica, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Ins i u o de Ciencias de
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Ma e iales de Se illa Cen o mix o US-CSIC A da. Amé ico Vespucio 49, 41092 Se ille,
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Spain
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*Co-co esponding au ho s.
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E-mail add ess: [email protected] (F ancisco M. Baena-Mo eno);
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. ami ez eina@su ey.ac.uk (T.R. Reina).
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Abs ac
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He ein we analyse he p o i abili y o a no el egene a i e p ocess o syne gize biogas
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upg ading and ca bon dioxide u iliza ion. Ou p oposal is a p omising al e na i e which
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allows o ob ain calcium ca bona e as added alue p oduc while going beyond adi ional
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biogas upg ading me hods wi h high he mal ene gy consump ion. Recen ly we ha e
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demons a ed he expe imen al iabili y o his ou e. In his wo k, bo h he scale-up and
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he p o i abili y o he p ocess a e p esen ed. Fu he mo e, we analyse h ee
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2
ep esen a i e scena ios o unde ake a echno-economic s udy o he p oposed ci cula
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economy p ocess. The scale-up esul s demons a e he echnical iabili y o ou
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p oposal. The p ecipi a ion e iciency and he p oduc quali y a e s ill ema kable wi h he
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inc ease o he eac o size. The echno-economic analysis e eals ha he
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implemen a ion o his ci cula economy s a egy is unp o i able wi hou subsidies.
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None heless, he esul s a e somehow encou aging as he subsides needed o each
30
p o i abili y a e lowe han in o he biogas upg ading and ca bon dioxide u iliza ion
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p oposals. Indeed, o he bes -case scena io, a eed-in a i incen i e o 4.3 €/MWh
32
makes he app oach p o i able. A sensi i i y s udy h ough o nado analysis is also
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p esen ed, e ealing he impo ance o educing bipola memb ane elec odialysis
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ene gy consump ion. O e all ou s udy en isages he big challenge ha he EU aces
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du ing he o hcoming yea s. The e olu ion owa ds bio-based and ci cula economies
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equi es he a ailabili y o economic esou ces and p og ess on enginee ing
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echnologies.
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Keywo ds
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Ca bon Cap u e and U iliza ion; Biogas Upg ading; Biome hane Ci cula Economy;
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G een P ocess;
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1. In oduc ion
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The inc ease o G eenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and he o hcoming sca ci y o
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ossil uels a e dilemmas o ou e a ha need e ec i e coun e measu es (Sa kodie and
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S ezo , 2019; Sun e al., 2019). In his line, he Eu opean Union (EU) ames a s a egic
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plan known as Ho izon Eu ope (HE), aimed o enhance bo h he Eu opean indus ial
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compe i i eness and he cu en en i onmen al condi ions (Eu ope Union, 2019).
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Th ough HE, he EU will lead global e o s o deca bonise indus ies and o e ol e
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owa ds ci cula economy policies (Eu ope Union, 2019). One o he main challenges
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elays on p oducing enewable chemicals and uels (Danish e al., 2019; Jacob e al.,
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3
2020). The use o biomass and was e o p oduce hese ma e ials ha e he po en ial o
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educe he dependence o ossil esou ces (Fe ei a e al., 2020; Wang e al., 2020).
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Fu he mo e, biomass – was e u iliza ion con ibu es o ins i u e he ci cula economy
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philosophy as well as i s u iliza ion educes he amoun o was e ea men (A ia e al.,
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2019; Theue l e al., 2019). A widely ecognized me hod o alo ise biomass is he
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p oduc ion o biogas. Biogas is basically composed by 60% CH4 and 40% CO2 (le Saché
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e al., 2019), al hough o he impu i ies (i.e. H2S o siloxanes) can be ound in i s
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composi ion (Vila di e al., 2020). Biogas upg ading enables o ob ain a high pu i y
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biome hane (Chin e al., 2020), which can subs i u e adi ional na u al gas. On he o he
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hand, he sepa a ed CO2 mus be used o ul ill he ci cula economy concep (Bassano
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e al., 2020).
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In his sense, ou esea ch eam has ecen ly p oposed and expe imen ally alida e a
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egene a i e p ocess o CO2 alo isa ion, as shown in Figu e 1 (Baena-Mo eno e al.,
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2019a). In his p ocess, biogas is i s ly upg aded in a packed owe using NaOH as
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sol en (Eq. (1)). A e wa ds, he p oduced Na2CO3 mus be egene a ed o keep he
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p ocess a o dable. Two al e na i es a e a ailable o hese pu pose, ei he he mal o
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chemical egene a ion (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020b). The i s al e na i e en ails a high
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ene gy consump ion (Vega e al., 2017). The chemical egene a ion pa h needs o use
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a p ecipi an such as CaCl2, p oducing CaCO3 as a side added alue p oduc (Eq. (2))
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(Baciocchi e al., 2012). Indeed, he majo ad an age o NaOH in compa ison wi h o he
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adi ional CO2 sol en s (i.e. MEA o pipe azine) is ha i can be chemically egene a ed,
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hence a oiding he high ene gy penal y o he mal egene a ion. In ou p e ious wo ks,
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we ha e in ensi ely s udied he chemical egene a ion ou e in o de o ob ain a aluable
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by-p oduc , which could balance he o e all economic pe o mance o he p ocess. Thus,
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he analysis o bo h p ecipi a ion e iciencies and p oduc quali y ha e been he objec i e
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o ou seminal s udies. Among he main conclusions ob ained, we can highligh ha he
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use o CaCl2 as p ecipi an esul s in an enhanced p oduc quali y han using Ca(OH)2
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4
(Baena-Mo eno e al., 2019c). The egene a ion eac ion be ween Na2CO3 and CaCl2 is
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ep esen ed in Eq. (2). As indica ed in he equa ion, NaCl is ob ained as by-p oduc .
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Implemen ing a 100% ci cula economy equi es egene a ion o NaCl o NaOH. Fo his
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pu pose, bipola memb ane elec odialysis (BMED) has been success ully employed (Ye
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e al., 2015). The main p oblem o his echnology is he high cos ela ed o bo h
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in es men and ene gy consump ion. Thus, i s implemen a ion o comply wi h he ci cula
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economy philosophy o ou p ocess depends on he economic pe o mance.
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2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻+ 𝐶𝑂2→ 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2𝑂 (1)
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𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3+ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2→2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙+𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (2)
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Figu e 1. Regene a i e p ocess o biogas upg ading and CO2 u iliza ion.
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The chemical aspec s o he egene a i e ou e p oposed in Fig. 1 including
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physicochemical p ope ies o he CaCO3 ob ained and he p ecipi a ion e iciency has
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been he subjec o ou pionee ing wo ks (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2019d). Despi e he lab-
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scale alida ion has been con i med he applicabili y o his p ocess a la ge scale
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emains an open ques . In o de o add ess his ques his wo k goes a s ep o wa d in
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he concep ual design – modelling o he p ocess and i s economic pe o mance h ough
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a p o i abili y analysis. Fu he mo e, we p opose his s udy as a ool o assess he
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eadiness o ci cula economy app oaches. To his end, we come up wi h h ee di e en
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scena ios, as depic ed in Figu e 2. These scena ios co espond o he comple e absence
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5
o ci cula economy (Fig. 2.A); pa ial ci cula economy (Fig. 2.B); and ull ci cula
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economy (Fig. 2.C). In scena io 1, only he upg ading o biogas is pe o med, yielding
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biome hane and a sodium ca bona e as end p oduc s. Such ca bona e canno be u he
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alo ised, hence i mus be ea ed in a was ewa e ea men s age. In scena io 2, we
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p opose he alo isa ion o sodium ca bona e ia calcium ca bona e p oduc ion, as
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explained abo e. Thus, a p ecipi a ion eac o is needed. In his scena io, he esul ing
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NaCl solu ion is sen o he was ewa e ea men s age o keep a pa ial ci cula
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economy. Finally, in scena io 3, we include he egene a ion o his NaCl solu ion o
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NaOH h ough BMED. Some p e- ea men s a e needed be o e BMED can wo k wi h
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NaCl. Those p e- ea men s a e: so ening, o emo e all he calcium ca bona es
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emaining; and memb ane dis illa ion (MD). The h ee scena ios we e e alua ed o 100,
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250, 500 and 1000 m3/h o biogas, in ag eemen wi h s anda d sizes de ined in p e ious
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wo ks (Cucchiella and D’Adamo, 2016). The s ages we e modelled heo e ically, wi h he
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excep ion o he p ecipi a ion s age. To de ine a ealis ic p ecipi a ion e iciency alue,
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scale-up expe imen s we e pe o med. These expe imen s we e ca ied ou a highe
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olumes han p e ious wo ks o check he beha iou o he p ecipi a ion e iciency.
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6
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Figu e 2. Scena ios p oposed: Absence o ci cula economy (scena io 1); Pa ial
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ci cula economy (scena io 2); Full ci cula economy (scena io 3).
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To achie e he explained objec i es, his wo k is o ganized as ollow. Fi s , he
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expe imen al scale-up o he p ecipi a ion eac o is analysed. This i s s ep se es o
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selec a p ecipi a ion e iciency alue o he modelling o he p ecipi a ion eac o .
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Mo eo e , he powde s ob ained a e physicochemical cha ac e ized o co obo a e ha
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scaling-up does no a ec he p oduc quali y. A e wa ds, he equipmen a e modelled
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o he h ee di e en scena ios and o all he plan sizes. This modelling is equi ed o
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pe o m he economic analysis. The economic pe o mance is analysed h ough a
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p o i abili y analysis based on he discoun cash low (DCF) me hod. Thus, he esul s
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ob ained o each scena io – plan size can be di ec ly compa ed. In he economic
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analysis, he in luence o po en ial subsidies is conside ed. Fu he mo e, we p opose a
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wide sensi i i y analysis o s udy he in luence o each pa ame e o each plan size –
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scena io.
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2. Me hodology
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2.1 Expe imen al
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Ma e ials
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NaOH, Na2CO3, CaCl2 and CaCO3 employed in his wo k we e p o ided by PanReac-
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AppliChem (pu e-g ade o pha ma-g ade, 99% pu i y).
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Me hods
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The expe imen al me hodology used is analogous o ha epo ed elsewhe e (Baena-
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Mo eno e al., 2019a). Fo all he expe imen s, he ini ial concen a ion o he Na2CO3 –
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NaOH solu ion coming om he packed owe was se a 20 g/100 mL Na2CO3 and 6
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g/100 mL NaOH. The alues o he eac ion pa ame e s we e chosen in ag eemen wi h
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he mos app op ia ed esul s ob ained p e iously (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2019a). Thus,
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empe a u e was se a 30ºC; he mola a io used was 1.2 mol/mol; and he eac ion
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ime chosen was 45 minu es. Fi e eac o olumes we e es ed: 200, 500, 1000, 2000
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and 5000 mL. These i e es s allow o check he in luence o he eac o olume on he
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p ecipi a ion e iciency, hence de ining a mo e ealis ic p ecipi a ion e iciency han ha
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he ob ained in ou p e ious wo k. The maximum eac o olume es ed was limi ed by
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he essels a ailabili y olume in ou labo a o y. The es s we e pe o med duplica ed,
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esul ing in an o e all expe imen al e o o ±2%. Fu he in o ma ion conce ning he
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expe imen al me hodology is a ailable elsewhe e (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2019a).
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PCC Physicochemical Cha ac e iza ion
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The powde s ob ained we e physicochemical analysed by means o Raman and
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scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) in o de o s udy he in luence o he eac o olume
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on he p oduc quali y. The powde s ob ained we e i s d ied a 105°C du ing 24 hou s.
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Raman measu emen s o he powde s samples we e eco ded using a The mo DXR2
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8
spec ome e equipped wi h a Leica DMLM mic oscope. The wa eleng h o applied
156
exci a ion line was 532nm ion lase and 50x objec i e o 8-mm op ical was used o ocus
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he depola ized lase beam on a spo o abou 3 µm in diame e . On he o he hand, a
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JEOL JSM6400 ope a ed a 20 KV equipped wi h ene gy dispe si e X- ay spec oscopy
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(EDX) and a wa eleng h dispe si e X- ay spec oscopy (WDS) sys ems was used o
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he mic os uc u al/chemical cha ac e iza ion (SEM wi h EDX and WDS). The powde s
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we e coa ed wi h a hin laye o gold and posi ioned on a slide coa ed in colloidal g aphi e
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pain .
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2.2 P o i abili y analysis
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P ocess desc ip ion and modelling
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As a o emen ioned, h ee scena ios we e conside ed in ou s udy. The h ee scena ios
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s udied we e modelled as explained in Appendix I. The cha ac e is ics o each scena io
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and he mos impo an equipmen a e b ie ly explained he e. Fo he scena io 1, he
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packed owe is he mos impo an equipmen . In his packed owe biogas upg ading is
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ca ied ou , p oducing he abso p ion o CO2 and Na2CO3 as by-p oduc . The aqueous
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Na2CO3 solu ion does no mee he quali y s anda ds o ma ke selling and hence we
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assumed ha his s eam is di ec ly ea ed in a was ewa e ea men s age. Scena io 2
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de ines a pa ial ci cula economy in which CaCO3 is p oduced om he CO2 abso bed
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in he packed owe . To his end, a p ecipi a ion eac o is included in compa ison wi h
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scena io 1. As explained be o e, his p ecipi a ion eac o uses CaCl2 as p ecipi an
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agen . The NaCl aqueous solu ion is no alo ised in his scena io and hence a
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was ewa e ea men s age is needed. Finally, scena io 3 en ails he eco e y and
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ans o ma ion o NaCl in o NaOH in a BMED s age. Adjus ing he NaCl aqueous solu ion
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o sui able condi ions o BMED equi es some p e- ea men s. The i s p e- ea men is
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he emo al o Ca2+ and CO32- ions which ha e no eac ed in he p ecipi a ion s age. To
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9
his end, a so ening wi h Ca(OH)2 is conduc ed, ob aining a low-quali y CaCO3 as by-
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p oduc (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2019c). This low-quali y CaCO3 can be sold a a mode a e
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p ice. A e wa ds NaCl concen a ion mus be inc eased o ob ain a concen a ed NaOH
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in he BMED. MD was selec ed o his pu pose o wo main easons: i can wo k wi h
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was e ene gy s eams (a ailable o example in was ewa e ea men plan s); and he
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wa e eco e ed p esen s high pu i y. This allows o employ he wa e eco e ed in he
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subsequen BMED s age, whe e wa e is needed o ans o m NaCl in o NaOH and HCl.
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Once NaOH has been ob ained om NaCl, a new MD s age is needed o adjus he
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concen a ion p e ious ecycling o he packed owe . Mo eo e , HCl p oduced as by-
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p oduc in he BMED possesses a ma ke alue, enhancing he economic pe o mance
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o he p ocess. O he equipmen conside ed in he modelling o he p ocess include o
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ins ance he pumps needed o impulse he luids. Fo speci ic in o ma ion o he
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modelling he eade is e e ed o Appendix I.
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Economic model
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The DCF me hod was employed in ou wo k, choosing as indica o s ne p esen alue
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(NPV) and p o i abili y index (PI). NPV is aimed o es ima e he economic ou pu s o he
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p ojec . PI allows o quan i y he alue c ea ed pe uni o in es men , which is in e es ing
199
o in es o s. Eqs. (3) and (4) de ine he pa ame e s needed o calcula e NPV and PI,
200
espec i ely.
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NPV=∑I −O
(1+ d)
n
=0 (3)
202
PI=∑I −O
(1+ d)
n
=0
Cin (4)
203
Cash in lows (I ) and cash ou lows (O ) depends on he scena io analyzed. The discoun
204
a e pa ame e ( d) includes he ime e ec and he li e ime o he p ojec (n) was se in
205
16
o he hand, Figu e 7 e eals he PI esul s ob ained. As shown he bes PI esul s a e
300
ob ained o scena io 2. This esul highligh s he ad an ages o including a p ecipi a ion
301
eac o , as he e enues o ob aining CaCO3 a e ou weighs he ex a-in es men
302
needed.
303
E en hough he economic ou pu s o he p esen ed app oach a e nega i e, some
304
posi i e conclusions can be d awn om he esul s. In compa ison wi h p e ious wo ks
305
which syne gize biogas upg ading and CO2 u iliza ion, he NPV he e ob ained is g ea e .
306
Fo example, in a p e ious wo k o ou eam whe e we analyzed he p oduc ion o
307
biome hane and o mic acid, he esul s o he baseline scena io we e a ound en imes
308
wo se han he e (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020b). In ano he wo k in which bio-me hanol
309
was ob ained om biogas, he economic esul s o he baseline scena io we e also wo
310
o i e imes wo se han he esul s ob ained he e (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020c). This
311
compa ison somehow indica es he po en iali y o p oducing biome hane and CaCO3
312
om biogas ollowing he p ocess scheme he e p oposed in scena io 2. In ac , his way
313
o p oducing CaCO3 may ha e o he po en ial bene i s when compa ed o o he
314
enewable-based p oduc s. CaCO3 is widely used in cemen manu ac u ing, which is a
315
majo CO2 emi e indus y. I he CaCO3 used in his indus y is bio-o igin based, he
316
CO2 la e elease would no coun as ne ca bon emission due o i s biogenic o igin. This
317
opens new oppo uni ies o u u e wo ks o analyze he en i onmen al ad an ages o
318
his bio-economy pa h.
319
320
17
321
Figu e 6. NPV esul s o he scena ios p oposed
322
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Figu e 7. PI esul s o he scena ios p oposed
324
325
100 250 500 1000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
NPV (k€)
Size (m3/h)
(A) Scena io 1
100 250 500 1000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
(B) Scena io 2
NPV (k€)
Size (m3/h)
100 250 500 1000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
(C) Scena io 3
NPV (k€)
Size (m3/h)
100 250 500 1000
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
P o i abili y Index (€/€)
Plan size (m3/h)
Scena io1
Scena io 2
Scena io 3
18
Ano he cu iosi y o he esul s ob ained is he posi i e e olu ion o NPV wi h plan size
326
o scena io 2. In con as wi h scena ios 1 and 3, in which NPV wo sen as he plan size
327
inc eases, Figu e 6.A shows he di e en endency o scena io 2. This ac is caused by
328
he di e ences be ween e enues and cos s o each scena io – plan sizes, as
329
showcased in Figu e 8. Figu e 8 shows he e enues and cos s ob ained o he yea 1
330
and 16 o all he plan sizes – scena ios. Yea s 1 and 16 ha e di e en o e all cos s as
331
he loan du a ion was assumed o be 15 yea s. As a ma e o ac , he di e ences
332
be ween cos and e enues in scena io 2 o he yea 16 a e almos null o 1000 m3/h
333
plan size. The e o e, he g ea e NPV ob ained is easonable. Indeed, p obably posi i e
334
economic esul s would be ob ained o highe biogas plan sizes. This again is a good
335
oppo uni y which will be ponde ed in u u e wo ks since he ein we analyze s anda d
336
biogas plan sizes.
337
338
339
100 250 500 1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 (A) Scena io 1
Value (k€)
Plan size (m3/h)
Re enues Yea 1
Cos Yea 1
Re enues Yea 16
Cos Yea 16
100 250 500 1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 (B) Scena io 2
Re enues Yea 1
Cos Yea 1
Re enues Yea 16
Cos Yea 16
Value (k€)
Plan size (m3/h)
100 250 500 1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 (C) Scena io 3
Value (k€)
Plan size (m3/h)
Re enues Yea 1
Cos Yea 1
Re enues Yea 16
Cos Yea 16
19
Figu e 8. Re enues – cos s compa ison o he di e en scena ios – biogas plan sizes.
340
Yea 1 and 16.
341
The na u al gas p ices needed o each NPV equal o ze o was analyzed o all he
342
scena ios – plan sizes. Figu e 9 showcases he esul s ob ained. Clea ly he la ges
343
plan size in scena io 2 is qui e p omising. This op ion could be p o i able a a na u al gas
344
p ice o 25.8 €/MWh, which could be achie ed wi h minimal e o s. Indeed, in
345
compa ison wi h he cu en na u al gas p ice (21.5 €/MWh), he di e ence is only 4.3
346
€/MWh. This esul somehow indica es ha scena io 2 is an impo an al e na i e o be
347
conside ed in he sho – medium e m. Fo he la ges plan size, scena io 1 and 3 need
348
a na u al gas p ice o 32.9 and 40.6 MWh a e espec i ely es ima ed. The di e ence
349
om he cu en p ice can be sa ed ei he inc easing na u al gas p ices o h ough
350
subsidies as eed-in a i s. The i s al e na i e could lead o cus ome disappoin men
351
and he sea ch o al e na i e ene gy sou ces. Howe e , he second al e na i e is al eady
352
implemen ed in some coun ies such as Aus ia o Slo akia, which a e os e ing a
353
subs an ial de elopmen o he biome hane ma ke in he las yea s (Pablo-Rome o e
354
al., 2017). The subsidies o e ed a e a ound 12.51–16.51 €/MWh in Aus ia and 10.75
355
€/MWh in Slo akia. Unde hese incen i es, he la ges plan size o scena io 1 would
356
each p o i abili y. Howe e , scena io 3 s ill would be unp o i able. This ac dese es
357
some ponde ing as hese esul s demons a e he long pa h we ha e ahead o implemen
358
a comple e ci cula economy scheme. A gene al compa ison o all p esen ed scena ios
359
indica es ha scena io 2 me i s u he conside a ion as i would be highly p o i able e en
360
a he subsidy o e ed in Slo akia. Mo eo e , 500 m3/h plan size o his scena io would
361
be also p o i able wi h a subsidy o 15.7 €/MWh. This alue is achie able h ough poli ical
362
e o s as demons a ed in Aus ia o Slo akia. I aly is ano he coun y wi h a s ong policy
363
o a ou biome hane p oduc ion (Ma c and Ca ole, 2019). Indeed, a new incen i es
364
scheme has been launched ecen ly (Ma c and Ca ole, 2019). In his new p oposal, 61
365
€/MWh a e o e ed as eed-in a i s. Unde hese ci cums ances, he plan sizes om
366
250 o 1000 m3/h o all he scena ios he e p oposed would be p o i able. In compa ison
367
20
wi h o he al e na i es o syne gize biogas upg ading and CO2 u iliza ion, ou p ocess
368
gene ally needs lowe subsidies. Fo example, he 500 m3/h biogas plan size wi hin ou
369
p oposal, would be p o i able wi h modes subsidies such as: 15.4 €/MWh o scena io
370
1; 15.7 €/MWh o scena io 2; and 32.7 €/MWh o scena io 3. A he same plan size,
371
subsidies needed in o he p oposal a e he ollowing: 139.7 €/MWh o biome hane and
372
o mic acid p oduc ion (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020b); 30.6 €/MWh o biome hane and
373
me hanol p oduc ion (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020c); and 41 €/MWh o biome hane and
374
u ea p oduc ion (Baena-Mo eno e al., 2020d). Compa ing he esul s o o he
375
app oaches wi h ou scena io 2, i seems ha he implemen a ion o a pa ial ci cula
376
economy is wi hou a doub mo e p o i able.
377
378
379
Figu e 9. Na u al gas p ice o NPV equal o ze o.
380
381
382
100 250 500 1000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 (A) Scena io 1
Size (m3/h)
Na u al gas p ice (€/Mwh)
Cu en p ice: 21.5 €/MWh
100 250 500 1000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
(B) Scena io 2
Size (m3/h)
Na u al gas p ice (€/Mwh)
100 250 500 1000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
(C) Scena io 3
Size (m3/h)
Na u al gas p ice (€/Mwh)
21
383
Finally, as he e may be some unce ain ies ega ding he used da a, a sensi i i y
384
analysis o he majo i y o pa ame e s is pe o med. To nado analysis is he ool chosen
385
o his pu pose, as i p o ides a clea o e iew o he mos impac ing pa ame e s. Those
386
pa ame e s a e di e en o each scena io bu we can summa ize hem as ollow: NaOH
387
p ice; o al in es men ; labou cos ; CaCO3 p ice; CaCl2 p ice; HCl p ice; Ca(OH)2 p ice;
388
and ene gy consump ion employed in BMED. These pa ame e s a e a ied in ag eemen
389
wi h he pe cen ages indica ed in Table 2. The unce ain y o he selec ed pa ame e s
390
was e alua ed om he NPV esul s ob ained o each plan size – scena io. Figu es 10,
391
11 and 12 collec he esul s ob ained o scena io 1, 2 and 3, espec i ely. The esul s
392
ep esen ed a e he a ia ion o he NPV espec o he baseline case NPV.
393
Pa ame e (uni s)
O iginal alue
Va ia ion
NaOH (€/ )
100
±20%
In es men (k€)
Scena io 1: 100 m3/h – 202 k€; 250 m3/h – 363k€;
500 m3/h – 565 k€; 1000 m3/h – 881 k€
Scena io 2: 100 m3/h – 538 k€; 250 m3/h – 853 k€;
500 m3/h – 1252 k€; 1000 m3/h – 1878 k€
Scena io 3: 100 m3/h – 417 k€; 250 m3/h – 601 k€;
500 m3/h – 902 k€; 1000 m3/h – 1494 k€
±10%
Labou (wo ke s)
Scena io 1: 5
Scena io 2: 15
Scena io 3: 25
Scena io 1: ±1
Scena io 2: ±3
Scena io 3: ±6
CaCO3 high quali y (€/ )
300
±20%
CaCO3 low quali y (€/ )
80
±20%
CaCl2 (€/ )
120
±20%
HCl (€/ )
100
±20%
Ca(OH)2 (€/ )
100
±20%
BMED ene gy
consump ion (kWh/m3)
2713
±30%
394
395
Beginning o scena io 1, as Figu e 10 e eals, he mos in luencing pa ame e s a e
396
labou and NaOH p ice. Fo he lowes biogas plan size (100 m3/h), labou cos plays a
397
key ole. On he o he hand, o he es o sizes, NaOH is he mos impo an pa ame e
398
o be con olled. The e o e, his pa ame e mus be op imized in o de o achie e be e
399
22
economic ou pu s. This esul is easonable since he aw ma e ial consump ion o 100
400
m3/h plan size is conside ably lowe han he es o capaci ies. The in es men a ia ion
401
wi hin he selec ed ange does no conside ably a ec he o e all economic pe o mance.
402
Indeed, o he small plan sizes (100 and 250 m3/h), his pa ame e is he less impac ing.
403
404
405
Figu e 10. To nado analysis o scena io 1
406
407
408
Figu e 11 showcases he sensi i i y analysis pe o med o scena io 2. Di e en ly om
409
scena io 1, he e he e ec o each pa ame e a ies o each biogas plan size. Fo
410
example, labou cos is he mos in luencing pa ame e o 100 m3/h whe eas i anks in
411
he las posi ion o 1000 m3/h. Ano he example is NaOH p ice. This case coincides wi h
412
In es men
NaOH
Labou
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
NPV a ia ion (k€)
(A) 100 m3/h
In es men
Labou
NaOH
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600
(C) 500 m3/h
(B) 250 m3/h
NPV a ia ion (k€)
Labou
In es men
NaOH
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
NPV a ia ion (k€)
Labou
In es men
NaOH
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
(D) 1000 m3/h
NPV a ia ion (k€)
23
he analysis o he i s scena io o he same eason. The e ec o CaCO3 p ice is one
413
o he mos impo an o all he sizes. Indeed, i s a ia ion can cause an impac o ±8000
414
k€ o 1000 m3/h plan size. This a ia ion can e en e e he sign o he NPV, as o he
415
la ges plan he o iginal NPV was -2833 k€. Thus, con olling he CaCO3 can u n
416
posi i e he p o i abili y o he p ojec e en supp essing subsidies. On he o he hand, an
417
impo an cos o be conside ed is he CaCl2 p ice. As shown, i s a ia ion can se e ely
418
a ec he p o i abili y o all he plan sizes.
419
420
421
Figu e 11. To nado analysis o scena io 2
422
Finally, Figu e 12 depic s he o nado analysis esul s o scena io 3. Apa om he
423
esul s p e iously discussed o scena ios 1 and 2, he mos impac ing pa ame e he e
424
is he ene gy consump ion o he BMED s age. Indeed, in ag eemen wi h se e al
425
s udies, dec easing he ene gy consump ion o BMED is he main challenge o his
426
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
(C) 500 m3/h
(B) 250 m3/h
(A) 100 m3/h
NPV a ia ion (k€)
NaOH
In es men
Labou
CaCO3
CaCl2
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
CaCO3
Labou
CaCl2
NaOH
In es men
NPV a ia ion (k€)
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 NPV a ia ion (k€)
CaCO3
CaCl2
NaOH
Labou
In es men
NPV a ia ion (k€)
-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
(D) 1000 m3/h
Labou
CaCO3
CaCl2
In es men
NaOH
24
echnology owa ds ull comme cializa ion (Jaime-Fe e e al., 2008; Wilhelm e al.,
427
2001). The e o e, he s abiliza ion a a lowe alue can be po en ially bene icial o he
428
in e es s o his ci cula economy app oach. Sa ing a 30% o ene gy consump ion o
429
his s age en ails a NPV imp o emen o 8917 k€ o 1000 m3/h. Conside ing ha he
430
NPV o he baseline case o he la ges plan was -12687 k€, his imp o emen would
431
be abou 70%.
432
433
434
Figu e 12. To nado analysis o scena io 3
435
436
437
4. Conclusions
438
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
CaCO3 (low quali y)
Ca(OH)2
In es men
HCl
CaCl2
CaCO3 (high quali y)
Ene gy consump ion
BMED
NPV a ia ion (k€)
Labou
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
Ene gy consump ion
BMED
CaCO3 (high quali y)
Labou
CaCl2
HCl
In es men
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 (low quali y)
NPV a ia ion (k€)
-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000
NPV a ia ion (k€)
Ene gy consump ion
BMED
CaCO3 (high quali y)
Labou
CaCl2
HCl
In es men
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 (low quali y)
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
(D) 1000 m3/h
(C) 500 m3/h
(B) 250 m3/h
(A) 100 m3/h
NPV a ia ion (k€)
Ene gy consump ion
BMED
CaCO3 (high quali y)
CaCl2
Labou
HCl
In es men
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 (low quali y)
25
Ou pape ho oughly analyses he p o i abili y o a no el egene a i e p ocess o
439
syne gize biogas upg ading and CO2 u iliza ion. This pa h is a p omising al e na i e o
440
p omo e he ci cula economy concep and a “was e o uels – chemicals” philosophy.
441
Indeed, ou s udy se es as an example o he economic appealing o ci cula economy
442
implemen a ion. To his end, we compa e he absence o ci cula economy, pa ial
443
ci cula economy and ull ci cula economy implemen a ion. P ecipi a ion expe imen s
444
alida ed a he labo a o y in p e ious s udies a e scale-up o he i s ime. The esul s
445
show he echnical iabili y o ou p oposal, as bo h he p ecipi a ion e iciency and he
446
p oduc quali y a e no signi ican ly a ec ed by he eac o size. Reg e ably, he
447
p o i abili y analysis en isages ha he ull implemen a ion o ci cula economy is
448
economically un easible unde he cu en ci cums ances. Howe e , he p oposal he ein
449
s udied is mo e p o i able han p e ious wo ks which syne gize biogas upg ading and
450
CO2 u iliza ion. As example, o he bes case s udied (scena io 2 – 1000 m3h), ou
451
con igu a ion could be p o i able a a na u al gas p ice o 25.8 €/MWh o wi h a eed-in
452
a i incen i e o 4.3 €/MWh. The sensi i i y analysis shows oom o imp o emen . Fo
453
example, o scena io 3, a educ ion o 30% in BMED ene gy consump ion could en ail
454
sa ings o up o 10000 k€.
455
Gene ally, ou wo k e eals ha he implemen a ion o ci cula economy p ocesses in
456
he sho – medium e m is no p o i able in he con ex o biome hane p oduc ion.
457
Ini ia i es aiming o a hyb id biogas and CO2 u iliza ion ou e mus be ini ially subsidized
458
o ensu e hei economic compe i i eness. O he wise, he e olu ion owa ds low-ca bon
459
socie ies will no be economically appealing in he coming yea s. Ob iously, u he
460
scien i ic e o s mus be done o dec ease he o e all ene gy consump ion – p ocess
461
cos s and ce ainly he scien i ic communi y is de e mined o wo k on he igh di ec ion
462
o pu sue a low-ca bon u u e.
463
464
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