scieee Science in your language
[es] (orig)

Un modelo de diagnóstico de desviaciones de sistemas integrados respecto de las normas ISO 14001 e ISO 9001.

Abstract

Se resume en este traba}o, la labor de diseño de un modelo que permita evaluar, respecto de las conocidas referencias ISO, Sistemas de Gestión que incorporen simultáneamente los criterios de Calidad y Medio Ambiente. Se aproxima

Read accessible full text

Un modelo de diagnóstico de desviaciones de sistemas integrados respecto de las normas ISO 14001 e ISO 9001.

Author: Zamanillo Elgezabal, Ibon; Sánchez Fuente, Francisco
Year: 2001
Source: https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5b0ed9e8-fd17-485d-95b2-6ec45214e38e/download
8102'(/2'(',$*1Ï67,&2'('(69,$&,21(6'(
6,67(0$6,17(*5$'265(63(&72'(/$61250$6,62
(,62
,ERQ=DPDQLOOR(OJH]DEDO3DEOR' D]GH%DVXUWR(UQHVWR&LOOHUXHOR&DUUDVFR)UDQFLVFR
6iQFKH])XHQWH
(VFXHOD7pFQLFD6XSHULRUGH,QJHQLHURV ,QGXVWULDOHV GH7HOHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
$ODPHGDGH8UTXLMRVQ%LOEDR
RHS]DHOL#ELHKXHV
RHSGLEDS#ELHKXHV
RHSFLFDH#ELHKXHV
IVDQFKH]#WHNQLNHUFRP
5(680(1
6H UHVXPH HQ HVWH WUDEDMR OD ODERU GH GLVHxR GH XQ PRGHOR TXH SHUPLWD HYDOXDU
UHVSHFWR GH ODV FRQRFLGDV UHIHUHQFLDV ,62 6LVWHPDV GH *HVWLyQ TXH LQFRUSRUHQ
VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHORVFULWHULRVGH&DOLGDG 0HGLR$PELHQWH6HDSUR[LPDQDVLPLVPR
ORV SDUiPHWURV TXHVHKDQGHWHUPLQDGRSDUDOD YDORUDFLyQDGHFXDGDGHPRGHORV GH
GLDJQyVWLFR HQ 6LVWHPDV GH *HVWLyQ KDELHQGR VLGR OD EDVH GH DQiOLVLV PRGHORV
FRQWUDVWDGRV HQ VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  DFUHGLWDGRV FRPR YiOLGRV HQ FDGD XQD GH ORV
FULWHULRV GH JHVWLyQ GH ORV TXH HQWLHQGH OD KHUUDPLHQWD GHILQLWLYD /D VHOHFFLyQ GH
FULWHULRV SDUDOD HYDOXDFLyQHVWDEOHFHUi HO SHUILO GHODKHUUDPLHQWDFRQVWUXLGD SRU
WDQWRGHILQLUiVXHIHFWLYLGDGFRPRPRGHORFRPSDUDGRU ODYDOLGH]GHORVLQIRUPHVTXH
GHpOSXHGDQH[WUDHUVHVLHPSUHRULHQWDGRVKDFLDODPHMRUDFRQWLQXDGHORV SURFHVRV
FRQWHPSODGRVHQHO6LVWHPD
3DODEUDV FODYHDXGLWRU DPRGHORFRPSDUDGRUGHVYLDFLRQHVFULWHULRSRQGHUDFLyQ
 /$9$5,$%/(0(',2$0%,(17((1(/6,67(0$(&21Ï0,&2
/DV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV HPSUHVDULDOHV QXQFD DQWHV KDQ GHVSOHJDGR VX DFWLYLGDG HQ
QLYHOHV GH FRPSHWHQFLD WDQ DOWRV FRPR HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG /RV PHUFDGRV VRQ
VHOHFWLYRV  WLHQHQ DFFHVR D WRGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD TXH VXV
DGTXLVLFLRQHV RUELWHQ DOUHGHGRU GH SDUiPHWURV PX  SURIHVLRQDOHV FRPR OD
HILFDFLD HO VHUYLFLR HO UHQGLPLHQWR OD ILDELOLGDG  RWURV QXHYRV FHUFDQRV DO
ELHQHVWDU VRFLDO SHUVRQDO  OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH H[SHFWDWLYDV TXH WUDVFLHQGHQ GH
FULWHULRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
3HURDXQTXHODFRPSHWHQFLDHVXQLQGLFDGRUGHYDORUHVFRQWLQXDPHQWHFUHFLHQWHV 
TXH VLQ GXGD LPSXOVD OD PHMRUD LQWHUQD GH QXHVWUD LQGXVWULD XQ QXHYR GHVDI R
DSDUHFH HQ HVFHQD 8Q GHVDI R TXH YD PiV DOOi GH ORV REMHWLYRV LQWHUQRV GH OD
HPSUHVD PiVDOOiGHXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHFWRULDO  TXHQRSXHGHYLQFXODUVH
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQHOIXWXURLQGXVWULDO8QDYDULDEOHLQWURGXFLGDSRUORVH[FHVRV
SURYRFDGRVDORODUJRGHQXHVWURUHFRUULGRKDVWDHOPRPHQWRDFWXDOHQRFDVLRQHV
SRUGHVFRQRFLPLHQWR  HQRFDVLRQHVFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHSHURDOILQ  DOFDERTXH
GHEH VHU WHQLGD HQ FXHQWD SDUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH QXHVWUR HVWDWXV VREUH HO
SODQHWD /D YDULDEOH 0HGLR $PELHQWH GHEH SRU HOOR HVWDU SUHVHQWH HQ ODV
HPSUHVDVFRPRFULWHULRDGLFLRQDOGHJHVWLyQ
'HEHU DPRVDOFDQ]DUODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHORVREMHWLYRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV ORV
REMHWLYRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHQWURGHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQPHUFDQWLOWLHQHQXQDOWRJUDGR
GHFRLQFLGHQFLD8QJUDGRWDOTXHPiVDOOiGHFRH[LVWLUSXGLHUDQFRPSOHPHQWDUVH
HLPSXOVDUVHPXWXDPHQWH6LREVHUYiUDPRVHVHSRWHQFLDOHVWDU DPRVHQHOPDUFR
GHORTXHKDYHQLGRHQGHQRPLQDUVHFRPR'(6$552//26267(1,%/(7DO 
FRPRDILUPDOD&RPLVLyQPXQGLDOSDUDHOPHGLRDPELHQWH HOGHVDUUROORGHODV
1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV HO GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH H[LJH XQ FDPELR HQ HO DOFDQFH GHO
GHVDUUROORHQV DILQGHTXHGHSHQGDPHQRVGHODHQHUJ D ORVPDWHULDOHV TXH
UHVXOWHQPiVHTXLOLEUDGRVHQVXVUHSHUFXVLRQHV
6HJ~Q OD GHILQLFLyQ REWHQLGD GH OD &RPLVLyQ GH 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV :&('
WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO FLFOR FRQFHSWXDO GH LQWHUDFFLRQHV  QR ROYLGDQGR ODV
SUHRFXSDFLRQHVGH6FKXPDFKHUUHIOHMDGDVHQVXYLVLRQDULR³/RSHTXHxRHVEHOOR´
DOFDQ]DPRV HO FRQRFLGR PRGHOR 6LPSOH GH &RPPRQHU HQ HO TXH HO VLVWHPD
HFRQyPLFRDGYHUWLGRHQHVWHFDS WXORVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDFDWHJRU DGHSURGXFWRV
FRPR SRGU DQ VHUOR OD HQHUJ D HOpFWULFD ORV SOiVWLFRV R OD SXOSD GH PDGHUD $
WUDYpV GH HVWH PRGHOR SRGUHPRV UHIOHMDU ORV HVIXHU]RV D ORV TXH VH VRPHWH DO
6LVWHPD 1DWXUDO FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH ORV PDWHULDOHV GH HQWUDGD TXH H[LJH OD
FDWHJRU D  ODV VDOLGDV TXH VXSRQH GLFKD FDWHJRU D HQ IRUPD GH DJHQWHV
FRQWDPLQDQWHV R UHVLGXRV &RPPRQHU VH FHQWUy HQ HVWH ~OWLPR DVSHFWR HQ VX
DQiOLVLV  GHILQLy XQ QGLFH GH UHSHUFXVLyQ DPELHQWDO D SDUWLU GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV
UHODFLRQHV
$JHQWHVFRQWDPLQDQWHVSRUSURGXFWR
3REODFLyQ32%/$&,Ï1
6DOLGDVSRUSURGXFWR;35263(5,'$'
3REODFLyQ
$JHQWHVFRQWDPLQDQWHV;7(&12/2*Ë$
6DOLGDVGHSURGXFWR
'HO DQiOLVLV GHULYDGR GH HVWH PRGHOR SRGHPRV GHGXFLU GLIHUHQWHV DVSHFWRV D
DQDOL]DU SDUD HO FRQWURO  JHVWLyQ GH ODV GHPDQGDV SURYRFDGDV SRU HO 6LVWHPD
HFRQyPLFR
93REODFLyQ
9&RQVXPRSHUFiSLWD
96XVWLWXFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVGHHQWUDGD
95HGXFFLyQGHODVHQWUDGDV
97HFQRORJ DRULHQWDGDDOXVRHILFLHQWHGHORVPDWHULDOHVGHHQWUDGD
9$XPHQWRGHOYDORUDxDGLGRGHORVUHFXUVRV
(OHVWXGLRHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDGHORVDVSHFWRVGHULYDGRVGHHVWHPRGHORVLPSOH
GH &RPPRQHU SHUPLWH REWHQHU YDOLRVDV FRQFOXVLRQHV SDUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ HQ ORV
VLVWHPDVGH*HVWLyQGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDPHGLRDPELHQWDO
L (OPHGLRDPELHQWHHVXQDYDULDEOHHFRQyPLFD
LL 6XLQFOXVLyQFRPRFULWHULRGHJHVWLyQHQRUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVHV
FRKHUHQWHFRQODPLVLyQ YLVLyQGHODVPLVPDV
LLL (OPHGLRDPELHQWHHQODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVHVVXVFHSWLEOHGH
VHUJHVWLRQDGR
LY /RV SDUiPHWURV TXH OLPLWDQ OD JHVWLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO VRQ
LGHQWLILFDEOHV PHGLEOHV
Y /$ *(67,Ï1 0(',2$0%,(17$/ 38('( < '(%( 6(5
6,67(0$7,=$'$
(VWDFRQFOXVLyQGHILQLWLYDWLHQHXQHVSHFLDOYDORUDxDGLGRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWD
GHODUHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVQRGHVGHGRVSHUVSHFWLYDVGLIHUHQWHV
FRPRODHILFDFLD HOPHGLRDPELHQWHVLQRGHVGHXQD~QLFDUHIHUHQFLDPL[WDIUXWR
GHODIXVLyQGHORVFULWHULRVFRQVLGHUDGRV
 ,1&,'(1&,$6(1/$625*$1,=$&,21(6,1'8675,$/(6'(/$
,1&/86,Ï1'(/$9$5,$%/(0(',2$0%,(17(
8QDGHODVFDUHQFLDVEiVLFDVGHHQHODQiOLVLVWUDGLFLRQDOGHVDUUROODGRVREUHODV
RUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVFRQVLVWHHQREYLDUFRPRSURFHVRGHDSR RHOPHGLR
DPELHQWH VLHQGR VLQ pO LPSRVLEOH OD SUiFWLFD HPSUHVDULDO  (O PHGLR DPELHQWH
SURYHHGHLQILQLGDGGHUHFXUVRLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDODHPSUHVD FRPRWDOGHEH
VHU JHVWLRQDGR DGHFXDGDPHQWH GHPDQHUDSURIHVLRQDO  HILFD] 7HQHUHQFXHQWD
HVWH SURFHVR GH DSR R LQWURGXFLUi QXHYRV SDUiPHWURV GH JHVWLyQ  VX
RSWLPL]DFLyQ UHGXQGDUi HQ OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV REMHWLYRV HPSUHVDULDOHV $O
KDFHUOR DORVDJHQWHVTXHLQWHUDFWXDQ FRQODHPSUHVDGHEHQVXPiUVHOHVGRVOD
VRFLHGDG HQ JHQHUDO FRPR SURSLHWDULD GHO SDWULPRQLR PHGLRDPELHQWDO  ODV
VRFLHGDGHVIXWXUDVGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDDODUJRSOD]RUHFRJLHQGRORVSULQFLSLRV
JHQHUDOHVVHJ~QODILORVRI DGHOD*HVWLyQGHOD&DOLGDG7RWDO
/D JHVWLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO FRPR D KD VLGR H[SXHVWR VH HQWLHQGH FRPR
VXVFHSWLEOHGHXQDJHVWLyQVLVWHPDWL]DGD3RURWURODGRORVREMHWLYRVHFRQyPLFRV
GLVIUXWDQGHXQDWUDGLFLyQSURORQJDGDHQHOWLHPSRHQORUHIHUHQWHDLQVWUXPHQWRV
PRGHORVPHFDQLVPRV  KHUUDPLHQWDVGHVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHVGHODVHSDUDFLyQGH
IXQFLRQHVWD ORULDQDHQODHPSUHVDGHSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJORSDVDGR/RVHQIRTXHV
FRQ PD RU GHVSOLHJXH HQ HO VHFWRU LQGXVWULDO HQ ORV ~OWLPRV WUHLQWD DxRV VH
FRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOGHODVHJXUDPLHQWR EDMRXQPRGHORGHUHTXLVLWRVGHDSOLFDFLyQ
JHQHUDO FRQYLUWLHQGR XQD HPSUHVD RULHQWDGD D SHUVRQDV D XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ
RULHQWDGDDSURFHVRV(ODVHJXUDPLHQWRGHFDOLGDGFHQWUDGRVREUHODVDFWLYLGDGHV
HPSUHVDULDOHVFRQVLGHUDGDVFU WLFDVUHVSHFWRGHODFDOLGDGGHOSURGXFWRHQWUHJDGR
DO FOLHQWH IXH GHVEDQFDGR SRU HO FRQFHSWR GH *HVWLyQ GH OD &DOLGDG KDFH D
DOJXQRV DxRV SHUR GH PDQHUD IRUPDO VH KD SURGXFLGR FRQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH OD
UHYLVLyQGHODV1RUPDV,62GHODxR(VWHHQIRTXH,62GHODJHVWLyQGH
ODFDOLGDGWLHQHVXHTXLYDOHQWHGHVGHHODxRSDUDODJHVWLyQGHODYDULDEOH
PHGLRDPELHQWDODWUDYpVGHODIDPLOLD,62 SRUWDQWRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQ
UHIHUHQWHFRQVROLGDGRSDUDVXVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQHQODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHV
 6,78$&,21'(/$,1'8675,$5(63(&72$/$*(67,Ï1
0(',2$0%,(17$/
/DLQWURGXFFLyQGHOHJLVODFLyQHVSHF ILFDPHGLRDPELHQWDODV FRPRODGHILQLFLyQ
GHGLUHFWLYDVGHODFRPLVLyQHXURSHDPX H[LJHQWHVVXMHWDVDWUDQVSRVLFLyQSDUD
VXLQFOXVLyQHQHOVLVWHPDOHJDOHVSDxROKDDFUHFHQWDGRHOLQWHUpVGHODHPSUHVD
LQGXVWULDO HQ OD LQFOXVLyQ GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH GHQWUR GH VX PRGHOR GH JHVWLyQ
6HJ~QUHYHODHOHVWXGLRUHDOL]DGRSRUOD)XQGDFLyQ(QWRUQR SDWURFLQDGRSRUHO
PLQLVWHULRGHHQHUJ DHLQGXVWULDGHOJRELHUQRHVSDxRO ODVHPSUHVDVLQGXVWULDOHV
GHOHVWDGRHQIRFDQ VXSUHRFXSDFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDOHQ DVSHFWRV RUGHQDGRVD
FRQWLQXDFLyQVHJ~QODSULRULGDGGHWHFWDGD
9&XPSOLPLHQWRFRQODOHJLVODFLyQ
95HGXFFLyQGHFRVWHV
90HMRUDGHODLPDJHQ
9([LJHQFLDVGHOPHUFDGR
9&RPSURPLVRFRQ HOGHVDUUROOR
'H GLFKR HVWXGLR VH REWLHQHQ GRV O QHDV GH GDWRV GH JUDQ LQWHUpV RULHQWDGDV DO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR LQGXVWULDO UHVSHFWR DO PHGLR DPELHQWH (Q SULPHU OXJDU OD
H[LJHQFLDPHGLRDPELHQWDODDJHQWHVH[WHUQRVFRPLHQ]DXQDSURJUHVLyQFODUDHQHO
VHFWRU LQGXVWULDO DSDUHFLHQGR HQ XQ  GH ODV LQGXVWULDV GH PiV GH 
HPSOHDGRV HQXQGHODVLQGXVWULDVGHHQWUH HPSOHDGRV(OHIHFWR
WUDFWRUGHODVJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVHQPDWHULDGHH[LJHQFLDVGHPHUFDGRKDFHSUHYHU
XQ HVFHQDULR GH H[LJHQFLD HQ HO VHFWRU VHFXQGDULR SDUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH
UHTXLVLWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHVWDQH[WHQGLGRFRPRHOTXH DH[LVWHHQPDWHULDGH
FDOLGDGDFRUWRSOD]R
(QVHJXQGROXJDUVHREWLHQHQGDWRVUHODWLYDPHQWHVRUSUHQGHQWHVDOSUHJXQWDUDODV
HPSUHVDVDFHUFDGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGH6LVWHPDVGH*HVWLyQ0HGLRDPELHQWDO
&RPR VH REVHUYD HQ OD ILJXUD DGMXQWD  HO  GH ODV HPSUHVDV LQGXVWULDOHV
HVSDxRODV GLVSRQH GH XQ 6LVWHPD GH *HVWLyQ 0HGLRDPELHQWDO WRWDOPHQWH
LPSOHPHQWDGRHQVXRUJDQL]DFLyQ PLHQWUDVHOHVWDHQSURFHVRGHKDFHUOR
0iVGHXQWHUFLRGHOSDUTXHLQGXVWULDOGHOHVWDGRPXHVWUDLQWHUpVSRUGHVDUUROODUOR
HLPSODQWDUOR  WDQVyORXQDGHFDGDFXDWURLQGXVWULDVUHIOHMDGHVLQWHUpVSRUORV
PLVPRV (Q OD SUiFWLFD WRWDOLGDG GH ORV FDVRV ORV PRGHOR VHJXLGRV HUDQ ODV
UHIHUHQFLDVQRUPDWLYDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV,62
6LQHPEDUJRVHGHWHFWDXQDHVSHFLDOSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODLQFLGHQFLDHQFRVWHVGH
ODHPSUHVDDQWHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHXQQXHYRFULWHULRGHJHVWLyQ(VWDUHDOLGDGVH
YHPXOWLSOLFDGDHQPDWHULDPHGLRDPELHQWDOSRUVHUVHQVLEOHDJUDQGHVLQYHUVLRQHV
SDUDODFRUUHFFLyQGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVPX GDxLQRVSDUDHOHQWRUQR6HREVHUYD
TXH OD HPSUHVDV VRQ FRQVFLHQWHV GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH FDPELR GH HQIRTXH
RUJDQL]DFLRQDODSRVWDQGRSRUWHQGHQFLDVGHWLSRSUHYHQWLYRVREUHODVPHGLGDVGH
FRUUHFFLyQWDQWRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHFRPSURPLVRVRFLDOFRPRGHVGHHOGH
ODUHQWDELOLGDGHFRQyPLFD(VWHDUJXPHQWRTXHGDUHVSDOGDGRSRUHODQiOLVLVGHORV
GHVWLQRV SUHVXSXHVWDULRV  GLQHUDULRV  GH ODV HPSUHVDV HQ PDWHULD GH PHGLR
DPELHQWH




LPSODQWDGR
HQSURFHVR
SUHYLVWR
GHVLQWHUHV

(Q OD ILJXUD VH UHSUHVHQWDQ ORV GHVWLQRV GH ORV JDVWRV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
FODVLILFDGRVVHJ~QHOYROXPHQGHIDFWXUDFLyQGHODVHPSUHVDVTXHORUHDOL]DURQ
0iV GH XQ  GH ORV JUDQGHV FHQWURV LQGXVWULDOHV HVSDxROHV GRWDQ SDUWLGDV
SUHVXSXHVWDULDV D OD FRQVXOWRU D  IRUPDFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO  VH GHWHFWD XQ
LQFLSLHQWH SURJUHVLYRDXPHQWRHQHOGHVWLQRGHIRQGRVDOGLVHxR GHVDUUROORGH
SURGXFWRVFRQFULWHULRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
/D VLWXDFLyQ GHVFULWD HQ HVWH FDS WXOR KDFH LPSUHVFLQGLEOH XQ PRGHOR GH
LQWHJUDFLyQGH DPERVFULWHULRV HQXQD~QLFDUHIHUHQFLD WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHO
REMHWLYRGHPHMRUDFRQWLQXDGHHVWHWLSRGHPRGHORVVHKDFHLPSUHVFLQGLEOHHO
GLVHxRGHXQPRGHOR~QLFRGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHGHWHFWHODVGHVYLDFLRQHVUHVSHFWR
GHOUHIUHQFLDOVHJXLGRTXHSRQJDGHPDQLILHVWRDPHQD]DV SXQWRVGpELOHV






DJXDV
UHVLGXDOHV
UHVLGXRV
HPLVLRQHV
DWP
UXLGRV
FRQVXOWRU D
IRUPDFLyQ
,'
!



 &5,7(5,26'(',6( 2'(/02'(/2'((9$/8$&,21
/RVFULWHULRVDWHQHUHQFXHQWD TXHUHFRMDQWRGRVORVUHTXLVLWRVH[LJLEOHVDXQ
PRGHOR TXH FDSDFLWH D XQ 6LVWHPD GH *HVWLyQ ~QLFR GH PDQHUD ySWLPD VH
SUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
&DSDFLGDGSDUDHYDOXDUODHILFDFLDGHORVVLVWHPDVGHJHVWLyQGHODFDOLGDG
PHGLRDPELHQWDO
&RKHUHQFLDFRQODVQRUPDV
&RPSUHQVLELOLGDGGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
(MHFXFLyQGHODHQWUHYLVWD
8VRGHOFXHVWLRQDULRHQORVGLVWLQWRVVHFWRUHVHPSUHVDULDOHV
2UJDQL]DFLyQGHODVSUHJXQWDVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR
(OSULPHURGHORVFULWHULRV&DSDFLGDGSDUDHYDOXDUODHILFDFLDGHORVVLVWHPDV
GH JHVWLyQ GH OD FDOLGDG  PHGLRDPELHQWDO DQDOL]D ORV GLIHUHQWHV PRGHORV D
WUDYpV GH XQD EDWHU D GH SUHJXQWDV DJUXSDGDV HQ GRV VXEIDPLOLDV D 'DWRV
FDUDFWHU VWLFRVGHXQVLVWHPDGHODJHVWLyQGHODFDOLGDG E'DWRVFDUDFWHU VWLFRV
GH XQ VLVWHPD GH JHVWLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO /D HYDOXDFLyQ EDMR HVWH HS JUDIH VH
GHWHUPLQD HQ IXQFLyQ GHO Q~PHUR GH UHVSXHVWDV DILUPDWLYDV DQWH HO JUXSR GH
SUHJXQWDVOR TXHSHUPLWHXQDFXDQWLILFDFLyQSRUFHQWXDOPX  UHSUHVHQWDWLYD/DV
SUHJXQWDV UHVSRQGHQ D ODV H[LJHQFLDV HQ ORV DVSHFWRV FDUDFWHU VWLFRV GH ORV
VLVWHPDVGH*HVWLyQ
/D &RKHUHQFLD FRQ ODV 1RUPDV UHVSRQGH D OD QHFHVLGDG GH TXH HO SUHVHQWH
PRGHORFRPSDUDGRUVHDMXVWH DODV1RUPDV,62 GHPDQHUDHVSHF ILFD&RQHVWD
SUHJXQWDVHLQYHVWLJDVLVHKDQWHQLGRHQFXHQWDWRGRVORVSXQWRVGHODV1RUPDV
GH IRUPD TXH VH FRPSDUHQ GLFKRV SXQWRV  FRQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV SUHJXQWDV GH ORV
FXHVWLRQDULRV/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWDHYDOXDFLyQSXHGHQVLWXDUVHVREUHXQDFLQWD
TXHUHSUHVHQWHHOSRUFHQWDMHGHFXPSOLPLHQWRGHOPRGHOR
(QODSDUWHTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOD&RPSUHQVLELOLGDGGHOFXHVWLRQDULR VHYDORUDOD
FRQFUHFLyQ GH ODV SUHJXQWDV HO QLYHO Op[LFR GH ODV PLVPDV VX FRPSOHMLGDG
VLQWiFWLFD OD ORQJLWXG HO Q~PHUR GH H[WUDQMHULVPRV R SDODEUDV GH OD  MHUJD
HVSHF ILFDXWLOL]DGRVVXQHXWUDOLGDGHWFDWUDYpVGHXQDEDWHU DGHSUHJXQWDVFX R
UHVXOWDGRVHSXHGHSUHVHQWDUHQIRUPDGHSRUFHQWDMH
/D HMHFXFLyQ GH OD HQWUHYLVWD  SRU OR WDQWR OD REWHQFLyQ GH XQ FXHVWLRQDULR
GHELGDPHQWH FXPSOLPHQWDGR VH FHQWUD HQ OD SHUVSHFWLYD GHO FRVWH 6H LQWHUHVD
VREUH ORV PHGLRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD OD PLVPD  HO WLHPSR QHFHVDULR SDUD VX
UHDOL]DFLyQSXHVWRTXHQRVyORHVLPSRUWDQWHVXFDSDFLGDGVLQRVXRSWLPL]DFLyQ
7DO FRPRVHKDGHILQLGR DHOPRGHORGHEHQDFHUFRQSURSyVLWRJHQHUDOWDQWRHQ
HOSHUILOGHHPSUHVDFRPRHQVXVHFWRU(VWRVHUHFRJHHQHOFULWHULR 8VRHQORV
GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHV HPSUHVDULDOHV GyQGH VH GHILQHQORVJUDGRV GHDSOLFDELOLGDG
GHOFXHVWLRQDULRSRUHOFRQWHQLGR RULHQWDFLyQGHVXVSUHJXQWDV'HEHVXSRQHUVH
TXHXQJUDGRGHVRODSHDOWRFRQODV1RUPDVGHEHU DUHGXQGDUHQXQJUDQQLYHOGH
DSOLFDELOLGDGQRREVWDQWHGHEHGHUHFRJHUVHHOPDWL]SRULPSRUWDQFLDHQV PLVPR
SRUODGLYHUJHQFLDTXHSRGU DVXSRQHUXQDRULHQWDFLyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHYHUWLFDOR
VHFWRULDO
< SRU ~OWLPR VH WRPD FRPR FULWHULR GH HYDOXDFLyQ OD 2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH ODV
SUHJXQWDVGHOFXHVWLRQDULR ORTXHVLJQLILFDDQDOL]DUODRULHQWDFLyQJHQHUDOGHO
FXHVWLRQDULRSRUODGHILQLFLyQGHFDGDXQDGHVXVSUHJXQWDV8QFXHVWLRQDULRSXHGH
TXHUHUFHQWUDUVHVREUHORVSURFHVRVLQWHUQRVGHODHPSUHVDXRULHQWDUVHDOD1RUPD
VLVLJXHXQDHVWUXFWXUDTXHUHVSRQGDDVXVUHTXLVLWRV
&RPRSXHGHREVHUYDUVHHVWRVSDUiPHWURVGHDQiOLVLVVRQODEDVHGHOHVWXGLRGHXQ
PRGHOR FRPSDUDGRU GH VLVWHPDV GH *HVWLyQ ÒQLFR R LQWHJUDGRLQWHJUDGRU
&DOLGDG0HGLRDPELHQWHSHURVXSRQHQDODYH]XQDGLVHFFLyQGHORVSURSLRV
6LVWHPDV  HQ FRQFUHWR GH VXV REMHWLYRV LQPHGLDWRV VHJ~Q OD QHFHVLGDG GH
FXPSOLPLHQWRGHUHTXLVLWRVGH1RUPDVSRUORTXHVXGHWHUPLQDFLyQQRVSHUPLWH
QRVyORGHILQLUODKHUUDPLHQWDPiVHILFD]VLQRUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHODRULHQWDFLyQGHO
SURSLR6LVWHPDGH*HVWLyQ
 (-(03/26'(02'(/26'((9$/8$&,21
3DUD REWHQHU FRQFOXVLRQHV TXH SXGLHUDQ LOXPLQDU XQ QXHYR PpWRGR GH
FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ UHIHUHQFLDV ,62 HQ PDWHULD GH &DOLGDG  *HVWLyQ
0HGLRDPELHQWDOVHHQWLHQGHFRPRLPSUHVFLQGLEOHHODQiOLVLVGHFXHVWLRQDULRV D
H[LVWHQWHV 'H KHFKR HVWH WUDEDMR GH FRPSDUDFLyQ HQWUH PRGHORV D H[LVWHQWHV
UHVXOWDLPSUHVFLQGLEOHQRVyORSDUDVLWXDUODUHDOLGDGDFWXDOVLQRSDUDGLVSRQHUGH
XQDJX DGHHYDOXDFLyQGHPRGHORVFRPSDUDGRUHV6LQHPEDUJRHQQXHVWURSD V
HVWD PDQHUD GH HYDOXDU 6LVWHPDV GH *HVWLyQ DSHQDV VH XWLOL]D QL HQ HO SODQR
RUJDQL]DFLRQDO QL WDQ VLTXLHUD HQ HO SODQR FHUWLILFDGRU (Q ODV $XGLWRU DV WDQWR
LQWHUQDVFRPRH[WHUQDVORVUHVSRQVDEOHVDQDOL]DQODVLWXDFLyQGHO6LVWHPDHQEDVH
DVXH[SHULHQFLD FRQRFLPLHQWRVVLQDFXGLUDPRGHORVHVWDEOHFLGRVTXHDVHJXUHQ
XQDHYDOXDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDHVWiQGDUSDUDWRGRVORVFDVRV TXHUHFRMDWRGRV FDGD
XQRGHORVSXQWRVTXHQRVUHFXHUGHQODV1RUPDV
3RUHOORHVQHFHVDULRUHFXUULUDPRGHORVGHSD VHVGyQGHHO$XGLWRUVXHOHDSR DUVH
HQKHUUDPLHQWDVGHHVWHWLSRSRUORTXHVXFRQWHQLGRVHHQFXHQWUDFRQWUDVWDGRSRU
OD H[SHULHQFLD 'HVJUDFLDGDPHQWH SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH XQ PRGHOR FRQMXQWR SDUD
6LVWHPDV ,QWHJUDGRV  HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD VH DQDOL]DQ SRU VHSDUDGR ORV TXH WUDWDQ
PDWHULDVGH&DOLGDG 0HGLRDPELHQWDO/RVVHOHFFLRQDGRVVRQ ORVPRGHORVTXHVH
GHVFULEHQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQLQWHUQDGHODFDOLGDGGHODHPSUHVD5KHLQHOHNWUD
VHFWRUHOpFWULFR
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGVHJ~Q,62GHOFHUWLILFDGRU7h9
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGVHJ~Q,62GHOFHUWLILFDGRU1,6
=(57
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGVHJ~Q,62GHOFHUWLILFDGRU'46
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDOVHJ~Q,62GHOFHUWLILFDGRU
$(125
0RGHORGH(YDOXDFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDOVHJ~Q,62GHOFHUWLILFDGRU
'46
(Q SULPHU OXJDU GHEH WUDGXFLUVH H LQWHUSUHWDU VHJ~Q ODV 1RUPDV GH UHIHUHQFLDV
HVWRVPRGHORVSDUDTXHFREUHQVHQWLGRHQQXHVWUDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV(QVHJXQGR
OXJDUHVWRVPRGHORVVHVRPHWHQDOHVTXHPDGHYDORUDFLyQVHJ~QORVFULWHULRVGH
GLVHxRGHILQLGRVHQODSUHJXQWDDQWHULRUREWHQLHQGRGLIHUHQWHVUHVXOWDGRVHQFDGD
XQR GH ORV DSDUWDGRV SDUD FDGD PRGHOR (VWRV UHVXOWDGRV SHUPLWHQ FRQRFHU ORV
SXQWRVIXHUWHV GpELOHVVHJ~QHOHQIRTXHH[SXHVWRLQLFLDOPHQWHTXHVHFLxHVLQR
H[FOXVLYDPHQWH VL SULQFLSDOPHQWH D VX DGVFULSFLyQ D ODV 1RUPDV ,62 WDQWR HQ
PDWHULD GH &DOLGDG FRPR GH 0HGLRDPELHQWH  FRQ HOOR GLVSRQHU GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ EiVLFD HQ SDUiPHWURV GH FDSDFLGDG HYDOXDGRUD SDUD GLVHxDU XQ
PRGHORFRPSDUDGRU~QLFRGH6LVWHPDVGH*HVWLyQ,QWHJUDGRV
 &21&/86,21(6
/DFRQFOXVLyQIXQGDPHQWDOGHHVWHWUDEDMRHVHOPRGHORGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHFXPSOH
FRQODVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHU VWLFDV
(VDSWRSDUDODYDORUDFLyQGHXQ6LVWHPDGH*HVWLyQ,QWHJUDGREDMRODV
UHIHUHQFLDV ,62    GH IRUPDV ~QLFD HV GHFLU XQD ~QLFD
DSOLFDFLyQHYDO~DHO6LVWHPDEDMRORVGRVFULWHULRVGH*HVWLyQ