1
40 h Cong ess o he Eu opean Regional Science Associa ion
26 h Mee ing o Regional S udies o he Spanish Associa ion o Regional Science
“EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION AND REGIONAL POLICY”
Ba celona (SPAIN), 30 h Augus –2nd Sep embe , 2000
Le el and di usion o echnology in he Andalusian indus y (1980–1995)
Thema ic A ea 2: Economic g ow h and p oduc ion ac o s
Au ho s:PALMA MARTOS, Luis e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
GARCIA SANCHEZ, An onio [email p o ec ed]
MARTIN NAVARRO, Jose Luis [email p o ec ed]
Depa amen o de Teo ía Económica y Economía Polí ica
Uni e sidad de Se illa
ABSTRACT
The deg ee o economic de elopmen o any egion is usually ela ed o di e en
ac o s. One o he mos impo an is he echnological le el associa ed o he p oduc i e
sec o s. The echnological le el mus be measu ed, no only by he appea ance o new
p oduc s and p oduc ion p ocesses (gene a ion), bu also by he possibili y o including
hese p oduc s and p ocesses inside he i m (adop ion/di usion). This idea means ha
bo h, gene a ion and di usion o echnology occupy a cen al posi ion in he p oduc ion
sys em o any egion, and especially in some places whe e he SME´s a e a ele an
majo i y.
One o he main a ge s o echnological policy is he de elopmen o he
echnological le el o he i ms and by ex en o he egion as a whole. So i is ele an
o design and s udy he e olu ion o an indica o ha measu es his objec i e.
The e a e se e al ways o s udy he echnological le el o a egion o o a speci ic
economic sec o . In his pape , we will ollow he me hodology o Inpu -Ou pu
Analysis ha make possible a mo e de ailed s udy. In his pape we a e in e es ed in
in es iga ing he ela ionship be ween he indus ies a he egional le el o Andalusia
and compa ed wi h he coun y as a whole. The pe iod o analysis is 1980-1995.
Ou i s a ge is o speci y he inpu side in he inno a ion p ocess by means o
a iables such as R&D spends, indus ial employmen in he R&D ac i i ies, human
2
capi al, e c., bo h as a whole and as sha e o GPD. The second s ep is ela ed o he
analysis o ou pu da a, cha ac e ised mainly by echnological indexes (Saez, 1992) and
de e olu ion o po en ially inno a i e indus ial sec o s, which include sec o s ha use
mainly high echnological inpu s and sp ead echnology among he whole economy.
The hi d s ep is conce ned wi h s udy o he e olu ion o he In e media e Inpu
Requi emen s and Employmen Requi emen s o e e y indus ial sec o and o he
egional economy.
1. INTRODUCTION
This pape p e ends o analyse he esul o he Andalusian Science-Technology-
Indus y Sys em (STIS) ha is cons i u ed by he Regional inno a i e sys em
(PRADAS, 1998). We will begin by he analysis o he Andalusian R&D sys em e o
and will be compa ed wi h he Spanish and Eu opean le els. We will ollow wi h o he
wo aspec s ha a e use ul o cha ac e ise he Andalusian STIS: he echnological le el
o ou egion and he le el o echnological di usion among he economic sys em in
Andalusia. To each his aim we will use wo di e en ools. The Technological Con en
Index (TCI) and he In e media e Inpu s Requi emen s (IIR) ha can be ob ained o m
he Inpu -Ou pu ables, which a e he mos impo an ools o ou analysis.
The o igin o he de elopmen o a speci ic ield o impel he R&D ac i i ies a
he egional le el can be ound in wo di e en sou ces. On one hand, he indus ial
c isis o he 70´s, on he o he hand he au onomic o ganisa ion adop ed by he Kingdom
o Spain a e he end o he F ancois Regime. Regional policies had he objec i e o
con ibu ion o he de elopmen poo pa s o he coun y. The objec i e o hese
policies was o subs i u e old i ms and declining indus ial sec o s o new and
inno a i e companies ha could con ibu e o c ea e employmen and economic
de elopmen . Regions, ha adi ionally had no p incipal oll o de elop in hese high-
ech economic sec o s, ha e a especial in e es in a kind o policies ha gi e he
oppo uni y o de eloping his ield. These policies p e end a mode nisa ion o old i ms
and con ibu e o gene a e new p oduc s and employmen in poo egions and coun ies.
F om he Andalusian poin o iew, R&D Policies appea ela i ely la e1. We can
illus a ed his ac by wo simple ac s. Fi s , R&D Policies do no conside ed hese
kind o policies un il 1987 (P og ama Andaluz de Desa ollo Económico). Second,
Scien i ic Policy is also a la e de elopmen . The i s plan o Resea ch in ou egion
3
appea s only in 1990 (I Plan Andaluz de In es igación 1990-1993) and can be
conside ed a ansla ion o he Fi s Na ional Plan o Scien i ic Resea ch and
Technological De elopmen . (P ime Plan Nacional de In es igación cien í ica y
desa ollo ecnológico). The objec i e o he egional plan was o equip Andalusia wi h
scien i ic in as uc u es whe e R&D ac i i ies could be de eloped. The Second
Andalusian Plan o Scien i ic De elop only appea s in 1996 ending in 1999. The main
objec i es o his second plan we e o s eng hen he in as uc u es buil in he Fi s
Plan and o incen i e i ms o be connec ed o R&D ac i i ies. The Thi d Andalusian
Plan (2000-2003) has jus been app o ed and p e end o in eg a e he Andalusian
sys em in o he na ional and Eu opean sys ems2.
The s udy o he STIS in Andalusia ha ollows is ocussed a he mac oeconomic
le el. Da a o spending in R&D ac i i ies will be used as a measu e o he esea ch
e o made by he Andalusian sys em. The Technological Con en Index will measu e
he echnological le el. Finally, he In e media e Inpu Requi emen s a e used as a
measu e o he di usion o echnology wi hin he economic sys em.
The da a ha we need in o de o calcula e hese a iables a e ob ained om he
o icial s a is ical ins umen s a ailable: he Inpu -Ou pu Tables o he Andalusian
Economy 1980, 1990 and 1995 and he O icial S a is ics o he Na ional Bu eau o
S a is ics (INE).
2. METHODOLOGY
As we ha e jus said, he i s a ge o ou wo k is o cha ac e ise he Andalusian
STIS. We will use wo di e en indica o s. Fi s , he pe cen age dis ibu ion o he
egional spends in R&D ac i i ies among he di e en economic agen s (P i a e Fi ms,
Uni e si ies and Public Adminis a ion). Second, he Resea ch E o (RE) in which we
dis inguish be ween he o al egional spending and hose co esponding o p i a e
i ms. RE is calcula ed as he pe cen age o he G oss Value Added ha is ela ed o
spends in R&D ac i i ies.
100
GVA
Spendings D&R×=RE [1]
4
The selec ion o he Po en ially Inno a i e Sec o s (PIS) among he whole
economy is needed in o de o calcula e he Technological Con en Index (TCI). We
ha e ollowed he c i e ia by Buesa and Mole o (1992) and Ga cía, Ma in and Palma
(1994) ha appea in Table 1.
TABLE 1. POTENTIAL INNOVATIVE SECTORS
SECTORS R56 TIOAN 1980 TIOAN 1990 TIOAN 1995
4 Mining 5 10 7 a 11
6 Elec ici y 7 12 47
7 P od. & dis ibu ion o gas 8 13 48
8 Wa e 9 14 49
M 9 P ima y me al manu ac u es 19 15 34
10 P ima y non–me allic manu ac u es 10, 13, 15 16, 19 32,33
M 14 Basic chemis y 16 21 28p
M 15 Fe ilize s & ag icul u al chemis y 17 22 28p
M 16 O he chemical p oduc s 18 23, 24 29
17 Me al p oduc s 20 a 23 25 35
M 18 Non-elec ical machine y 24 26 36
H 19 Elec ic and elec onic machine y 25, 26 27 37,38,39
M 20 Mo o ehicles and componen s 27 28 41
21 Shipbuilding and epai ing 28 29 42
M 22 O he anspo equipmen s 29 30 43
M 42 Rubbe and plas ics p oduc s 50 53 40,45
M 43 O he manu ac u ing 51 31, 54,55 50p,51p
44 Building and ela ed ac i i ies 52 56 50p,51p
45 Ci il Enginee ing 53 57 30
49 T anspo a ion 57 63 a 65 58 a 62
50 Communica ions 58 66 63
51 Finance ins i u ion 59 67 64,66
52 Insu ance 60 68 65
Sou ce: Buesa and Mole o (1992), Ga cía, Ma ín and Palma (1994) and Fundación COTEC (1997).
On he o he hand, COTEC (1997) classi ies he di e en indus ial sec o s in o
h ee g oups, acco ding o he echnological in ensi y o i s p oduc s. These sec o s a e
named High, Medium and Low echnological in ensi y sec o s. Combining bo h c i e ia
we show in Table 1 he Po en ially High Inno a i e Sec o s (H) and he Po en ially
Medium Inno a i e Sec o s (M). In his way, we ge h ee di e en TCI. Fi s , he
Global Index o Technological Con en ; second he Medium–High Technological
Con en Index and inally he High Technological Con en Index. These kinds o inpu s
ha e wo di e en o igins: he whole economy o he egion ha we a e s udying.
Combining he o igin o he inpu s and his echnological in ensi y we ob ain six
di e en indica o s. The o mula can be se led as ollows:
1. Global Technological Con en Index o To al Inpu s
5
100
Inpu s To al
PIS om Inpu s ×=
IT
G
TCI [2]
2. Regional Global Technological Con en Index
100
Inpu s To al
PIS egional om Inpu s ×=
IR
G
TCI [3]
3. High–Medium Technological Con ex index o To al Inpu s
100
Inpu s To al
PISMedium om Inpu s PIShigh om Inpu s ×
+
=
IT
HM
TCI [4]
4. High–Medium Technological Con ex index o Regional Inpu s
100
Inpu s To al
PISMedium egional om Inpu s PIShigh egional om Inpu s ×
+
=
IIT
H
TCI [5]
5. High Technological Con en Index o To al Inpu s
100
Inpu s To al
PISHigh om Inpu s ×=
IT
H
CTI [6]
6.. High Technologicl Con en Index o Regional Inpu s
100
Inpu s To al
PISHigh egional om Inpu s ×=
IIR
H
TCI [7]
The calculus o In e media e Inpu s Requi emen (IIR) ollows he classical
Leon ie model de eloped by Ca e (1970) and applied o he Spanish economy by
Fanjul e al (1975) and Segu a and Res oy (1986) and o he Andalusian economy by
Ga cia, Palma and Ma in (1994) and Palma, Ga cía and Rod iguez (1997). This me hod
gi es us he olume o IIR o he di e en p oduc i e sec o s in o de o sa is y he
Final Demand acco ding o he equa ion:
-
MZMZAI Q+−−−= )·()( 1[8]
whe e yea o e e ence is no ed like ; Q is he Ma ix o In e media e Goods
Requi emen s; (I-A )-1 is he Leon ie In e se Ma ix; Z is he Vec o o Final Demand

6
T ans o med in a Diagonal Ma ix and M is he Impo a ion ma ix o he whole
Economy.
The di e ence Q -Q -1 can be explained by di e en causes: changes due o a new
echnological s uc u e o he economy, changes in he s uc u e o he inal demand o
changes in he olume o he inal demand. We a e in e es ed in changes due o he i s
cause. So a new ma ix is needed whe e Final Demand and Impo a ions a e ixed and
only changes he In e indus ial lux ma ix, and so he Leon ie in e se.
MZMZAI Q+−−−=
−
−− )·()( 1
1
*1[9]
The di e ence Q -Q* -1 can be explained only by changes in echnology, while
changes Q* -1-Q -1 show us he e ec s o changes in Final Demand (S uc u e and
Volume)
3 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORT OF THE ANDALUSIAN
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY SYSTEM.
In o de o de ine he main cha ac e is ics o he Andalusian Inno a ion Sys em, i
is impo an o compa e he esul s o he Eu opean and Spanish Sys em. The si ua ion
in Eu ope was cha ac e ised by CIAMPI Repo , p esen ed o he Eu opean Council in
June 1995, which main objec i e was o emphasise he necessi y o co-o dina ion o
na ional policies. The epo in o ms ha despi e he imp o emen o compe i i eness o
he Eu opean Indus y ha can explain he educ ion o he de ici o impo a ion om
USA and Japan, he e s ill pe sis s impo an weaknesses. Among hem, he epo
shows he ollowings:
• Small Eu opean specialisa ion in high- ech goods and in ma ke s o impo an
g ow h
• educed p esence o he Eu opean indus y in geog aphical a eas o high po en ial
g ow h
• No su icien p oduc i i y o he R&D e o .
• Eu opean companies seem o be less able o de elop new p oduc s o se ices om
R&D ac i i ies han Japanese o Ame ican companies.
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Following he indica o o Spending in R&D as a pe cen age o he GDP, we can
see ha he e is an impo an lag o Spain wi h espec o he main coun ies o OECD
o he EU. Fo example, spending ep esen mo e han 2% o he GDP since 1981 in
Ge many, Uni ed Kingdom and F ance. USA spends o e 2.5% and Japan spends mo e
han 3% in yea s 1990,1991 and 1992. Spain, du ing he same pe iod has no eached
1%.
In gene al, Spain is 2 poin s below Japan and USA, 1.5 below Ge many, F ance
and U.K., and 1 poin below he a e age o he EU. Fo example in 1995 he si ua ion
was as ollows: U.E. (1.85%) Japan and USA (mo e han 2.5%) Spain (0.85%) and
Andalusia (0.67%).
TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF R&D SPENDS (PORCENTAGE) (1983–1995)
In pa en hesis, he posi ion o Andalusia among he 17 Spanish Au onomic Communi ies
YEAR ANDALUSIA SPAIN
Fi ms Uni e si ies Public Adminis . Fi ms Uni e si ies Public Adminis .
1983(*)
(14)14,97
(4) 85,03
51,79 48,21
1986
(10) 41,03
(8) 27,79
(7) 31,18
58,62 15,23 26,15
1987
(12) 35,91
(4) 26,88
(6) 37,20
57,29 15,52 26,31
1988
(12) 37,59
(8) 32,13
(7) 30,27
56,79 19,24 23,18
1989
(12) 34,99
(6) 38,16
(7) 26,86
56,33 20,41 22,73
1990
(12) 33,41
(6) 41,61
(9) 24,98
58,14 20,48 20,83
1991
(12) 31,12
(8) 43,77
(9) 25,11
56,29 22,33 21,38
1992
(13) 26,73
(7) 52,52
(7) 20,75
50,80 29,08 20,12
1993
(14) 21,76
(3) 60,15
(9) 18,09
48,22 31,58 20,20
1994
(13
)
24,27
(5) 54,97
(8) 20,75
46,76 31,58 20,70
1995
(11)
26,66
(9)
51,95
(8)
21,39 48,23 33,15 18,62
(*) 1983. Ag ega e Figu e o Uni e si ies and Public Admins a ion..
Sou ce: INE Resea ch and De elopmen Ac i i ies S a isi cs, Con abilidad Regional de España del INE., C. Ma ín and L.
R. Rome o (1988), C. Ma ín, L. Mo eno and L. R. Rome o (1990).
TABLE 3. RESEARCH EFFORT (1983-1995): R&D SPENDS AS PERCENTAGE OF GVA
In pa en hesis, he posi ion o Andalusia among he 17 Spanish Au onomic Communi ies.
YEAR TOTAL EFFORT OF THE REGION FIRMS EFFORT
Andalusia Spain Andlausia Spain
1983 (7) 0,2789 0,4623 (9) 0,0417 0,2394
1986 (8) 0,3653 0,6166 (8) 0,1499 0,3614
1987 (7) 0,3604 0,6537 (7) 0,1294 0,3745
1988 (8) 0,4319 0,7665 (10) 0,1624 0,4353
1989 (8) 0,4779 0,8072 (9) 0,1672 0,4547
1990 (8) 0,4929 0,9015 (9) 0,1647 0,5242
1991 (8) 0,5010 0,9275 (9) 0,1559 0,5221
1992 (12) 0,5670 0,9995 (12) 0,1515 0,5135
1993 (7) 0,6896 0,9787 (11) 0,1503 0,4815
1994 (10) 0,5663 0,9209 (11) 0,1374 0,4306
1995 (5) 0,6654 0,9161 (9) 0,1774 0,4418
Sou ce: Es adís icas sob e Ac i idades de I+D del INE, Con abilidad Regional de España del INE, C. Ma ín y L. R.
Rome o (1988), C. Ma ín, L. Mo eno y L. R. Rome o (1990).
8
F om ano he poin o iew, we can conside he di e en sou ces o spending in
R&D ac i i ies: P i a e Fi ms, Uni e si ies and Public Adminis a ion. This can be seen
in Table 2 and Table 3. While in he EU i ms de elop mo e hen 60% o he spending
in R&D ac i i ies, Spanish i ms has ne e eached his igu e (58% in 1990, 48% in
1995). I is clea ha he Andalusian e o is smalle han he Spanish a e age
especially a he le el i m. This means ha he pa icipa ion o he o he agen s,
Uni e si ies and Public Adminis a ion is ex ao dina y high specially he o me ha
ep esen s mo e han 50% o he egional spending in R&D.
F om bo h Tables we can conclude ha he esea ch e o and spending in R&D
o p i a e i ms show a cyclical beha iou . I seems ha he Andalusian and Spanish
i ms e o can be explained by he e olu ion o hei economic esul s ins ead o he
imp o emen o echnology and in es men in compe i ion.
4. TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL AND DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY.
A e his sho e alua ion o he spending in R&D, we will ocus on he
e alua ion o he Technological Con en Index and he e olu ion o he IIR. As Table 4
shows, he e exis s ce ain s abili y, wi h small dec ease in he echnological con en
since 1980-1995, accompanied by g ow h o echnological con en inco po a ed by he
Andalusian economy in he egional inpu s. This means ha he e has been a endency
o educe he echnological con en inco po a ed o he p oduc i e sys em and a
subs i u ion o impo ed echnology by egional echnology, which is weake and la e 3.
TABLE 4. TECHNOLOGICAL CONTENT INDEX AND INTERMEDIATE INPUT
REQUIREMENT IN ANDALUSIA. (1980-1995)
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTENT INDEX (1) 1980 1990 1995
* GLOBAL: TOTAL 52,46 51,20 52,11
REGIONAL 25,15 31,01 29,17
* MEDIO-ALTO: TOTAL 11,73 14,58 20,95
REGIONAL 4,05 4,44 6,76
* ALTO: TOTAL 1,80 3,34 3,27
REGIONAL 1,00 1,80 0,36
INTERMEDIATE INPUT REQUIREMENTS
(2)
3.964.272 7.387.937 8.898.737
VARIATION OF REQUERIMENTS (2) 1980 o 1990 1990 o 1995
* TOTALS 3.423.656 (86,36%) 1.510.800 (20,45%)
* TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE -590.877 (-14,91%) 1.159.822 (15,7%)
* FINAL DEMAND 4.014.532 (101,27%) 350.973 (4,75%)
Pe cen age
Millions o pese as. 1990.
SOURCE: INPUT OUTPUT TABLE ANDALUSIA 1980, 1990 and 1995.
9
Two di e en pe iods can be ound. Fi s , 1980-1990 when he phenomena
men ioned abo e a e e y in ensi e, specially he subs i u ion o he inpu s po en ially
inno a i e. On he con a y, yea s 1990-1995 shows a change in his endency and he
echnological con en o in e media e inpu s is eco e ed.
Looking o he e olu ion o he IIR we can also see wo di e en pe iods. F om
1980-1990 he e is an inc ease o almos 90% in he olume o he equi emen s. This
g ow h is due almos exclusi ely o changes in he s uc u e and olume o inal
demand. (The echnological componen -changing he p oduc i e s uc u e- is nega i e)
On he o he hand, du ing he pe iod 1990-1995 he p ocess has changed deeply,
because bo h, changes o inal demand and o p oduc i e s uc u e ( echnology) a e
posi i e. The la e a e esponsible o he 20% o g ow h in he olume o IIR.
This means ha du ing he i s pe iod, he change in he p oduc i e s uc u e has
educed he In e media e Inpu Requi emen o any Pese a o he inal demand, and has
weaken he ela ions among p oduc i e sec o s. On he con a y, du ing he pe iod
1990–1995, he change was made on he con a y way, inc easing he necessi ies o
in e media e inpu s and gene a ing a be e in eg a ion in he p oduc i e ne wo k.
As a esul o his analysis we can conclude ha du ing he pe iod 1980-1990
he e exis s a educ ion in he p ocess o di usion o echnology in he Andalusian
economy accompanied by he e ec i e educ ion o he Technological Con en Index.
Du ing he pe iod 1990-1995 he e exis s a eco e y in he di usion o echnology.
Ne e heless, hese da a mus be cla i ied. The e olu ion o he Technological
Con en Indexes du ing he 80´s show an inc ease in he echnology o he economy
h ough he use o inpu s coming om economic sec o s o medium and high
echnological in ensi y (specially om ab oad). This endency con inues du ing he
beginning o he 90´s, wi h some di e ences. On one hand, he endency g ows, as
shows he high-medium index. On he o he hand, he high index seems o s abilise.
This beha iou is due o he subs i u ion o inpu s coming om ab oad.
A ele an con adic ion seems o appea when hese esul s a e compa ed wi h
hose ob ained om he analysis o Global Technological Con en Indexes. This
p oblem can be sol ed i we look o he calculus o TCI. These indexes a e ob ained as a
pe cen age o Inpu s wi h di e en echnological in ensi y, o e To al In e media e
16
sec o s. The p ocess o subs i u ion o p ima y inpu s and sa e o labou has occu ed
wi h some delay in he indus ial sec o .
FIGURE 1. EMPLOYMENT REQUIREMENTS NEEDED TO SATISFY 1995 FINAL DEMAND
WITH DIFEERENT TECHNOLOGICAL LEVELS
3.634.513
2.115.739
1.828.386
738.542
405.427 327.086
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
3.000.000
3.500.000
4.000.000
WHOLE ECONOMY INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
1980 TECHNOLOGY
1990 TECHNOLOGY
1995 TECHNOLOGY
Sou ce: INPUT OUTPUT TABLE ANDALUSIA 1980, 1990 and 1995.
We can conclude his sho analysis wi h Figu e 1 ha ep esen s he e olu ion o
o al ER and indus ial sec o s ER needed o sa is y Final Demand co esponding o
1995 wi h echnological le els co esponding, espec i ely o 1995, 1990 and 1980.
Table 9 ep esen s he a e age accumula e annual a e o a ia ion o ER needed o
sa is y inal demand o 1995 wi h echnologies o 1980, 1995 and 1995.
TABLE 9. AVERAGE ACCUMULATE ANNUAL RATE OF VARIATION IN ER
PERIOD WHOLE ECONOMY INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
1980–1990 – 5,6% – 6,2%
1990–1995 – 1,5% – 2,2%
Sou ce: INPUT OUTPUT TABLE ANDALUSIA 1980, 1990 and 1995.
6. FINAL REMARKS
The Theo y o Geog aphical Inno a ion es ablishes ha he appea ance o
“economies o agglome a ion” is associa ed o spa ial concen a ion o R&D ac i i ies.
In his way, co-ope a ion among di e en agen s, which ake place in he inno a ion
p ocess ( e ical and ho izon al) in a ansi ional con ex , has a c ucial impo ance. This
p ocess can be ansla ed in o an imp o emen in he echnological le el o he
p oduc i e p ocess, and ake ad ance o he R&D e o 5. On he o he hand, as hese

17
ac i i ies need a g ea amoun o inancial esou ces, ac i i ies o suppo ing inno a ion
become c i ical elemen s in SME´s and in he e olu ion o egions and coun ies whe e
hese i ms a e s abilised.
The lack o own unds makes SME´s, looking o goods and se ices ex e nal,
ob ained in nea places. In his way, inno a ion sp eads all o e he economic sys em
h ough he goods sold. This ac gi es a special in e es o he TCI o in e media e
inpu s and o he IIR specially hose p eceding om sec o s wi h a highe echnological
in ensi y, as a measu e o e eb a ion o he p oduc i e p ocess, and in his way, he
di usion o ac i i ies.
Andalusian Indus ial Sec o has no been able o inco po a e inpu s o high
echnological in ensi y a he same speed han he Spanish Indus y, despi e a big e o
in echnological de elopmen . This ac ep esen s an impo an challenge o he design
o indus ial and echnological egional policies in Andalusia, due o he sup emacy o
he Small and Medium En e p ises Sec o in he p oduc i e ne wo k.
The e ec o changes in echnical s uc u e on employmen has been a con inuous
educ ion in ER (labou inpu equi ed pe uni o ou pu ). This educ ion is mo e
in ensi e in he i s pe iod (1980–1990) han in he second (1990–1995), and mo e
in ensi e in he indus y han in he o he p oduc i e sec o , o bo h pe iods.
We hink ha he indica o s analysed in his pape a e a measu e o wo
in e es ing ac s, he global esul o he p ocess o inno a ion, and he oll played by he
p oduc i e ne wo k in a ce ain e i o y in ela ion o he sp ead o echnological
inno a ions. Bu he e a e also some p oblems wi h he indica o s such as he limi ed
in o ma ion gi en because hey a e no able o sepa a e di e en beha iou o impo an
agen s and ac o s.
This idea is nea o COOMBS (1988, p.296) hypo hesis. R&D is no he unique
esou ce o inno a ion. Beside his, he e exis o he sou ces o inno a ion a e ela ed
o he i m size, he economic sec o o which he i m belongs, in o mal ac i i ies ha
a e usually a e ound in inno a ion ac i i ies, especially in SME´s.
Wi h espec o he di e en index o echnological con en we can conclude ha
he global a e mo e adequa e o measu e he echnological le el o he economy.
18
Ne e heless, High-medium Indexes a e mo e adequa e o measu e he esea ch e o ,
by means o he R&D expenses.
1 Fo example BANCA CATALANA (1978), PAYNO e al (1983), CASTELL e al (1992), GALAN,
CASILLAS y MORENO (1993), MARTIN Y PALMA (1993), JORDA (1994).
2 A mo e de ailed analysis o he e olu ion o he public policies o R&D in Andalusia can be ound
in PALMA, GARCIA y RODRIGUEZ (1997) o DURAN e al, (1999).
3 PALMA, MARTIN and RODRIGUEZ (1992); PALMA MARTIN and VILLAR (1992),
PROGRAMA INDUSTRIAL DE ANDALUCIA (1992)
4 Sáez, F. (1992) pág. 97.
5 Coope a ion in R&D ac i i ies in Andalusian i ms can be ound in AGUADO (1999).
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