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Combining Length restrictions and N-Best Techniques in multiple-pas search strategies

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Combining Length restrictions and N-Best Techniques in multiple-pas search strategies

Author: Rodríguez Fonollosa, José Adrián
Publisher: G. Olaszy, G. Németh, K. Erdohegyi
Year: 1999
Source: https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/2117/103644/1/F026.PDF
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i qwh1 %Wkh ghplsk qh= dq h lhqw xez ug xqlw
i u qwlqx x shh k uh jqlwl q/% Su 1 HX0
URVSHHFK*<:/ ss1 45480454;/ Uk gh / Vhswhp0
ehu 4<<:1
^<` Vshh kGdw LL1 Vshh k Gdwded h i u wkh uhdwl q
i y l h gulyhq whoh huyl h 1 Odqjxdjh Hqjlqhhulqj
Uh xu h 1 HF Whohpdwl 1
kwws=22zzz1 shh kgdw1 uj1
3n1
WORD
STRING
  
3n2+1
WORD
STRING
3n3+2
WORD
STRING
Selec N-Bes Hypo hesis
ENTER
Iljxuh 4= Judppdu qhwz un jhqhudwlqj qqh whg z ug wulqj i glhuhqw ohqjwk
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 11 22 42 80 160
QXPEHURIK SRWKHVLV
U
H
P
D
L
Q
L
Q
J

V
W
U
L
Q
J

H
U
U
R
U
V




k=1
k=2
k=5
Iljxuh 5= F psdul q i wkh shu hqw i pl hg uuh w gljlw wulqj d d ixq wl q i wkh qxpehu i judppdu q gh
ndqg wkh qxpehu i psxwhg k|s wkh h 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 11 22 42 80 160
QXPEHURIK SRWKHVLV
F
R
P
S
X
W
D
W
L
R
Q
D
O

F
R
V
W


V
H
F
R
Q
G
V

k=1
k=2
k=5
Iljxuh 6= F psdul q i wkh psxwdwl qdo w i wkh su s hg doj ulwkp d d ixq wl q i wkh qxpehu i
judppdu q gh ndqg wkh qxpehu i psxwhg k|s wkh h +Wd n 4,1