Jou nal o Indus ial Enginee ing and Managemen
JIEM, 2017 – 10(1): 388-405 – Online ISSN: 2013-0953 – P in ISSN: 2013-8423
h ps://doi.o g/10.3926/jiem.2173
The Impac o G een Logis ics-Based Ac i i ies on he Sus ainable
Mone a y Expansion Indica o s o Oman
Fa is Alshubi i
Dho a Uni e si y (Oman)
[email protected]
Recei ed: No embe 2016
Accep ed: Ma ch 2017
Abs ac :
Pu pose:
The pu pose o his s udy is o examine g een logis ics ac i i ies using a h ee-axis
app oach ( inancial-economic, social and en i onmen al ac i i ies) and how hese ac i i ies a ec
he sus ainable mone a y expansion indica o s o he Sul ana e o Oman.
Design/me hodology/app oach:
This s udy begins by de ining elemen s o g een logis ics and
how his concep has e ol ed in ecen yea s. This concep is analyzed a e su eying p e ious
s udies on g een logis ics. The independen a iables o g een logis ics a e h ee old: inancial-
economic, social and en i onmen al, and a e applied o cla i y he impac on mone a y expansion
indica o s (b oad, na ow and ese e money), which a e impo an indica ions o de e mining
he economic condi ion o a coun y. This s udy used da a published in he annual s a is ical
epo by he Cen al Bank o Oman as ep esen a i e o he economic condi ion o he
Sul ana e o Oman du ing he pe iod 2008 o 2015.
Findings:
Two a iables wi hin he en i onmen al ac i i ies we e ound o be s a is ically
signi ican a 1% and 5%: go e nmen suppo o he elec ici y sec o (GSE) and subsidy on so
loans o he p i a e housing sec o (SSLPH). Only one a iable ( anspo and communica ion
(TC)) wi hin he inancial-economic ac i i ies was s a is ically signi ican a 1% and 5%, bu all
a iables (communi y, social and pe sonal (CSP) ela ions; cul u al and eligious a ai s (CRA); and
social secu i y and wel a e (SSW)) wi hin he social ac i i ies we e s a is ically signi ican a 1%,
5% and 10%. Finally, a mul iple eg ession es was also pe o med on all he a iables wi hin he
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g een logis ics ac i i ies and all he mone a y expansion indica o s, and hey we e ound o be
s a is ically signi ican a 1% and 5%. The s udy ecommends ha a en ion should be gi en o
inancial-economic ac i i ies as a quan i a i e s anda d ha con ibu es o de eloping g een
logis ics. This would en ail a diagnosis o he p io i ies and he exis ing economic and inancial
sys em ha con ibu es o sus ainable de elopmen o he coun y's economy. I would also be
impo an o ac i a e he indus ial sec o s by educing ope a ing cos s and imp o ing he quali y
o se ice p o ided o cus ome s, an indica o o he social ac i i ies ha con o m g een logis ics,
and o inc ease co po a e awa eness o he en i onmen al a iables and he beha io o
consume s in o de o es ablish a inancial-economic sys em based on he concep o g een
logis ics.
Resea ch limi a ions:
The a ailable da a in he annual s a is ical epo o Oman is limi ed,
which limi s he pe iod and all he a iables o he s udy.
P ac ical implica ions:
The managemen o companies should be adop ing g een logis ics
ope a ions i hey compa e he esul s o he concep s conside ed in his s udy wi h hose o
hei compe i o s in he ma ke , in o de o consolida e hei posi ion in he ma ke . Fu he mo e,
he concep o g een logis ics helps companies build an in ellec ual model ha con ibu es o
enhancing added alue. The esul s o his s udy enhance he s abili y o mone a y expansion
indica o s e lec ing economic g ow h.
Social implica ions:
G een logis ics plays a beha io al ole in he company’s and coun y’s
pe o mance and de e mines he ends and a i udes o he u u e g ow h o companies,
especially ega ding he en i onmen al indica o s.
O iginali y/ alue:
This s udy aims o analyze g een logis ics in he inancial-economic, social
and en i onmen al a eas, which e lec he g ea es a ia ions, especially as hey a e a ec ed by
changes in global ma ke s, pa icula ly wi h espec o oil p ices, he main sou ce o e enue o
he Sul ana e o Oman. This is o pa icula in e es as g een logis ics is one o he mode n
concep s ha a e in luencing he de elopmen o co po a e s a egies o implemen economic
plans in he coun y. This s udy has also supplied a concep ual esea ch amewo k o explain
g een logis ics in p epa a ion o many u u e s udies ha will examine i s elemen s.
Keywo ds:
g een logis ics ac i i ies, mone a y expansion, sus ainable de elopmen , sul ana e o Oman
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1. In oduc ion
In ecen yea s, inc eased in e es has been obse ed in in luencing he inancial-economic, social and
en i onmen al ac i i ies, whose impac in he economy could be ex ended o he mac o le el, p omp ing
he go e nmen 's in e es in implemen ing p ocedu es and policies o y and mi iga e he en i onmen al
impac and o p ese e he esou ces in o de o con ibu e o an inc ease in he g oss domes ic p oduc
and add economic alue o he coun y in he o m o in e es ing companies (Hans, 2011). The p i a e
sec o has also dedica ed mo e e o o de eloping s a egies o deal wi h an en i onmen al c isis,
h ough a en ion o g een logis ics and di e en ac ions aimed o p ese e bo h he ins i u ion and he
coun y’s esou ces (Diaba & Go indan, 2011).
Inc easing globaliza ion has led o companies in ensi ying hei e o s o in eg a e hei ac i i ies, and in
his ega d, he en i onmen has aken on g ea e impo ance and p o ides an indica ion o he keys o
success o ailu e, depending on a company’s accu acy in he analysis o en i onmen al elemen s.
P o isions mus be made o po en ial losses, and he e o e an inc ease awa eness is equi ed o he
en i onmen al condi ions ha can occu , which may a ec he economic de elopmen o he coun y’s
mone a y and iscal policy (McKinnon, B owne & Whi eing, 2010). Companies in eg a e ac i i ies om
a ious indus ial, inancial, se ice and insu ance sec o s wi hin he g een logis ics channel, in ol ed in
he o mula ion o a mone a y policy. I he e is a s ong supply chain, he e may also be a s ong cash
index ha con ibu es o building he coun y’s economy (Ma kley & Da is, 2007).
Since he ope a ions and co po a e policies h ea en he en i onmen i hey a e beyond con ol, hus
p oducing nega i e en i onmen al indica o s, companies play an impo an ole in p essing o
app op ia e en i onmen ally- iendly ope a ing p ocesses ha a e consis en wi h he compe i i e
en i onmen in he ma ke . Acco dingly, companies mus deal wi h in e nal and ex e nal ac o s in g een
logis ics ha impac hem g ea ly (Kleindo e , Singhal & Van Wassenho e, 2005).
The aim o g een logis ics is o educe logis ics cos s and inc ease p o i s in o de o main ain sus ainable
de elopmen ; in o he wo ds, i a ec s he inancial s a emen s, by aking in o accoun he cos elemen ,
he cos componen s and hei di ec impac on co po a e p o i abili y (Piecyk & Alan, 2010).
The mode n c ises ha occu ed a ec ed he companies and he coun ies ha a e planning o
sus ainable de elopmen , o p e en he was e and loss o esou ces, in o de o a ain a g een economy.
Howe e , i is also he social esponsibili y o all indi iduals, companies and sec o s o go e nmen o
play a pa in he in eg a ion and in e ac ion o all ac i i ies, in o de o build a g een economy h ough
g een logis ics (Kuma , 2015).
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Logis ics is a ool o mo e goods, ma e ials and people om one place a a speci ic ime o ano he place
a ano he ime. I is conside ed ele an o ope a ions in mode n sys ems, no only a a local le el, bu
also a an in e na ional le el, whe e we obse e a decen aliza ion and globaliza ion o logis ical suppo
in he de elopmen o p oduc s and se ices wi hin he supply chain, an indica i e o g een logis ics,
acco ding o which he op imal use o he cos s and ime is impo an in o de o add eal alue o he
economy and inance a he mac o le el (Leh onen, 2004).
The e olu ion o echnology quickly led o an imbalance in he ecological a ea, and he e o e a lack o
awa eness o he concep o social en i onmen . Howe e , he ecen yea s ha e wi nessed an inc eased
impo ance o he social en i onmen , which has become a key elemen in g een logis ics, and he
appea ance and e olu ion o he economic and inancial sec o s, which ha e aken on an impo an , i al
ole in a coun y’s mone a y and iscal policy. This is because hey a e he componen s o he ou pu o
go e nmen al decisions, and hey also in luence he socie al beha io owa d economic decisions
(Monne , 2008).
The basic elemen s o he mode n concep o g een logis ics a e ime and cos s, which in e ac wi h one
ano he in he en i onmen in o de o p oduce p oduc s acco ding o an op imal me hod, and o
dis ibu e he p oduc s a he lowes cos and in he sho es ime possible, while educing he a e o
p oduc damage and loss and wo king on ecycling was e o achie e an op imal use (Kuma , 2015).
This s udy aims o in eg a e, coo dina e and use he da a published in he annual s a is ical epo by he
Cen al Bank o Oman as ep esen a i e o he economic si ua ion in he Sul ana e o Oman du ing he
pe iod 2008 o 2015. The in en is ha he e ec i e and e icien use o he supply chain will educe he
ope a ing cos s o any pa o he cash concep wi hin he g een logis ics concep . This s udy con ibu es
o es ablishing, as pa o a philosophical concep , he impo ance o g een logis ics ac i i ies in building
a s ong economy based on he iscal and mone a y policy o he coun y. This s udy will examine he
h ee componen s o g een logis ics which con ibu e o cos educ ion. The s udy is o ganized in o six
sec ions; a e he in oduc ion, he s udy explains g een logis ics and sus ainable mone a y expansion,
and hen p esen s a li e a u e e iew, ollowed by he me hodology, empi ical esul s and discussion.
Finally, he conclusions a e p esen ed.
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2. G een Logis ics and Sus ainable Mone a y Expansion
G een logis ics is based on he adminis a i e policies o supply chain p oduc ion and how o achie e
sus ainable mone a y de elopmen conside ing he ela ed adminis a ion, p ope managemen and he
ans e o esou ces be ween companies and ma ke sec o s in o de o educe cos s (Rod iguez, Slack &
Com ois, 2001). G een logis ics ep esen s all ac i i ies ha p o ide in o ma ion o he pu poses o
consume goods p oduc ion abou all speci ica ions wished by he consume and needed o hei
con e sion, and s i e o inc ease ma ke demand (Lee & Klassen, 2008).
G een logis ics is a measu emen o business ac i i y h ough he in eg a ion o elemen s o supply chain
managemen , which con ibu e he added alue o en i onmen al pe o mance (Bin & Chaoyuan, 2005).
G een logis ics can also be de ined in e ms o he in eg a ion among p i a e, ope a ional, s a egic, local
and global elemen s, in e ms o go e nmen in e en ion as ep esen a i e o he gene al go e nmen
sec o , in e ms o p essu e on he p i a e sec o o con ibu e o he cons uc ion o he inancial-
economic sec o and o sol e public sec o p oblems and suppo i , and in e ms o he in eg a ion o
di e en sec o s wi h one ano he , which also means obse ing he ope a ional p ocesses o he o he
sec o s and adap ing hem o he elemen s and p inciples o he pa icula en i onmen al s a egy. O e
he long e m, all o hese con ibu e o building he economy; he e is whe e a hi d pe spec i e comes in,
a iew ha looks beyond he local con ex o he la ge global amewo k (McKinnon e al., 2010). G een
logis ics e e s o ac i i ies which measu e he en i onmen al impac o he dis ibu ion o p oduc s and
se ices, and look o s a egies which mi iga e damage, leading o sus ainable de elopmen (Sibihi &
Eglese, 2009).
G een logis ics is a cu ing-edge concep de ined as he p oduc ion and dis ibu ion o p oduc s in he
ma ke so ha en i onmen al, social and inancial-economic componen s a e aken in o accoun in he
p ocess o sus ainable de elopmen . Some esea che s, such as Tu kay and Funda (2011) and Sibihi and
Eglese (2009), explain g een logis ics as an in ensi ica ion o e o s o ind me hods, s anda ds and
c i e ia o educe cos s and achie e a balance among he h ee elemen s (en i onmen al, social and
economic componen s). In ecen yea s, he e e se logis ics concep has eme ged; i conside s he low
o p oduc s and se ices o he cus ome be o e hey a e supplied o he ma ke , which leads o lowe
cos s in e ms o bo h ime and esou ces. Thus, e e se logis ics is na u ally included wi hin he concep
o g een logis ics, and we can see ha i s imula es conside a ions in di e en en i onmen s o inclusion
wi hin he g een logis ics concep (Pagell & Wu, 2009).
Re e se logis ics includes educing ope a ional cos s, and sa ing money and inc easing alue by eselling
o ecycling esou ces in he en i onmen in o de o co e any po en ial losses o ope a ional cos s
(Voig & Thiell, 2004). G een logis ics ocuses on eco- iendly esou ces and sa ing money o c ea e an
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image o he company in he ma ke . The e o e, as indica ed by Hans (2011), g een logis ics lows
o wa d wi hin he supply chain, while e e se logis ics e e s o sus ainable de elopmen . Along hese
lines, Voig and Thiell (2004) equa es g een logis ics o ecological logis ics by examining he
en i onmen al impac o educing consump ion cos s o p oduc s and se ices, hence he in eg a ion o
e e se logis ics wi h g een logis ics, h ough he ecycling, e-use and e-indus ializa ion o esou ces,
which e ec i ely con ibu e o ha monizing he impac in his economically e icien en i onmen .
3. Li e a u e Re iew
The g een supply chain has g own in ecen yea s in he business sec o , in esponse o inc eased
challenges in logis ics managemen . The esul has been g een logis ics managemen in he supply chain
and sus ainable de elopmen . We see ha g een logis ics ocuses on p oduc design and de elopmen
acco ding o compe i i e s anda ds in e ms o p ice, ea u es, quali y, e c. In o he wo ds, g een logis ics
con ibu es o in e nal and ex e nal esou ce managemen , including isk managemen and coope a ion
wi h supplie s o manage he supply chain. Voig and Thiell (2004) indica ed ha e e se logis ics co e s
many goods ans e ing and s o age cos s and adds alue o he se ice o e he li e ime o he p oduc
and he company h ough con inui y o he quali y o aw ma e ials and e ec i ely es ing ha goods a e
p oduced and dis ibu ed o consume s e icien ly. Bin and Chaoyuan (2005) unde s ood logis ics
ope a ions o symbolize he adminis a i e in eg a ion o all ac i i ies o p oduce he goods o be
ma ke ed wi hin he supply chain, while con inuing o educe cos s and hus a o he cash ma ke .
Meade, Sa kis and P esley (2007) explained a signi ican aspec o e e se logis ics, acco ding o which
many companies bea he esponsibili y in e ms o he p oduc s in he ma ke so as o mee he desi es
and needs o consume s, hus achie ing a high deg ee o pe suasion and loyal y o he p oduc , especially
o e he long e m. Meanwhile, Lewis and Fi zpa ick (2007) analyzed he indus y in e ms o he
p essu e on companies in gene al o educe ope a ing cos s and losses by s imula ing he ecycling o
p oduc s, which wo ks o con ibu e an added alue o he ope a ional p ocess.
The s udy by Ca e and Roge s (2008) indica ed ha he en i onmen al and social ac i i ies a e a posi i e
mo e owa ds g een logis ics, bu so is he in eg a ion o economic ac i i ies, so as o achie e a
compe i i e ad an age o he company, helping i o g ow and su i e in he ma ke . Pagell and Wu
(2009) emphasized ha sus ainable de elopmen will con inue in he companies, hanks o he
adminis a i e examina ion p ac ices ha lead o he good managemen o he supply chain, which is a
combina ion o inancial-economic and social ac i i ies, he eby achie ing he goals o he g een logis ics
concep . Thiell (2010) indica ed ha g een logis ics includes ac i i ies ela ed o e ec i e managemen
which ac on he low o p oduc s and in o ma ion om he poin o o igin o consume s, in an e o o
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mee consume demands. Fische (2011) explained ha he anspo sec o ep esen s a g ea challenge
in e ms o he echnology and he building o he in as uc u e o he economy in any coun y.
The e o e, he ma ke is always a iable, and hus making e e ence o he en i onmen is an impo an
ac i i y in he planning o g een logis ics.
Gold and Seu ing (2011) indica ed ha sus ainable de elopmen is pa o g een logis ics, which
companies seek o ake in o accoun in e ms o c ea i i y a wo k and he di e en ia ion o ac ion in
o de o achie e compe i i eness in he ma ke and imp o e he quali y o se ices p o ided o
cus ome s. McKinnon, Cullinane, B owne and Whi eing (2012) claimed ha he g een logis ics indica o s
include good go e nance and building ela ionships wi h he ma ke , o he pu poses o de eloping
al e na i es and ying o adap o en i onmen al c ises, in o de o companies o lay he ounda ion o
con inui y and g ow h. Jakubauskas (2012) indica ed ha he p oduc ion sys em o he companies
de e mines he le el o well-being a wo k, which e lec s posi i ely on he pe o mance achie ed by
g een logis ics. S olka (2014) ound ha he en i onmen al componen o g een logis ics is he mos
in luen ial ac o in sus ainable de elopmen , and ha esou ces mus be consis en wi h he goals o
o ganiza ions. Kuma (2015) explained ha he en i onmen al componen o g een logis ics p o okes
changes in he decision-making p ocesses in companies, and hese con ibu e o he de elopmen o he
concep o sus ainable de elopmen .
A e pe using he li e a u e e iew, we can classi y hese s udies in wo g oups: hose such as he wo ks
by S olka (2014), McKinnon e al. (2012) and Ca e and Roge s (2008), which ound ha co po a e
manage s mus ake in o accoun en i onmen al s anda ds in he cons uc ion o co po a e s a egies ha
could unde go cons an change, acco ding o he de elopmen en i onmen ; and hose by Kuma (2015),
Gold and Seu ing (2011), Pagell and Wu (2009) and Bin and Chaoyuan (2005), which ound ha he
de e minan s o g een logis ics a y om company o company, depending on he ac i i y sec o ,
geog aphical loca ion and le el o en i onmen al equi emen s. Fu he mo e, he e is he s udy by Voig
and Thiell (2004), which ound ha impo an ac o s in de e mining a company’s beha io a e
en i onmen al p essu es and he associa ed de elopmen o di e en companies in he en i onmen .
Recen s udies such as ha by Kannan, Khoda e di, Ol a , Ja a ian and Diaba (2013), ha e no ed ha he
bes g een logis ics p o ide is he one who o e s a sui able p ice, high quali y se ice, and en i onmen al
sa e y; oge he , all hese ac o s p o ide o g een p oduc s in a company. Chung, Chao and Lou (2016)
explained ha en i onmen al egula ions, inance sou ces and echnological compe ence a e he d i e s
o g een logis ics in companies, in e ms o sus ainabili y. Wang, Ho, Luo and Lin (2017) demons a es
ha he e a e speci ic indus ial sec o s ha show posi i e signs in e ms o echnical aspec s and he
e ec s o g een logis ics, esul ing in high le els o e iciency.
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We see ha he impo an ope a ional and echnological p ocesses mus be aken in o accoun when
hinking abou inco po a ing g een logis ics, as cus ome and co po a e awa eness o deli e ing a
high-quali y p oduc also con ibu es o he p o ision o g een logis ics. Finally, he legisla ion and laws
o a coun y and he ex en o hei lexibili y also e lec s he image o in eg a ion and in e ac ion o
companies in he ma ke in e ms o g een logis ics.
This s udy con ibu es o he en ichmen and enhancemen o he p e ious li e a u e on he concep o
g een logis ics, in ha his s udy cha ac e izes he p e ious li e a u e in o de o analyze all he elemen s
o g een logis ics ha con ibu e o he economic g ow h o he coun y, based on building a balanced
and s ong mone a y policy. I also shows he go e nmen 's ole in suppo ing en i onmen al and social
sec o ac o s ha will lead o lowe cos s and enhance he added alue.
4. The S udy Me hodology
Empi ical me hodology is used o es he hypo heses o his s udy p oblem. This s udy used da a om
all sec o s o he economy in Oman. This s udy used 8 yea s o da a published in a s a is ical annual
epo om he Cen al Bank o Oman 2008-2015 as ep esen a i e o he economic condi ion o he
Sul ana e o Oman du ing he pe iod 2008 o 2015.
4.1. S udy Hypo heses
A e e iew o he li e a u e, i became e iden ha many s udies, such as hose by Pagell and Wu (2009),
Kuma (2015) and Thiell (2010), used many di e en a iables, loca ions and equa ions. Based on hese
p e ious s udies, I designed 12 equa ions explaining he independen a iables o measu e g een logis ics
ac i i ies conside ing as dependen a iables he sus ainable mone a y expansion indica o s, in o de o
es he ollowing hypo hesis s a emen s:
HO-1:
The impac o each ype o g een logis ics ac i i ies ( inancial-economic, social and en i onmen al) and he
M2 b oad money indica o as he mone a y expansion indica o in he Sul ana e o Oman.
HO-2:
The impac o each ype o g een logis ics ac i i ies ( inancial-economic, social and en i onmen al) and he
M1 na ow money indica o as he mone a y expansion indica o in he Sul ana e o Oman.
HO-3:
The impac o each ype o g een logis ics ac i i ies ( inancial-economic, social and en i onmen al) and he
ese e money indica o as he mone a y expansion indica o in he Sul ana e o Oman.
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HO-4:
The impac o all he a iables o each ype o g een logis ics ac i i ies ( inancial-economic, social and
en i onmen al) and all he mone a y expansion indica o s (M2 b oad money, M1 na ow money and ese e money)
in he Sul ana e o Oman.
4.2. The Va iables and Equa ions
4.2.1. S udy Va iables
The s udy a iables we e collec ed om he 8 yea s o da a published in he annual s a is ical epo by
he Cen al Bank o Oman (2008-2015). The dependen a iables o he sus ainable mone a y expansion
indica o s (SMEI) a e measu ed by he M2 b oad money indica o , measu ed by he M1 na ow money
indica o and sho - e m deposi s in banks and ce ain money ma ke unds; he M1 na ow money
indica o , measu ed by coins and no es ha a e in ci cula ion and o he money equi alen s ha can be
easily con e ed in o cash; and he ese e money indica o , measu ed by M2 and long- e m deposi s. The
h ee independen a iables o g een logis ic ac i i ies (GLA) a e measu ed by he ollowing:
•Financial-economic ac i i y, as measu ed by: da a on mining, manu ac u ing and
cons uc ion (MMC); anspo and communica ion (TC); and uel and ene gy (FE).
• Social ac i i y, as measu ed by: da a on communi y, social and pe sonal (CSP); cul u al and
eligious a ai s (CRA); and social secu i y and wel a e (SSW).
• En i onmen al ac i i y, as measu ed by: da a on go e nmen suppo o elec ici y sec o
(GSE);, subsidy on so loans o he p i a e housing sec o (SSLPH); and pa icipa ion in
domes ic, egional and in e na ional in e es s (PDRII).
4.2.2. S udy Equa ions
To es he hypo heses, he s udy o mulized hese ollowing equa ions:
BMi = α0 + b1 GSEi + b2SSLPHi + b3PDRIIi + εi
H0-1
(1)
BMi = α0 + b1 MMCi + b2TCi + b3FEi + εi (2)
BMi = α0 + b1 CSPi + b2CRAi + b3SSWi + εi (3)
NMi = α0 + b1 GSEi + b2SSLPHi + b3PDRIIi + εi
H0-2
(4)
NMi = α0 + b1 MMCi + b2TCi + b3FEi + εi (5)
NMi = α0 + b1 CSPi + b2CRAi + b3SSWi + εi (6)
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