Faculdade de Economia, Uni e sidade do Po o
Mas e Disse a ion in Economics
Sea ching o ‘in isible colleges’ in he En ep eneu ship
li e a u e
Elsa Ma ia da Cos a Fe ei a
Supe iso : Au o a A. C. Teixei a
Sep embe 2009
ii
Acknowledgmen s
I would like o hank, i s o all, o my supe iso , P o esso Au o a Teixei a, o all he
suppo and encou agemen she has always gi en me. Wi hou he , I would no conclude
his hesis. Thank you o you iendship and, abo e all, hank you o belie ing in me and
no le ing me qui . You ha e ouched my li e in a way I will ne e o ge .
To Odília and Ri a, a wo d o g a i ude, o he p ecious help hey ha e gi en me.
A wo d o acknowledgmen o my colleagues a FCNAUP o hei help and wo ds o
mo i a ion. To D a. Meibel and P o esso a Ma ia Daniel, hank you o allowing me o
seize his oppo uni y. To D. Do inda, Ca los and Ani a, a wo d o p o ound g a i ude o
hei suppo and iendship. I could no ha e be e colleagues.
To all my iends, hank you o you unde s anding and p ecious suppo . I p omise I will
ne e miss ano he dinne om now on.
To Ma alda, I will ne e hank enough. All he weekends spen in FEP, all he hou s we pu
in o o his ask…I could no ha e done i wi hou you… oge he , all he way, my iend.
Finally, we wan o hank my amily o hei suppo , specially my belo ed pa en s, o
ne e loosing hei ai h in me and s ick by my side no ma e wha .
iii
Abs ac
The explosion o en ep eneu ship schola ship a oused he need o measu e scien i ic
p oduc ion (namely h ough bibliome ic and scien ome ic app oaches) in he ield and o
unde s and he scien i ic s uc u e o his same ield. Unde lying he scien i ic s uc u e o a
ield is he ne wo k o in o mal communica ional linkages es ablished be ween he mos
in luen ial schola s wi hin ha a ea. These g oups o mu ually in e ac ing and p oli ic
scien is s ha exchange knowledge h ough communica ion channels a e named “in isible
colleges”.
In spi e o he (inc easing) academic in e es on en ep eneu ship subjec s and a ea,
in isible colleges, pe se, ha e no been ho oughly in es iga ed. Thus, in he p esen s udy
we pe o med a wo s aged analysis o disco e i he e a e in isible colleges in he ield o
en ep eneu ship. Fi s , we conduc a bibliome ic analysis on h ee “seed” jou nals o he
ield: En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice (ETP); Jou nal o Business Ven u ing (JBV)
and Small Business Economics (SBE). Reso ing o he ci a ion bibliome ic echnique we
iden i y he mos ci ed au ho s, s udies and jou nals o each “seed” jou nal and cha ac e ize
hei in ellec ual scien i ic s uc u e. Second, we execu ed a comp ehensi e analysis on he
mos in luen ial au ho s, based on hei p o essional a ilia ion and educa ional aining, in
o de o map he in o mal links be ween he mos ci ed au ho s.
Empi ical e idence con i ms he exis ence o wo in isible colleges in en ep eneu ship
esea ch: one, di ec ed o b oad en ep eneu ship issues and associa ed wi h ETP and JBV,
and he o he , economic-o ien ed and ela ed wi h JBV. Speci ically, esul s show ha ETP
and JBV ha e simila in ellec ual bases, associa ed wi h he esea ch a ea a ge ing
specially o en ep eneu ship, while SBE di e s om he o he wo jou nals and gi es
emphasis o mo e economic-o ien ed esea ch. We u he unco e ha he mos in luen ial
au ho s in he ield a e highly connec ed wi h each o he .
Keywo ds: In isible College; En ep eneu ship; Bibliome ics
i
Con en s
Acknowledgmen s ..................................................................................................................ii
Abs ac .............................................................................................................................iii
Con en s .............................................................................................................................i
Lis o Tables......................................................................................................................... i
Lis o Tables – Appendix ..................................................................................................... i
Lis o Figu es....................................................................................................................... ii
In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................1
Chap e 1. Sea ching o In isible Colleges in en ep eneu ship scien i ic esea ch: a
li e a u e e iew....................................................................................................3
1.1. Ini ial conside a ions....................................................................................................3
1.2. Bibliome ics and Scien ome ics: concep and main applica ions .............................3
1.3. The concep o “in isible colleges” and he scope o i s applica ion in he scien i ic
a ea o en ep eneu ship ..............................................................................................13
Chap e 2. Sea ching o he ‘in isible colleges’ in he En ep eneu ship li e a u e:
me hodological unde pins ..................................................................................20
2.1. Ini ial conside a ions..................................................................................................20
2.2. A b ie desc ip ion o he selec ed ‘seed jou nals’ – En ep eneu ship Theo y and
P ac ice, Jou nal o Business Ven u ing, Small Business Economics ........................20
2.3. Da a ga he ing conside a ions ...................................................................................26
Chap e 3. Sea ching o he ‘in isible colleges’ in he En ep eneu ship li e a u e:
empi ical esul s..................................................................................................31
3.1. Ini ial conside a ions..................................................................................................31
3.2. Who a e he mos ci ed au ho s, s udies and jou nals in he las decades?................31
3.3. A e he e any simila i ies/co ela ions be ween he mos ci ed au ho s ega ding hei
educa ional aining and p o essional a ilia ion, and esea ch a ea?..........................41
3.4. A e he e di e en “in isible colleges” in en ep eneu ship esea ch a ea? .............47
Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................51
Re e ences ............................................................................................................................53
Appendix ............................................................................................................................61

i
Lis o Tables
Table 1: Bibliome ic s udies – Jou nal analysis....................................................................7
Table 2: Bibliome ic s udies – Themes ca ego iza ions........................................................9
Table 3: Bibliome ic s udies – Resea ch In ellec ual S uc u es.........................................12
Table 4: Bibliome ic s udies – Resea ch In isible Colleges...............................................16
Table 5: Desc ip ion, scope, yea i s published, impac ac o and p esen edi o o ETP,
JBV and SBE.........................................................................................................22
Table 6: Lis o he op 20 mos p oduc i e au ho s in ETP, JBV and SBE ........................25
Table 7: Dis ibu ion o a icles and ci a ions pe jou nals and yea om 1992 o 2008.....28
Table 8: Ranking o he Top 20 mos ci ed au ho s in ETP, JBV and SBE (name and
numbe o ci a ions)...............................................................................................32
Table 9: A eas o scien i ic esea ch associa ed wi h op ci ed au ho s ...............................33
Table 10: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed s udies in ETP, JBV and SBE........................37
Table 11: Ranking o he Top 20 mos ci ed jou nals in ETP, JBV and SBE......................39
Table 12: In o ma ion on he a ilia ion, educa ional backg ound and esea ch a ea o he 47
mos ci ed au ho s..................................................................................................42
Lis o Tables – Appendix
Table A 1: John Ca oll Uni e si y Classi ica ion o en ep eneu ship jou nals .................61
Table A 2: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in En ep eneu ship Theo y and
P ac ice ...............................................................................................................62
Table A 3: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in Jou nal o Business Ven u ing....63
Table A 4: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in Small Business Economics .........64
Table A 5: In o ma ion on cu en and p e ious a ilia ions/ isi ing academic ins i u ions
............................................................................................................................65
ii
Lis o Figu es
Figu e 1: Concep ual model o analysing he s uc u e o an in isible college in
en ep eneu ship ....................................................................................................19
Figu e 2: E olu ion o he numbe o a icles pe yea published in ETP, JBV and SBE,
1976-2008..............................................................................................................23
Figu e 3: Me hodological scheme ........................................................................................29
Figu e 4: Mapping he in e na ional scien i ic linkages o he mos in luen ial au ho s in
en ep eneu ship by ‘seed jou nal’ ........................................................................34
Figu e 5: Mapping links among op ci ed au ho s in en ep eneu ship scien i ic a ea ........46
1
In oduc ion
Academic esea ch on en ep eneu ship has inc eased o e he las ew decades,
accompanying socie y’s in e es on he subjec (Lands öm, 2005). In ac , en ep eneu ship
esea ch and eaching has been one o he mos p ominen social sciences in ecen yea s, wi h
jobs wi h a ocus on en ep eneu ship and acul y expe ise in en ep eneu ship con inuing o
inc ease (Finkle, 2007).
The explosion o en ep eneu ship schola ship a oused he need o measu e scien i ic
p oduc ion (namely h ough bibliome ic and scien ome ic app oaches) in en ep eneu ship
and unde s and he scien i ic s uc u e o he ield, so ha se e al s udies ha e been de o ed o
ha issue (Co nelius e al., 2006, G égoi e e ., 2006, Schild e al., 2006). Unde lying he
scien i ic s uc u e o a ield is he ne wo k o in o mal communica ional linkages es ablished
be ween he mos in luen ial schola s wi hin ha a ea. These g oups o mu ually in e ac ing
and p oli ic scien is s ha exchange knowledge h ough communica ion channels we e named
“in isible colleges” (C ane, 1972) and a e he aim o ou s udy. In spi e o he academic
in e es on en ep eneu ship, we ound ha in isible colleges, pe se, ha e no been ho oughly
in es iga ed (excep ion maid o he wo k o Reade and Wa kins in 2006).
Thus, he pu pose o he p esen s udy is o ill his gap in en ep eneu ship esea ch li e a u e
and assess o he exis ence o in isible colleges wi hin he en ep eneu ship ield, ollowing
he esea ch amewo k p oposed by Zuccala (2006). Acco ding o he me hodology, in isible
colleges a e gene a ed by he in e sec ion o h ee key elemen s: social ac o s (in luen ial
au ho s); subjec special y ( esea ch a eas) and in o ma ion use en i onmen (p o essional
a ilia ion), unde pinned by he exchange o ( o mal and in o mal) communica ion.
In a i s s age, we unde ake a bibliome ic/ scien ome ic app oach, mo e speci ically, we
pe o m a (co)ci a ion analysis, based on da a collec ed om h ee “seed” jou nals in
en ep eneu ship esea ch: En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice (ETP); Jou nal o Business
Ven u ing (JBV) and Small Business Economics (SBE). We ga he e idence abou he mos
ci ed au ho s, s udies (a icles o books) and jou nals o each o he “seed” jou nals, which
allow us o cha ac e ize he in ellec ual bases o en ep eneu ship, compa ing he esul s o
each o he selec ed jou nal.
2
In a second s age, we con i m he exis ence o linkages be ween he mos in luen ial (i.e. mos
ci ed) au ho s, hough a comp ehensi e s udy o hei a ilia ions, educa ional aining and
esea ch a eas. Examining he social ies (o links) ha connec in luen ial au ho s om
en ep eneu ship ield is undamen al o comp ehend he mul i- ace ed na u e o he in isible
colleges, since hese a e based on ( o mal and in o mal) exchange o scien i ic knowledge.
The combina ion o e idence om he i s and second s ages o he wo k gi e us empi ical
suppo o conclude abou he exis ence o in isible colleges.
Syn hesizing, he p esen s udy seeks o in es iga e h ee esea ch issues: 1) iden i y he mos
ci ed au ho s, s udies (a icle o book), and jou nals, in each o he en ep eneu ship jou nals
selec ed; 2) explo e he linkages be ween he mos ci ed au ho s h ough an analysis o hei
educa ional backg ound, esea ch a ea and p o ession a ilia ion and 3) in e he p esence o
in isible colleges in he en ep eneu ship scien i ic ield.
The s udy is s uc u ed as ollows. In Chap e 1 we e iew he li e a u e ela ed o bibliome ic
and scien ome ic me hods, illus a ing wi h examples, hei main applica ions in
en ep eneu ship and o he scien i ic a eas. Mo eo e , he concep o in isible college is
de ined along wi h Zuccala’s app oach o he heme. Chap e 2 is de o ed o he desc ip ion o
da a and me hodological conside a ions. Nex , in Chap e 3, we analyse he mos ci ed au ho s,
s udies and jou nals o each “seed” jou nal and pe o m a comp ehensi e s udy on he linkages
be ween he mos ci ed au ho s. Finally, we d aw he main conclusions, poin ing he
limi a ions o he s udy and sugges ing pa hs o u u e esea ch.
9
Table 2: Bibliome ic s udies – Themes ca ego iza ions
Applica ion
A eas Scien i ic A eas Au ho s (Da e) Main Resea ch I ems Main Resul s
- S uc u al Change Sil a and
Teixei a (2008)
Objec i es:
- P o ide a comp ehensi e su ey o he economic li e a u e
on s uc u al change
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles
- Co-au ho ing; Abs ac s analysis; Keywo d analysis
- Technological issues inc eased he e ele ance du ing he s udied
pe iod
- Recen ends e lec a ising in e es owa ds empi ical wo k,
despi e he inc eased ele ance o o mal wo k in he nine ies
- E olu iona y
Economics
Sil a and
Teixei a (2009)
Objec i es:
- Explo e main esea ch pa hs and con ibu ions in he ield o
e olu iona y economics
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Abs ac s analysis;
Keywo d analysis
- E olu iona y con ibu ions don’ con e ge o an in eg a ed
app oach
- A ising o wo ex eme s ands: “His o y o Economic Though
and Me hodology” and “Games”
- Inc ease o o mal app oaches in con as wi h he s agna ion o
empi ical wo k
- Regional s udies
C uz and
Teixei a
(Fo hcoming)
Objec i es:
- P o ide e idence ha empi ically complemen s he
quali a i e su eys o clus e - ela ed li e a u e
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-au ho ing
- Abs ac s analysis
- Sha e o “App ecia i e+Empi ical” and “Fo mal+Empi ical”
a icles published in he op anked clus e - ela ed jou nals a e
abo e he a e age
- E idence o posi i e co ela ion be ween he “quali y” o he
jou nals and o mal ela ed esea ch
Van P aag and
Ve sloo (2008)
Objec i es:
- Assess he con ibu ion o en ep eneu s o he economy
compa a i ely o non-en ep eneu s
Bibliome ic Indica o s.
- Keywo d analysis
- Ti le, abs ac and ull- ex analysis
- En ep eneu s ha e a highe , bu mo e ola ile, con ibu ion o
employmen gene a ion. They pay lowe wages, bu , hei
employees appea o be mo e sa is ied
- En ep eneu s con ibu e equally impo an ly o inno a ion bu
ough di e en aspec s
- En ep eneu s do no ha e highe p oduc i i y le els han hei
coun e pa s. They con ibu e mo e han hei coun e pa s o
g ow h o alue added and p oduc i i y
- Despi e ha ing lowe and iskie incomes, en ep eneu s a e mo e
sa is ied
Wa kins and
Reade (2004)
Objec i es:
- Iden i y cu en ends in en ep eneu ship esea ch, in 2000
and 2001
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Tex ual analysis (keywo d and abs ac analysis); Co-
occu ence ma ix
- Iden i ica ion o wen y wo clus e s
- Incidence o wo k in a eas e y a ended in he pas o in ogue
in he p esen , such as, espec i ely, En ep eneu ial Psychology
and Social En ep eneu s o Ne wo king among Female
En ep eneu s was lowe han expec ed
Themes
ca ego iza ion
- En ep eneu ship
Ra na unga and
Romano (1997)
Objec i es:
- Analyze, wi h a quan i a i e and quali a i e app oach, he
a icles in con empo a y small en e p ise esea ch
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles
- A icles ull- ex analysis
- Inc ease pe cen age o mos ci ed a icles, published by he sou ce
jou nals
- Subs an ial pe cen age o a icles (mo e han 50%) a e well based
in obse a ional and con empla i e heo y
- Di e si y o opic a eas empi ical suppo ha he e is no cohe en
s uc u e o esea ch in he ield

10
li e a u e, ha ga e a mo e accu a e and comple e insigh o he e olu ion o egional li e a u e
and pa hs o ollow in his scien i ic a ea.
Ano he example o a bibliome ic analysis o con en s, his ime applied o en ep eneu ship, is
he e iew o 57 s udies pe o med by Van P aag and Ve sloo (2008) wi h he pu pose o
measu ing he con ibu ion o en ep eneu s o he economy in compa ison o non-en ep eneu s,
in e ms o employmen gene a ion and dynamics, inno a ion, p oduc i i y and g ow h and
indi iduals’ u ili y le els. The au ho s conduc ed a ho oughly esea ch o i le, abs ac and ull-
ex , in o de o disco e i ecen empi ical e idence could subs an ia e he common no ion ha
en ep eneu s a e bene icial o he economy.
Wa kins and Reade (2004) employed an o iginal app oach o iden i y he cu en ends in he
en ep eneu ship ield, in 2000 and 2001. The au ho s eso o a ex ual analysis and he
ARPENT co pus as a da a sou ce, which allowed hem o ob ain a be e unde s anding o he
majo hemes in he li e a u e. The da a esul s om a collec ion o abs ac s om 13
en ep eneu ship niche jou nals included in he ARPENT co pus. By doing so, he au ho s expec
o o e come some limi a ions such as he delay associa ed o he use o ci a ion ools; he biased
owa ds jou nals o No h Ame ican o igin and limi ed co e age ela ed o he use o he Social
Sciences Ci a ion Index. Wa kins and Reade (2004) conclude ha he ex ual analysis so wa e
p o ides clus e s by se s o keywo ds ha seem o mee he expec a ions o en ep eneu ship
esea che s, wi h he ad an ages o ha ing mo e da a a ailable and clus e s’ gene a ion consume
less ime.
Ra na unga and Romano (1997) complemen ed hei 1996 s udy wi h a quali a i e ca ego iza ion
o he opic, me hodology and objec i es o he mos ci ed a icles, o iden i y he in ellec ual
o igins and di ec ions o en ep eneu ship esea ch.
Wi h espec o esea ching he in ellec ual s uc u es (Table 3), in he sub- ield o inno a ion,
Co ill e al. (1989) in es iga e he s uc u e o he discipline, h ough a co-ci a ion analysis,
explo ing he in e ela ionships be ween he in e disciplina y special ies o he di usion o
inno a ions and echnology ans e . Samples we e d owned om Social Sciences Ci a ion Index,
conce ning he 1966-1972 pe iod o s udy. The au ho s disco e i e majo clus e s, closely
ela ed. Ne u e al. (2008) also used a co-ci a ions analysis o s udy he e olu ion o he
in ellec ual s uc u e o he s a egic managemen ield. The au ho s aim a disco e ing he sub-
ields (and he ela ionships be ween hem) ha cons i u e he in ellec ual s uc u e o he
11
discipline, iden i ying he in luen ial au ho s in he ield and g aphically mapping he esul s. In
ield o managemen in o ma ion sys ems, Culnan (1987) upda ed a p e ious wo k, da ed om
1986, and assessed he in ellec ual de elopmen o he scien i ic a ea, h ough a co-ci a ion
analysis. The s udy p o ided e idence o he discipline’s p og ess owa d a cumula i e esea ch
adi ion.
In en ep eneu ship esea ch, an, Co nelius e al. (2006) pe o med a bibliome ic analysis o
ci ed a icles, a h ee poin s in ime, 1986-1990, 1993-1997 and 2000-2004, in o de o examine
he in ellec ual s uc u e o he ield and assess i s he s age o ma u a ion. The da a is p o ide by
he Social Sciences Ci a ion Index, h ough a esea ch o academic a icles ha include he wo d
“en ep*” in he i le, key wo ds, o abs ac be ween 1986 and Feb ua y, 2005. The idea is o
de e mine he esea ch on o he ield, pe cei ing he mos in luen ial schola s and disco e ing
he linkages be ween hem and o he au ho s. By e alua ing he esea ch ou pu o key au ho s
and he esea ch hemes o e ime, he au ho s ind e idence o suppo he idea ha
en ep eneu ship is e ol ing in o a ma u e ield.
Simila o he p e ious wo k pu pose, G égoi e e al. (2006) s udied he in ellec ual bases o
en ep eneu ship o unde s and he ex en and na u e o concep ual con e gence in
en ep eneu ship esea ch. In he s udy, hey analyze he co-ci a ion ne wo ks p o ided by he
a icles published be ween 1981 and 2004 in he F on ie s o En ep eneu ship se ies and
complemen ed i wi h an analysis by pe iod (1981-1986, 1987-1992, 1993-1998 and 1999-2004).
The eme gence o consis en ne wo ks o co-ci a ion p o ide e idence o suppo he a gumen
ha he e has been con e gence in en ep eneu ship esea ch o e he las wen y i e yea s,
al hough he o e all le els o con e gence obse ed we e ela i ely low.
Schild e al. (2006) conduc ed a bibliome ic s udy and analyzed co-ci a ions pa e ns o
en ep eneu ship- ela ed a icles, published du ing he pe iod o 2000 o 2004. The da a
collec ion was ini ially based in a esea ch o a icles wi h wo ds beginning wi h “en ep*” in
hei abs ac , i le, o keywo ds om he Social Sciences Ci a ion Index published du ing he
s udied pe iod and hen, he s udy was na owed o hi y jou nals ha con ain en ep eneu ship-
ela ed a icles. By mapping he s uc u e o en ep eneu ship li e a u e, he au ho s seek o ob ain
some e idence ega ding he esea ch di ec ions o he subjec , cla i ying he s a e o
en ep eneu ship ield as a discipline and ul illing a li e a u e gap.
12
Table 3: Bibliome ic s udies – Resea ch In ellec ual S uc u es
Applica ion
A eas Scien i ic A eas Au ho s
(Da e) Main Resea ch I ems Main Resul s
- Inno a ion Co ill e
al. (1989)
Objec i es:
- Explo e he in e ela ionships be ween he special ies o he di usion o
inno a ions and echnology ans e , in he 1966-1972 pe iod
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis; Clus e and
ac o analysis; Mul idimensional scaling
- Clus e s o au ho s ob ained a e simila o hose iden i ied in
majo e iews o he inno a ion li e a u e
- Li le c oss- e e encing be ween he di usion o inno a ions
and he echnology ans e au ho s
- Technology ans e esea ch adi ion is less in eg a ed han
he di usion o inno a ions adi ion
- S a egic
Managemen
Ne u e al.
(2008)
Objec i es:
- T ace he e olu ion o he in ellec ual s uc u e o he s a egic managemen
ield du ing he pe iod 1980–2000
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis;
Mul idimensional scaling; Fac o analysis; Pa h inde analysis
- Mul idisciplina y o igins o s a egy
- La ge numbe o signi ican in e -co ela ion be ween ac o s
sugges s ha he ield did no become agmen ed
- Theo ies o he i m ha e become cen al o s a egy
esea ch, which sugges s a g ea e heo e ical o ien a ion
- Managemen
In o ma ion
Sys ems
Culnan
(1987)
Objec i es:
- Documen he in ellec ual s uc u e o Managemen In o ma ion Sys ems,
om 1980 o 1985
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis
- Iden i ica ion o i e clus e s: ounda ions; psychological
app oaches o MIS design and use; MIS managemen ;
o ganiza ional app oaches o MIS design and use; and
cu iculum
Co nelius e
al. (2006)
Objec i es:
- Analyze he de elopmen o en ep eneu ship wi h espec o he esea ch
on and knowledge base, du ing he pe iods o 1986-1990, 1993-1997 and
2000-2004
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis; Clus e
analysis
- En ep eneu ship esea ch has been inc easing sel - e lec i e
- The numbe and in luence o ou side s has dec eased
s eadily o e ime while he eliance on inside s is g ea e
- Theo e ical issues a e mo e pe asi e
- Resea ch in e es s ha e e ol e, despi e hei consis ency
- Resea che s ha e inc easingly specialized hema ically
G égoi e e
al. (2006)
Objec i es:
- Assess concep ual con e gence o en ep eneu ship ield, h ough ne wo k
co-ci a ion analysis
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis; Clus e
analysis
- E idence o con e gence in en ep eneu ship esea ch o e
he las wen y i e yea s
- Le els o con e gence compa a i ely low
- En ep eneu ship esea ch bases on he con ibu es o o he
disciplines, bu e idence indica es ha he ield elies
inc easingly on i s own li e a u e
Schild e al.
(2006)
Objec i es:
- Analyze co-ci a ion pa e ns o en ep eneu ship- ela ed a icles published,
om 2000 o 2004
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis; Jacca d
index; Clus e algo i hm
- E idence o agmen a ion in en ep eneu ship esea ch
- Resea ch indings appea o be noncumula i e
- Resea ch mos ly cen ed on he Uni ed S a es, bu o he
coun ies con ibu e signi ican ly
- Signs o isola ion among he en ep eneu ship schola s
Resea ch
In ellec ual
S uc u es
- En ep eneu ship
E emad and
Lee (2003)
Objec i es:
- De ine he knowledge ne wo k associa ed wi h he ield o in e na ional
en ep eneu ship, du ing he pe iod o 1992 o 2000
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o publica ions; Bolean sea ch p og ession
o key wo ds; Co-au ho ing; Au ho s’ a ilia ions analysis
- Schola ly a icles, ollowed by book e iews domina e he
documen ypes
- Upwa d mo emen o e ime in bo h he numbe o a icles
and hei associa ed ci a ions
- Mild upwa d end in bo h size o schola ly eams and hei s
co-au ho ship, du ing he pe iod o 1992-1998
- Au ho s a ilia ed wi h ins i u ions loca ed in he U. S.
domina e he dis ibu ion, bu o he coun y a ilia ions a e
also epo ed
- Schola ly a icles and books cons i u e he mos impo an
sou ces upon which esea ch elay
13
Twen y i e majo esea ch ends we e iden i ied; being p esen ed he en mos ci ed g oups
o s udy and subsequen ly explo ed hei in e ela edness, h ough a co-ci a ion ne wo k.
7
E emad and Lee (2003) s udied he knowledge ne wo k o he sub- ield o in e na ional
en ep eneu ship, du ing he pe iod o 1992 o 2000, h ough a Boolean p og ession o key
wo ds ha ocussed on Social Sciences Ci a ion Index’s a ailable da abase. By using a
bibliome ic me hodology, namely ci a ion analysis, hey expec ed o e eal he an eceden s o
an eme ging ield and disco e he unique cha ac e is ics o i s knowledge ne wo k. The
esul s ob ained con i m E emad and Lee’s (2003) ini ial hypo hesis: schola s o in e na ional
en ep eneu ship depend highly on he disciplines o in e na ional business and
en ep eneu ship o suppo hei scien i ic esea ch.
Bibliome ic me hodology is also employed in he in es iga ion o possible ( o mal and
in o mal) linkages be ween esea che s, which ha e been iden i ied as In isible Colleges. The
ollowing sec ion explains, in de ail, he concep o In isible Colleges and p o ides examples
o hei applica ion in en ep eneu ship and o he scien i ic a eas.
1.3. The concep o “in isible colleges” and he scope o i s applica ion in he scien i ic
a ea o en ep eneu ship
The e m “in isible colleges” was in oduced in 1645 by Robe Boyle (Wallace, 2007), when
he Royal Socie y o London was ounded, as a o m o desc ibing he ac ha i s membe s,
al hough lacking a o mal ins i u ion o college, we e geog aphically close and sha ed
common scien i ic in e es s (Lie ouw, 1989; Zuccala, 2006). P ice (1961; 1963) eco e he
e minology and applied i o he exis ence o in o mal communica ion ne wo k be ween
schola s om se e al ins i u ions, o en geog aphically sepa a ed om one ano he . The
in isible college was de ined as a hie a chical and eli is g oup o schola s, suppo ed by an
expec able inequali y and a highly connec ion (P ice, 1971).
C ane (1972) unde ook, in luenced by P ice’s wo k, a comp ehensi e examina ion o he
in isible college phenomenon (Wallace, 2007). Focussing on communica ion among
7
The en mos ci ed g oups iden i ied we e: En ep eneu ial Ne wo ks and Resou ce Accumula ion; Co po a e
En ep eneu ship and Ven u ing; Concep ualiza ions o En ep eneu ial P ocesses; Value C ea ion om
Co po a e En ep eneu ship; Ale ness, Oppo uni y C ea ion, and C ea i e Des uc ion; Psychological
Cha ac e is ics o En ep eneu s, Quali a i e Resea ch Me hods; En ep eneu ial Fi m Su i al and G ow h;
Socie al Consequences o En ep eneu ship and Bo n-Global Fi ms (Schild e al., 2006).
14
scien is s, he au ho expanded he scope o he concep o in o mal communica ion, including
in o mal discussions, ela ionships be ween eache s and s uden s, du ing a hesis p epa a ion,
and a scien is ’s wo k in luence on ano he . The s udy consis ed in an analysis o he g ow h
o communica ion ela ions be ween sociologis s and ma hema icians, sus ained by he
collec ion o su ey da a on co-au ho ship pa e ns and exchange o p ep in s (Zuccala, 2006).
Despi e C ane’s majo scien i ic con ibu ion, Lie ouw (1989) poin s some limi a ions o he
wo k, pa icula ly wi h espec o he de ini ion o in isible college and he lack o eal
in o ma ion abou in o mal communica ion. Acco ding o Lie ouw (1989), se e al o he
s udies (e.g. C aw o d, 1971; Mullins, 1968; Lingwood, 1969; Chubin, 1976) e eal he same
di icul y wi h he de ini ion o he concep and i s ope a ionaliza ion. This p oblem is
common in he social s udies o science, e lec ing he use o p oduc s o science ( o ins ance,
published documen s) o cap u e social p ocesses o science, which ha e a communica i e
na u e. To Lie ouw (1989: 622), i is a pa adox ha “ he e m in isible college desc ibes an
in o mal communica ion p ocess, ye esea che s look o i in o mal social s uc u es and
documen s” and explains an in isible college as “a se o in o mal communica ion ela ions
among scien is s o o he schola s who sha e a speci ic common in e es o goal”.
Zuccala (2006: 155) emphasis he need o unde s and he mul i- ace ed na u e o he in isible
college, p oposing he ollowing de ini ion:
An in isible college is a se o in e ac ing schola s o scien is s who sha e simila esea ch in e es s
conce ning a subjec special y, who o en p oduce publica ions ele an o his subjec and who
communica e bo h o mally and in o mally wi h one ano he o wo k owa ds impo an goals in he
subjec , e en hough hey may belong o geog aphically dis an esea ch a ilia es.
The no el y in he de ini ion, as Zuccala (2006) poin s, is i s openness o he possibili y o
combining di e en ypes o analysis – bibliome ic, sociome ic and quali a i e – in he s udy
o in isible colleges, bene i ing om hei unique con ibu ions.
Bibliome ic me hodology, ne e heless, emains a undamen al ool o esea che s by
p o iding a conc e e ep esen a ion o he ela ionships among he p oduc s o science and
enabling documen s mapping, gene a ed by communica ion ac s (Lie ouw, 1989).
Co-ci a ion analysis
8
has de eloped in o he p incipal bibliome ic echnique used o explo e
he in ellec ual s uc u e o scien i ic communica ion, leaning on ci a ions and co-ci a ions
8
See Small (1973) o a be e unde s anding o he concep “co-ci a ion analysis”.

15
(Lie ouw, 1989; Baye e al., 1990; Gmü , 2003). Acco ding o Bella do (1980: 231) co-
ci a ion analysis is ounded on he p emise ha “ he g ea e he numbe o imes ha a pai o
documen s a e ci ed oge he , he mo e likely i is ha hey a e ela ed in con en ”. A co-
ci a ion occu s when wo e e ences o au ho s a e men ioned in he same bibliog aphy and
se es as a measu emen o he closeness o con en (Small, 1973; Ga ield, 1978; Gmü ,
2003).
Al hough he e has been some c i icism ega ding he use o ci a ion and co-ci a ion analysis,
as he u iliza ion o ci a ion links is conside ed an inadequa e ep esen a ion o communica ion
among esea che s (Lie ouw, 1989), hei c edibili y as indica o s o scien i ic
communica ion was ouch o by au ho s such as Small (1978) and Ga ield (1979) and hey
cons i u e he g ounding o he iden i ica ion o in isible colleges (Gmü , 2003).
Thus, he esea ch o in isible colleges is one o he main applica ions o bibliome ics (c .,
Table 4).
In he ield o economics, namely Indus ial Rela ions and Labou , Casey and McMillan
(2008) and McMillan and Casey (2007) assessed he in ellec ual bases o he a ea o e a
easonable span o yea s (1974-2006) based on he analysis o one single jou nal, espec i ely,
Indus ial & Labo Rela ions Re iew and B i ish Jou nal o Indus ial Rela ions.
These s udies, acco ding o he au ho s, aim a iden i ying he in isible colleges o he
espec i e jou nals, h ough a co-ci a ion analysis. The in isible colleges a e de ined as
esea ch ne wo ks ha e e o each o he in hei documen s wi hou being linked by o mal
o ganiza ional ies. Howe e , he empi ical applica ion pe o med by he au ho s seems o be
a he dis an o hei heo e ical concep o in isible colleges, since co-ci a ion analysis is
based on o mal links. In ac , bo h he s udies de ined in isible colleges as social p ocesses,
based on in o mal links, bu , empi ically, in isible colleges a e ea ed as s uc u es o
schola ship, measu ed by o mal elemen s such as published documen s.
Also wi hin economics, bu ega ding he sub- ield o Technology and Inno a ion, Ve spagen
and We ke (2004) analysed he s uc u e o collabo a ion and in e ac ion be ween esea che s,
applying a su ey me hodology ha allowed hem o map he in ellec ual ela ions be ween
ac i e con ibu o s in he discipline and iden i ied possible social ne wo ks, i.e., in isible
colleges.
16
Table 4: Bibliome ic s udies – Resea ch In isible Colleges
Applica ion
A eas Scien i ic A eas Au ho s
(Da e) Main Resea ch I ems Main Resul s
Casey and
McMillan
(2008)
Objec i es:
- Compa e Indus ial & Labo Rela ions Re iew in ellec ual bases ac oss
h ee pe iods: 1974-1984, 1985-1995 and 1996-2006
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion ne wo k analysis
- The mos ci ed jou nals we e economic-o ien ed
du ing he s udied pe iod
- Eme gence o he ield o human esou ce and
managemen in ecen yea s
- Indus ial
Rela ions &
Labo
McMillan
and Casey
(2007)
Objec i es:
- Unco e B i ish Jou nal o Indus ial Rela ions o wo ime pe iods, 1986-
1995 and 1996-2005
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion ne wo k analysis
- E idence sugges s ha economics li e a u e
emains impo an , bu sociological and
managemen li e a u e has domina ed in ecen
yea s
- Rega ding au ho s, Millwa d’s ini ial in luence has
been eplaced by Kelly and Wood
- Possible signs o in e na ionaliza ion
- Managemen McMillan
(2008)
Objec i es:
- Examine R&D Managemen , in ou ime pe iods, 1986-1990, 1991-1995,
1996-2000 and 2001-2005
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; co-ci a ion ne wo k analysis
- Du ing he wo i s pe iods R&D Managemen
ocus on mo e adi ional echnology and
inno a ion managemen sou ces, con as ing wi h
he las wo pe iods, in which R&D Managemen
was based on jou nals mo e de ached o he
adi ional sou ces
- Cohen and Le in hal’s abso p i e capaci y model
domina es he inal wo pe iods and possibly
cons i u es an eme ging base
- Economics o
Technology and
Inno a ion
Ve spagen
and We ke
(2004)
Objec i es:
- Iden i y he ole o “in ellec ual leade s” in connec ing he esea ch ne wo k
- S udy he s uc u e o he ield in e ms o sub-communi ies
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Su ey analysis
- The ne wo k o schola s in he ield may be
cha ac e ized as a scale- ee ne wo k
- The ield does no seem o e ol e in a mode o
compe i ion be ween pa adigma ic app oaches o
he objec o s udy
Resea ch
In isible
Colleges
- En ep eneu ship
Reade and
Wa kins
(2006)
Objec i es:
- Iden i y g oups o en ep eneu ship au ho s whose wo k alls in o simila
a eas and explo e he hemes ha cha ac e ize en ep eneu ship ield
- In es iga e he social and collabo a i e s uc u e o en ep eneu ship
esea ch
Bibliome ic Indica o s:
- Numbe o ci a ions; Numbe o a icles; Co-ci a ion analysis; Clus e
analysis; Co ela ion ma ix; Fac o analysis; Ques ionnai e su ey
- Findings e eal nine clus e s o au ho s whose
wo k alls in o simila a eas
- Li le e idence o in e na ional sha ing o ideas
- S ong e idence ha closely ela ed au ho s sha e
bo h o mal and in o mal communica ion links
17
In he ield o managemen , McMillan (2008) p esen s a co-ci a ion analysis o R&D
Managemen , o ou ime pe iods, 1986-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000 and 2001-2005, wi h
he pu pose o assessing possible changes in i s in ellec ual base, iden i ied by he au ho ,
albei in a simplis ic way, as ‘in isible colleges’. The mo i a ion behind he wo k is he
oppo uni y o ul il a li e a u e gap, conduc ing a comp ehensi e analysis o he jou nal, and
p o iding some di ec ions o u u e esea ch.
In en ep eneu ship scien i ic a ea, Reade and Wa kins (2006) explo ed he exis ence o
in isible colleges, by complemen ing a co-ci a ion analysis o he ield’s scien i ic s uc u e
wi h a ques ionnai e su ey. The au ho s eso o a comp ehensi e da abase, c ea ed by he
Sou hamp on Business School, which includes ull co e age o he majo niche jou nals in
en ep eneu ship, con e ence p oceedings and o he majo , bu no so speci ic, jou nals as hose on he
Social Sciences Ci a ion Index. The key au ho s we e de ined h ough a p ocess o c oss-
e e encing ha educed a lis o 4405 documen s ini ially gene a ed by a keywo d sea ch o
he wo d “En ep eneu $” wi hin he da abase. Using he au ho co-ci a ion and ac o
analysis, he au ho s y o iden i y, espec i ely, g oups o en ep eneu ship schola s whose
wo k alls in o simila a eas and he hemes ha cha ac e ize and de ine he ield. The su ey
allowed hem o explo e he social and collabo a i e na u e o en ep eneu ship esea ch
be ween he leading co-ci ed au ho s, un eiled in he i s s age o he wo k. The e o e, he
sub ields iden i ied in he au ho co-ci a ion analysis o in o mal communica ion links
be ween closely ela ed au ho s and hen alida ed by he su ey ep esen o Reade and
Wa kins (2006) he “in isible colleges”.
In spi e o all he esea ch de o ed o assess he in ellec ual s uc u e o he en ep eneu ship
ield, namely he p esence and na u e o he schola communi ies ha comp ise he ield, he e
is s eel e y li le li e a u e speci ically ocussed on he subjec o in isible colleges. The
mul i- ace ed cons i u ion o his phenomenon, pa icula ly he issue s uc u e e sus social
p ocess, equi es, as Lie ouw (1990) ecommended, dis inc app oaches o he subjec in
o de o p o ide new insigh s on he discipline.
The e o e, he aim o his wo k is o explo e he exis ence o in isible colleges in he ield o
en ep eneu ship, unde aking a ci a ion analysis o he a icles published in h ee “seed
jou nals” wi hin he en ep eneu ship a ea – En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice; Jou nal
18
Business Ven u ing and Small Business Economics. Fo ha pu pose we eso o he
me hodology p oposed by Zuccalla (2006) in o de o ope a ionalise he (widely deba able)
concep o ‘in isible college’. We a gue ha al hough his heo y unde lying he concep is
well de eloped and ela i ely consensual he empi ical applica ion o he ope a ionalisa ion o
such a concep lags well behind he heo e ical achie emen s. Mo eo e , in ou iew, one need
an objec i e amewo k s uc u e which enables, in a mo e igo ous manne o app oach he
‘measu emen ’ and ‘assessmen ’ o in isible colleges. To he bes o ou knowledge such
ope a ionalisa ion o he In isible College concep has ne e been applied in en ep eneu ship
li e a u e.
Acco ding o Zuccala’s (2006) p e ious men ioned de ini ion o In isible Colleges and i s
esea ch amewo k, he in isible college is a consequence o he in e ela ionship ( h ough
o mal and in o mal communica ion) be ween h ee key elemen s: he subjec special y, he
social ac o s and In o ma ion Use En i onmen . The i s in o ms he in isible college o i s
disciplina y ules and esea ch p oblems, he second e e s o he scien i ic schola s who
unde s and and ag ee upon he ules and in e ac one ano he o sol e p oblems and he hi d
and las elemen , ep esen s he scien i ic wo kspace, i.e., he “se o elemen s ha a ec he
low and use o in o ma ion messages in o, wi hin, and ou o any de inable en i y” (Taylo ,
1986: 3). The social ac o s, i.e., he mos in luen ial au ho s eso o he in isible college o
suppo hei sea ch o in o ma ion and sha ing pa e ns (in o mal communica ion) and
ein o ce he in isible college h ough bibliome ic a i ac s ( o mal communica ion).
The e o e, Zuccala (2006: 8) concludes ha he in isible college is an o ganiza ional s uc u e
p oduced by “ he space ha in e sec s he In o ma ion Use En i onmen , he subjec special y
and he social ac o s” (c ., Figu e 1).
Thus, simila ly o p e ious s udies (e.g. McMillan, 2008; Casey and McMillan, 2008;
McMillan and Casey, 2007), he p esen wo k applies a bibliome ic analysis in o de o ob ain
empi ical e idence ha allows o asses he de elopmen o he ield’s in ellec ual bases.
Howe e , unlike hese s udies ha a e cons ained o a na ow de ini ion o in isible colleges
and do no p o ide any insigh s ega ding schola s in e ela edness h ough in o mal channels,
we complemen he s udy o he mos ci ed au ho s, a icles/books and jou nals, wi h an
analysis o he linkages be ween he mos in luen ial (i.e., mos ci ed) au ho s, based on hei
educa ional aining a ilia ion, p o essional a ilia ion and esea ch a ea.
25
Table 6: Lis o he op 20 mos p oduc i e au ho s in ETP, JBV and SBE
Rank
Numbe o
A icles
Au ho A ilia ion ETP
JBV
SBE
ETP
JBV
SBE
To al
Ch isman, J.J. Mississippi S a e Uni e si y, US 1 7 - 31 10 0 41
Ga ne , W.B. Clemson Uni e si y, US 4 3 40 15 16 3 34
W igh , M. Uni e si y o No ingham, UK 3 9 7 16 9 9 34
Zah a, S.A. Uni e si y o Minneso a, US 2 5 177 17 13 1 31
Shephe d, D.A. Indiana Uni e si y, US 8 2 - 11 17 0 28
Macmillan, I.C. Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US - 1 - 0 25 0 25
Thu ik, A.R. E asmus Uni e si y Ro e dam, NL 128 92 1 2 2 20 24
Mcdougall, P.P. Indiana Uni e si y, US 9 10 69 11 9 2 22
Acs, Z.J. Geo ge Mason Uni e si y, US - - 2 0 0 19 19
Sapienza, H.J. Uni e si y o Minneso a, US 11 12 178 10 8 1 19
Wes head, P. Uni e si y o Du ham, UK 33 17 19 6 7 6 19
Bi ley, S. Bae Sis ems (Re i ed), UK 26 6 - 7 11 0 18
Chua, J.H. Uni e si y o Calga y, CA 6 30 - 13 5 0 18
Aud e sch, D.B. Max Planck Ins i u e o Economics, DE 78 61 4 3 3 11 17
Ka z, J.A. Sain Louis Uni e si y, US 10 42 70 11 4 2 17
B ush, C. Babson College, US 16 22 179 9 6 1 16
Ku a ko, D.F. Indiana Uni e si y, US 5 203
- 15 1 0 16
Co in, J.G. Indiana Uni e si y, US 12 31 - 10 5 0 15
Reynolds, P.D. Geo ge Mason Uni e si y, US 299 32 8 1 5 9 15
Shane, S. Case Wes e n Rese e Uni e si y, US 300 4 - 1 14 0 15
Buseni z, L. Uni e si y o Oklahoma, US 20 23 - 8 6 0 14
His ich, R. Thunde bi d School o Global Managemen , US 36 13 180 5 8 1 14
Hoy, F. Uni e si y o Texas a El Paso, US 13 43 - 10 4 0 14
Coope , A.C. Pu due Uni e si y (Re i ed), US 79 8 - 3 10 0 13
Winn, J. Uni e si y o Den e , US 7 - - 13 0 0 13
Honig-Ha el, S. Wichi a S a e Uni e si y, US (Re i ed) 129 62 14 2 3 7 12
S o ey, D.J. Uni e si y o Wa wick, UK - - 3 0 0 12 12
Wiklund, J. Sy acuse Uni e si y, US 17 93 181 9 2 1 12
B u on, G. Texas Ch is ian Uni e si y, US 21 63 - 8 3 0 11
Cowling, M. Ins i u e o Employmen S udies, UK 301 - 5 1 0 10 11
Deeds, D. Uni e si y o S . Thomas, US 80 14 - 3 8 0 11
Ga ewood, E.J. Wake Fo es Uni e si y, US 22 94 182 8 2 1 11
Reid, G.C. Uni e si y o S And ews, UK 302 - 6 1 0 10 11
Sha ma, P. Family Fi m Ins i u e, Inc., US 18 95 - 9 2 0 11
S eie , L. Uni e si y o Albe a, CA 23 65 - 8 3 0 11
De Cenzo, D.A. Coas al Ca olina Uni e si y, US 14 - - 10 0 0 10
F anklin, C.M. † Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia, US 15 - - 10 0 0 10
O ia , B. Uni e si y o New Sou h Wales, AU 24 96 - 8 2 0 10
Phan, P.H. Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, US - 11 183 0 9 1 10
an S el, A. EIM Business and Policy Resea ch, NL 303 205
11 1 1 8 10
Ba on, R.A. Oklahoma S a e Uni e si y, US 130 18 - 2 7 0 9
Bi d, B. Ame ican Uni e si y, US 19 - - 9 0 0 9
Ca ee, M. Maas ich Uni e si y, NL - 206
12 0 1 8 9

26
(…)
Rank
Numbe o
A icles
Au ho A ilia ion ETP
JBV
SBE
ETP
JBV
SBE
To al
C essy, R. Uni e si y o Bi mingham, UK - - 10 - - 9 9
Kelle manns, F.W.
Mississippi S a e Uni e si y, US 25 207 - 8 1 - 9
Wagne , J. Uni e si y o Luenebu g, DE - - 9 - - 9 9
Abe i, P.A. Rensselae Poly echnic Ins i u e, US - 15 - - 8 - 8
Au io, E. Impe ial College London, UK - 208 15 - 1 7 8
Fi z oy, F.R. Uni e si y o S And ews, UK - - 13 - - 8 8
Kau mann, P.J. Bos on Uni e si y, US 305 19 - 1 7 - 8
Venka a aman, S. Uni e si y o Vi ginia, US - 16 - - 8 - 8
Dan , R.P. Uni e si y o Oklahoma, US - 20 - - 7 - 7
Hen ekson, M. Resea ch Ins i u e o Indus ial Economics, SE - - 16 - - 7 7
Johnson, P. Du ham Uni e si y, UK 308 - 20 1 - 6 7
Ka lsson, C. Jönköping Uni e si y, SE - - 17 - - 7 7
Le esque, M. Uni e si y o Wa e loo, CA - 21 - - 7 - 7
Wa son, R. Uni e si y o Du ham, UK - - 18 - - 7 7
Sou ce: Au ho s compu a ions based on ou sample o ci a ions in ETP, JBV and SBE collec ed manually o ETP and om Social Sciences Ci a ion
Index (SSCI) o he ISI Web o Science, o JBV and SBE
12
.
No e: Since he a ilia ion o he au ho s could be changed in he u u e, he alidi y o da a conce ning cu en a ilia ion is only gua an eed un il
Augus o 2009.
Ex ending he analysis o he coun y whe e he ins i u ions a ilia ed wi h he leading
con ibu o s a e loca ed, Uni ed S a es o Ame ica clea ly s ands ou as he majo p o ide o
he mos p oli ic au ho s, wi h a o al o hi y ou leading au ho s, ollowed by he Uni ed
Kingdom wi h wel e con ibu o s. This esul , howe e , di e s acco ding o he “seed”
jou nal. While Uni ed S a es is esponsible o abou 84% and 81% o he mos p oli ic au ho s
o, espec i ely, ETP and JBV, i s con ibu ion o SBE is a ound 15%. In ac , he Uni ed
Kingdom is he coun y ha ep esen s a la ge p opo ion o p oli ic au ho s in SBE and he
jou nal ecei es con ibu ions om a wide g oup o coun ies such as The Ne he lands,
Sweden and Ge many.
2.3. Da a ga he ing conside a ions
The pu pose o he da a collec ion phase was o compile and so he ci a ions ob ained om
he sou ce jou nals selec ed: ETP, JBV and SBE. JBV and SBE a e indexed o he Social
Sciences Ci a ion Index (SSCI), managed by he Ins i u e o Scien i ic In o ma ion (ISI)’s
12
The yea s 1985-1986 o JBV and 1989-1991 o SBE we e no included, since hey we e no a ailable on ISI
da abase.
27
Web o Science Se ice.
13
Thus, we s a ed by expo ing all he ci ed e e ences included in
SSCI o each o he a icles published by JBV and SBE, om, espec i ely, 1987 and 1992
un il Feb ua y o 2009.
14
The p ocedu e o da a ga he ing o ETP jou nal was dis inc , since
SSCI did no p o ide any da a p io o 2003. Thus, all he ci ed e e ences o each a icle
published be ween 1976 and Feb ua y o 2009, we e collec ed manually and yped in o de o
be p ocessed.
The ci a ion da abase o each jou nal consis ed o he ele an de ails o e e y ci ed e e ence:
name o he au ho (s) o he ci ed e e ence, i le o he ci ed e e ence, published sou ce (i.e.,
i le o he jou nal o book) and he yea o publica ion. Ci a ions ex ac ed om SSCI,
howe e , e e only he i s au ho o he ci ed e e ence (au ho s who do no ob ain i s
au ho ship a e no ep esen ed), which bias he esul s and cons i u es a da abase limi a ion o
JBV and SBE. As p e iously men ioned, we did no conside as “a icles” obi ua ies,
co ec ions and edi o ial commen s. The e o e, e e ences/ci a ions included in edi o ials,
esea ch no es, co ec ions, commen s, eplies and ejoinde s we e excluded.
The da a iles o each jou nal we e ans e ed o Mic oso O ice Excel 2003 which enabled
he ha moniza ion and alida ion o he e e ences/ci a ions. Due o di e ences o o ma and
ex codi ica ion ( o ins ance, in he names o he au ho s,
15
i les o he ci ed pape , i les o
jou nals o books and edi ion’s yea ), be ween jou nals and wi hin he jou nal i sel , excel’s
unc ions we e used o s anda dize he ci a ions’ sample. In ela ion o da a dis ibu ion, a o al
o 2,598 a icles we e published in ETP (40%), JBV (27%) and SBE (33%), du ing he s udied
pe iod
16
which o igina ed a o al o 91,172 ci a ions. Thus, he a e age numbe o ci a ions
p o ided pe a icle was 35. Analysing sepa a ely o each o he jou nals, JBV has he highes
a e age o ci a ions – 40 – ollowed by SBE wi h 34 and, inally, ETP wi h an a e age o 30
ci a ions.
13
Social Sciences Ci a ion Index (SSCI) is an in e disciplina y ci a ion index, de eloped by he Ins i u e o
Scien i ic In o ma ion (ISI) and made a ailable h ough he Web o Science se ice, ha p o ides access o
bibliog aphic and ci a ion in o ma ion om 2474 social sciences jou nals ac oss mo e han 50 disciplines.
Jou nals included in SSCI da abase a e p e iously submi ed o an objec i e e alua ion p ocess.
14
Ci ed e e ences con ained in a icles om 1985 and 1986 o JBV and 1989, 1990 and 1991 o SBE we e no
included in he s udy due o i s una ailabili y in ISI da abase.
15
Au ho s’ i s name p esen ed wi h wo le e s (e.g. Ch isman, J.J.) was es ic ed o one (e.g. Ch isman, J.).
16
F om 1976 (ETP), 1987 (JBV) and 1992 (SBE) o Feb ua y o 2009.
28
Table 7: Dis ibu ion o a icles and ci a ions pe jou nals and yea om 1992 o 2008
En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice Jou nal o Business Ven u ing Small Business Economics
Numbe
o
A icles
%
Numbe
o
Ci a ions
%
A e age
o
ci a ions
pe a icle
Numbe
o
A icles
%
Numbe
o
Ci a ions
%
A e age
o
ci a ions
pe a icle
Numbe
o
A icles
%
Numbe
o
Ci a ions
%
A e age
o
ci a ions
pe a icle
1992 18 4% 780 3% 43 34 6% 1001 4% 29 36 4% 816 3% 23
1993 25 5% 960 4% 38 36 6% 1276 5% 35 34 4% 779 3% 23
1994 27 6% 1154 4% 43 29 5% 1238 4% 43 48 6% 1201 4% 25
1995 15 3% 510 2% 34 27 5% 1118 4% 41 42 5% 1199 4% 29
1996 13 3% 558 2% 43 28 5% 1424 5% 51 40 5% 1106 4% 28
1997 14 3% 778 3% 56 30 5% 1381 5% 46 43 5% 1309 4% 30
1998 29 6% 1282 5% 44 28 5% 1286 5% 46 63 7% 2081 7% 33
1999 36 8% 1943 8% 54 28 5% 1276 5% 46 51 6% 1769 6% 35
2000 25 5% 1074 4% 43 23 4% 1208 4% 53 50 6% 1635 5% 33
2001 22 5% 1074 4% 49 27 5% 1611 6% 60 50 6% 1634 5% 33
2002 27 6% 1542 6% 57 29 5% 1659 6% 57 45 5% 1577 5% 35
2003 22 5% 1256 5% 57 43 8% 2071 7% 48 56 7% 2180 7% 39
2004 21 4% 1073 4% 51 45 8% 2339 8% 52 64 7% 2373 8% 37
2005 38 8% 2643 10% 70 35 6% 2150 8% 61 68 8% 2596 9% 38
2006 18 4% 1022 4% 57 40 7% 2365 8% 59 61 7% 2756 9% 45
2007 66 14% 4122 16% 62 41 7% 2205 8% 54 49 6% 2563 8% 52
2008 63 13% 3883 15% 62 35 6% 2248 8% 64 54 6% 2643 9% 49
To al
479 100%
25654 100%
54 558 100%
27856 100%
50 854 100%
30217 100%
35
29
Since he s udied pe iod di e s acco ding o he selec ed jou nal, Table 6 p o ides some
insigh s ega ding da a dis ibu ion du ing he common pe iod o all h ee jou nals: 1992 o
2008. ETP con ibu es wi h he mino p opo ion o a icles and ci a ions, ob aining an
a e age o 54 ci a ions pe a icle. Analysing he e olu ion pe yea , ETP e els an inc ease
on he a e age since 2005. SBE, on he con a y, is he majo publishe o a icles ha
p o ided he la ge p opo ion o ci a ions, ha ing he lowes a e age o ci a ions pe
a icle.
A e he consolida ion o he ci a ion da abases, we we e able o cons uc h ee dis inc bu
complemen a y ankings, o each o he “seed” jou nals: he wen ie h mos ci ed au ho s;
he en h mos ci ed s udies and he wen ie h mos ci ed jou nals. The ankings allowed us
o answe he i s esea ch ques ion o he s udy, iden i ying he mos ci ed au ho s, s udies
(a icle o book), and jou nals, in each o he en ep eneu ship jou nals selec . Wi h he
iden i ica ion o he key au ho s we could hen explo e i he e we e simila i ies among he
leading au ho s p e iously ob ained and answe he second esea ch ques ion, h ough an
analysis ha implied ga he ing pe sonal da a on he au ho s’ educa ional backg ound,
esea ch a ea and p o ession a ilia ion (c ., Figu e 3).
Figu e 3: Me hodological scheme
30
The mapping o he in ellec ual bases o he h ee “seed” jou nals combined wi h he
analysis o he ela ionships be ween he mos ci ed au ho s p o ides he undamen al ools
o in e abou he p esence o in isible colleges in he en ep eneu ship scien i ic ield,
answe ing he las esea ch ques ion and achie ing he main pu pose o he p esen s udy.

31
Chap e 3. Sea ching o he ‘in isible colleges’ in he En ep eneu ship
li e a u e: empi ical esul s
3.1. Ini ial conside a ions
The p esen chap e answe s he h ee esea ch ques ions posed in he s udy. The mos ci ed
au ho s, s udies and jou nals a e iden i ied and he in ellec ual bases o each “seed” jou nal a e
explo ed on se e al le els (Sec ion 3.2.). The linkages be ween he key schola s a e analysed
eso ing o hei educa ional backg ound, esea ch a ea and p o essional a ilia ion. The s udy
is u he de eloped wi h he inclusion o da a conce ning key schola s’ las a ilia ions
(Sec ion 3.3.). The e idence ga he ed om he applied analysis p o ides g ounds o in e he
p esence o in isible colleges, answe ing he las esea ch ques ion and accomplished he main
pu pose o his s udy.
3.2. Who a e he mos ci ed au ho s, s udies and jou nals in he las decades?
The mos ci ed au ho in ETP since i s i s publica ion un il Feb ua y, 2009, is Michael
W igh (Uni e si y o No ingham, UK). The au ho anks on he 71
s
and 77
h
posi ions in,
espec i ely, JBV and SBE. The mos ci ed au ho in JBV, om 1987 un il Feb ua y, 2009,
17
is A nold Coope (Pu due Uni e si y, US), which akes he 3
d
and 37
h
posi ions, espec i ely,
in ETP and SBE’s anking. Zol an Acs is he mos ci ed au ho in SBE, du ing he pe iod o
1992 o Feb ua y o 2009,
18
aking in 96
h
in ETP and 126
h
in SBE.
Table 8 exhibi he 20
h
mos ci ed au ho s pe jou nal, o de ed by descending numbe o
ci a ions. The h ee Top 20 mos ci ed au ho s’ ankings only ha e in common one au ho :
Howa d Ald ich (Uni e si y o No h Ca olina, US). Simila i ies ega ding op ci ed au ho s
a e no o iously highe be ween ETP and JBS han wi h SBE. ETP and JBV ha e nine op ci ed
au ho s only common o hem bo h, whe eas JBV and SBE only sha e exclusi ely wo au ho s
and ETP and SBE ha e no op au ho common jus o he wo jou nals (c . Table 8).
17
Ci ed e e ences con ained in a icles om he ini ial publica ion’s yea s o 1985 and 1986 o JBV we e no
included in he s udy due o i s una ailabili y in ISI da abase.
18
Ci ed e e ences con ained in a icles om he ini ial publica ion’s yea s o 1989 o 1991 o SBE we e no
included in he s udy due o i s una ailabili y in ISI da abase.
32
Table 8: Ranking o he Top 20 mos ci ed au ho s in ETP, JBV and SBE (name and numbe o ci a ions)
En ep eneu ship Theo y and
P ac ice (ETP)
Jou nal o Business Ven u ing
(JBV) Small Business Economics (SBE)
Name # Name # Name #
W igh , M. 178
Coope , A. 307
Acs, Z. 509
Zah a, S. 168
Ald ich, H. 241
Aud e sch, D. 508
Coope , A. 144
MacMillan, I. 213
S o ey, D. 276
MacMillan, I. 138
Ga ne , W. 209
Reynolds, P. 258
B ush, C. 122
Mille , D. 183
E ans, D. 248
Byg a e, W. 121
Po e , M. 183
Schumpe e , J. 173
Ch isman, J. 118
Zah a, S. 182
Po e , M. 130
Co in, J. 118
Shane, S. 180
Blanch lowe , D. 126
Ald ich, H. 117
Vespe , K. 143
Ge oski, P. 123
Hi , M. 115
Hamb ick, D. 141
Dunne, T. 116
Mille , D. 113
Co in, J. 135
Jo ano ic, B. 116
Ga ne , W. 112
Byg a e, W. 130
C essy, R. 112
Wes head, P. 111
Bi ley, S. 129
Ba es, T. 107
Sex on, D. 107
Eisenha d , K. 128
Wagne , J. 100
Reynolds, P. 103
Schumpe e , J. 124
Baumol, W. 99
Sapienza, H. 103
Van de Ven, A. 121
Ald ich, H. 98
His ich, R. 100
Williamson, O. 120
Be ge , A. 97
Bi ley, S. 90
B ockhaus, R. 118
Ca es, R. 96
Dess, G. 87
Kan e , R. 116
Cohen, W. 94
Hamb ick, D. 86
Timmons, J. 115
Da is, S. 93
Sche e , F. 93
Sou ce: Au ho s compu a ions based on ou sample o ci a ions in ETP, JBV and SBE collec ed manually o ETP and om Social Sciences
Ci a ion Index (SSCI) o he ISI Web o Science, o JBV and SBE.
Acco ding o Zuccala’s (2006) me hodology adop ed in his s udy (see Sec ion1.3.), he e a e
h ee p incipal elemen s o ake in conside a ion in he de ini ion o in isible college:
in luen ial schola s (i.e. op ci ed au ho s); subjec special y (i.e. esea ch a eas) and
in o ma ion use en i onmen (i.e. a ilia ion en i onmen , such as ins i u ion and coun y).
Following his me hod, we assigned a main esea ch a ea o each o he mos ci ed au ho s and
analysed, o each “seed jou nal”, and o all jou nals combined, he geog aphical dis ibu ion
o he au ho s’ cu en a ilia ion (Figu e 4).
19
The designa ion o he co e esea ch a eas is based on a comp ehensi e su ey o he esea ch
hemes on en ep eneu ship, p o ided by San os and Teixei a ( o hcoming), which allowed us
19
Due o me hodological con enience op ci ed au ho s’ a ilia ion (employe ins i u ion) and esea ch a ea a e
exhibi ed in Table 12 (Sec ion 3.3.).
Common o all h ee jou nals Only common o ETP and JBV
Only common o JBV and SBE Only common o ETP and SBE
33
o es ablish i e dis inc esea ch a eas wi hin he en ep eneu ship ield.
20
Fu he mo e, he
analysis o he academic publica ions and a eas o in e es o he mos ci ed au ho s o each
jou nal e ealed ha i was necessa y o include wo addi ional esea ch a eas (Labo and
Indus ial O ganiza ion), economic-o ien ed, ou side he en ep eneu ship ield (Table 9).
21
Table 9: A eas o scien i ic esea ch associa ed wi h op ci ed au ho s
Resea ch A eas Abb e ia on
En ep eneu ship Theo y Building ETB
Cha ac e is ics o he En ep eneu CE
Co po a e and En ep eneu ship Ven u ing CEV
En ep eneu ship Educa ion EE
Inno a ion, G ow h and Policy IGP
Labo L
Indus ial O ganiza ion IO
Analysing o all he “seed” jou nals, Uni ed S a es is he mos p ominen coun y, a ac ing
a ound 79% o he mos ci ed au ho s. Uni ed Kingdom comes in second, wi h 15%. Ge many
and Canada a e less p ominen , a ilia ing, espec i ely, wo and one o he in luen ial au ho s
in en ep eneu ship esea ch. Rega ding he esea ch a eas, CEV has he highe p opo ion o
mos ci ed au ho s (47%), ollowed by IGP (17%) and IO (13%). The o he esea ch a eas
ha e less in luence. While his pa e n is obse ed in he UK, in US, CEV emains he
esea ch a ea wi h mo e op ci ed schola s (46%), bu i is ollowed by IO (14%). IGP
ep esen s 11%, along wi h CE and ETP. O e all, US is he only coun y wi h in luen ial
schola s in all he se en esea ch a eas.
20
San os and Teixei a ( o hcoming) iden i ied ele en majo opics on en ep eneu ship li e a u e:
En ep eneu ship heo y building; En ep eneu ial psychological issues; Demog aphic ai s; En ep eneu ial
con ex ; Co po a e en ep eneu ship; Ven u e capi al; En ep eneu ship educa ion; Policy; Inno a ion; G ow h
and Regional. Due o he wide scope o academic in e es s e lec ed on he in luen ial au ho s’ publica ions, we
agg ega ed hese opics in o i e, so ha we could assign only one majo esea ch a ea o each o he au ho s – a
equi emen (and limi a ion) o he mapping cons uc ions in his s udy (e.g. Figu e 4 and 5).
21
Colou s assigned o each scien i ic esea ch a e used in Sec ion 3.3.
34
ETP JBV
SBE ALL
Figu e 4: Mapping he in e na ional scien i ic linkages o he mos in luen ial au ho s in en ep eneu ship by ‘seed jou nal’
Legend: ETB - En ep eneu ship Theo y Building; CE – Cha ac e is ics o he En ep eneu ; CEV - Co po a e and En ep eneu ship Ven u ing; EE - En ep eneu ship Educa ion; IGP – Inno a ion, G ow h and Policy; L –
Labo ; IO – Indus ial O ganiza ion.
41
3.3. A e he e any simila i ies/co ela ions be ween he mos ci ed au ho s ega ding
hei educa ional aining and p o essional a ilia ion, and esea ch a ea?
In he p e ious sec ion, we iden i ied, ough a (co)ci a ion analysis, 47 highly ci ed au ho s in
he ield o en ep eneu ship. Bu co-ci a ion echniques, hough assessing he in ellec ual
s uc u e o a esea ch ield, do no cap u e all he insigh s ela ed wi h he phenomenon o he
in isible college (Zuccala, 2006). As Reade and Wa kins (2006) poin , a e he highly ci ed
au ho s s ic ly pa o a se o ideas cons uc ed in he minds o he ci e s; o is he e an
e ec i e ne o social in e ac ions be ween he in luen ial schola s? In o de o answe his
ques ion, we complemen he (co)ci a ion analysis, explo ing he possible collabo a ions
be ween highly ci ed au ho s, based on he s udy o hei a ilia ion, educa ional backg ound
and main esea ch a ea.
Table 12 exhibi s pe sonal da a on he 47 mos ci ed au ho s (employe ins i u ion, esea ch
a ea and g an ing school),
23
anking hem by he o al numbe o ci a ions ob ained om he
h ee selec ed jou nals. Among he mos ci ed au ho s Da id Aud e sch is he schola wi h he
highes numbe o ci a ions ecei ed om all he “seed” jou nals, al hough he is no pa o
ETP and JBV’s ankings. Rega ding key au ho s cu en a ilia ion – ep esen ed in he
column “employe ins i u ion” – we obse ed ha a o al o 40 ins i u ions employ he 47 mos
ci ed au ho s.
24
Ha a d Uni e si y (US) employs he highes numbe o mos ci ed au ho s
(5), ollowed by Babson College (US) and Uni e si y o Minneso a (US), wi h h ee au ho s
each and Geo ge Mason Uni e si y (US) and New Yo k Uni e si y (US), bo h wi h wo. The
emaining 32 ins i u ions employ only one in luen ial au ho each. Wi h espec o he
o ganiza ions’ geog aphical dis ibu ion, US s ands as he coun y whe e mo e ins i u ions a e
loca ed (29), ollowed by he UK (7) and hen, Ge many and Canada, wi h wo ins i u ions
each. By combining he numbe o ci a ions p esen ed in Table 12, wi h he co esponden
esea ch a ea, o each ci ed au ho , we con i m he p e ious esul s ega ding esea ch a eas.
CVE is he main esea ch a ea o wen y wo in luen ial au ho s, IGP a ac s eigh schola s,
ollowed by IO, wi h six schola s.
23
Validi y ega ding da a on he cu en P o essional a ilia ion o he au ho s is only gua an eed un il Augus o
2009. Due o he absence o in o ma ion, i was no possible o iden i y he g an ing school o one au ho and he
g adua ion yea o ou au ho s.
24
No e ha h ee au ho s (Mille , Hamb ick and Sex on) a e a ilia ed wi h wo ins i u ions each.

42
Table 12: In o ma ion on he a ilia ion, educa ional backg ound and esea ch a ea o he 47 mos ci ed au ho s
Numbe o Ci a ions
Au ho
ETP JBV SBE
Employe ins i u ion Seconda y uni Resea ch
A ea
G an ing School (Ph.D.) Yea
1 Aud e sch, D. 48 39 508 Max Planck Ins i u e o Economics, DE En ep eneu ship, G ow h and Public Policy
G oup IGP Uni e si y o Wisconsin-Madison, US 1980
2 Acs, Z. 32 37 509 Geo ge Mason Uni e si y, US School o Public Policy IGP G adua e Facul y, The New School, US 1980
3 Coope , A. 144 307 73 Pu due Uni e si y (Re i ed), US K anne School o Managemen (Re i ed) CEV Ha a d Uni e si y, US 1962
4 Ald ich, H. 117 241 98 Uni e si y o No h Ca olina, US Kenan-Flagle Business School CEV Uni e si y o Michigan, US 1969
5 Reynolds, P. 103 94 258 Geo ge Mason Uni e si y, US School o Public Policy IGP S an o d Uni e si y, US 1969
6 Ga ne , W. 112 209 77 Clemson Uni e si y, US A hu M. Spi o Ins i u e o En ep eneu ial
Leade ship ETB Uni e si y o Washing on, US 1982
7 Zah a, S. 168 182 38 Uni e si y o Minneso a, US Ca lson School o Managemen CEV Uni e si y o Mississippi, US 1982
8 Po e , M. 55 183 130 Ha a d Uni e si y, US Ha a d Business School CEV Ha a d Uni e si y, US 1973
9 MacMillan, I. 138 213 14 Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US Wha on School o Business CEV Uni e si y o Sou h A ica, ZA 1975
10 S o ey, D. 49 36 276 Uni e si y o Wa wick, UK Wa wick Business School IGP Newcas le Uni e si y, UK 1978
11 Schumpe e , J.
†
49 124 173 Ha a d Uni e si y, US - EBT Uni e si y o Vienna, AT 1906
12 Mille , D. 113 183 42 Uni e si y o Mon éal and Uni e si y o
Albe a, CA
Ecole des Hau es E udes Comme ciales and
Family En e p ise and S a egy CEV McGill Uni e si y, CA 1976
13 Shane, S. 78 180 78 Case Wes e n Rese e Uni e si y, US Wea he head School o Managemen EBT Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US 1992
14 E ans, D. 13 48 248 Law and Economics Consul ing G oup
(LECG) Eu ope, UK - IGP Uni e si y o Chicago, US 1983
15 Byg a e, W. 121 130 33 Babson College, US - CEV - -
16 Bi ley, S. 90 129 54 Bae Sis ems (Re i ed), UK - CEV N/a N/a
17 Co in, J. 118 135 17 Indiana Uni e si y, US Kelley School o Business CEV Uni e si y o Pi sbu gh, US 1985
18 W igh , M. 178 47 35 Uni e si y o No ingham, UK No ingham Uni e si y Business School CEV Uni e si y o No ingham, UK N/a
19 B ush, C. 122 86 36 Babson College, US - CE - -
20 Wes head, P. 111 47 85 Uni e si y o Du ham, UK Du ham Business School CEV Uni e si y College o Wales, UK 1988
21 Hamb ick, D. 86 141 12 Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y and
Columbia Uni e si y, US
Smeal College o Business and G adua e
School o Business CEV Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y, US 1979
22 Williamson, O. 35 120 79 Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, US Wal e A. Haas School o Business CEV Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, US 1963
23 Vespe , K. 64 143 15 Uni e si y o Washing on, US Uni e si y o Washing on Business School EE S an o d Uni e si y, US 1969
24 Eisenha d , K. 63 128 26 S an o d Uni e si y, US Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing and
Enginee ing Managemen CEV S an o d Uni e si y, US 1982
25 His ich, R. 100 87 28 Thunde bi d School o Global
Managemen , US Walke Cen e o Global En ep eneu ship CEV Uni e si y o Cincinna i, US 1971
43
(…)
Numbe o Ci a ions
Au ho
ETP JBV SBE
Employe ins i u ion Seconda y uni Resea ch
A ea
G an ing School (Ph.D.) Yea
26 Sex on, D. 107 96 11 Ohio S a e Uni e si y (Re i ed)/ Ewing
Ma ion Kau man Founda ion, US - CEV Ohio S a e Uni e si y, US 1972
27 Van de Ven, A. 81 121 11 Uni e si y o Minneso a, US Ca lson School o Managemen IGP Uni e si y o Wisconsin, US 1972
28 Timmons, J.
†
75 115 20 Babson College, US - CEV Ha a d Uni e si y, US 1971
29 Sapienza, H. 103 80 27 Uni e si y o Minneso a, US Ca lson School o Managemen CEV Uni e si y o Ma yland, US 1989
30 Ba es, T. 25 76 107 Wayne S a e Uni e si y, US Depa men o Economics CE Uni e si y o Wisconsin, US 1972
31 B ockhaus, R. 63 118 13 Sain Louis Uni e si y, US John Cook School o Business CE Uni e si y o Washing on , US 1976
32 Hi , M. 115 59 9 Texas A&M Uni e si y, US Mays Business School CEV Uni e si y o Colo ado, US 1974
33 Ch isman, J. 118 47 15 Mississippi S a e Uni e si y, US College o Business and Indus y CE Uni e si y o Geo gia, US 1986
34 Dess, G. 87 78 14 Uni e si y o Texas a Dallas, US School o Managemen CEV Uni e si y o Washing on, US 1980
35 Baumol, W. 20 48 99 New Yo k Uni e si y, US Leona d N. S e n School o Business ETB Uni e si y o London, UK 1949
36 Kan e , R. 47 116 3 Ha a d Uni e si y, US Ha a d Business School CEV Uni e si y o Michigan, US 1967
37 Cohen, W. 11 53 94 Duke Uni e si y, US Fuqua School o Business IGP Yale Uni e si y, US 1981
38 Blanch lowe , D.
5 9 126 Da mou h College, US Depa men o Economics L Uni e si y o London, UK 1985
39 Ca es, R. 10 34 96 Ha a d Uni e si y, US Depa men o Economics IO Ha a d Uni e si y, US 1958
40 Ge oski, P.
†
3 9 123 Uni e si y o London, UK London Business School IGP Uni e si y o Wa wick, UK N/a
41 Jo ano ic, B. 4 14 116 New Yo k Uni e si y, US Depa men o Economics IO Uni e si y o Chicago, US 1978
42 C essy, R. 4 12 112 Uni e si y o Bi mingham, UK Bi mingham Business School CEV Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, UK N/a
43 Sche e , F. 11 24 93 Ha a d Uni e si y, US John F. Kennedy School o Go e nmen IO Uni e si y o Michigan, US 1954
44 Dunne, T. 0 10 116 Fede al Rese e Bank o Cle eland, US Resea ch Depa men IO Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y, US 1987
45 Be ge , A. 9 11 97 Uni e si y o Sou h Ca olina, US Moo e School o Business IO Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, US 1983
46 Wagne , J. 12 4 100 Uni e si y o Luenebu g, DE Ins i u e o Economics IO Uni e si y o Hanno e , DE 1984
47 Da is, S. 6 6 93 Uni e si y o Chicago, US Boo h School o Business L B own Uni e si y, US 1986
No e: Au ho s a e o de ed by he o al o ci a ion in each jou nal. The g ey cells indica e ha he au ho is pa o he Top 20 mos ci ed au ho s in he designa ed jou nal
Legend: ETB - En ep eneu ship Theo y Building; CE – Cha ac e is ics o he En ep eneu ; CEV - Co po a e and En ep eneu ship Ven u ing; EE - En ep eneu ship Educa ion; IGP – Inno a ion, G ow h and Policy; L –
Labo ; IO – Indus ial O ganiza ion.
44
CE, ETB, L and EE a e less p ominen a eas o in e es . CVE is he mos equen esea ch
a ea associa ed wi h ETP and JBV, while in SBE, IGP domains, as p e iously in es iga ed.
Beyond ha , we can also d aw u he e idence: IGP, in spi e o no being he mos equen
esea ch a ea, is he main esea ch a ea o he wo mos ci ed au ho s – Aud e sch and Acs –
among he 47. Ano he poin should be s essed: he bo om o op ci ed au ho s a e
exclusi ely associa ed wi h SBE ( hey a e seldom ci ed by ETP and JBV) and eigh o hem
a e ela ed wi h economic-o ien ed a eas, whe eas ETP and JBV do no ank in he op 20 any
au ho s wi h esea ch a eas non- ela ed wi h en ep eneu ship. These indings suppo he
p eceding e idence ha sugges s ha he h ee en ep eneu ship “seed” jou nals embody wo
(in) isible colleges in he en ep eneu ship ield: one associa ed wi h ETP and JBV and he
o he associa ed wi h SBE.
Educa ional aining is also explo ed ga he ing in o ma ion conce ning he ins i u ion ha
g an ed he PhD deg ee o he ci ed au ho s (i ha is he case) and espec i ely, he g adua ion
yea . We iden i y 31 dis inc uni e si ies ha g an ed he doc o al deg ee o 44 o he mos
ci ed au ho s. Ha a d Uni e si y (US) g an ed 4 PhDs, ollowed by he S an o d Uni e si y
US), Uni e si y o Michigan (US) and Uni e si y o Washing on (US), which g an ed 3 PhDs
each. Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y (US), Uni e si y o Chicago (US), Uni e si y o
Wisconsin (US) and Uni e si y o London (UK) ha e wo PhDs each among he mos ci ed
au ho s. The emaining 23 uni e si ies g an ed a PhD o only one op ci ed au ho . The
geog aphical dis ibu ion o he ci ed au ho s’ g an ing schools has a simila pa e n o he one
conce ning hei a ilia ion. US concen a es he as majo i y o he uni e si ies (33),
ollowed by UK (7). The only wo di e ences a e he inclusion o New Zealand and Aus ia,
in he g an ing schools o he mos ci ed au ho s. Obse ing he g adua ion yea , we in e ha
he 44 PhD mos ci ed au ho s hold hei deg ee o a ela i ely long ime ( he PhD deg ee
mos ecen was g an ed 17 yea s ago and belongs o Sco Shane).
Acco ding o Zuccala (2006) he In o ma ion Use En i onmen is a key elemen o iden i y he
in isible colleges, ep esen ing a scien i ic wo kspace whe e in o ma ion ela ed beha iou s
occu . Based on his concep , we include addi ional in o ma ion ega ding he academic
expe ience o he mos ci ed au ho s, so ha ou analysis cap u es all he (in isible) links
be ween he key schola s. Thus, o in e i he e a e social co ela ions be ween he highly
45
ci ed au ho s, in addi ion o PhD’s uni e si y and cu en p o essional a ilia ion, we ga he
da a conce ning o he cu en a ilia ions, besides he main employe ins i u ion, and p esen
isi ing academic ins i u ions along wi h da a on p e ious a ilia ions
25
and pas isi ing
academic ins i u ions (Table A5 p o ides, in de ail, he in o ma ion collec ed wi h espec o
hese wo i ems).
26
Figu e 5 illus a es g aphically he links be ween he highly ci ed au ho s, based on he
academic ins i u ions ha ecei ed he au ho s o e hei p o essional ca ee . We only
conside ed ins i u ions ha had ecei ed o a e cu en ly employing mo e han wo op ci ed
au ho s, which gi e us a o al o 24 ins i u ions.
27
The map ep esen s he links be ween a o al
o 44 op ci ed au ho s, h ough 24 o ganiza ions. Each o he op ci ed au ho s is iden i ied by
hei ank numbe es ablished in Table 11, as well as, he espec i e esea ch a ea colou . Each
link is ep esen ed by a s aigh lines and deno es ha a leas one op ci ed au ho wo ked in
he wo linked ins i u ions. An o e all analysis o he map ells us ha all ins i u ions ha e
ecei ed a leas one op ci ed au ho which sugges s a subs an ial deg ee o co ela ion
be ween he mos ci ed au ho s in en ep eneu ship esea ch.
The connec ions be ween he ins i u ions and numbe o in luen ial au ho s associa ed wi h
hem a e dis inc , acco ding o each ins i u ion. Ha a d Uni e si y (US) is he ins i u ion ha
ga he s he highes numbe o op ci ed au ho s (9), ollowed by he Uni e si y o
Pennsyl ania (US), wi h 7 key au ho s. A o al o 12 ins i u ions is a ach wi h 3 op ci ed
au ho s. The Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania (US) holds he highes numbe o links (11), which
implies ha op ci ed au ho s connec wi h o he s, ough 11 dis inc ins i u ions. Uni e si y o
London (UK) comes in second, being connec ed wi h 10 ins i u ions. The leas in e ac i e
ins i u ions, among he op ones, a e he Uni e si y o Michigan (US) and he Uni e si y o
Washing on (US), wi h, espec i ely, 2 and 3 links.
25
The pas a ilia ions p e ious o ci ed au ho s’ doc o al deg ee we e dis ega ded.
26
Due o he absence o in o ma ion we did no ga he ed in o ma ion on cu en and pas a ilia ions/ isi ing
academic ins i u ions o six ci ed au ho s.
27
A p e ious a emp was made in o de o include ins i u ions wi h mo e han one highly ci ed au ho bu he
numbe o ins i u ions ob ained (48) plus he inhe en linkages among hem did no pe mi a g aphical
ep esen a ion.
46
Figu e 5: Mapping links among op ci ed au ho s in en ep eneu ship scien i ic a ea
No e: Each link means ha a leas wo op ci ed au ho s wo ked in he wo linked o ganiza ions
ETB En ep eneu ship Theo y Building CE Cha ac e is ics o he En ep eneu CEV Co po a e and En ep eneu ship Ven u ing
EE En ep eneu ship Educa ion IGP Inno a ion, G ow h and Policy IO Indus ial O ganiza ion L Labo
U. London
(UK)
Babson C.
(US)
U. Chicago
(US)
U. Michigan
(US)
U.
Minneso a
(US
)
U. Du ham
(UK)
U.
Sou h
Ca olina
(US)
New Yo k
U.
(US)
U.
Washing on
(US)
U.
Pennsyl ania
(US)
S an o d U.
(US)
SSCB
(DE)
U.
No ingham
(UK)
U.
Cali o nia
B.
(US
)
Indiana U.
(US)
MPIE
(DE)
U. Ma yland
(US)
EMKF
(US)
Ha a d U.
(US)
INSEAD
(FR)
Baylo U.
(US)
Columbia U.
(US)
U. Wa wick
(UK)
ICL
(UK)
39
3
7
3
36
8
43
11
28
22
45
41
5
27
13
3
9
38
5
40
14
15
35
19
15
7
28
23
5
5
23
24
3
4
10
40
20
22
42
5
27
7
29
41
14
9
35
2
21
9
12
23
34
31
6
47
2
29
13
23
26
31
5
15
18
1
2
14
45
33
29
1
17
22
43
4
36
41
47
14
1
2
46
15
18
20
45
22
30
1
2
26
16
13
20
1
10
20

47
One should no ice ha he numbe o op ci ed au ho s associa ed wi h an ins i u ion is no , pe
se, an indica i e o he deg ee o connec i i y be ween in luen ial au ho s. Fo ins ance, he
Uni e si y o Michigan (US) ecei es 4 op ci ed au ho s bu only links wi h 2 o he
ins i u ions. On he o he hand, he Social Science Cen e o Be lin (DE) ecei es only 3 op
ci ed au ho s, bu es ablishes connec ions wi h 9 dis inc ins i u ions, which a es s o he op
ci ed au ho s’ p o essional mobili y, con i med when we iden i y wo o he ci ed au ho s,
Aud e sch and Acs, he wo mos ci ed au ho s in ou s udy and enowned academics, wi h a
as and p oduc i e ca ee .
An analysis on he esea ch a ea o he 44 op ci ed au ho s indica es ha he deg ee o
collabo a ion, ep esen ed by he links be ween ins i u ions, ag ees wi h he ini ial dis ibu ion
o au ho s h ough he esea ch a eas, i.e., he majo i y o he links es ablished belong o op
ci ed au ho s, whose main esea ch a ea is CVE, IGP appea s in second, ollowed by IO. The
excep ion o his pa e n comes om he esea ch a ea o EE ha , wi h only one op ci ed
au ho , connec s wi h 4 o he ins i u ions, o e coming he esea ch a ea o Labo (L) ha has
wo in luen ial au ho s wi h no es ablished collabo a ions ou side hei cu en a ilia ion.
The e idence ob ained indica es ha op ci ed au ho s a e highly connec ed, which is
pa icula ly isible o he esea ch a eas o CVE and IGP.
3.4. A e he e di e en “in isible colleges” in en ep eneu ship esea ch a ea?
Iden i ying he mos ci ed au ho s, s udies and jou nals o he h ee “seed” jou nals allowed
us o explo e he in ellec ual s uc u e o en ep eneu ship esea ch. E idence suppo s he
mul idisciplina y na u e o he en ep eneu ship ield, when esul s show ha highly in luen ial
au ho s in he ield o en ep eneu ship a e wo king in se e al subjec speciali ies, including
esea ch a eas no so en ep eneu ship ocussed, like economics. These so called “non-
en ep eneu ship” esea che s a e highly ela ed wi h he speci ic o ien a ion o each o he
“seed” jou nals. The p esen s udy empi ically co obo a es he idea ha ETP and JBV a e he
mos in luen ial jou nals in he en ep eneu ship ield and SBE is, indeed, economic o ien ed,
embodying economic-o ien ed esea che s among he mos ci ed au ho s. In ac , he (co)
ci a ion analysis con i ms se e al simila i ies be ween ETP and JBV ega ding he mos ci ed
au ho s, s udies and jou nals and main esea ch a ea and a es s o he dis inc in ellec ual
s uc u e o SBE.
48
To in e he p esence o in isible colleges i is c ucial o include in he analysis he in o mal
channels o scien i ic communica ion. Thus, he second s age o he s udy consis ed in
explo ing he in o mal communica ion links be ween highly ci ed au ho s. By collec ing
pe sonal da a ega ding op ci ed au ho s’ cu en and pas a ilia ion, educa ional backg ound
and combining i wi h he esea ch a eas assigned, one could in e abou he social ies
es ablished among he op ci ed au ho s. The esul s e eal ha 44 key au ho s a e highly
co ela ed among hemsel es, h ough 24 dis inc ins i u ions whe e hey de eloped o a e
cu en ly de eloping hei wo k.
The e idence p o ided by he wo s ages o he s udy ul ils he key elemen s o assess he
exis ence o in isible colleges: social ac o s ( he mos ci ed au ho s); subjec special y
( esea ch a eas) and in o ma ion use en i onmen (p o essional a ilia ion o he mos ci ed
au ho s). Fo mal and in o mal communica ion is ep esen ed by, espec i ely, he mos ci ed
s udies/jou nals and a ilia ions’ linkages. Thus, i is possible o iden i y wo in isible
colleges: one associa ed wi h ETP and JBV jou nals and he o he associa ed wi h SBE.
The esul s ob ained a e summa ized in Figu e 6. Social ac o s a e ep esen ed by he op i e
mos ci ed au ho s o each “seed” jou nal ; he scien i ic esea ch a ea ha a ac s he highes
numbe o mos ci ed au ho s is he “subjec special y” and he in o ma ion use en i onmen is
de ined by he p o essional a ilia ion whe e mo e highly ci ed au ho s cu en ly (un il Augus
2009) wo k. Fo mal and in o mal communica ion is gi en, espec i ely, by he op i e s udies
and jou nals o each o he h ee jou nals and he linkages ex ac ed om in o ma ion
ega ding op ci ed au ho s’ cu en and pas a ilia ions and PhD g an ing a ilia ion. When
examining he e idence exhibi ed in Figu e 6, we con i m p e ious assessmen conce ning he
in ellec ual p oximi y o ETP and JBV jou nals and hei dis ance owa ds SBE’s in ellec ual
bases. The o mal channels o communica ion u he enhance, on one hand, he simila i ies
be ween ETP and JBV and, on he o he , he di e ences ega ding SBE: he op i e ci ed
s udies and op i e ci ed jou nals a e qui e simila be ween ETP and JBV, while he e idence
o SBE empi ically shows ha his jou nal alues economic- ela ed opics. In o mal ies also
co obo a e he indings: ETP and JBV ha e mo e a ilia ions in common han wi h SBE and
he geog aphical dis ibu ion o he a ilia ions’ pa e n also di e om ETP/JB (whe e he US
sup emacy p e ails) o SBE (whe e UK and Ge many ha e a signi ican impac ).
49
Figu e 6: In isible colleges in en ep eneu ship esea ch
No es: Uni e si ies lis ed in “In o mal Communica ion” ha e a ilia ed a leas 3 o he mos ci ed au ho s in he Jou nal (++) o ha e
a ilia ed 2 o he mos ci ed au ho s in he Jou nal who ha e mo e han 3 links wi h uni e si ies ha also a ilia es mos ci ed au ho s
in he Jou nal(+)
50
One should poin ha he e idence ega ding links among he mos ci ed au ho s e eals a
s ong in e ac ion among schola s om he wo in isible colleges, which means ha hey a e
no isola ed om each o he o e en om in luen ial au ho s o o he scien i ic ields.
In sho , based on an analysis on he “seed” jou nals (ETP, JBV and SBE), we conclude ha
he e a e wo in isible colleges in he en ep eneu ship ield. The i s in isible college is
ocussed speci ically in en ep eneu ship esea ch, as he o ien a ion o ETP and JBV. The
simila i ies be ween hese wo jou nals we e a cons an in all he s ages o he s udy. The
second in isible college is o igina ed by he e olu ion o he en ep eneu ship ield in o an
inc easingly specialized hema ically discipline, de eloping au onomous esea ch g oupings,
such as he one ep esen ed by SBE.
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61
Appendix
Table A 1: John Ca oll Uni e si y Classi ica ion o en ep eneu ship jou nals
Le el I
1. Jou nal o Business Ven u ing.
2. Small Business Economics.
3. En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice.
4. Jou nal o Small Business Managemen .
Le el II
1. En ep eneu ship, Inno a ion and Change.
2. Family Business Re iew.
3. In e na ional Jou nal o En ep eneu ship De elopmen , Educa ion and T aining.
4. In e na ional Jou nal o En ep eneu ship.
5. In e na ional Jou nal o Technological Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship.
6. Jou nal o De elopmen al En ep eneu ship.
7. Jou nal o En e p ising Cul u e.
8. Jou nal o En ep eneu ship Educa ion.
9. Jou nal o P i a e En e p ise.
10. New England Jou nal o En ep eneu ship.
11. Small Business and En e p ise De elopmen .
Le el III
1. Economic Analysis: A Jou nal o En e p ise and Pa icipa ion.
2. En e p ise and Inno a ion Managemen S udies.
3. En ep eneu ship De elopmen Re iew.
4. Jou nal o En ep eneu ship.
5. Jou nal o In e na ional Business and En ep eneu ship.
6. Jou nal o Technology T ans e .
7. Small En e p ise Resea ch: The Jou nal o SEAANZ.
8. S udies in Cul u es, O ganiza ions and Socie ies.
Sou ce: Adap ed om h p://www.ma ke ing echie.com/a icles/m a 20020307.pd
62
Table A 2: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice
En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice
Au ho (s) Yea A icle Ti le Jou nal
Numbe
o imes
ci ed
Ga ne , W. 1988 "Who is an en ep eneu ?" is he w ong ques ion Ame ican Jou nal o Small Business 63
Shane, S.;Venka a aman, S. 2000 The p omise o en ep eneu ship as a ield o esea ch Academy o Managemen Re iew 59
Ba ney, J. 1991 Fi m esou ces and sus ained compe i i e ad an age Jou nal o Managemen 57
Ga ne , W. 1985 A concep ual amewo k o desc ibing he phenomenon o new en u e c ea ion Academy o Managemen Re iew 57
Low, M.;MacMillan, I. 1988 En ep eneu ship: Pas esea ch and u u e challenges Jou nal o Managemen 49
Co in, J.;Sle in, D. 1991 A concep ual model o en ep eneu ship as i m beha io En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice 45
Lumpkin, G.;Dess, G. 1996 Cla i ying he en ep eneu ial o ien a ion cons uc and linking i o pe o mance Academy o Managemen Re iew 44
Jensen, M.;Meckling, W. 1976 Theo y o he i m: Manage ial beha io , agency cos s and Owne ship s uc u e Jou nal o Financial Economics 43
Buseni z, L.;Ba ney, J. 1997 Di e ences be ween en ep eneu s and manage s in la ge o ganiza ions: Biases and heu is ics in
s a egic decision making Jou nal o Business Ven u ing 40
Ka z, J.;Ga ne , W. 1988 P ope ies o eme ging o ganiza ions Academy o Managemen Re iew 39
Mille , D. 1983 The co ela es o en ep eneu ship in h ee ypes o i ms Managemen Science 39
Sou ce: Au ho s compu a ions based on ou sample o ci a ions in ETP, JBV and SBE collec ed manually o ETP and om Social Sciences Ci a ion Index (SSCI) o he ISI Web o Science, o JBV and
SBE.
Common o all h ee jou nals Only common o ETP and JBV
Only common o JBV and SBE Only common o ETP and SBE

63
Table A 3: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in Jou nal o Business Ven u ing
Jou nal o Business Ven u ing
Au ho (s) Yea A icle Ti le Jou nal
Numbe
o imes
ci ed
Low, M.;MacMillan, I. 1988 En ep eneu ship: Pas esea ch and u u e challenges Jou nal o Managemen 59
Ga ne , W. 1985 A concep ual amewo k o desc ibing he phenomenon o new en u e c ea ion Academy o Managemen Re iew 56
Jensen, M.;Meckling, W. 1976 Theo y o he i m: Manage ial beha io , agency cos s and Owne ship s uc u e Jou nal o Financial Economics 53
MacMillan, I.;Siegel,
R.;Subbana asimha, P.
1985 C i e ia used by en u e capi alis s o e alua e new en u e p oposals Jou nal o Business Ven u ing 47
Shane, S.;Venka a aman, S. 2000 The p omise o en ep eneu ship as a ield o esea ch Academy o Managemen Re iew 46
Sandbe g, W.;Ho e , C. 1987 Imp o ing new en u e pe o mance: The ole o s a egy, indus y s uc u e, and he en ep eneu Jou nal o Business Ven u ing 44
Ba ney, J. 1991 Fi m esou ces and sus ained compe i i e ad an age Jou nal o Managemen 39
Cohen, W.;Le in hal, D. 1990 Abso p i e capaci y: A new pe spec i e on lea ning and inno a ion Adminis a i e Science Qua e ly 35
Co in, J.;Sle in, D. 1989 S a egic managemen o small i ms in hos ile and benign en i onmen s S a egic Managemen Jou nal 35
Venka a aman, S. 1997 The dis inc i e domain o en ep eneu ship esea ch Ad ances in En ep eneu ship, Fi m
Eme gence and G ow h
35
Sou ce: Au ho s compu a ions based on ou sample o ci a ions in ETP, JBV and SBE collec ed manually o ETP and om Social Sciences Ci a ion Index (SSCI) o he ISI Web o Science, o JBV and
SBE.
Common o all h ee jou nals Only common o ETP and JBV
Only common o JBV and SBE Only common o ETP and SBE
64
Table A 4: Ranking o he Top 10 mos ci ed a icles in Small Business Economics
Small Business Economics
Au ho (s) Yea A icle Ti le Jou nal
Numbe
o imes
ci ed
Jo ano ic, B. 1982 Selec ion and he e olu ion o indus y Econome ica 91
E ans, D.;Jo ano ic, B. 1989 An es ima ed model o en ep eneu ial choice unde liquidi y cons ain s Jou nal o Poli ical Economy 75
S igli z, J.;Weiss, A. 1981 C edi a ioning in ma ke s wi h impe ec in o ma ion Ame ican Economic Re iew 52
Acs, Z.;Aud e sch, D. 1988 Inno a ion in la ge and small i ms: An empi ical analysis Ame ican Economic Re iew 49
Dunne,T.; Robe s,
M.;Samuelson, L. 1989 The g ow h and ailu e o U.S. manu ac u ing plan s Qua e ly Jou nal o Economics 49
E ans, D.;Leigh on, L. 1989 Some empi ical aspec s o en ep eneu ship Ame ican Economic Re iew 47
E ans, D. 1987 Tes s o al e na i e heo ies o i m g ow h Jou nal o Poli ical Economy 45
Aud e sch, D.;Feldman, M. 1996 R&D spillo e s and he geog aphy o inno a ion and p oduc ion Ame ican Economic Re iew 44
E ans, D. 1987 The ela ionship be ween i m g ow h, size and age: Es ima es o 100 manu ac u ing indus ies. Jou nal o Indus ial Economics 43
Lucas, R. 1978 On he size dis ibu ion o business i ms Bell Jou nal o Economics 40
Sou ce: Au ho s compu a ions based on ou sample o ci a ions in ETP, JBV and SBE collec ed manually o ETP and om Social Sciences Ci a ion Index o he ISI Web o Science, o JBV and SBE.
Common o all h ee jou nals Only common o ETP and JBV
Only common o JBV and SBE Only common o ETP and SBE
65
Table A 5: In o ma ion on cu en and p e ious a ilia ions/ isi ing academic ins i u ions
Au ho A ilia ions/ Visi ing Academic Ins i u ions a P e ious A ilia ions/ Visi ing Academic Ins i u ions b
Indiana Uni e si y, US Geo gia S a e Uni e si y, US
Ewing Ma ion Kau man Founda ion, US Middlebu y College, US
F ied ich-Schille -Uni e si y Jena, DE Social Science Cen e Be lin, DE
ZEW, Cen e o Economic Resea ch, DE Uni e si y o Du ham, UK
CEPR, Cen e o Economic Policy Resea ch, UK Kiel Ins i u e o Wo ld Economics, DE
EIM Consul ing o Small and Medium-Sized Business, NL Tinbe gen Ins i u e, NL
Max Planck Ins i u e o Economics, DE Uni e si y o Ma yland, US
Uni e si y o Bal imo e, US Social Science Cen e Be lin, DE
Ewing Ma ion Kau man Founda ion, US Uni e si y o Illinois Sp ing ield, US
- Manha an College, US
- Columbia Uni e si y, US
- Middlebu y College, US
- San a Anna School o Ad anced In e na ional S udies, IT
- Uni e si é Aix-Ma seille II, FR
- Uni e si y o S And ews, UK
Ha a d Uni e si y, US S an o d Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US
- Uni e si y o Manches e , UK
- In e na ional Ins i u e o Managemen De elopmen , CH
- Co nell Uni e si y, US
- S an o d Uni e si y, US
- In e na ional Ins i u e o Managemen , DE
- Uni e si y o Ox o d, UK
- Cen e o En i onmen al S udies, UK
- Uni e si a' Comme ciale Luigi Bocconi, IT
- Wi scha suni e si ä Wien, AT
- BI No wegian School o Managemen , NO
- Uni e si a' degli S udi di T en o, IT
- Uni e si y o B i ish Columbia, CA
- Keio Uni e si y, JP
- Jönköping Uni e si y, SE
- Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona, ES
- Flo ida In e na ional Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o London, UK
- Babson College, US
- Ma que e Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o Minneso a, US
- Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US
- INSEAD, Eu opean Ins i u e o Business Adminis a ion, FR
- Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia, US
- San F ancisco S a e Uni e si y, US
- Geo ge own Uni e si y, US
- Babson College, US
- Geo gia S a e Uni e si y, US
8 Po e , M. - -
- New Yo k Uni e si y, US
- Columbia Uni e si y, US
Uni e si y o Reading, UK -
Uni e si y o Manches e , UK -
Uni e si y o Du ham, UK -
11 Schumpe e , J. † - -
- McGill Uni e si y, CA
- Columbia Uni e si y, US
Aud e sch, D.1
Acs, Z.2
Coope , A.3
Ald ich, H.4
Reynolds, P.5
Ga ne , W.6
Zah a, S.7
MacMillan, I.9
S o ey, D.10
Mille , D.12
66
(…)
Au ho A ilia ions/ Visi ing Academic Ins i u ions a P e ious A ilia ions/ Visi ing Academic Ins i u ions b
- Impe ial College London, UK
- Uni e si y o Ma yland, US
- Na ional Uni e si y o Singapo e, SG
- Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology, US
- Geo gia Ins i u e o Technology, US
Uni e si y o London, UK Fo dham Uni e si y, US
- Social Science Cen e Be lin, DE
- New Yo k Uni e si y, US
Uni e si y o London, UK Uni e si y o No ingham, UK
- INSEAD, Eu opean Ins i u e o Business Adminis a ion, FR
- B yan Uni e si y, US
- Bos on Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o Massachuse s Da mou h, US
16 Bi ley, S. - Impe ial College London, UK
17 Co in, J. - Geo gia Ins i u e o Technology, US
E asmus Uni e si y Ro e dam, NL EMLYON Business School, FR
INSEAD, Eu opean Ins i u e o Business Adminis a ion,
FR Uni e si y o Ghen , BE
Uni e si y o Siena, IT -
No wegian Uni e si y o Science and Technology, NO Bos on Uni e si y, US
- Jönköping Uni e si y, SE
Bodø Uni e si y College, NO
- Uni e si y o Wa wick, UK
- Uni e si y o S i ling, UK
- Uni e si y o No ingham, UK
- Impe ial College London, UK
21 Hamb ick, D. - -
- Aus alian Na ional Uni e si y, AU
- Pan héon-So bonne Uni e si y, FR
- No hwes e n Uni e si y, US
- Saa land Uni e si y, DE
- Indiana Uni e si y, US
- Ha a d Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o Kyo o, JP
- Uni e si y o Wa wick, UK
- Baylo Uni e si y, US
- Babson College, US
- Uni e si y o Calga y, CA
24 Eisenha d , K. - -
25 His ich, R. - Case Wes e n Rese e Uni e si y, US
26 Sex on, D. - Baylo Uni e si y, US
- Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, US
- Ken S a e Uni e si y, US
- No heas e n Uni e si y, US
- Bos on College, US
- Colga e Uni e si y, US
29 Sapienza, H. - Uni e si y o Sou h Ca olina, US
13 Shane, S.
23 Vespe , K.
27 Van de Ven, A.
20 Wes head, P.
22 Williamson, O.
18 W igh , M.
19 B ush, C.
14 E ans, D.
15 Byg a e, W.
28 Timmons, J. †