ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
159
Economic pe o mance o he
Spanish egional public se ice
b oadcas e s acco ding o he
poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An
empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
Abs ac
This a icle analyses and quan i ies he in luence ha he poli ical
pa y uling he egional go e nmen has upon he economic
pe o mance o he co esponding public se ice b oadcas e . An
analysis o he economic pe o mance o egional b oadcas ing
companies was unde aken o e he pe iod om 1995 o 2016,
s udying a iables such as expenses pe employee, o al expenses,
o al asse s, ROA, asse s u no e and o al sha e; and hei
ela ionship wi h he poli ical pa y uling in he egion. The
co ela ion analysis, based on he K ukal-Wallis es , con i ms he
poli ical pa ies' in luence on he b oadcas ing en i ies'
managemen app oach. The esul s ob ained indica e ha he e
a e signi ican di e ences in economic pe o mance depending
on he poli ical pa y (Pa ido Popula , Spanish Socialis Wo ke s
Pa y and na ionalis - egionalis pa ies) which go e ns he
Au onomous Communi y, and sugges esea ch a eas o in e es
in o de o examine in g ea e de ail he impac o hese pa ies in
each case.
Keywo ds
Go e nance, egional ele ision, public ele ision, poli ical
pa y, economic pe o mance.
1. In oduc ion
Regional public se ice b oadcas e s in Spain o igina ed wi h he passing
o Spanish Law 46/1983, o Decembe he 26
h
, which egula ed he hi d
ele ision channel a he beginning o he 1980s. Since hei c ea ion, hey
ha e con ibu ed signi ican ly o he democ a ic de elopmen o Spanish socie y. In addi ion,
hey ha e helped in igo a e local cul u al indus ies and gene a ed economic de elopmen in
hei espec i e egions (Fe nández Quijada, 2009; Guime á & Blasco Gil, 2012).
Howe e , hese public en i ies ha e been called in o ques ion ega ding a ious issues
such as hei high cos , he independence o hei con en wi h espec o he co esponding
egional poli ical go e nmen , and hei managemen o p oduc ion ac i i ies (Muñoz, 2011;
Campos, 2012; A e o e al., 2015; Olmo & Na a o, 2015). In addi ion, audiences ha e dec eased
signi ican ly o e ime. F om he beginning o he 90s un il he yea 2016 iewe ship igu es
declined signi ican ly, om an audience sha e o 15.6% o 7.4% (Kan a Media, 2016). In o he
wo ds, he e has been a dec ease o mo e han 100%.
Víc o
O i e
Se ano
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-6467-7414
o i e@uniza .es
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
Miguel Ma co Fonde illa
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2717-8389
mma co @uniza .es
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
Pila La o e Ma ínez
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8486-6885
la o ep@uniza .es
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
Submi ed
Decembe 21s , 2017
App o ed
Ma ch 26 h, 2019
© 2019
Communica ion & Socie y
ISSN 0214-0039
E ISSN 2386-7876
doi: 10.15581/003.32.4.159-170
www.communica ion-socie y.com
2019 – Vol. 32(4)
pp. 159-170
How o ci e his a icle:
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa,
M. & La o e Ma ínez, P. (2019).
Economic pe o mance o he
Spanish egional public se ice
b oadcas e s acco ding o he
poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An
empi ical analysis (1995-2016).
Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4),
159-170.
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
160
Nume ous in es iga ions ca ied ou in di e en knowledge a eas such as jou nalism,
audio isual communica ions, sociology and media economics ha e looked a egional public
se ice b oadcas e s in Spain o e ecen decades. In he la e a ea –media economics–,
he e is a g owing body o knowledge which analyses and ou lines he in luence o he
economic policies o egional go e nmen s on he beha iou and economic pe o mance o
egional public se ice b oadcas e s (Casado, 2005; Miguel de Bus os & Casado, 2012; Ma zal
e al., 2015; Casado e al., 2016). Howe e , hese s udies do no di e en ia e based on he
o ien a ion o he poli ical pa y which go e ns he Au onomous Communi y and which, as
such, o e sees he p oduc ion ac i i y o he public ele ision en i ies.
In ligh o his si ua ion, he p incipal aim o his s udy is o analyse and quan i y he
in luence ha he poli ical pa y which o e sees he egional ele ision ne wo ks has on hei
beha iou and economic pe o mance. The empi ical s udy co e s a pe iod o ime wi h
se e al uling go e nmen s.
The pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 consis s o a e iew o he li e a u e
conce ning he go e nance and economic managemen o egional public se ice
b oadcas e s in Spain. Following his, he a iables unde s udy and he cha ac e is ics o he
sample a e ou lined. The esul s a e p esen ed in Sec ion 4. Finally, Sec ion 5 co e s
conclusions, limi a ions and u u e a eas o esea ch.
2. Go e nance and economic managemen o egional public se ice b oadcas e s
in Spain
The egional b oadcas e s a e public companies whose managemen and adminis a ion alls
unde he con ol, h ough di e en ins umen s and mechanisms, o he egional
go e nmen which is democ a ically elec ed by he ci izens o he Au onomous Communi y
whe e he b oadcas en i y is loca ed (Fe nández Alonso & Fe nández Viso, 2012). Since hei
launch in he ea ly 1980s, du ing a pe iod o de elopmen and consolida ion o democ acy in
Spain, hese companies ha e con ibu ed o egional economic de elopmen by e i alising
he local audio isual indus y and c ea ing jobs (Fe nández Quijada, 2009; Guime á & Blasco
Gil, 2012). A p esen , once he Valencia egional en i y concluded ac i i y, 12 o he 17
Au onomous Communi ies coun on, a leas , one egional public se ice ele ision channel.
The go e nance s yle o public se ice b oadcas e s can be shaped by means o ou
di e en models: go e nmen al, p o essional, pa liamen a y and co po a e (Hallin &
Mancini, 2008). The i s model –go e nmen al–, is cha ac e ised by he go e ning poli ical
pa y exe cising s ic and subs an ial con ol o e he managemen o he ele ision ne wo k.
In o de o exe cise his con ol, he poli ical pa ies appoin manage s whose loyal y o he
pa y is mo e impo an han hei p o essional compe ence. Radio Tele isión Española
(RTVE, Spanish Radio Tele ision) used his go e nance model un il he passing o Spanish Law
17/2006, o June he 5 h, which deals wi h s a e-owned adio and ele ision.
The p o essional model in ol es managing he public se ice en i y in a e y di e en
way. P o essionals wi h ex ensi e expe ience in he sec o a e esponsible o hei
managemen . F om his pe spec i e, esponsibili ies ela ing o audio isual moni o ing,
app o al and egula ion a e assigned by he poli ical pa ies o expe s ha a e conside ed
impa ial and ha ha e ex ensi e knowledge and compe ence in he a ea o audio isual
p oduc ion. This is he case wi h he public se ice b oadcas e s in he Uni ed Kingdom and
he Uni ed S a es.
The e a e also no able di e ences ega ding managemen be ween he pa liamen a y
and co po a e models. The co po a e model is cha ac e ised by he exis ence o a di e se
a ay o people who play a pa in he managemen o he b oadcas se ices. I is conside ed
a e y democ a ic model (Hump eys, 1996) in which a ious g oups (p o essional, socie al,
e c.), along wi h ep esen a i es o he uling poli ical pa ies, analyse and make join
decisions ega ding p oduc ion a he public se ice ne wo k. Public se ice ele ision in
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
161
Holland has op ed o his model o managemen . Finally, in he pa liamen a y model,
managemen decisions a e aken by means o nego ia ions a ising om he Pa liamen whe e
he ne wo k is loca ed. Thus he poli ical pa ies, acco ding o hei ep esen a ion in
pa liamen , make he decisions ega ding he managemen o he ele ision ne wo k. This is
he model which go e ns he ac i i y o Spanish public se ice b oadcas e s a na ional (RTVE)
and egional le el: Euskal I a i Telebis a (EiTB), Co po ación Ca alana de Medios
Audio isuales (CCMA), Co po ación Radio y Tele isión de Galicia (CRTVG), Radio y Tele isión
de Andalucía (RTVA), Radio Tele isión Mad id S.A, Radio Tele isión Cana ia, Radio ele isión
de Cas illa-La Mancha (RTVCM), Ens Públic de Radio ele isió de les Illes Balea s (EPRTVIB),
Radio ele isión del P incipado de As u ias (RTPA), Co po ación Ex emeña de Medios
Audio isuales (CEXMA), Co po ación A agonesa de Radio y Tele isión (CARTV) and
Radio ele isión de la Región de Mu cia (RTRM) (Fe nández Alonso & Fe nández Viso, 2012).
Va ious heo e ical and empi ical s udies ha e analysed he economic managemen and
adminis a ion o egional b oadcas e s in Spain o e ecen decades. In o de o do his,
esea che s ha e analysed di e en a iables and used di e en me hodologies and
app oaches. Some o he a iables ha ha e been conside ed in he li e a u e a e he
p o essional, business and poli ical p o ile o he di ec o s, p esiden s and boa ds o di ec o s
o he egional en i ies (López Cepeda, 2012), he inpu -ou pu a io necessa y o achie e
p oduc ion e iciency (Campos & Velasco, 2013; A e o e al., 2015), he in luence o he
managemen model (classic o ou sou ced) used by he channel on he economic pe o mance
ob ained (Fe nández Alonso, 2002; Cues a, 2011; López Vidales e al., 2012; O i e e al., 2016)
and he e ec s ha egional public policies ha e on he ac i i y o egional b oadcas e s
(Miguel de Bus os & Casado, 2012; Ma zal e al., 2015; Casado e al., 2016).
The esea ch conduc ed by López Cepeda (2012) analysed he p o essional p o iles o he
manage s o egional b oadcas e s using di e en a iables and indica o s. A ques ionnai e
was sen o mo e han 200 membe s o he boa ds o di ec o s o he ne wo ks. The esul s o
he s udy show signi ican di e ences in hese p o iles depending on he egional public
se ice en i y analysed.
In he esea ch unde aken by Campos and Velasco (2013), hey de e mined by means o
Da a En elopmen Analysis (DEA) ha ce ain egional b oadcas e s a e no e icien in he
managemen o hei esou ces. These ne wo ks include he egional public se ice en i ies
o A agon, Valencia, Galicia, he Cana y Islands, As u ias and Mad id. La e , A e o e al. (2015)
con i med hese esul s and p oposed some pe o mance measu es in o de o add ess he
ine iciency in p oduc ion managemen based on a ia ion o inpu s. To his end, hey
sugges ed ha ce ain ne wo ks needed o conside ably educe hei ex e nal expenses and
implemen ac ions aimed a inc easing hei audience sha e.
The li e a u e has add essed he e ec s o he managemen model (classic o ou sou ced)
used by egional b oadcas e s in o de o manage p oduc ion (Fe nández Alonso, 2002; López
Vidales e al., 2012). Sánchez and Sa abia (2012), om a heo e ical pe spec i e, poin ed ou
ha he ou sou cing o pa o he ne wo k's alue chain can lead o a educ ion in cos s and
deb a he public se ice b oadcas e . Howe e , his managemen model can esul in a loss
o in e nal capi al and asymme ic ela ions wi hin and ou side he b oadcas en i y (Cues a,
2011). Recen ly, O i e e al. (2016) used an empi ical app oach o de e mine ha he
managemen model implemen ed in luences he economic pe o mance and he p oduc i i y
le els achie ed by he egional b oadcas e s. As such, b oadcas e s ha u ilise a managemen
model based on ou sou cing pa o hei alue chain equi e ewe asse s and public subsidies
o each audience sha e poin hey achie e. In addi ion, hese ne wo ks ha e less inancial
losses.
Wi h ega d o he in luence o he egional adminis a ions' economic policies on
egional b oadcas e ac i i y, he wo k o Miguel De Bus os & Casado (2012), which included
con ibu ions om nume ous esea che s, highligh ed he ine iciency o ce ain policies
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
162
which hinde he sus ainabili y o a ious ele ision ne wo ks. The au ho s hus unde sco ed
aspec s ela ed o go e nance, budge con ol and poli ical independence in p oduc ion
decisions. La e , he wo k o Ma zal e al., (2015) analysed he causes and consequences o he
deep economic and poli ical c isis which many egional b oadcas e s ound hemsel es in.
The au ho s emphasise ha signi ican changes in he ne wo ks' managemen policies we e
necessa y in o de o inc ease he c edibili y o he en i ies and imp o e he esul s o he
ne wo ks.
Recen ly, esea ch ca ied ou by Casado e al., (2016) analysed he impac o decisions o
educe public spending on egional b oadcas e s. The esul s o hei esea ch quan i ied
hese e ec s, showing a signi ican loss o employmen and a conside able educ ion in he
u no e s o he companies in he audio isual sec o .
Howe e , om he e iew o he li e a u e, i can be seen ha he economic and poli ical
beha iou o he egional b oadcas e s is no homogeneous. In ac , in ecen yea s, ce ain
ne wo ks ha e had o shu down ( o example, he Valencia b oadcas ing en i y), lay o s a
(Telemad id) o hey ha e seen a no able dec ease in hei audience (Canal Su ). Howe e ,
o he ne wo ks ha e consolida ed and inc eased hei audience (Canal Ex emadu a) o
imp o ed hei inancial pe o mance (A agón TV).
Mo eo e , he li e a u e has no analysed he in luence o he poli ical pa y’s o ien a ion
on he economic managemen o he b oadcas ing ne wo ks. Th ee di e en g oups o
poli ical pa ies ha e go e ned and managed egional adminis a ions du ing ecen decades.
The Pa ido Popula (PP), ideologically conse a i e and suppo i e o libe al economic
policies, he Spanish Socialis Wo ke s Pa y (PSOE in he Spanish ac onym), which has a
p og essi e and social democ a ic ideology, and he na ionalis - egionalis pa ies (NAC) o
each Au onomous Communi y. To he la e g oup belong he Basque Na ionalis Pa y (PNV),
Con e gencia i Unió (CIU), Fo o As u ias and Coalición Cana ia (CC). All o hese a e
ideologically conse a i e and ha e a s ong sense o hei own egional iden i y.
3. Va iables unde s udy and sample cha ac e is ics
Audio isual co po a ions and, in pa icula , ele ision b oadcas e s a e complex
o ganisa ions in e ms o hei economic and inancial s uc u es. In o de o analyse and
e alua e he economic pe o mance o public se ice b oadcas e s, he li e a u e
dis inguishes be ween h ee classes o a iable (Pica d, 2003; O i e e al., 2016). These
a iables a e: ma ke sha e, inancial a iables and p oduc i i y measu emen a iables. Da a
ela ing o ope a ing income, o al asse s, numbe o employees, expendi u e on ma e ial,
expendi u e on pe sonnel, economic pe o mance and he agg ega e audience sha e o he
co po a ion's channels ha e hus been colla ed as a iables unde s udy.
Gi en his s a ing poin , he s udy o he economic pe o mance o he audio isual
co po a ions and b oadcas en i ies o e ime p esen s signi ican limi a ions and challenges,
ela ed o hei pa icula economic s uc u e and he impac ha subsidies om he public
sec o ha e on hei income and economic pe o mance. Fu he mo e, o e he wo decades
unde esea ch he e ha e been majo changes in he ield o accoun ing ( he adop ion o he
new Gene al Accoun ing Plan o 2007, o example), o ganisa ional es uc u ing and changes
in owne ship, and di e en axa ion schemes (p o- a a VAT, o example), among o he s.
These changes ha e had an ob ious e ec on he annual accoun s o he o ganisa ions s udied,
especially wi h ega d o igu es dealing wi h income and p o i s.
In addi ion, he wo ldwide economic and inancial c isis o 2008-2012 had a signi ican
impac on b oadcas co po a ions and en i ies, especially in Spain, bo h as ega ds he
amoun o subsidies and income ecei ed, and employee numbe s and olume o expendi u e.
Finally, i is di icul o s udy he economic and inancial beha iou o he coun y's
di e en audio isual co po a ions aken on an equal oo ing, wi hou bea ing in mind
signi ican socio-poli ical conside a ions such as he numbe o po en ial iewe s, he
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
163
poli ical and cul u al manda e upon which hey we e ounded and o which hey mus
espond, and o he pa icula condi ions ha a ec only some o he o ganisa ions, such as
b oadcas ing in a ious languages.
The p oblems ou lined ha e been aken in o accoun when designing he me hodology o
be used in he p oposed analysis, and hei in luence has been minimised by he decision o
ocus on ela i e ends ins ead o on absolu e alues. In o de o s udy he impac ha he
pa icula poli ical o ien a ion o he egional go e nmen has had on economic pe o mance,
i was decided o inco po a e he ela i e yea on yea end changes o each a iable unde
s udy, such as pe cen age inc ease o dec ease, hus elimina ing he dis o ing e ec o
absolu e alues. Speci ically, he main aspec s o he me hodological design employed a e he
ollowing:
• The use o he a iables ‘ esul ’ and ‘income’ as a iables unde s udy was disca ded,
eplacing hem wi h ROA and Asse Tu no e a ios, which be e acili a e he
compa a i e s udy o yea on yea ends.
• The analysis o he ela i e ends o each o ganisa ion is inco po a ed, calcula ing he
posi i e o nega i e pe cen age change obse ed yea on yea , o each o he a iables
unde s udy. In his way he e ec s o legisla i e changes, accoun ing p ac ices and he
di e en o ganisa ional s uc u e o he o ganisa ions, on he a iables selec ed o s udy
(expendi u e, numbe o employees, he a ios p e iously men ioned) is limi ed.
• In he same way, gi en he impossibili y o de e mining wha pe cen age o he
co po a ions' o al cos s, employees, asse s and income co esponds solely o he
b oadcas en i ies, he yea on yea s udy o ela i e ends allows o assessmen o he
e olu ion o hese a iables in each o ganisa ion, assuming ha he a o emen ioned
pe cen age does no change signi ican ly.
• The ‘audience sha e’ a iable has been aken in o accoun in agg ega e o m, as he o al
o all he ne wo ks p esen in each egion.
The analysis o he a o emen ioned a iables co e s he pe iod be ween 1996 ( he i s
yea o which su icien da a is a ailable) and 2016 ( he las yea o which comple e da a is
a ailable). A longi udinal analysis was pe o med, co e ing mo e han 20 yea s o he en i ies
c ea ed in he inal decades o he las cen u y and he i s decade o he cu en cen u y (see
Table 1). The da a was ob ained by way o he Annual Accoun s o he 13 egional public se ice
b oadcas e s and comple ed using he SABI (Ibe ian Balance Shee s Analysis Sys em)
economic and inancial da abase.
F om a s a is ical poin o iew, each yea o each co po a ion ep esen s one case in
he sample, linked o he dependen a iable 'poli ical o ien a ion in he egional go e nmen '
o ha yea (PP (1), PSOE (2) o Regional/ Na ionalis (3)), such ha he o al sample co e s 214
cases.
Poli ical o ien a ion being he dependen a iable, de ined as he poli ical pa y in he
egional go e nmen in each yea , he a iables unde s udy o each o hese yea s and
audio isual co po a ion/ ele ision b oadcas ing en i ies, a e he ollowing, shown in Table 2.

O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
164
Table 1: Yea he egional public se ice b oadcas e was c ea ed.
O ganisa ion Commencemen o
b oadcas ing
Poli ical Pa y in
go e nmen
No. o
cases
Euskal I a i Telebis a 1982
1996-2009 NAC.
2010-2012 PSOE
2013
-
2016 NAC.
21
Co po ación Ca alana de Medios Audio isuales
(CCMA) 1983
1996-2002 NAC.
2003-2009 PSOE
2010
-
2016 NAC.
21
Co po ación Radio e Tele isión de Galicia
(CRTV) 1985
1996-2005 PP
2006-2009 PSOE
2010
-
2016 PP
21
Radio y Tele isión de Andalucía (RTVA) 1989 1996-2016 PSOE 21
Radio ele isió Valenciana (RTVV) 1989 1996-2013 PP 21
Radio Tele isión Mad id S.A 1989 1996-2016 PP 21
Radio Tele isión Cana ia 1999 1999-2016 NAC. 18
Radio ele isión de Cas illa-La Mancha (RTVCM) 2001
2002-2011 PSOE
2012-2015 PP
2016 PSOE
15
Ens Públic de Radio ele isió de les Illes Balea s
(EPRTVIB) 2005
2006-2011 PSOE
2012-2015 PP
2016 PSOE
11
Radio ele isión del P incipado de As u ias
(RTPA) 2005
2006-2011 PSOE
2012 REG.
2013
-
2016 PSOE
11
Co po ación Ex emeña de Medios Audio isuales
(CEXMA) 2006
2006-2011 PSOE
2012-2015 PP
2016 PSOE
11
Co po ación A agonesa de Radio y Tele isión
(CARTV) 2006
2006-2011 PSOE
2012-2015 PP
2016 PSOE
11
Radio ele isión de la Región de Mu cia (RTRM) 2006 2006-2016 PP 11
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
Table 2: Va iables unde s udy.
O ganisa ion Au onomous Region x1 Au onomous Region x2 … Au onomous Region x13
Yea 2016 2015 … 1995 2016 2015 … 1995 2016 2015 … 1995
(V1) Poli ical
pa y P
1-3
(V2)
Expendi u e /
employee (G1)
Absolu e and ela i e alue = (G1
200x
-G1
200x-1
)/G1
200x-1
(V3) To al
expenses (G2) Absolu e and ela i e alue = (G2
200x
-G2
200x-1
)/G2
200x-1
(V4) To al
asse s (A) Absolu e and ela i e alue = (A
200x
-A
200x-1
)/A
200x-1
(V5) ROA (R1) Absolu e and ela i e alue = (R1
200x
-ER1
200x-1
)/R1
200x-1
(V6) Asse
Tu no e (R2) Absolu e and ela i e alue = (R2
200x
-R2
200x-1
)/R2
200x-1
(V7) Sha e
o al (ST) Absolu e and ela i e alue = (ST
200x
-ST
200x-1
)/ST
200x-1
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
165
4. Resul s
Wi h he objec i e o quan i ying and empi ically analysing he a iables in ela ion o he
poli ical pa y in go e nmen in each Au onomous Communi y (PP, PSOE o a na ionalis -
egionalis pa y), a desc ip i e analysis o he a iables unde s udy was i s unde aken.
Subsequen ly, a K uskal-Wallis con as was ca ied ou . The eason o choosing his non-
pa ame ic es was de e mined by he cha ac e is ics o he sample, which does no mee he
equi emen o no mali y, no a e he a iances o he analysed a iables homogeneous. To
achie e hese objec i es, he SPSS 22.0 s a is ical p og am was used.
4.1. Desc ip i e analysis o he a iables
Table 3 p esen s he a e age alues o each a iable unde s udy. The esul s hus indica e
ha he highes le el o expendi u e pe employee ends o occu in egions wi h socialis
go e nmen s, while he highes le els o o al expendi u e, olume o asse s and asse
u no e can be ound in communi ies wi h na ionalis o egional go e nmen s.
In he communi ies wi h PP go e nmen s, howe e , he g ea e e u n on in es men
(ROA) s ands ou , despi e he ac ha he egional b oadcas e s adminis e ed by na ionalis -
egionalis pa y go e nmen s ha e a much highe ope a ing income han he ne wo ks
o e seen by PP o PSOE go e nmen s. In ac , he amoun o ope a ing income o b oadcas e s
managed by na ionalis o egionalis pa ies is mo e han double ha o b oadcas e s ha
ope a e unde populis go e nmen s. Al hough hese esul s mus be assessed wi h cau ion,
aking in o accoun he pa icula income s uc u es o he b oadcas ing en i ies, which a e
closely linked o public subsidies, and he equen occu ence o nega i e ROAs as a di ec
consequence o equally nega i e esul s; he obse ed end sugges s he p obabili y o
poli ical in luence on economic managemen , which a ies depending on he poli ical pa y
in powe . The highe le el o expendi u e and income ( aking in o accoun ha he la e
depends hea ily on public subsidies) obse ed in communi ies wi h na ionalis o egionalis
go e nmen s can be explained by pa icula ea u es, such as he commi men o a second
o icial language, wi h he consequen inc ease in p oduc ion cos s, o ha hey look o o ge
a s onge socio-cul u al ela ionship wi h hei audience. In ac , ne wo ks managed by he
na ionalis - egionalis pa ies ob ained a g ea e o al audience sha e han he o he wo
ne wo k g oups, wi h a di e ence o mo e han 2.5 audience sha e poin s. This esul is
especially e iden in communi ies whe e one o mo e ele ision ne wo ks b oadcas in he
egional language.
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
166
Table 3: Desc ip i e analysis o he a iables.
Va iable unde s udy
and poli ical pa y N Mean S anda d
De ia ion Minimum Maximum
Expendi u e
pe employee
(in eu o)
PP 86 48,654.47 33,496.54 27,712 338,426
PSOE 77 53,937.01 19,971.61 21,882 119,218
Na ionalis s
51 47,643.10 8,506.32 29,640 67,494
To al 214 50,314.17 24,791.58 21,882 338,426
To al
expenses (in
eu o)
PP 86 78,545,431.74 58,491,806.11 1,407,722 216,719,333
PSOE 77 75,007,380.88 54,630,175.46 9,696,444 214,694,532
Na ionalis s
47 104,096,423.55 70,408,100.52 19,666,821 232,963,235
To al 210 82,966,701.74 60,823,976.39 1,407,722 232,963,235
To al asse s
PP 86 68,229,388.23 45,081,691.82 3,947,367 216,655,103
PSOE 77 77,713,133.60 77,562,787.84 8,502,291 339,881,990
Na ionalis s
49 109,186,595.55 96,202,531.20 7,044,967 357,789,882
To al 212 81,140,480.46 73,115,664.03 3,947,367 357,789,882
ROA
PP 86 -0.81 0.61 -2.16 0.16
PSOE 72 -0.70 0.62 -2.17 0.02
Na ionalis s
49 -0.50 0.76 -3.31 0.00
To al 207 -0.70 0.66 -3.31 0.16
Tu no e o
asse s
PP 86 0.54 0.46 0.00 1.70
PSOE 77 0.88 0.72 0.03 2.97
Na ionalis s
49 1.18 0.74 0.05 3.19
To al 212 0.81 0.68 0.00 3.19
To al
audience
sha e
PP 85 11.46 6.35 0.00 22.20
PSOE 75 12.29 6.45 1.70 26.10
Na ionalis s
51 15.61 6.68 5.40 29.30
To al 211 12.76 6.65 0.00 29.30
4.2. K uskal-Wallis Con as
In he expenses sec ion, non-pa ame ic es s con i m he co ela ion be ween he poli ical
pa y in he egional go e nmen and he a iables o 'Expendi u e pe employee' and 'To al
expenses', as well as he egional ne wo ks' a io o o al Audience Sha e. Thus he hypo hesis
o independence o he yea on yea a ia ion a io o expendi u e pe employee canno be
e u ed, no ha o he yea on yea a ia ion a io o o al audience sha e. A simila analysis
o he a iables linked o he asse s and income o he di e en en i ies yielded he ollowing
esul s, in which he dependence be ween he ROA and he a io o asse u no e and he
poli ical pa y in he egional go e nmen is con i med. Howe e , dependence wi h olume
o asse s o he yea on yea a ia ion o his was no con i med.
O i e Se ano, V., Ma co Fonde illa, M. & La o e Ma ínez, P.
Economic pe o mance o he Spanish egional public se ice b oadcas e s
acco ding o he poli ical pa y in go e nmen : An empi ical analysis (1995-2016)
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2019 Communica ion & Socie y, 32(4), 159-170
167
Table 4: Non-pa ame ic es .
Null hypo hesis Tes Sig. Decision
1
The dis ibu ion o expendi u e pe
employee (V2) is he same ac oss he
poli ical pa y ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.005 Rejec he null
hypo hesis
2
The dis ibu ion o expenses (V3) is he
same ac oss he poli ical pa y
ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.042 Rejec he null
hypo hesis
3
The dis ibu ion o o al asse s (V4) is
he same ac oss he poli ical pa y
ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.86 Do no ejec he
null hypo hesis
4
The dis ibu ion o ROA (V5) is he
same ac oss he poli ical pa y
ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.018 Rejec he null
hypo hesis
5
The dis ibu ion o asse u no e (V6)
is he same ac oss he poli ical pa y
ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.000 Rejec he null
hypo hesis
6
The dis ibu ion o o al audience sha e
(V7) is he same ac oss he poli ical
pa y ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.008 Rejec he null
hypo hesis
7
The dis ibu ion o a ia ion o o al
audience sha e is he same ac oss he
poli ical pa y ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.212 Do no ejec he
null hypo hesis
8
The dis ibu ion o a ia ion o o al
asse s is he same ac oss he poli ical
pa y ca ego ies (V1)
K uskal-Wallis es
o independen
samples
0.735 Do no ejec he
null hypo hesis
Asymp o ic signi icances a e shown. The signi icance le el is 0.05.
Table 5 shows he esul s o he K uskal-Wallis con as o he h ee g oups o b oadcas e s
depending on he poli ical pa y in powe . As can be seen, he e a e signi ican di e ences o
di e en economic a iables depending on he poli ical pa y in go e nmen in he
Au onomous Communi y.
Table 5: K uskal-Wallis Tes .
Va iable unde
s udy
Expendi u e
pe employee
To al
expenses To al asse s ROA Tu no e o
asse s
Chi-squa ed 10.557 6.333 3.364 8.183 26.010
g.l 2 2 2 2 2
Asymp o ic sig. 0.005 0.042 0.86 0.017 0.000
Va iable unde
s udy
Annual
a ia ion in
expendi u e
pe employee
Annual
a ia ion in
o al
expendi u e
Annual
a ia ion in
o al asse s
To al
audience
sha e
Annual
a ia ion in
audience
sha e
Chi-squa ed 0.189 0.563 0.617 9.641 2.983
g.l 2 2 2 2 2
Asymp o ic sig. 0.910 0.755 0.734 0.008 0.225
a) K uskal Wallis es . b) Clus e a iable: poli ical pa y.