P oceedings 2019, 31, 21; doi: 10.3390/p oceedings2019031021 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/p oceedings
P oceedings
Collabo a i e Modeling o G oup Lea ning
Applica ions Using Eclipse Technology †
Yoel A oyo 1,*, Ana I. Molina 1, Miguel A. Redondo 1, Jesús Galla do 2 and Ca men Laca e 1
1 Escuela Supe io de In o má ica, Uni e sidad de Cas illa-La Mancha, Paseo de la Uni e sidad, 4,
13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; [email protected] (A.I.M.); [email p o ec ed] (M.A.R.);
Ca men.Laca [email protected] (C.L.)
2 Escuela Uni e si a ia Poli écnica de Te uel, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Calle A a azana, 2,
44003 Te uel, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
* Co espondence: Yoel.A o[email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +34-926295300-96676
† P esen ed a he 13 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ubiqui ous Compu ing and Ambien n elligence I
UCAmI 2019, Toledo, Spain, 2-5 Decembe 2019.
Published: 20 No embe 2019
Abs ac : The design and c ea ion o g oupwa e ools is a complex ask ha usually equi es he
pa icipa ion o di e en s akeholde s (so wa e enginee s, designe s, e c.), ei he wo king a he
same ime o collabo a ing asynch onously. This pape desc ibes an inno a i e model-d i en
de elopmen p ocess o suppo he collabo a i e modeling o g oup lea ning applica ions, as well
as he Compu e Aided So wa e Enginee ing (CASE) ool ha echnologically suppo s i , he
Lea ning Collabo a i e In e ac i e Applica ions Tool (Lea n-CIAT) g aphical edi o . In i s
de elopmen , we applied echnologies in eg a ed wi hin he Eclipse pla o m. The p ocesses and
ools desc ibed in his pape supply an impo an con ibu ion o sys ema ize he design and
de elopmen o hese kinds o applica ions.
Keywo ds: Compu e -Suppo ed Coope a i e Wo k (CSCW); Compu e -Suppo ed Collabo a i e
Lea ning (CSCL); Model-D i en Enginee ing (MDE); Technology Enhanced Lea ning (TEL)
sys ems; e-lea ning
1. In oduc ion
In he las ew yea s, subs an ial p oduc ion o so wa e sys ems o g oup lea ning was
obse ed, a bo h he esea ch and applica ion le els, eaching e y ema kable usage le els. This
was achie ed in pa hanks o he use o lea ning con en managemen sys ems (LCMSs) o massi e
online open cou ses (MOOCs) [1]. The design and c ea ion o g oupwa e ools is, he e o e, an
eme gen ield in so wa e enginee ing ha gained ele ance and in e es ecen ly, demanding new
sys ema ic p ocedu es o i s de elopmen . Ne e heless, when de eloping hese kinds o ools, he e
a e aspec s such as synch oniza ion, coo dina ion, o he exis ence o sha ed wo kspaces which did
no exis in single-use sys ems. In addi ion, he complexi y o p o iding hese sys ems wi h use
in e aces ha a e usable and ha p omo e g oup awa eness mus be conside ed, as hey a e a
undamen al equi emen in he case o synch onous collabo a i e sys ems [2].
Complex design asks as he one desc ibed usually equi e he pa icipa ion o di e en
s akeholde s (so wa e enginee s, designe s, eache s, e c.), ei he wo king a he same ime o
collabo a ing asynch onously. The e o e, we conside i necessa y o ha e a collabo a i e design
en i onmen ha allows he membe s o a wo k eam o sha e in o ma ion and coo dina e hei
modeling ac i i ies. Wi h his pu pose, we p esen in his pape a new model-d i en enginee ing
app oach o suppo he collabo a i e modeling o g oup lea ning applica ions, as well as he CASE
ool ha echnologically suppo s i , he Lea n-CIAT g aphical edi o . MDE has he po en ial o
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g ea ly imp o e cu en p ac ices in so wa e de elopmen such as inc easing he p oduc i i y o he
de elope and he main ainabili y o he de elopmen s, cap u ing domain knowledge, imp o ing
communica ion among s akeholde s, conside ing models as long- e m asse s, o making he delay o
echnological decisions possible, among o he bene i s.
This pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 in oduces some p e ious s udies ela ed o his
wo k. Sec ion 3 p esen s he se o echnologies and languages wi hin he Eclipse pla o m solu ions
ha a e necessa y o c ea e g aphical edi o s like Lea n-CIAT. Sec ion 4 desc ibes how he lea ning
applica ions collabo a i e design p ocess is suppo ed by using Lea n-CIAT. Finally, some
conclusions and ema ks de i ed om he wo k ealized a e enume a ed.
2. P e ious Wo ks
The de elopmen o g oupwa e applica ions o he educa ional ield is a pa icula ly
challenging a ea which is add essed unde he pa adigm called compu e -suppo ed collabo a i e
lea ning (CSCL) [3]. This pa adigm is a he in e sec ion o se e al knowledge a eas: educa ional
p ac ice, lea ning psychology, and he suppo ha in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies
(ICT) p o ides o he eaching/lea ning p ocesses. The e o e, o he al eady complex ask o
de eloping a usable collabo a i e sys em, he peculia i y o conside ing a la ge numbe o aspec s
ela ed o psych-pedagogy mus be added, such as o ma ion and con igu a ion o g oups o
s uden s, alignmen o he asks o be pe o med wi h he lea ning objec i es, quali y and cogni i e
load imposed by he didac ic ma e ials o be used, conside a ion o he s uden ’s p io knowledge,
hei lea ning s yle o mo i a ion, adequa e suppo o p oblem sol ing, discussion, a gumen a ion,
and decision-making, e c. As a solu ion o his p oblem, he au ho s o his pape p oposed he Lea n-
Collabo a i e In e ac i e Applica ions No a ion (Lea n-CIAN) no a ion [4] (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. Lea n-CIAN no a ion.
This no a ion is p epa ed o suppo he design o lows o lea ning ac i i ies wi hin he
amewo k o CSCL sys ems. None heless, i s ill does no include aspec s ela ed o awa eness
(cha ac e is ic in he design o synch onous collabo a i e sys ems) [5], no aspec s ela ed o he so-
called pedagogical usabili y (cha ac e is ic o lea ning sys ems) [6]. Acco ding o Gu win and
G eenbe g [2], awa eness is de ined as he knowledge and pe cep ion o he wo king g oup and i s
ac i i y. I s main objec i e is, he e o e, o educe he e o needed o ca y ou g oup ac i i ies.
Among he wo ks ha apply he MDE p inciples and con empla e aspec s o awa eness, he
SpacEclipse [7] de elopmen me hod s ands ou . SpacEclipse is echnologically suppo ed in he o m
o an Eclipse plug-in. This makes i possible o gene a e, h ough a semi-au oma ic model-d i en
P oceedings 2019, 31, 21 3 o 8
p ocess, synch onous collabo a i e modeling sys ems adap ed o any domain o ype o diag am. To
his end, i inco po a es a se ies o concep ual amewo ks ha con ain, among o he hings, a ai ly
b oad se o awa eness componen s ( elepoin e s, ada iews, session panels, e c.).
The in eg a ion o he Lea n-CIAN no a ion wi h an upda ed e sion o SpacEclipse (which
con empla es mo e asks han jus modeling) would allow he au oma ic gene a ion o CSCL sys ems
wi h adequa e awa eness suppo and ull unc ionali y. Ne e heless, he aspec s mos ela ed o
lea ning mus also be co e ed, i.e., he pedagogical usabili y o he sys ems o be gene a ed. The
pu pose o pedagogical usabili y is no o quali y a didac ic ma e ial as “good” o “bad”, bu o help
use s o choose he mos app op ia e al e na i e o each conc e e lea ning si ua ion [8]. The e o e,
he Lea n-CIAN no a ion should also include a se ies o lea ning componen s o heu is ics ha could
be e lec ed in he gene a ed CSCL sys ems. In his ega d, he mobile lea ning e alua ion amewo k
(MoLEF) [9] s ands ou among he exis ing wo ks ha help o achie e his objec i e. MoLEF is a
amewo k o he e alua ion o mobile lea ning (m-lea ning) applica ions, including an e alua ion
ins umen (a ques ionnai e) called he M-Lea ning Applica ions Quali y E alua ion Ques ionnai e
(CECAM). This ques ionnai e consis s o a o al o 56 i ems, 29 o which e e o pedagogical usabili y.
These i ems can be used as heu is ics o guide he design o lea ning sys ems, o as an e alua ion
checklis . In addi ion, CECAM was e ined o analyze i s alidi y and eliabili y [10], so ha i can be
conside ed a ai ly eliable ins umen .
The combina ion o hese wo ks made i possible o o malize a new me hodological p oposal
called Lea ning Collabo a i e In e ac i e Applica ions Me hodology (Lea n-CIAM)—a sys ema ic
me hod which guides so wa e enginee s in he design o g oup lea ning applica ions h ough a
model-based de elopmen p ocess. This p oposal is echnologically suppo ed by a collabo a i e
ool, he Lea n-CIAT g aphical edi o , which is p esen ed in Sec ion 4 o his a icle. Fi s ly, we
p esen he se o echnologies and languages equi ed o he c ea ion o hese kinds o ools and he
model-d i en de elopmen p ocess p oposed.
3. Eclipse Technologies and Languages
Be ween all exis ing wo ks ha allow o apply a model-based app oach on Eclipse, i is wo h
highligh ing he Ex ensible Pla o m o In eg a ed Languages o Model Managemen (Epsilon)
p ojec (h ps://www.eclipse.o g/epsilon/) [11]. Epsilon is a amily o ask-speci ic p og amming
languages, consis en and in e ope able. I a ose wi h he idea o acili a ing e en mo e he common
modeling asks on Eclipse such as he gene a ion o code, he ans o ma ion be ween models, o he
alida ion o models, among o he s.
In iew o he speci ic objec i es o his esea ch wo k, we would like o highligh only he
languages equi ed o he c ea ion o he Lea n-CIAT g aphical edi o : he Epsilon objec language
(EOL), he Epsilon alida ion language (EVL), and he Epsilon gene a ion language (EGL). EOL,
conside ed o be he co e o Epsilon, is an impe a i e language o c ea ing, consul ing, and
modi ying models. I s syn ax is e y simila o ha o Ja a, which is a g ea ad an age o de elope s
accus omed o wo king wi h objec -o ien ed languages. EVL, on he o he hand, is an EOL ex ension
ha allows de elope s o de ine es ic ions (simila o he Objec Cons ain Language (OCL)),
cus omize e o messages ecei ed by he use , and de ine quick- ixes o alida ion p oblems.
Meanwhile, EGL is an ex ension o EOL, acili a ing he gene a ion o code o he inal sys ems om
a speci ic model. I is a ma kup language based on empla es wi h a syn ax simila o ha o PHP.
In addi ion o a se o high-le el languages, Epsilon also inco po a es a se o ools and u ili ies
ha complemen in e ac ion such as a g aphical edi o gene a ion assis an (Eugenia), a Human-
Usable Tex ual No a ion (HUTN) implemen a ion, a cus omizable ee-like edi o (Exceed), and a
mul i- iew edi o o es ablish c oss- e e ences be ween models (Modelink). O all o hem, Eugenia
is he mos in e es ing o he esolu ion o he objec i es o his wo k.
Eugenia [12] is a ool capable o au oma ically gene a ing he models needed o c ea e a g aphical
edi o om only one anno a ed Eco e me a-model, w i en in Em a ic
(h ps://www.eclipse.o g/em a ic/) language (Figu e 2). The Em a ic language allows o ep esen
Eco e me a-models ex ually wi h a syn ax e y simila o ha o Ja a. Eugenia’s main goal is o
P oceedings 2019, 31, 21 4 o 8
educe he complexi y o c ea ing Eclipse modeling amewo k (EMF) and g aphical modeling
amewo k (GMF) models, which o ces de elope s o implemen and main ain p op ie a y models
manually, making he job conside ably mo e di icul .
Figu e 2. Ou line o he Eugenia de elopmen p ocess.
To his end, Eugenia inco po a es a se o anno a ions ha can be added o he main Eco e me a-
model. This way, Eugenia is able o execu e a se ies o au oma ic ans o ma ions un il gene a ing he
in e media e models and he inal g aphical edi o , hus inc easing he GMF le el o abs ac ion.
Ne e heless, he se o anno a ions i inco po a es, a ound six di e en anno a ion ca ego ies, may
become insu icien as he complexi y o equi emen s o he desi ed g aphical edi o inc eases. To
add ess his d awback, Eugenia has a high capaci y o cus omiza ion o e he gene a ed g aphical
edi o . This is achie ed h ough he de ini ion o h ee addi ional independen iles, w i en in EOL
language: ECo e2GMF.eol, FixGenModel.eol, and FixGMFGen.eol. Eugenia allows de elope s o
au oma ically inco po a e he cus omiza ions implemen ed on hese iles jus by s a ing he
au oma ic gene a ion p ocess o he g aphical edi o . While he i s allows consul ing, modi ying,
and dele ing he in o ma ion o he edi o ’s own models, he second and hi d allow con igu ing he
dependencies o he inal plug-in, allowing he use o add ex e nal unc ionali y and a ach i o he
g aphical edi o (e.g., i is usual o add an addi ional plug-in con aining a ba e y o images o a ach
hem o he nodes o he g aphical edi o ).
The main ad an age o e he EMF/GMF-based p ocess is ha , hanks o hese iles/ empla es, i
is no longe necessa y o manually e-code hese changes each ime de elope s wan o make a new
modi ica ion on he g aphical edi o al eady gene a ed. This way, each ime Eugenia s a s a new
gene a ion p ocess, he inal g aphical edi o applies hese changes au oma ically. Thus, Eugenia no
only educes he numbe o models o be de ined by he de elope , bu also encou ages hei euse
in di e en wo k con ex s.
A Model-D i en De elopmen P oposal o he Gene a ion o G aphical Edi o s
In Figu e 3 i is shown schema ically how he p ocess o ob aining he Lea n-CIAT ool is
o ganized, as well as he echnologies and speci ica ion languages used in i s de elopmen . The
ollowing a e he phases in he c ea ion o a ool o his kind:
1. In o mal speci ica ion. A his s age, he de elope s mus gene a e some i s “ske ches” o he
g aphical edi o , speci ying he wo king domain. As p e iously men ioned, using Eugenia,
g aphical edi o s wi h di e en domains could be elabo a ed in a simple way, o example,
g aphical edi o s o he modeling o digi al ci cui s, ne wo k opologies, o amily ees.
Ne e heless, in he con ex o his esea ch wo k, we wan o gene a e Lea n-CIAT, he
g aphical edi o ha suppo s Lea n-CIAM o collabo a i e modeling o g oup lea ning
applica ions.
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2. Domain modeling. Du ing his s age, de elope s mus p oceed o model he p e iously de ined
domain. To his end, he de elope migh be an expe o he echnology used, iden i ying and
ela ing each o he pa s o he g aphical edi o “ske ch” in he de ini ion and elabo a ion o he
main me a-model. Speci ically, he de elope mus gene a e he Eco e ep esen a ion
(iden i ying all he co esponding EPackages, EClasses, ERe e ences, EA ibu es). Due o he
ac ha he echnology used is Eugenia, i is necessa y o add o his ep esen a ion he
anno a ions ha i inco po a es and which acili a e he au oma ic gene a ion o he g aphical
edi o . All his in o ma ion (me a-model + anno a ions) mus be implemen ed in an Em a ic ile.
3. G aphical edi o cus omiza ion. By using Eugenia, use s will be able o gene a e g aphical
edi o s by implemen ing one Em a ic ile. Ne e heless, when he desi ed g aphical edi o is
mo e complex han Eugenia echnology can p o ide/gene a e using i s basic anno a ions, i will
be necessa y o modi y he igu es and ela ionships i gene a es by de aul o adap hem o he
g aphical edi o needs. To his end, i is necessa y o gene a e (o euse) an EOL empla e ha
con ains hese modi ica ions. This empla e will be de ec ed and applied au oma ically by
Eugenia in he g aphical edi o gene a ion p ocess. Also, some imes, he es ic ions ha a e
gene a ed au oma ically om he me a-model will no be enough, and i will be necessa y o
add mo e manually. To add ess his p oblem, one o se e al empla es in EVL language mus
be implemen ed, inco po a ing he es ic ions ha he g aphical edi o mus addi ionally
suppo . Acco ding o Figu e 3, hese wo p oblems co espond o he i s cubicle o he s ep.
In addi ion, he de elope s ha e he chance o p o ide collabo a i e unc ionali y o he
g aphical edi o . An upda ed e sion o he SpacEclipse plug-in was p epa ed o his pu pose.
This plug-in con ains he basic code necessa y o ecei e single-use g aphical edi o s and
p o ide hem wi h collabo a i e unc ionali y, hus gene a ing a collabo a i e g aphical edi o
au oma ically o Eclipse. This is possible by implemen ing o eusing an EGL-based pa ch
which, when applied au oma ically, adds he necessa y collabo a i e unc ionali y o he
g aphical edi o . The same way, ano he in e es ing op ion p o ided by he echnology used is
ha o being able o modi y he code o he g aphical edi o gene a ed by Eugenia using
empla es coded in EGL. This is usually necessa y in hose cases in which, despi e ha ing made
some isual modi ica ions ollowing he i s s age o his s ep, he gene a ed g aphical edi o
s ill does no mee expec a ions. Fo example, i may be necessa y o b ing he nodes close o
he label o one o hei a ibu es.
Figu e 3. Ou line o he model-d i en de elopmen p ocess.

P oceedings 2019, 31, 21 6 o 8
4. G aphical edi o deploymen . Once he g aphical edi o is gene a ed and i was e i ied ha i s
unc ionali y is he desi ed one, i is necessa y o p oceed o he deploymen o a s able e sion.
Basically, i is necessa y o gene a e an ins alle which includes he unc ionali y ha assu es he
co ec unc ioning o he g aphical edi o in o he ins ances o Eclipse. In o de o sha e i wi h
he end use s, di e en ways o ins alla ion can be p o ided, ei he physically (USB, HDD, e c.)
o ia he web ( h ough Eclipse in e nal shop o an ex e nal URL).
5. Use o he g aphical edi o . Finally, when he end use s ins all he plug-in on hei Eclipse
pla o m, hey will be able o s a making designs on he g aphical edi o .
4. Collabo a i e Modeling o G oup Lea ning Applica ions
As any Eclipse-based g aphical edi o , Lea n-CIAT is composed o a can as (d awing a ea) and
a pale e con aining he nodes and ela ionships which can be d agged and ins an ia ed o e i in he
design o each new diag am. Thus, using Lea n-CIAT, i is possible o model and con igu e bo h
lea ning cou ses and applica ions using he nex componen s: he Lea n-CIAN no a ion o modeling
he lows o lea ning ac i i ies (Figu e 4a), he wo kspace and awa eness con igu a ion o g oup
lea ning applica ions (Figu e 4b), and he c i e ia ela ed o pedagogical usabili y (Figu e 4c).
Addi ionally, i inco po a es he de ini ion o sociog ams [13], a diag am ha allows o es ablish he
hie a chy o he oles in ol ed in a gi en lea ning cou se. A he same ime, since SpacEclipse was
used in i s elabo a ion, Lea n-CIAT inco po a es a se ies o componen s/widge s o acili a e he
collabo a i e modeling wo k o he inal use s. A ending Figu e 4, he wo kspace o he collabo a i e
ool is composed o (1) a session panel, which allows o see he se o use s ha a e co-wo king in he
design; (2) a p ojec explo e ; (3) a cha ; (4) a p ope ies iew; (5) a u n- aking panel, necessa y o
con ol he synch onous collabo a i e modeling p ocess; (6) a ada iew, which is eally use ul when
he size o diag ams becomes bigge ; and (7) a p oblems iew, equi ed o alida e he diag ams
looking o e o s/wa nings. Mo eo e , each o hese componen s has i s own awa eness
cha ac e is ics. Fo example, a session panel a aches a colo o each use , e en showing he exac
use who is modeling a he momen (label edi ing…). The cha inco po a es a s uc u ed module
wi h a se o ypical ph ases in g aphical modeling p ocesses. The u n- aking panel inco po a es a
semapho e and sounds o indica e a shi change eques (g een when he e is one and ed when no )
and a o ing sys em o accep i o deny i . All hese componen s a e in wo languages (Spanish and
English), acili a ing he wo k and ying o each a g ea e numbe o use s.
Ano he impo an ea u e o he Lea n-CIAT g aphical edi o is he inclusion o un ime
alida ions. Because he g aphical edi o was gene a ed by applying a model-d i en de elopmen
p ocess, some es ic ions a e al eady imposed implici ly by he me a-model. None heless, o hose
es ic ions ha he echnology would no be able o au oma ically inco po a e, a se o addi ional
EVL ules was de ined. Again, a ending Figu e 4, he wo k low o a Ja a p og amming cou se and
he con igu a ion o a collabo a i e code edi o is p esen ed. The g aphical edi o de ec ed up o h ee
e o s and a wa ning a e he model alida ion p ocess, whe eby he use needs o selec he posi ion
o he console iew in he use in e ace wo kspace; an e o is shown indica ing ha a code edi o
mus con ain a u n- aking panel; a compu e -suppo ed g oup ac i i y named “p ac ical p ojec ” is
decla ed as adap i e, when hese ypes o asks a e p oduc i e (acco ding o he ules es ablished in
Lea n-CIAN and he con igu a ion o wo kspaces) [4]; inally, o show he lexibili y ha EVL
p o ides, in he sociog am (bo om o he igu e) appea s a wa ning indica ing ha he name o he
p o esso ole should s a wi h capi al le e s. The use has he possibili y o manually co ec ing
each o hese e o s o wa nings, o s a i s co esponding quick ix, which, i i was decla ed in he
EVL empla e, is able o s a an au oma ic p ocess ha sol es i only wi h he push o a bu on.
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Figu e 4. A collabo a i e modeling and alida ion p ocess on Lea n-CIAT.
5. Concluding Rema ks
The implemen a ion o applica ions o suppo g oup lea ning is a complex p ocess ha in ol es
conside ing di e en pe spec i es (collabo a ion, in e ac ion, awa eness, pedagogical, e c.) and
s akeholde s ( eache s, so wa e enginee s, e c.). In his pape , an inno a i e model-d i en
de elopmen app oach o suppo he collabo a i e modeling o hese kinds o applica ions was
desc ibed a a me hodological and echnological le el. This de elopmen pa adigm was chosen since
i gua an ees a se ies o ad an ages compa ed o o he s such as adi ional ad hoc. The use o
concep ual amewo ks as inpu de ices implies a as e and economic de elopmen p ocess, as well
as a o ing hei euse in he esolu ion o o he p oblems, ega dless o he speci ic scope o wo k
o which hey we e o iginally in ended.
The p oposed amewo k akes he Lea n-CIAM me hodological p oposal as a s a ing poin . In
his amewo k, aspec s equi ed o he design and c ea ion o g oup lea ning sys ems such as
awa eness and pedagogical usabili y a e included. I s collabo a i e modeling is suppo ed by he
Lea n-CIAT ool, in which we applied inno a i e echnologies in eg a ed wi hin he Eclipse pla o m
du ing de elopmen , an en i onmen widely used in bo h esea ch and indus ial con ex s.
The p ocesses and ools desc ibed in his pape make an impo an con ibu ion o sys ema ize
he design and de elopmen o applica ions suppo ing CSCL. I s use should acili a e he wo k o
so wa e enginee s (o g oupwa e enginee s) and eache s, who a e esponsible o designing and
de eloping hese kinds o applica ions, which a e cu en ly used en masse.
Acknowledgmen s: This wo k was pa ially unded by he p ojec TIN2015-66731-C2-2-R o he Minis y o
Science, Inno a ion, and Uni e si ies.
Re e ences
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