Pi ineos. Re is a de Ecología de Mon aña
Vol. 174
Jaca, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050
ISSN-l: 0373-2568
h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
ESTIMATING IBERIAN WILD GOAT ABUNDANCE
IN A LARGE RUGGED FOREST HABITAT
Es imación de la abundancia de la cab a mon és
en un hábi a o es al de mon aña de g an supe icie
Ca los P ada1, Juan He e o2*, Alicia Ga cía-Se ano1, Ola z Fe nández-A be as1
and Ca men Gómez3
1 Ega Wildli e Consul an s. Sie a de Vico 31, 1º A. E-50003 Za agoza, Spain.
2 A ea o Ecology, Depa men o Ag a ian and En i onmen al Sciences, Technical School o Huesca,
Uni e si y o Za agoza, E-22718 Huesca, Spain.
3 Depa men o he En i onmen , Go e nmen o Valencia, E-12071 Cas ellón, Spain.
ORCID badge o au ho s and e-mail:
Ca los P ada: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9948-4628. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Juan He e o: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8273-3141. E-mail: he e oj@uniza .es
Alicia Ga cía-Se ano: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2474-7729. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Ola z Fe nández-A be as: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4856-7490. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Ca men Gómez: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2914-625X. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
*Co esponding au ho
Recibido: 07-08-2019. Acep ado: 30-09-2019. Fecha de publicación on-line: 20-11-2019
Ci a ion / Cómo ci a es e a ículo: P ada, C., He e o, J., Ga cía-Se ano, A., Fe nández-A be as, O., Gómez, C. (2019).
Es ima ing Ibe ian Wild Goa Abundance in a La ge Rugged Fo es Habi a . Pi ineos, 174, e050. h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/
pi ineos.2019.174010
ABSTRACT: The aim o he s udy was o es ima e he dis ibu ion and densi y o Ibe ian wild goa Cap a py enai-
ca in Cas ellón p o ince, Spain. We asked he ange s o he En i onmen al Agency o Valencia o es ima e he dis-
ibu ion o he species wi hin he p o ince using a 2.5 x 2.5 km2 g id and iden i ied 130 an age poin s o ixed-
poin su eys h oughou he a ea. Su ey was unde aken in wo pe iods (June and July, pos -pa um pe iod, and
No embe and Decembe , du ing he u ). The animals we e coun ed om hose ixed poin s du ing 3 hou s obse a-
ion pe iods in he mo ning o e ening, and, o calcula e he popula ion densi y, we used he Dis ance Sampling (DS)
p ocedu e. We coun ed 1,157 goa s a 77% o he an age poin s in he pos -pa um pe iod and 1,994 a 82% o he
an age poin s du ing he u . Du ing he u , he popula ion densi y was 11.7 goa s km-2 (95% CI = 8.9-15.4). Fi een
pe cen o he males we e >10 yea s old, he sex a io was nea uni y (0.98 males pe emale), he p oduc i i y o he
popula ion was 0.75 kids pe emale, and he es ima ed minimum popula ion size was 24,030 indi iduals. In he ug-
ged, moun ainous o es s, he DS p oduced easonable esul s, which suppo s he use o his p ocedu e o es ima e
popula ions o Ibe ian wild goa s in such en i onmen s whe e he isibili y is es ic ed.
KEYWORDS: De ec abili y, Cap a py enaica, an age poin s, Dis ance Sampling, moun ain ungula e.
Copy igh : © 2019 CSIC This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional
(CC BY 4.0) License.
Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
2 • C. P aDa, J. He e o, a. Ga Cía-Se aNo, o. Fe NáNDez-a be aS, C. Gómez
RESUMEN: El obje i o del es udio ue es ima la dis ibución y densidad de la cab a mon és en la p o-
incial de Cas ellón, España. Pedimos a los agen es medioambien ales del Depa amen o de Medio Am-
bien e de la Gene ali a de Valencia que es ima an su dis ibución u ilizando cuad ículas de 2,5 x 2,5
km2 e iden i ica an 130 pun os de obse ación ijos con buena isibilidad en oda el á ea. el seguimien o
se hizo en dos pe iodos: junio y julio, as los pa os y no iemb e-diciemb e, du an e el celo. El con eo
se ealizó as el amanece o an es del a a dece du an e pe iodos de 3 ho as y pa a calcula la densidad
u ilizamos el p ocedimien o Dis ance Sampling (DS). De ec amos 1.157 cab as en el 77% de los pun os
ijos as los pa os y 1.994 en el 82% de los pun os du an e el celo. en el celo la densidad ue de 11,7
cab as km-2 (ICM 95% = 8,9-15,4). El 15% de los machos esul ó se mayo de 10 años, la p opo ción de
sexos en la edad adul a de 0,98 machos po hemb a, la p oduc i idad 0,75 cab i os po hemb a adul a y
el amaño mínimo poblacional de 24.030 indi iduos. En e enos o es ales ugosos, el p ocedimien o
del DS p oduce esul ados azonables que apoyan su uso pa a es ima amaños poblacionales de cab as
mon eses en es os ambien es de isibilidad educida.
PALABRAS CLAVE: De ec abilidad, Cap a py enaica, pun os ijos, Dis ance Sampling, ungulados de
mon aña.
1. In oduc ion
A a ie y o me hods ha e been used o es ima e he
size and composi ion o popula ions o moun ain ungu-
la es, om o al coun s h ough i ine a ies (Be ducou e
al., 1982) o di e en sampling app oaches as: an age
poin s (Nie e gel , 1981), a combina ion o i ine a ies
and an age poin s (Escós & Alados, 1988), Dis ance
Sampling (DS) (Ga cía-González e al., 1992; To es e
al., 2014), o a combina ion o DS and o al coun s om
i ine a ies (Ga in & He e o, 1997).
In gene al, o al coun s o en a e used in open habi a s
because o i s simplici y, e en i he p ima y assump ion
ha all o he animals a e de ec ed is clea ly iola ed
(Houssin e al., 1994). In ugged o es ed en i onmen s,
o al coun s a e no app op ia e because o low isibili y
and di icul ansi abili y and he absence o su icien
pa hways. O he app oaches such as cap u e- ecap u e
me hods (Ga cía-González e al., 1992) a e no p ac ical
o la ge a eas because o he conside able e o equi ed.
A a ie y o p ocedu es ha e been used o assess popu-
la ions o he endemic Ibe ian wild goa Cap a py enaica
py enaica Schinz, 1838, which li es in ugged en i on-
men s on he Ibe ian Peninsula (Escós & Alados, 1988;
Fandos, 1988; Ga cía-González e al., 1992; Moço e al.,
2006; Pé ez e al., 1994), and he use o some o hese
p ocedu es p o ed di icul (escós & alados, 1988; Pé ez
e al., 2002; Fonseca e al., 2017). Al hough wo o he
ou subspecies o Ibe ian wild goa , Cap a py enaica
lusi anica Schlegel, 1872 and Cap a py enaica py enaica,
Schinz 1838, we e d i en ex inc (Ga cía-González &
He e o, 1999), popula ions o he o he s ha e expanded
g ea ly o e he pas cen u y and hey con inue o inc ease,
mainly h ough na u al expansion (Lucas e al., 2016; Ala-
dos & Escós, 2017; Go áza e al., 2000; Pé ez e al.,
2002), bu also h ough ansloca ions (Ace edo & Cass-
inello, 2009) and escapes om enclosu es (He e o e al.,
2013; Moço e al., 2006,). Cu en ly, accu a e es ima es o
many o he popula ions and subpopula ions a e una aila-
ble (Ace edo & Cassinello, 2009; Pé ez e al., 2002) de-
spi e being a hea ily hun ed game species. In Spain, he
Ibe ian wild goa is a game species, in Po ugal and F ance
i is p o ec ed and he IUCN conside s i globally a species
o Leas Conce n (LC) (He e o & Pé ez, 2008).
The aim o his s udy was o use an age poin s o
quan i y he Ibe ian wild goa popula ion in a ugged and
o es ed en i onmen o se e al housand km2 whe e he
popula ion size has no been p e iously es ima ed, in a
way ha is sui ed o use by egional game manage s and
ange s in a moni o ing p og am.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The p o ince o Cas ellón co e s an a ea o 6,636
km-2 in eas e n Ibe ia and mos o he human popula ion
(~600,000) li es on he Medi e anean coas . The highes
ele a ion is 1,813 m. The clima e is Medi e anean, wi h
wa m win e s and ho summe s. A e age annual T is 17º
C and a e age annual p ecipi a ion is 500 mm. I is colde
and we e in he N and in he W han i is in he S and E.
The e ain is ugged and mos o he a ea is moun ain-
ous, wi h sh ubs (Que cus cocci e a, Ulex sp., Rosma i-
nus o icinalis, Thymus sp.), and o es s o pines (Pinus
nig a, P. halepensis, P. pinea) and oaks (Que cus ilex, Q.
pubescens). A NE-SW highway and a ailway a e he only
signi ican ac o s ha agmen he landscape and Ibe ian
wild goa s ha e c ossed bo h o hem. Goa s cause dam-
ages o ag icul u e, pa icula ly, almond P unus amygda-
lus g o es. Goa s a e hun ed on g ounds ha a e managed
by local hun e s (n = 46) and in wo a eas managed by he
Regional Go e nmen . In he 2009-2010 season, hun e s
ha es ed 544 Ibe ian wild goa s, bu wild boa Sus sc o a
is he main big-game species (~4,000 ha es ed by hun -
e s each hun ing season).
To quan i y he dis ibu ion and expansion o he Ibe-
ian wild goa popula ion, we asked all o he ange s (n =
74) o indica e on a map (2.5 x 2.5 km g id) he loca ion
we e goa s had been obse ed. P elimina y in e iews
wi h he ange s and ield obse a ions h oughou he
known ange o he species in he a ea we e done o con-
i m sui abili y o he loca ions o he ixed poin s.
Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
ESTIMATING IBERIAN WILD GOAT ABUNDANCE IN A LARGE RUGGED FOREST HABITAT • 3
Van age poin s ha had good accessibili y and isibil-
i y we e iden i ied h oughou he a eas whe e goa s had
been obse ed (Figu e 1). Goa s we e coun ed in June,
a e pa u i ion, and in No embe and Decembe , du ing
he u , du ing 3-hou s obse a ion pe iods ha occu ed
a e sun ise o be o e sunse , he pe iods when goa s a e
mos ac i e (escós & alados, 1988). F om he ixed
poin s, he obse e s a emp ed o eco d all o he Ibe ian
wild goa s obse ed: adul males (2-5 yea old, 6-9 yea
old, >10-yea -old, uniden i ied age); adul emales; kids;
yea lings and uniden i ied goa s. To calcula e he dis ance
om he g oup o goa s o he ixed poin , he loca ions
we e iden i ied on a map. The in o ma ion allowed us o
desc ibe he age s uc u e, sex a io, and p oduc i i y o
he popula ion. To ob ain a ough es ima e o he o al
a ea co e ed by he su eys, he a ea o isual basins o
each ixed poin was calcula ed using a Geog aphical In-
o ma ion Sys em: A c View 3.2. To es ima e he size o
he popula ion, we used Dis ance Sampling (DS) (Buck-
land e al., 2001; Thomas e al., 2010), which akes in o
conside a ion he dis ance a which indi iduals a e ob-
se ed om he ixed poin s. To mee he equi emen s o
DS, he ange s and us (obse e s) ollowed a s ic p o o-
col o obse ing and eco ding indi iduals, ega ding:
he ca , which mus be le a leas 100 m away om he
ixed poin ; e iew i he e a e goa s in he ixed poin s;
app oxima ion in silence; check he hou in which he ob-
se e a i es o he ixed poin ; gene al p e iew and
mapping o he isual basin and i s mapping o he goa
g oups; s uc u e he g oups in age and sex classes, dou-
ble pa u i ions and o he cha ac e is ics as illness; com-
ple e he whole shee du ing he h ee hou pe iod.
3. Resul s
The in e iews wi h ange s p o ided insigh s in o he
way he popula ion has expanded. The species has been in
he a ea in he coun ies o Els Po s and Tinença de Beni-
assà o a leas he las 50 yea . F om he e, in a p ocess
ha has no inished, he popula ion expanded in he
p o ince om N o S and W o E: Alcala én (<1983), San
Ma eu (>1980), Dema cación Su (1989). In 2010, he
a ea occupied was abou 2,700 km2 (Figu e 1).
A e he pa u i ion pe iod, om 23 June o 4 July,
2008, du ing 125 coun s om ixed poin s, 1,175 goa s
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o Ibe ian wild goa s in he coun ies o Cas ellón, Spain, wi hin a 2.5 km x 2.5 km g id (in g ey). Black
squa es indica e he loca ion o he ixed poin s o obse a ion.
Figu a 1. Dis ibución de la cab a mon és en las coma cas de Cas ellón, España, en cuad ículas 2,5 x 2,5 km (en g is). Los
cuad ados neg os indican la localización de los pun os ijos de obse ación.
Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
4 • C. P aDa, J. He e o, a. Ga Cía-Se aNo, o. Fe NáNDez-a be aS, C. Gómez
we e obse ed in 77% o hem, howe e , he loca ion o
eigh o he g oups (20 goa s) we e mapped inco ec ly and,
he e o e, excluded om he analysis. Du ing he u , om
24 No embe o 20 Decembe , 2008, du ing 130 coun s
om ixed poin s, 1,994 goa s we e obse ed in he 82% o
hem, 374 g oups (1,958 goa s) we e mapped co ec ly. As-
suming an obse e o 170 cm in heigh and a maximum
de ec ion dis ance o 1,200 m he o al a ea su eyed was
130.89 km2, which was 4.8% o he o al habi a occupied
by he species in Cas ellón (Figu e 1 and Table 1).
In 2008, a e pa u i ion, p oduc i i y was 0.72 (316
kids/441 adul emales) and he adul sex a io 0.58 (256
adul males/441 adul emales). Du ing u , p oduc i i y
was 0.47% (351 kids/746 adul emales), which implies ha
he e was an 18% educ ion in he numbe o kids in he
popula ion in he 5-mon h pe iod ollowing pa u i ion, and
he sex a io was 0.96 (713 adul males/746 adul emales).
The popula ion age s uc u e among males indica ed an in-
c ease in he numbe o eldes animals du ing u and a sim-
ila popula ion s uc u e in bo h pe iods (Table 1).
To es ima e popula ion densi y, we conside ed dis-
ances <1,200 m, only, which excluded he obse a ions
o 5% o he g oups. To calcula e he de ec abili y unc-
ion, we used he hal -no mal cu e wi h a cosine expan-
sion (Figu e 2), which was he one ha bes i he da a
(lowe AIC). Densi y was calcula ed using an a e age
g oup size o 8.6 goa s km-2 (95% CI = 6.7-11.1) in he
pe iod a e pa u i ion and 11.7 km-2 (95% CI = 8.9-15.4)
du ing he u , wi h a p ecision o 13% and 14% VC, e-
spec i ely. Based on he densi y du ing he u and he
size o he a ea occupied by he popula ion, he size o he
popula ion was abou 31,590 (95% CI = 24,030 – 41,580),
abou 1.7 % o ex ac ion (Tables 2 and 3).
In some cases, an age poin s we e sampled wice (in
he mo ning and in he e ening a e pa u i ion and du -
ing he u . Du ing pa u i ion, when hese epe i ions
we e enough o allow compa isons in a same coun y (Els
Po s) (n = 9), we calcula ed he di e ence be ween en-
coun e a es, which was 1.5 highe du ing mo nings.
4. Discussion
In 2008, he popula ion o Ibe ian wild goa s occupied
a con inuous ange and was pa o a much la ge popula-
ion in E Ibe ia (Pé ez e al., 2002). The cu en size o
he popula ion unde sco es he signi ican inc ease in he
size and dis ibu ion o he species, which a ew decades
ago occupied ma ginal a eas. Fu he mo e, he popula ion
is likely o expand in he p o ince because he e a e ug-
ged en i onmen s wi h sui able habi a ha a e a ailable
o he E and S o he popula ion’s cu en ange. The de-
mog aphy we e simila o hose in o he popula ions in
Spain (Alados & Escós, 2017).
In he ugged, moun ainous o es s, he DS p ocedu e
p oduced easonable esul s, which suppo s i s use o es-
ima e popula ions o wild goa s in o es ed ugged en i-
onmen s whe e he isibili y is es ic ed. The main ul-
ne a ion o he sampling p ocedu e was he loca ion o
ixed poin s, which we e in a eas ha had good isibili y,
he only eliable way o de ec goa s because andom
sampling would ha e mean ha he as majo i y o
ixed poin s would ha e p o ided poo o no isibili y,
poo accessibili y, and a la ge una o dable sampling e -
o . To some ex en , he use o DS along ansec s (i ine -
a ies in ac ) o es ima e ungula e popula ions in o es s
iola es he assump ions o andomness in he loca ion o
ansec s, as hey a e some imes no a o dable and sub-
s i u ed by p e-exis ing i ine a ies along pa hs in habi a s
ha ha e dense sh ubs on ugged landscapes (Ga cía-
González e al., 1992; Ga in & He e o, 1997). The e o e,
he sampling in his moun ainous ugged e ain o loca e
an age poin s in a eas wi h good isibili y co e ing he
whole s udy a ea, allows o ha e an ex ensi e ep esen a-
i eness o he s udy a ea.
The p oposed sample scheme allows o an inc ease in
ield e o in he ollowing yea s conside ing he exis ing
ange s, imp o emen s in he loca ion o ixed poin s, and
he inclusion o co- a iables in he DS o quan i y he in-
luence o en i onmen al, human, and animal ac o s in
he es ima es o he popula ion’s demog aphy. The sam-
pling p o ocol was sus ainable gi en he numbe o ang-
e s and he abili y o inco po a e he ieldwo k in o he
o he aspec s o hei p o essional ac i i ies, which is i al
and is one o he main easons why long- e m es ima es o
moun ain ungula e popula ions canno be unde aken in
many a eas. Mo eo e , he o e all e o o he expe ience
is scien i ically based and p o ides eliable in o ma ion
o he managemen and conse a ion o he species.
The numbe o goa s ha es ed each hun ing season is
qui e low gi en he size and s uc u e o he popula ion.
Fo managemen pu poses, he habi a deemed sui able
o Ibe ian wild goa s was de ined as he a eas wi hin i s
dis ibu ion whe e he slopes a e s eep (>30º) and classi-
ied as o es , sh ubs, o pas u es, excluding ag icul u al
and u ban a eas. Tha app oach allowed he dis ibu ion
Table 1. Demog aphy o he Ibe ian wild goa popula ion in Cas ellón, based on coun s done om ixed poin s.
Tabla 1. Demog a ía de la cab a mon és en Cas ellón esul ado de los con eos ealizados desde pun os ijos.
Season Fixed
poin s
Males Females Kids Yea lings Uniden i ied To al N o
g oups
2-5 yea 6-9 yea >10 yea Unknown To al
A e
pa u i ion 125 149 92 14 1 256 441 316 132 30 1,175 356
Ru 130 335 263 110 5 713 746 351 146 38 1,994 383
Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
ESTIMATING IBERIAN WILD GOAT ABUNDANCE IN A LARGE RUGGED FOREST HABITAT • 5
Figu e 2. De ec ion unc ion i ed o he pa u i ion pe iod da a (1) and he co esponding densi y unc ion (2). De ec ion unc ion
i ed o he u pe iod da a (3) and he co esponding densi y unc ion (4).
Figu a 2. Función de de ección ajus ada a los da os de la pa ide a (1) y su unción de densidad co espondien e (2). Función de
de ección ajus ada a los da os del celo (3) y su unción de densidad co espondien e (4).

Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
6 • C. P aDa, J. He e o, a. Ga Cía-Se aNo, o. Fe NáNDez-a be aS, C. Gómez
o he hun ing quo a among he hun ing a eas based on
he amoun o sui able habi a , a he han he absolu e
size o he hun ing a ea. F om now on, he annual hun ing
quo a will de ined based on he ends, abundance, and
he damages caused by goa s o ag icul u e.
5. Conclusions
Es ima ing Ibe ian wild goa densi y om an age
poin s in ugged o es en i onmen s is a complex issue.
based on ange s ieldwo k and adap ed o hei a ailabil-
i y and dedica ion, oge he wi h he applica ion o Dis-
ance Sampling p ocedu e, p o ides a cos e ec i e ap-
p oach, expandable in ime and habi a , which can be
adap ed o o he species o he genus Cap a Linnaeus,
1758 li ing in simila condi ions. Resul s ecommend de-
eloping he ieldwo k du ing he ea ly mo ning.
Acknowledgmen s
This p ojec is he esul o a consul ancy assis ance
unded by he Regional Go e nmen o Valencia, Spain.
Fo hei coope a ion, we hank he ange s who pe -
o med he su eys oge he wi h us and comple ed he
ques ionnai es.
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Cazo la. Mammalia, 52 (1): 3-9. h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/
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Fonseca, C., Migueis, D., Fe nandes, T., Ca alho, H., Lou ei-
o, A., Ca alho, J. & Tinoco To es, R., 2017. The e u n
o he Ibe ian wild goa Cap a py enaica o Po ugal:
F om ein oduc ion o ecoloniza ion. Jou nal o Na u e
Table 2. Numbe o indi iduals and g oups obse ed and he encoun e a e used o calcula e he densi y o he popula ion o Ibe ian
wild goa in Cas ellón. VC = Va ia ion Coe icien .
Tabla 2. Núme o de indi iduos y g upos obse ados y su asa de encuen o u ilizada pa a calcula la densidad de la población de
cab a mon és en Cas ellón. VC: Coe icien e de Va iación.
Season A ea (ha) Van age
poin s (k) Goa s G oups
(n) A e age
g oup size G oup densi y
(km–2)Goa densi y
(km–2)Lowe
alue Uppe
alue VC Encoun e a e
n/k
Pa u i ion 270,000 125 1,088 331 3.3 2.7 8.6 6.7 11.1 13 2.7
Ru 270,000 130 1,865 355 5.2 2.2 11.7 8.9 15.4 14 2.8
Table 3. Es ima es o he popula ion densi y o Ibe ian wild goa s de i ed using Dis ance Sampling in Cas ellón, Spain. *: Selec ed
model. aCI: a e age Con idence In e al. VC: Va ia ion Coe icien .
Tabla 3. Resumen de los esul ados de i ados de ajus a di e en es modelos a los da os de cab a mon és u ilizando Dis ance
Sampling en Cas ellón. *: Modelo seleccionado. ACI: In e alo de Con ianza de la Media. VC: Coe icien e de Va iación.
Es ima o Densi y
(km–2)ACI 95% Pa ame e s
(n) ∆AIC AIC [de ine] VC%
Pa u i ion
Semino mal/cosine* 8.6 6.7-11.1 8 0.00 4,589.15 13.0
Uni o m/cosine 7.8 6.2-9.7 10 2.64 4,591.79 11.2
Semino mal/he mi e 7.2 5.9-8.9 6 0.24 4,589.40 10.5
Haza d a e/cosine 7.5 5.8-9.9 12 14.78 4.603.94 13.8
Ru
Semino mal/cosine * 11.7 8.9-15.4 7 0.00 4,916.90 13.7
Uni o m/cosine 11.4 8.6-15.2 10 3.77 4,920.67 14.5
Semino mal/he mi e 10.7 8.7-13.1 6 3.19 4,920.09 10.5
Haza d a e/cosine 11.1 7.9-15.6 14 8.31 4,925.21 17.0
Pi ineos, Vol. 174, Ene o-Diciemb e, 2019, e050. ISSN-l: 0373-2568, h ps://doi.o g/10.3989/pi ineos.2019.174010
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