In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph18020461 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
Edi o ial
Using In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies (ICT) o
Men al Heal h P e en ion and T ea men
Ana Fonseca
1,
* and Jo ge Osma
2,3,
*
1
Cen e o Resea ch in Neu opsychology and Cogni i e-Beha io al In e en ion (CINEICC), Facul y o
Psychology and Educa ional Sciences, Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3000-115 Coimb a, Po ugal
2
Heal h Resea ch Ins i u e o A agon, C/San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Za agoza, Spain
3
Depa men o Psychology and Sociology, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, C/A a azanas, 4, 44003 Te uel, Spain
* Co espondence: anad onseca@ pce.uc.p (A.F.); osma@uniza .es (J.O.)
Men al diso de s a e a ecognized popula ion heal h issue, wi h ecen es ima es
placing men al illness as he i s in global bu den o disease in e ms o yea s li ed wi h
disabili y, and compa able o ca dio ascula and ci cula o y diseases in e ms o disabil-
i y-adjus ed li e yea s. Common men al diso de s e e o a ange o anxie y and dep es-
si e diso de s, which a e p e alen diso de s a ound he wo ld (4.4% and 3.6% o he
global popula ion su e om dep ession and anxie y diso de s, espec i ely), wi h a -
ia ions ac oss di e en egions and popula ions [1]. Despi e he human, social, and eco-
nomic cos s o men al diso de s, men al heal h has been o en neglec ed. Recen ly, he
Lance Commission on Global Men al Heal h and Sus ainable De elopmen launched a
epo ecommending ha men al heal h should be e amed as a undamen al human
igh , and ha he de ini ion o men al heal h should be expanded o p omo e men al
wellbeing, p e en men al heal h p oblems, and enable eco e y om men al diso de s.
Despi e his, we s ill ace g ea inequali ies in access o men al heal h p omo ion,
p e en ion, and ea men p og ams wo ldwide (e.g., limi ed esou ces o accommoda e
he exis en needs) and/o ea men up ake ba ie s, such as a i udinal ba ie s (e.g.,
s igma owa ds men al heal h) o s uc u al ba ie s (e.g., geog aphical o inancial e-
s ic ions, wo k cons ain s, o pa ien ’s physical condi ions). The deli e y o psycho-
logical se ices—including assessmen /moni o ing, men al heal h p omo ion, p e en-
ion, and ea men — h ough in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) may
be an e ec i e way o imp o ing indi idual access and use o men al heal hca e se ices
[2]. ICT-deli e ed psychological se ices include (bu a e no es ic ed o) web-based
in e en ions, mobile apps, ideocon e encing sys ems ( elepsychology), o i ual eal-
i y sys ems, and may be used complemen a y o ace- o- ace se ices o as he sole means
o access o psychological in e en ions. The use o ICT-deli e ed psychological se ices
has se e al ad an ages, ela ed wi h inc eased accessibili y and lexibili y,
sel -moni o ing in eg a ed in o ea men , and empowe men p omo ion, as well as in-
c eased no el y and appeal. Howe e , we canno exclude ha hey also ha e challenges
and limi a ions, ela ed wi h low digi al li e acy o wi h sa e y and p i acy issues, among
o he s [2].
The p esen Special Issue ocuses on accep abili y, cos -e ec i eness, po en iali ies,
and limi a ions o ICT-based psychological se ices o men al heal h p omo ion, p e-
en ion, and ea men . Six een a icles a e included in his special issue om di e en
in e na ional esea ch eams wo king in China, Po ugal, Spain, and he Uni ed S a es.
Fi e o he s udies included in his Special Issue ocused on he assessmen o ICT
ools o he p e en ion [3,4] and ea men [5,6] o men al diso de s, o he p omo ion o
men al heal h [7], in di e en popula ions. Speci ically, hese s udies examined he in-
e en ions’ e ec i eness, clinical u ili y, accep abili y, o easibili y h ough pilo ials
o andomized con olled ials.
Ci a ion: Fonseca, A.; Osma, J. Using
In o ma ion and Communica ion
Technologies (ICT) o Men al
Heal h P e en ion and T ea men .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,
18, 461. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/ije ph18020461
Recei ed: 11 Decembe 2020
Accep ed: 29 Decembe 2020
Published: 8 Janua y 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays
neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional
claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses
/by/4.0/).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461 2 o 6
Two o he s udies ocused on he adolescen popula ion. Glads one e al. [3] exam-
ined he e ec s o an online p e en i e in e en ion o dep ession dissemina ed h ough
p ima y ca e se ings a ge ing adolescen s a mode a e- o-high isk o dep ession
(Compe en Adul hood T ansi ion wi h Cogni i e-beha io al, Humanis ic, and In e -
pe sonal—CATCH-IT), compa ed wi h a heal h educa ion online p og am. Al hough
long- e m educ ions o dep essi e symp oms we e ound in bo h g oups, pa icipan s in
he CATCH-IT g oup also showed a c oss-o e e ec o anxie y symp oms, sugges ing
he po en ial o ansdiagnos ic in e en ions a ge ing unde lying mechanisms sha ed
by bo h diso de s. Mo eo e , he s udy showed ha he p esence o some p e-condi ions
(e.g., suppo i e en i onmen al ac o s such as a suppo i e ela ionship wi h a physician
and adequa e pa e nal moni o ing) may a o he bene i s o he CATCH-IT in e en ion
among adolescen s. On he o he hand, Sandín e al. [5] pe o med a pilo ial whe e hey
examined he easibili y, accep abili y, and clinical u ili y o he in e ne -deli e ed e -
sion o he Uni ied P o ocol o T ansdiagnos ic T ea men o Emo ional diso de s in
Adolescen s (UP-A). The in e ne -deli e ed e sion o he UP-A showed high easibili y
and accep abili y, wi h all pa icipan s and esponsible pa en s epo ing an imp o e-
men in he adolescen s’ abili y o cope wi h emo ions. Mo eo e , he esul s o he pilo
ial we e also p omising, showing p elimina y e idence o he p og am’s e icacy in
imp o ing ou comes (anxie y and dep ession) and ulne abili y o ansdiagnos ic
mechanisms.
An addi ional s udy ocused on he p e en ion o dep ession among
non-p o essional ca egi e s a isk o dep ession, which a e an o en-neglec ed g oup,
despi e he high bu den and nega i e consequences o he ca egi ing esponsibili ies.
O e o e al. [4] conduc ed a pilo s udy o examine he e icacy and easibili y o a b ie
cogni i e-beha io al in e en ion o dep ession p e en ion deli e ed h ough a
sma phone app combined wi h posi i e and co ec i e eedback p o ided by a psy-
chologis h ough con e ence calls. The esul s p o ided p elimina y e idence o he e -
icacy o he in e en ion in educing dep essi e symp oms and he isk o de eloping
dep ession, bo h a pos in e en ion and in he ollow-up assessmen s, and show good
indica o s o adhe ence and sa is ac ion wi h he in e en ion, encou aging u he e-
sea ch on he opic.
Finally, wo o he s udies a ge ing di e en popula ions in es iga ed he e ec-
i eness o in e en ions by conside ing, as p ima y ou comes, no men al illness indi-
ca o s (e.g., dep ession and anxie y symp oms), bu posi i e men al heal h indica o s
(posi i e a ec and posi i e men al heal h). Va a e al. [6] p o ided us wi h a seconda y
analysis o a andomized con olled ial ha assessed he e icacy o a low-in ensi y in-
e ne in e en ion aimed o p omo e posi i e a ec in dep essi e pa ien s in p ima y
ca e, as an adjunc he apy o imp o ed ea men as usual. The esul s o his s udy
suppo ed no only ha he p omo ion o posi i e a ec migh ha e an impac on he
decline in clinical symp oma ology and imp o e posi i e unc ioning, bu ha bo h he
imp o emen s in dep ession and in posi i e a ec can be esponsible o he long- e m
changes in wellbeing. Mo eo e , he p o ile o pa ien s who can bene i mos om he
in e en ion was analyzed. Mon ei o e al. [7] conduc ed one o he i s ials examining
he e ec i eness, accep abili y, and easibili y o a sel -guided web-based in e en ion
ha was o iginally de eloped o p e en ing pos pa um dep ession among high- isk
women, in p omo ing posi i e men al heal h among women p esen ing low isk o
pos pa um dep ession, as e en hose women ace signi ican challenges o hei ad-
jus men and may bene i om men al heal h p omo ion in e en ions. The esul s
showed ha women in he in e en ion g oup p esen ed a la ge inc ease in posi i e
men al heal h compa ed o women in he wai ing-lis con ol g oup, wi h a la ge p o-
po ion o women showing good accep abili y o he in e en ion.
Mo eo e , ocusing on a di e en con ex (o ganiza ional con ex ), Da e al. [8] ex-
plo ed, h ough a andomized con olled ial design, he e ec i eness and easibili y o a
b ie online in e en ion (20 min du ing 5 days) o enhance psychological capi al in
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461 3 o 6
wo kplaces (PsyCap in e en ion). Pa icipan s andomized o he expe imen al condi-
ion ecei ed daily online links wi h some lec u es o ead and ac i i ies o p ac ice e-
ga ding how o de elop e icacy, hope, esilience, and op imism. Those in he placebo
condi ion we e asked o w i e down sel - e lec ions du ing he same imeline. No hing
was sen o he con ol g oup. The p elimina y esul s ha e shown inc eases in psycho-
logical capi al, job sa is ac ion and educ ions in u no e in en ion a e he in e en ion
and a one-week ollow-up.
In addi ion o e ec i eness s udies, his Special Issue includes he desc ip ion o wo
s udy p o ocols using in e ne . The i s one, by B anquinho e al. [9], is a wo-a m,
non-in e io i y andomized con olled ial compa ing a cogni i e beha io al blended
in e en ion o usual ea men o pos pa um dep ession p o ided in heal hca e cen-
e s. The blended condi ion will in eg a e ace- o- ace sessions wi h a web-based p og am
called Be a Mom. This app oach has he ad an age o being dynamic and lexible, gi en
ha i allows using echnology o mo i a ing, moni o ing, gi ing suppo , and ea ing
pa ien s, bu wi hou losing ea men sessions ace- o- ace. The s udy will explo e he
e icacy and cos -e ec i eness o bo h condi ions, and will o e g ea e suppo o e i-
dence-based psychological ea men s o pos pa um dep ession. The second one, p e-
sen ed by Quilez e al. [10], is a pilo s udy wi h a epea ed single-case expe imen al de-
sign (mul iple baseline design) in a public men al heal h uni in Spain. The main ocus is
o u he explo e he clinical u ili y and easibili y o an online ansdiagnos ic emo ion
egula ion-based in e en ion ( he Uni ied P o ocol) deli e ed in g oup o ma o people
wai ing o ba ia ic su ge y wi h emo ional symp oms o diso de s. Expec ed ou comes
will be educ ions in anxie y and dep ession symp oms and weigh main enance o e he
wo yea s ollow-up pe iod a e he in e en ion.
Two o he s udies included in his Special Issue ocus on how ICT ools can be
help ul in he sc eening and moni o ing o di e en symp oms. Suso-Ribe a e al. [11]
examined i he Moni o de Dolo app—which allows daily assessmen o pain h ough
ecological momen a y assessmen s—would be an e ec i e op ion o pa ien moni o ing,
in e ms o imp o emen o ch onic musculoskele al pain managemen . The au ho s
pe o med a andomized con olled ial in which hey compa ed h ee condi ions: he
usual moni o ing me hod (onsi e e ospec i ely), usual moni o ing plus app wi hou
ala ms, and usual moni o ing plus app wi h p ede ined ala ms sen o clinicians o make
ea men adjus men s. In addi ion o allowing he collec ion o pa ien s’ pain- ela ed
da a in an au oma ed way, he esul s o his s udy we e sugges i e o he e ec i eness o
elemoni o ing in pain and o he men al heal h ou comes (e.g., dep essi e symp oms),
pa icula ly i an ala m sys em ha allow changes in pain managemen can be imple-
men ed. And eu-Pejó e al. [12] examined a sample o 85 p egnan women who pa ici-
pa ed in a web-based pla o m HappyMom (Mamá eliz), which longi udinally assessed a
se o isk ac o s o he de elopmen o pe ina al emo ional diso de s. The esul s
showed ha ce ain pe sonali y cha ac e is ics (e.g., high neu o icism) may be a isk
ac o o p egnan women’s wellbeing de e io a ion and he e o e should be assessed
ea ly du ing p egnancy men al heal h sc eening, which migh be acili a ed h ough he
use o ICT ools. In a ela ed opic, Gual-Mon olio e al. [13] p esen ed a sys ema ic e-
iew abou he use o ICTs o ou ine ou come moni o ing (ROM) and measu e-
men -based ca e (MBC) in ace- o- ace psychological in e en ions o men al heal h
p oblems. The eigh een a icles e ised showed ha handheld echnologies such as
sma phone apps, able s, o lap ops we e used o assessmen and eedback du ing
psychological in e en ions (including ROM and MBC), p o iding e idence abou hei
easibili y and accep abili y.
The emaining i e s udies co e di e en aspec s ela ed o ICTs. Conside ing he
associa ion be ween he apeu ic alliance o ea men ou comes in psycho he apy and he
inc eased use o in e ne -based in e en ions, He e o e al. [14] adap ed The Wo king
Alliance In en o y o online in e en ions (WAI-TECH-SF), based on he WAI Sho
Fo m [15]. Au ho s ound good psychome ic p ope ies o he WAI-TECH-SF and i s
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461 4 o 6
associa ion wi h posi i e he apeu ic ou comes (changes in dep essi e symp oms) and
sa is ac ion wi h he ea men in a sample o 193 pa icipan s wi h dep essed diagnosis.
Cas illa e al. [16] s udied he needs o 28 pa icipan s (58–95 yea s old) wi h a di-
agnosis o mild cogni i e impai men , ega ding an ICT-based in e en ion ool design
o elde ly ca e. In e es ing esul s we e ound abou he need o place main in e ac ion
elemen s in he cen e o he sc een ins ead o in he pe iphe al a eas, and also ha speed
o audio help had a signi ican impac on pe o mance. O he usabili y ecommenda ions
o his speci ic sample a e desc ibed in he a icle.
ICTs ha e changed di e en aspec s o ou daily li e; one o hem is he way we in-
e ac wi h o he people sea ching o a oman ic and/o sexual pa ne . In his sense,
Cas o e al. [17] explo ed, in a sample o 1705 uni e si y s uden s, he associa ion be-
ween p esen and pas use o da ing apps, sociodemog aphic da a, and b igh and da k
pe sonali y ai s. Resul s indica ed ha being men, olde you h, and membe s o sexual
mino i ies we e mo e likely o be cu en and p e ious da ing app use s. I was no ex-
pec ed ha da k pe sonali y showed no p edic i e abili y. These s udies a e needed in
o de o pe sonalize bo h p e en ion and p omo ion in e en ions o heal hy oman ic
and sexual ela ionships in di e en a ge g oups.
In he con ex o enhancing he access o a mobile-based in e en ion o imp o ing
ma e nal mood and inc easing pa en p ac ices in a sample o pos pa um women, Bag-
ge e al. [18] explo ed he di e en ial e icacy o h ee e e al app oaches (i.e., commu-
ni y agency s a e e al, esea ch s a e e al, and ma e nal sel - e e al). Among he
esul s ob ained, we highligh ha women who sel - e e ed and hose who we e e-
e ed by communi y ga ekeepe s we e as likely o e en ually consen o s udy pa ici-
pa ion and ini ia e he in e en ion in compa ison wi h hose e e ed by esea ch s a .
Finally, du ing he COVID-19 ou b eak, men al heal hca e deli e y was imposed
wi h sudden challenges. Do es e al. [19] explo ed changes in he deli e y o psycholog-
ical se ices h ough ICT du ing he COVID-19 pandemic. The esul s showed ha psy-
chologis s ha e adop ed ICTs o con inue o p o ide men al heal hca e du ing he
COVID-19 ou b eak. Despi e he challenges iden i ied, hey globally assessed he expe-
ience o deli e ing psychological se ices h ough ICT ools as posi i e and wi h simila
esul s, sugges ing a change in a i udes owa ds he use o such ools.
This Special Issue b ing us he abili y o acknowledge some o he possibili ies ha
ICTs in men al heal h o e o esea che s and men al heal h p o essionals. F om a clinical
poin o iew (p e en ion, p omo ion, and ea men ), as we p e iously explained in
b ie , some o he manusc ip s ha e desc ibed di e en ways o sol e one o he main
gaps in men al heal h ields nowadays, ha is o each as many people in need as possi-
ble. Th ough ICTs, people can bene i om e idence-based p e en ion and ea men
psychological in e en ions wi hou losing hei p i acy, and in eg a ing he in e en ion
in hei no mal daily ou ine (e.g., pe ina al women). As we can see, ICTs can also p o-
ide impo an bene i s o e he psycho he apy p ocess, main aining he he apeu ic al-
liance and allowing clinicians o assess and ge eedback o ce ain heal h o clinical a -
iables o e he in e en ions. Addi ionally, om a echnology poin o iew (usabili y,
easibili y, accep abili y, e c.), we ha e seen also some examples highligh ing he im-
po ance o s udying he psychome ic p ope ies o measu es adminis e ed h ough he
in e ne , he imp o emen s on he usabili y aspec s o de ices, especially i we wan o
wo k wi h special popula ions (e.g., elde ly people), and he necessa y s udy o use s’
p o iles o pe sonalize ICTs and u u e in e en ions. Despi e he limi a ions o he
s udies included in his Special Issue, in gene al, we can say ha ICT-based in e en ions
applied o men al heal h p e en ion o ea men ha e p o ed o be e ec i e, easible,
and well-accep ed by use s. We hope ha he s udies, ou comes, and limi a ions de-
sc ibed in his Special Issue would encou age clinicians and esea che s a ound he
wo ld o con inue wo king o inc ease he scien i ic e idence abou he cos -e ec i eness
and implemen a ion o he ICTs in men al heal h p e en ion, p omo ion, and ea men
in e en ions.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461 5 o 6
Au ho Con ibu ions: A.F. and J.O. we e bo h esponsible o he concep ualiza ion o he pape
and o he o iginal d a p epa a ion, as well as o e iewing and edi ing he inal e sion o he
manusc ip . All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: Jo ge Osma was unded by Gobie no de A agón (Depa amen o de Inno ación, In es i-
gación y Uni e sidad) and Fede 2014–2020 “Cons uyendo Eu opa Desde A agón”, esea ch
g oup g an S31_20D.
Acknowledgmen s: As Gues Edi o s o his Special Issue, we would like o acknowledge he con-
ibu ion o all he au ho s ha pa icipa ed in his Special Issue, o sha ing hei expe ise and
esea ch wi hin his opic.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
Re e ences
1. Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. Dep ession and O he Common Men al Diso de s: Global Heal h Es ima es; Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion:
Gene a, Swi ze land, 2017.
2. Lal, S.; Adai , C. E-men al heal h: A apid e iew o he li e a u e. Psychia . Se . 2014, 65, 24–32,
doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300009.
3. Glads one, T.; Buchholz, K.R.; Fi zgibbon, M.; Schi e , L.; Lee, M.; Voo hees, B.W.V. Randomized Clinical T ial o an In e -
ne -Based Adolescen Dep ession P e en ion In e en ion in P ima y Ca e: In e nalizing Symp om Ou comes. In . J. En i on.
Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 7736, doi:10.3390/ije ph17217736.
4. O e o, P.; Hi a, I.; To es, Á.J.; Vázquez, F.L. B ie Psychological In e en ion Th ough Mobile App and Con e ence Calls o
he P e en ion o Dep ession in Non-P o essional Ca egi e s: A Pilo S udy. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 4578,
doi:10.3390/ije ph17124578.
5. Sandín, B.; Ga cía-Escale a, J.; Valien e, R.M.; Espinosa, V.; Cho o , P. Clinical U ili y o an In e ne -Deli e ed Ve sion o he
Uni ied P o ocol o T ansdiagnos ic T ea men o Emo ional Diso de s in Adolescen s (iUP-A): A Pilo Open T ial. In . J. En-
i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 8306, doi:10.3390/ije ph17228306.
6. Va a, M.D.; Mi a, A.; Mi agall, M.; Ga cía-Palacios, A.; Bo ella, C.; Gili, M.; Rie a-Se a, P.; Ga cía-Campayo, J.; Mayo -
al-Cle ies, F.; Baños, R.M. A Low-In ensi y In e ne -Based In e en ion Focused on he P omo ion o Posi i e A ec o he
T ea men o Dep ession in Spanish P ima y Ca e: Seconda y Analysis o a Randomized Con olled T ial. In . J. En i on. Res.
Public Heal h 2020, 17, 8094, doi:10.3390/ije ph17218094.
7. Mon ei o, F.; Pe ei a, M.; Cana a o, M.C.; Fonseca, A. Be a Mom’s E icacy in Enhancing Posi i e Men al Heal h among
Pos pa um Women P esen ing Low Risk o Pos pa um Dep ession: Resul s om a Pilo Randomized T ial. In . J. En i on.
Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 4679, doi:10.3390/ije ph17134679.
8. Da, S.; He, Y.; Zhang, X. E ec i eness o Psychological Capi al In e en ion and I s In luence on Wo k-Rela ed A i udes: Daily
Online Sel -Lea ning Me hod and Randomized Con olled T ial Design. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 8754,
doi:10.3390/ije ph17238754.
9. B anquinho, M.; Cana a o, M.C.; Fonseca, A. A Blended Cogni i e–Beha io al In e en ion o he T ea men o Pos pa um
Dep ession: S udy P o ocol o a Randomized Con olled T ial. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 8631,
doi:10.3390/ije ph17228631.
10. Quilez-O den, A.; Fe e es-Galán, V.; Osma, J. Feasibili y and Clinical Use ulness o he Uni ied P o ocol in Online G oup
Fo ma o Ba ia ic Su ge y Candida es: S udy P o ocol o a Mul iple Baseline Expe imen al Design. In . J. En i on. Res. Public
Heal h 2020, 17, 6155, doi:10.3390/ije ph17176155.
11. Suso-Ribe a, C.; Cas illa, D.; Za agozá, I.; Mesas, Á.; Se e , A.; Medel, J.; Ga cía-Palacios, A. Telemoni o ing in Ch onic Pain
Managemen Using Sma phone Apps: A Randomized Con olled T ial Compa ing Usual Assessmen agains App-Based
Moni o ing wi h and wi hou Clinical Ala ms. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 6568, doi:10.3390/ije ph17186568.
12. And eu-Pejó, L.; Ma ínez-Bo ba, V.; Suso-Ribe a, C.; Osma, J. Can We P edic he E olu ion o Dep essi e Symp oms, Ad-
jus men , and Pe cei ed Social Suppo o P egnan Women om Thei Pe sonali y Cha ac e is ics? A Technology-Suppo ed
Longi udinal S udy. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 3439, doi:10.3390/ije ph17103439.
13. Gual-Mon olio, P.; Ma ínez-Bo ba, V.; B e ón-López, J.M.; Osma, J.; Suso-Ribe a, C. How A e In o ma ion and Communica-
ion Technologies Suppo ing Rou ine Ou come Moni o ing and Measu emen -Based Ca e in Psycho he apy? A Sys ema ic
Re iew. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 3170, doi:10.3390/ije ph17093170.
14. He e o, R.; Va a, M.D.; Mi agall, M.; Bo ella, C.; Ga cía-Palacios, A.; Ripe , H.; Kleiboe , A.; Baños, R.M. Wo king Alliance
In en o y o Online In e en ions-Sho Fo m (WAI-TECH-SF): The Role o he The apeu ic Alliance be ween Pa ien and
Online P og am in The apeu ic Ou comes. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 6169, doi:10.3390/ije ph17176169.
15. Ha che , R.L.; Gillaspy, J.A. De elopmen and alida ion o a e ised sho e sion o he wo king alliance in en o y. Psy-
cho he . Res. 2007, 16, 12–25, doi:10.1080/10503300500352500.
16. Cas illa, D.; Suso-Ribe a, C.; Za agoza, I.; Ga cia-Palacios, A.; Bo ella, C. Designing ICTs o Use s wi h Mild Cogni i e Im-
pai men : A Usabili y S udy. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 5153, doi:10.3390/ije ph17145153.

In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021, 18, 461 6 o 6
17. Cas o, Á.; Ba ada, J.R.; Ramos-Villag asa, P.J.; Fe nández-del-Río, E. P o iling Da ing Apps Use s: Sociodemog aphic and
Pe sonali y Cha ac e is ics. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 3653, doi:10.3390/ije ph17103653.
18. Bagge , K.M.; Da is, B.; Sheebe , L.B.; Amme man, R.T.; Mosley, E.A.; Mille , K.; Feil, E.G. Minding he Ga ekeepe s: Re e al
and Rec ui men o Pos pa um Mo he s wi h Dep ession in o a Randomized Con olled T ial o a Mobile In e ne Pa en ing
In e en ion o Imp o e Mood and Op imize In an Social Communica ion Ou comes. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17,
8978, doi:10.3390/ije ph17238978.
19. Do es, A.R.; Ge aldo, A.; Ca alho, I.P.; Ba bosa, F. The Use o New Digi al In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies in
Psychological Counseling du ing he COVID-19 Pandemic. In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, 7663,
doi:10.3390/ije ph17207663.