ACE 36
THE ROLE OF THE LANDSCAPE
ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE THE URBAN
SPACES ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE
Engy Hassan Saeed, Ne een Yousse Azmy & Ne meen Ali Oma
Cómo ci a es e a ículo: SAEED, E.; AZMY, N. & OMAR, N. The ole o he landscape
elemen s o imp o e he u ban spaces en i onmen al pe o mance [en línea] Fecha de
consul a: dd-mm-aa. En: ACE: A chi ec u e, Ci y and En i onmen = A qui ec u a, Ciudad y
En o no, 12 (36): 91-110, 2018. DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5821/ace.12.36.4851 ISSN: 1886-
4805.
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ACE© AÑO 12, núm.36, FEBRERO 2018 | THE ROLE OF THE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE THE URBAN SPACES
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Engy H. saeed, Ne een Y. Azmy & Ne meen A. Oma
THE ROLE OF THE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE THE URBAN
SPACES ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Engy H. Saeed
1
Ne een Y. Azmy
2
Ne meen A. Oma
3
Ini ial submission: 30-11-2016
Accep a ion: 31-03-2017
De ini i e submission: 16-02-2018
Keywo ds: Sus ainabili y; su ace empe a u e, mean adian empe a u e (MRT), he mal
com o , p edic ed mean o e (PMV)
S uc u ed Abs ac
Objec i es
The absence o en i onmen ally compa ible designs o u ban spaces ha conside he high-
densi y usages is he mos impo an u ban p oblem unde discussion. A aining he he mal
com o o use s o he u ban spaces di ec ly a ec s he usage e iciency and imp o es he
quali y o li e o he esiden s. This esea ch aims o imp o e he pe o mance o u ban spaces
specially he en i onmen al pe o mance by using he a ious landscape elemen s o achie e
he he mal com o o i s use s.
Me hodology
The me hodology o achie ing he goals can be ep esen ed ia a heo e ical pa which spo s
he a ious pe o mances o he landscape elemen s, and an analy ical pa in which, he Tan a
Medical Campus is selec ed as a case s udy. A de elopmen p oposal o he u ban design o
i s u ban spaces is p esen ed by ocusing on he en i onmen al pe o mance o achie e he mal
com o o use s and hus o a ain sa is ac ion wi hin he space. Then an e alua ion o he
e ec o he p oposed design, o achie e he bes en i onmen al pe o mance o he u ban
spaces, is done by he use o en i onmen al simula ion so wa e “ENVI-MET”.
Resul s
This esea ch ou lines he esul s ha p o e he ole o he landscape elemen s in enhancing
he en i onmen al pe o mance such as dec easing ai empe a u e, educing MRT and
educing su ace empe a u e. The he mal sa is ac ion o he use s, as measu ed using PMV,
has been imp o ed du ing he dayligh hou s. The MRT unde he shaded a eas is educed due
o he p oposed de elopmen .
1
Depa men . O A chi ec u e, Facul y o Enginee ing, Tan a Uni e si y, Egyp . engy-hassan@ho mail.com
2
Depa men . O A chi ec u e, Facul y o Enginee ing, Tan a Uni e si y, Egyp . ne eenazmy@ -eng. an a.edu.eg
3
Depa men . O A chi ec u e, Facul y o Enginee ing, Tan a Uni e si y, Egyp . ne moma @ho mail.com
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Engy H. saeed, Ne een Y. Azmy & Ne meen A. Oma
O iginali y
This pape in oduces he edesign o he medical campus a Tan a Uni e si y by using he
a ious landscape elemen s conside ing he unc ional, Social, en i onmen al and aes he ical
needs. By using simula ion, ool “ENVI-me ” o e alua e he en i onmen al e ec o he
p oposed design, which con i ms he dis inguished e ec o he landscape elemen s especially
he ege a ion o achie e he he mal com o o campus use s.
1. In oduc ion
The u ban spaces a e conside ed he mos impo an elemen s o he u ban con ex , he e
con ains di e en human ac i i ies o deli e a ious human needs, as unc ional, aes he ic,
economic and en i onmen al needs. The mos impo an objec i e o he planne s and
landscape a chi ec s is imp o ing he pe o mance o he u ban spaces. The u ban design ha e
a g ea impac o p o ide a sus ainable en i onmen ha is sui able o use s' needs, com o ,
well-being and he s anda d o li ing (Hwang e al., 2009). So he main objec i es o his
esea ch is imp o ing he pe o mance o u ban spaces specially he en i onmen al
pe o mance by using he a ious landscape elemen s o achie e he he mal com o o i s
use s.
The uni e si ies can be conside ed as a small ci y due o i s la ge popula ion size and a ious
complex ac i i ies Th oughou he 1990s, many uni e si ies s a ed o aise en i onmen al
issues he case o he Uni e si y o No he n Colo ado ha inco po a es p inciples o
sus ainable design ha conse e esou ces (S eine , 2011). So, he esea ch sugges ed
p oposal design o one o Egyp ian uni e si ies campus (The Medical Campus o Tan a
Uni e si y) o imp o e he campus en i onmen al pe o mance using sui able landscape
elemen s ha ha e a g ea en i onmen ally impac on i .
The esea ch uses simula ion ool “ENVI-me ” as an u ban simula ion ool o e alua e he
en i onmen al e ec o he p oposed design o achie e he mal com o o use s, o c ea e a
be e u ban li ing en i onmen . The main objec i e is de eloping he campus u ban spaces, by
using a ious landscape elemen s o imp o e he en i onmen al pe o mance, achie ing he
use s’ he mal com o .
The esea ch en ails he de elopmen o he u ban spaces o he medical campus a an a
uni e si y h ough he uses o he landscape elemen s o achie e he main esea ch objec i e.
The me hodology consis s o ou pa s: i s pa is heo e ical, which s udies he a ious
landscape elemen s and i s ole in imp o ing he pe o mance o spaces, and s udies s anda ds,
which imp o e he en i onmen al pe o mance and he mal com o inside he U ban Spaces.
Second pa is he case s udy, h ough which a de elopmen p oposal o he u ban design o
he Tan a Medical Campus spaces was chosen as i ep esen s a g ea impo ance wi hin he
ci y; and he de elopmen s a egy includes de elopmen o ci cula ion pa hs, en ances and
pa king lo s by using o a ious elemen s o landscape o achie e he expec ing goals. Thi d
pa is he e alua ion o he e ec o he p oposed design o achie e he bes en i onmen al
pe o mance o he u ban spaces and es ing i by he use o en i onmen al simula ion so wa e
ENVI-MET. Finally, he esul s he ecommenda ions o his s udy a e o mula ed.
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2. Landscape elemen s and i s ole in imp o ing he pe o mance o
u ban spaces
Landscape elemen s di ided in o ha d and so elemen s and can be classi ied as ollows:
2.1 So landscape elemen s
2.1.1 Vege a ion elemen s
They include he a ious ypes o ees, sh ubs and g ound co e , which ha e an impo an ole
in imp o ing he pe o mance o he u ban spaces on se e al le els (Boo h, 1989; Di ec o a e
Gene al, 2013).
Func ionali y by ou ing, di iding and linking spaces o he pa hs o bo h ca s and pedes ian,
and used as block ou he ision o o achie e isual p i acy (Schu zki, 2005). Aes he ically by
ea u ing a ac ion in he u ban spaces designed o achie e he di e ences and di e si y o
colou , ex u e, scale, hy hm and o he s. Socially by enhancing sense o con ainmen and
in imacy wi hin he U ban Spaces also, con ibu e o p o ision spaces, which enhance he
communi y mee ing (Simonds, 1983).
Economically by ha ing, a signi ican impac on educing ene gy cos s in buildings o i s
imp o ed clima e o he spaces su ounding hose buildings, beside he ege a ion elemen .
En i onmen ally: The ege a ion is a modi ying ac o o he local clima e, and a helpe in
imp o ing u ban mic oclima e in open spaces (Dimoudi e al., 2003; de Ab eu-Ha bich e al.,
2015), by enhancing ai empe a u e, educing he e ec o sola adia ion and educing he
e ec o u ban hea island phenomena (Wong e al., 2011; Oli ei a e al., 2011). Vege a ed
a eas ha e lowe su ace empe a u es han impe ious ones (Chun e al., 2014), (S i ani , &
Hokao, 2013) and i can con ol ai mo emen and p o ide shaded a eas. Hence, i wo ks on
mi iga ing he e ec s o clima e changes and imp o ing ai quali y. Mo eo e , i ep esen s an
e ec i e ool in igh ing agains global wa ming and he mi iga ion o emissions and pollu an
oxides o ai . I also mi iga es he hea island phenomenon. I also has an impo an ole in
noise educ ion and gla e.
2.1.2 Wa e elemen s
I includes he di e en ypes o dynamic and s a ic elemen s, whose ole is o imp o e he
pe o mance in u ban spaces (Boo h, 1989; Di ec o a e Gene al, 2013).
Func ionally: by linking spaces oge he , o spli i . In addi ion, i helps inc ease he unc ional
pe o mance o he spaces e icien ly. Aes he ically: by de e mining as isual elemen and
aes he ic poin o a ac ion. Socially: by en e ainmen and helping o use s ga he ing and
es ablish social ela ions (Ame ican Socie y o Landscape A chi ec s e al., 2009). Economically:
by using i iga ion ese oi s educes he consump ion o d inking wa e . En i onmen ally: Wa e
a eas can help in imp o ing he u ban en i onmen , as hey help in he cooling p ocess h ough
he e apo a ion p ocess. They ep esen one o he e ec i e ways in passi e cooling .Some
s udies showed ha wa e a eas lowe he empe a u e o 2-6 c (Man eghi e al., 2015). Hence,
hey can educe he impac o he hea island phenomenon and co e he noise. In addi ion, i
can keep ain o euse.
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2.2 Ha d landscape elemen s
2.2.1 Pa emen
The Pa ing ac s as a base o he spaces, which a ec by hei di e en p ope ies he
pe o mance o he spaces he ein (Boo h, 1989; Di ec o a e Gene al, 2013): Func ionali y: By
pa ing used as an impo an elemen o he de ini ion and spa ial di ision, i is also used o
iden i y di ec ions wi hin he spaces, and o gi e a dis inc i e cha ac e o spaces. Socially: by
using pa ing ma e ials wi h sui able p ope ies o he ac i i ies wi hin he spaces, enhances he
use o spaces and encou ages social ela ions. Aes he ically: By making a isual link be ween
spaces, also i ep esen s a magne . Economically: By using o ecyclable and e-use, pa ing
ma e ials, he use o en i onmen al and na u al ma e ials, which no need a la ge main enance,
educes he cos . En i onmen ally: Use o compa ible ma e ials wi h he en i onmen , lowe s he
emission ac o and educes he sola adia ion (Guan, 2011) and he e lec ion; and i leads o
an u ban space wi h a mic oclima e ha is sui able o achie e he mal com o o use s. In
addi ion, he use o cool pa emen s esul s in abso bing less sola adia ion, and educing he
s eng h o hea island pe o mance (San amou is e al., 2012).
2.2.2 Fu nishing elemen s and complemen a y elemen s
I is one o he mos impo an elemen s ha di ec ly a ec he ac i i ies se up in he spaces
(Boo h, 1989; Di ec o a e Gene al, 2013): Func ionali y: by designing he u ni u e elemen s o
sui e he ac i i ies in he u ban spaces and p omo es he ac i a ion and he in e ac ion o use s
wi h he spaces. These include many elemen s such as he sea s, ligh elemen s, signs. The
complemen a y elemen s wo k e icien ly, whe he pa ially o o ally sepa a ed om each o he .
Aes he ically: by wo king as isual elemen s and dis inc i e a ac ion poin s wi hin he spaces
as sculp u es elemen s. Socially: by encou aging social in e ac ion, and achie ing sa e y and
cla i y in spaces; his achie es be e in e ac ion o use s wi h spaces. Economically: by using
local and na u al ma e ials ha lead o educing ene gy consump ion and educe long- e m
main enance cos s. En i onmen ally: he na u al ma e ials o he u nishing elemen s help in
p o iding sus ainabili y. Fo example, elemen s like umb ellas and pe golas, which p o ide
shading a eas o educe he impac o sola adia ion and p o ide he mal com o ; hey educe
he pollu ion, emissions, and he hea island phenomenon as well.
3. The case s udy
The Medical Campus o Tan a Uni e si y can be conside ed he la ges communi y o s uden s
and esea che s In Gha bia Go e no a e, one o he Cen al Del a go e no a es. The campus is
loca ed on he majo mo emen pa h wi hin he ci y o Tan a, wi h i s cul u al ac i i ies. I
con ains se e al buildings, such as a huge con e ence hall, In o ma ion and Technology Cen e
and he Main Lib a y, which quali ies he campus o play he social, scien i ic and cul u al ole
ha is impo an o ha cen al egion o he Del a.
The case s udy is selec ed o achie e he s udy objec i e. One impo an a ea is he Medical
Campus o Tan a Uni e si y. The Campus occupies an a ea o 70 ac es (including acul ies,
educa ion cen es and hospi als) a la i ude 30° 47' no h and longi ude 30° 59' o he eas and
ises abou 22 me es abo e sea le el a he ho zone, whe e he mo emen is loca ed in he
hea o he ci y, a he in e sec ion o “Albah ” S ee wi h “Tan a-Alex.” Highway.
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Figu e 1. Medical Campus in Tan a Uni e si y
Sou ce: Google Ea h image
The esea ch objec i e can be achie ed ia an imp o emen s a egy o enhancing
en i onmen al pe o mance and achie ing he mal com o inside he selec ed u ban space. The
pe o mance is hen es ed using he mic oclima e simula o "ENVI-me " o compa e he
e iciency o ha u ban space and use sa is ac ion in cu en and imp o ed s a us. Figu e 1
spo s he selec ed u ban a ea.
4. The P oposed De elopmen Plan o he Medical Campus o Tan a
Uni e si y
4.1.1 Cu en S a us
The cu en s a e o he a ea is de e mined o ind ou he s a us wi hin he campus’ u ban
spaces as shown in Figu e 2, and o ecognize hei s eng hs, weaknesses, de e minan s,
possibili ies and obs acles ha migh impede he de elopmen p ocess. I includes:
Figu e 2. Medical Campus (be o e de elopmen )
Sou ce: Enginee ing Managemen O ice -Tan a Uni e si y
N
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4.1.2 The p oblems (weaknesses)
Mo emen Pa hs (Ci cula ion)
- In e e ence o mo emen pa hs o bo h ehicles and pedes ians is no iced, so ha he
mechanism mo emen despo o pedes ian mo emen .
- The pedes ian pa hs a e inapp op ia e o hei unc ions in e ms o wid h, and quali y o
ma e ials, wi h insu icien shaded spaces.
- O e use o ehicles causes ai pollu ion as well as noise.
- Excessi e use o he asphal ma e ial in he pa hs o ehicula mo emen , which has
nega i e en i onmen al and aes he ical e ec .
- The design o acili ies does no ake in accoun he use s wi h special needs in hei use;
especially a he Pedes ian c ossing.
- The lack o plan elemen s (limi ed in Fichus ees and palms) a he mo emen pa hs ha
p oduces e y ew shaded a eas.
- Lack o complemen a y elemen s such as ligh ing poles a he mo emen pa hs.
Open Spaces
- The absence o g ouped places o playg ounds and a ious spo s ac i i ies.
- The misuse o open spaces and he exis ence o many unused ma ginal spaces.
- The a ea and capaci y o he Campus a e speci ic, and he e is no ex a space o u u e
expansions o o place pa king and he possibili y g ow h is limi ed.
- The lack o special u ban cha ac e o he Campus open spaces and en ances.
- Lack o plan elemen s whe he ees, sh ubs o g ass which co e abou 50% o he a ea o
open spaces, ha e ec nega i ely; en i onmen ally by inc easing o ai pollu ion, socially
causing absence o social ela ionship and aes he ically causing isual pollu ion o he
campus.
- Ma e ials used in he pa emen (in e lock iles) a e en i onmen ally unsus ainable.
- The design o acili ies is no conside ing he use s wi h special needs in hei use especially
a he en ances o he buildings.
- Lack o complemen a y elemen s such as ligh ing poles, ash baske s and guiding signs
wi hin he app op ia e quali y and quan i y a he open spaces.
Pa king lo s
- Ma e ials used in he pa emen (asphal ) a e en i onmen ally unsus ainable.
- Absence o plan elemen s ( ees) a he pa king lo s wi h no enough shaded a eas.
- Lack o complemen a y elemen s, such as ligh ing poles, ash baske s wi hin he
app op ia e quali y and quan i y a he pa king lo s.
4.1.3 The a ailable acili ies (s eng hs)
- Unique loca ion o he Campus a he cen e o a majo mo emen pa h in Tan a.
- A ailabili y o space wi hin he Campus spaces, which can be designed o make use o hem
ei he unc ionally, en i onmen ally and aes he ically, including imp o ed pe o mance o
Campus u ban spaces.
- The p esence o some plan componen s ha can be employed wi hin he new u ban design
p oposal such as palm ees as ocal poin and sh ubs as loca ing pa hs.
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4.1.4 The p oposed de elopmen s a egy
The au ho s sugges a de elopmen s a egy o he u ban spaces o a i al p ojec as he
uni e si y campus, because i is conside ed as a la ge u ban p ojec , which has a g ea impac
on socie y. Adop ed de elopmen s a egy aims o each u ban design esolu ion, which helps o
aise he sa is ac ion o he use s wi h hei a ious unc ional needs; especially o imp o e
en i onmen al pe o mance o implemen en i onmen al needs by achie ing he mal com o o
use s o spaces, conse e ene gy and u ban sus ainabili y. The achie emen o he
de elopmen s a egy can be a ained h ough:
4.1.5 Design conside a ions
- Re-planning he mo emen pa hs: i s ly, by educing he ehicles pa hs’ a ea wi h he
ealiza ion o he unc ion. Secondly, encou aging ca s al e na i es by adding bikes pa hs.
Thi dly, edesign o pedes ian pa hs wi h i s wid h acco ding o he use popula ion densi y,
and conside ing he sepa a ion o di e en mo emen s, iden i ying he c ossing a eas and
he selec ion o he app op ia e quali y o pa emen s.
- Redesigning he pa king lo s o be nea he main en ances o he Campus o educe ca
a ic densi y inside he Campus, aking in o accoun he use o elemen s o landscape, such
as ees, o shade he lo s ha ease he design o pa king.
- P o iding open spaces, such as sea ing a eas, o s uden s o do social, scien i ic and
in ellec ual ac i i ies; and a combined a ea o spo s ac i i ies, along wi h designing bo h
wi h he p o ision o app op ia e se ices and easy access, using he app op ia e
complemen a y elemen s o ensu e ha hese ac i i ies e icien ly du ing di e en pe iods o
he day.
4.1.6 Visual and aes he ic conside a ion
- De e mining cen al g ouped spaces in he cen e o he Campus and con i ming i h ough
he de elopmen o dis inc signs, which wo k as a ac i e poin s.
- Achie ing uni ied gene al cha ac e o u ban spaces using uni ied elemen s, whe he in he
ype o pa emen s, plan s o elemen s o u ni u e and complemen a y elemen s wi hin he
spaces, in addi ion o inc easing g een colou ha gi es a com o sense o use s
- De e mining pa hs wi h pa emen s o plan elemen s o iden i y he ision, and aking in o
accoun he achie emen o isual sequence h ough a sys ema ic hy hm by using he
ege a ion elemen and ligh ing poles.
- Redesigning he en ances o he Campus o con o m he image o he uni e si y and
edesigning he Campus bo de s (walls and en ances) in an a ac i e s yle whe e i gi es
he ini ial imp ession, which is impo an o isi o s om a ious di ec ions.
- Making an in en o y and assessmen o exis ing ege a ion elemen s by de eloping guiding
p inciples o p o ec ing exis ing ees o eplacing and eno a ing exis ing ees, wi h
labelling and iden i ying i , as well as sh ubs and lowe s as a way o educa e.
4.1.7 Economic conside a ions
- Using en i onmen al ma e ials and componen s, which a e a ailable in he local en i onmen
wi h less cos and low main enance cos .
- Conse ing he plan s on he si e as an economic alue.
- Using educed-ene gy consump ion elemen s by using ma e ials ha a ain sus ainabili y, o
example sola powe ed ligh ing sys ems.
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- Encou aging pedes ian a ic is he mos impo an sou ce o ene gy conse a ion.
4.1.8 En i onmen al conside a ions
Vege a ion elemen
- Inc easing he ege a ion elemen s o he u ban spaces co e ed by abou 39%, o educe
he impac o sola adia ion and he empe a u e o u ban spaces, besides imp o ing ai
quali y and educing he p opo ion o oxides and ha m ul emissions.
- The use o e e g een sp ead ees wi h heigh 9-12 me e s o allow shading equi ed o
pa hs, pa king lo s and open a eas.
Pa emen
- Reducing asphal su aces o oads and pa king lo s by abou 30%, by using he yellow b ick
as pa emen o pedes ian's pa hs o educe su ace empe a u e, which a ec s he ai
empe a u e in u ban spaces.
Complemen a y elemen s
- Using Shading elemen s and benches made om na u al non-pollu ing ma e ials.
- Using mechanism p ocess o collec and sepa a e was e ha allows ecycling.
- Re-using ain was ewa e o i iga ion p ocess a he Campus.
4.2 En i onmen al es ing o he p oposed de elopmen
The s udy is based on an en i onmen al simula ion o he p oposed de elopmen o he Medical
Campus spaces; h ough he use o he “ENVI-me ” so wa e (Fahmy e al., 2011).o he s udy
measu ed he he mal beha iou o he Campus in i s cu en s a e, and a e he e-design o
spaces and de eloping he elemen s o he landscape as Figu e 3.
Figu e 3. Medical Campus (a e de elopmen )
Sou ce: Enginee ing Managemen O ice -Tan a Uni e si y
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6. Analysis o he simula ion esul s
A e making he p oposed de elopmen (inc easing he size o g een a ea, he numbe o ees,
shaded a ea, pe golas, en s, and wa e elemen s. Replacemen asphal wi h g ass and b eak
pa emen ). No iced he beha iou o he Campus a ea has been moni o ed om 9:00 o 17:00,
wi h wo hou s in e als. The ollowing discussion highligh s he appa en change o beha iou
du ing ha pe iod.
6.1 By measu ing he MRT be o e and a e he de elopmen , he ollowing
no able esul s a e epo ed
Using he a ious elemen s o landscape helps o educe he MRT in he spaces and pa hs
du ing dayligh hou s, which a e ypically he hou s o s uden p esence as shown in Figu e 6.
The di e ence in he MRT educed is a e using plan ing and shading o abou 15-18 °C, while
i is beyond 50ºC a 9:00 a hose a eas be o e he de elopmen . A 11:00, i is no iced ha he
di e ence in he MRT educed o abou 18-25°C so eached o 36°C which a ec s la gely he
he mal beha iou o hese spaces and pa hs. A 13:00 a he mal peak is eached, and is
conside ed as one o he mos dayligh hou s subjec o di ec sola adia ion. The MRT d ops
down in u ban spaces a e de elopmen by abou 20-27°C, whe e i d ops o abou 38ºC This
means ha he di ec exposu e o sola adia ion be o e de elopmen a ec s he he mal
beha iou o hose spaces while he sugges ed de elopmen s can achie e he equi ed he mal
com o .
A 15:00, which ep esen ing he pe iod, du ing which he highes he mal acquisi ion occu s,
he spaces ha e gained i s ully he mal ene gy om he sola adia ion and a e in u n begins o
e- adia e ha ene gy ( he mal emission). MRT o he u ban spaces a cu en s a e eaches
abou 77ºC A e he de elopmen , he MRT is educed g ea ly o abou 28-39°C, which
signi ican ly a ec s he he mal eeling o s uden s du ing he summe mon hs. A 17:00, when
he sola p esence begins o dec ease hen he MRT, which ep esen s abou 67ºC a he u ban
space be o e de elopmen , is educed in he p oposed design abou 18-33°C. I clea ly shows
he impac o he landscape elemen s on how much exposu e o sola adia ion and he high
impac on he MRT.
6.2 Ai empe a u e, Tai , o he medical campus be o e and a e he
de elopmen leads o he ollowing
The esul s o measu ing ai empe a u e using he ENVI-me p og am o he cu en s a us o
he campus and a e a edesign o u ban spaces using landscaping elemen s a e p esen ed in
he ollowing sec ion. The impac on he empe a u e o he ai in he u ban spaces du ing
dayligh hou s can be ound in Figu e 7. A 9:00 he empe a u e is s ill he wi hin he com o
empe a u e ange in bo h cases, which is abou 27ºC.
A 11:00, i is ound ha he ai empe a u e dec eases a he p oposed u ban design o campus
abou one deg ee compa ed o he cu en si ua ion, especially o he space in he main
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squa e, which has been de eloped using shades, and plan ing ees in he main pa hs o
achie e shading.
A 13:00, he ai empe a u e in he campus o cu en s a ues is a ound 37.5ºC while i is ound
ha i dec eases in he p oposed design o abou (36-35.5)ºC, i is he ho es pe iod o he day
a 15:00 due o he accumula ed he mal abso p ion, especially a summe . I is ound ha he
ai empe a u e dec eases o hose u ban spaces om 39°C o abou 36.5°C, which shows he
in luence o he elemen s o he landscape o he campus u ban spaces in educing ai
empe a u e. Finally, a 17:00, he ai empe a u e in he absence o di ec sola adia ion in he
cu en s a ues o campus is abou 36°C, while in he p oposed u ban design i dec eases o
a ound 35°C, which highligh s he impac o he elemen s o he landscape in educing he
empe a u e o he ai and educe hea s ess, especially du ing he summe .
6.3 Su ace empe a u e analysis o medical campus be o e and a e he
de elopmen i eaches he ollowing
A 9:00, he su ace empe a u e in bo h cases is he same. A e ha , i begins o di e on he
a ious su aces acco ding o hei ma e ials, p ope ies and amoun o exposu e o sola
adia ion. The su ace empe a u e educ ion in he p oposed e-design o he Campus
compa ed o he cu en s a ue becomes appa en a e 10:00 he su ace empe a u e a 10:00
is 40°C o he asphal oad, which is exposed o he sola adia ion inside he campus be o e
he de elopmen . The su ace empe a u e o he pa ed su ace eaches abou 38°C, and
anges be ween 32-33°C o g een a eas. The su ace empe a u e a 11:00 is 45°C o he
asphal oad, which is exposed o he sola adia ion inside he campus be o e he de elopmen .
The su ace empe a u e o he pa ed su ace eaches abou 41 °C, and anges be ween 37-
39°C o g een a eas, while i dec ease o 33-35°C unde he shaded a eas, ha is abou 10-
12°C lowe han he exposed asphal oad, as shown in Figu e 8.
A 13:00, he di ec p esence o sola adia ion causes he empe a u e o he asphal oads and
he pa hs ha is ound in mos o he space o he cu en s a us o he campus o each 51°C,
excep o some mino g een a eas which each he hea deg ee o he su ace he o 47°C. The
design o he new p oposed landscape wo ks o educe he su ace empe a u e g ea ly,
especially unde he shaded a eas whe e he su ace empe a u e becomes 35-36°C, while i
each o abou 42°C o he open g een spaces, and o he pa ed o abou 45°C.
A 15:00, he ma e ials’ su aces can abso b a lo o hea h ough di ec exposu e o sola
adia ion causing he he mal emission o hem. I is ound ha he empe a u e deg ees o
asphal su aces, which co e mos o Campus u ban spaces in campus, a e 53-56°C. In he
u ban spaces ha ha e been de eloped by he use o he p oposed elemen s o he landscape
ha a e compa ible ma e ials, i is ound ha he empe a u e o su aces anging om 37-39 °C
unde shaded a eas and abou 45°C o open g een su aces, and o pa ed abou 48°C.
A 17:00, he impac o he elemen s o landscape on he empe a u e deg ee o loo s su ace is
clea . The su ace empe a u e begins o dec ease due o he buildings shading e ec on he
loo su ace. I is no iced ha he su ace empe a u e o asphal a cu en s a us is anging 39-
41°C, while he su ace empe a u e o he p oposed design by using elemen s o he landscape
is educed o 35 °C a mos o he u ban spaces. This means ha he su ace empe a u e
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dec eases abou 6 deg ees, which show g ea ly he impac o he use o elemen s o he
landscape in educing he loo s empe a u e, which a ec s in u n he empe a u e and he mal
beha iou .
6.4 The le el o sa is ac ion o he P edic ed Mean Vo e (PMV) o he
medical campus be o e and a e he de elopmen
PMV ep esen s a model o simula e he a e age o e scale o use s on he he mal
pe o mance o he u ban spaces. PMV is collec ed all o e he campus a ea using ENVI-me in
he cu en and a e edesign using elemen s o he landscape. I helps o es ima e he he mal
beha iou o ha u ban space, which can show he impac clea ly on he he mal sa is ac ion, as
shown in Figu e 9.
The measu ed PMV alues each abou 8 in some hou s in he s udy a ea be o e de elopmen .
This indica es he high dissa is ac ion epo ed by he simula o because he PMV eaches
highe alues han he no mal scale o i , which is -4 o +4. I also indica es ha he
dissa is ac ion is due o ho clima e. This is e iden a he measu emen poin s A, B and C in
Figu e 8. Hence he dissa is ac ion o use s inc eases.
A 9:00, he PMV dec eased in he p oposed design o he s a us o 1.6 while i was 4.3 be o e
he use o any elemen s o he landscape. This indica es an inc ease o he mal com o and
app oach he he mal sa is ac ion. Mo eo e , he PMV a 11:00 dec eased om 4.7 o 3.A
13:00, he PMV educ ion clea ly highligh ed he impac o he elemen s o he landscape in
educing i and app oaching he he mal com o as i dec eased om 5.6 o abou 3.8.
15:00 is ep esen ing he hou wi h he highes -hea s ess on he s ee s and pa hs in he
summe . The measu e o PMV indica es a dec ease o abou 2.7 (6.6 dec eased o 3.9), which
cla i ies he ole o he plan elemen in achie ing he mal com o and imp o e he he mal
pe o mance o u ban spaces.
PMV a 17:00 clea ly shows he di e ence in how much sa is ac ion is achie ed in u ban spaces
in he campus wi h s a us and a e de eloping i using elemen s o he landscape. The alue o
PMV dec eases om 5.5 o abou 3.3, which highligh s he imp o ed he mal pe o mance o
p oposed u ban spaces design in o de o achie e he mal com o especially o s uden s
du ing summe classes in he cu en si ua ion.
Conclusions
This esea ch ou lines se e al bene i s o elemen s o he landscape such as social,
en i onmen al, aes he ic and economic bene i s.
The case s udy has been conduc ed o show he ole o landscape elemen s o imp o e he
en i onmen al pe o mance o u ban spaces, by using ENVI-MET simula ion; he simula ion
esul s show he e ec s o using he a ious landscape elemen s o achie e he use s he mal
com o in u ban spaces such as:
- Du ing he di e en day imes he PMV a e he p oposed de elopmen doesn’ b eak alue
4 e en in he mal peak.
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- No iced ha using ege a ion and shading elemen s ha e he g ea es impac o
implemen ing he mal com o .
- Reduc ion o he su ace empe a u e wi hin he u ban spaces by he p oposed de elopmen
compa ed o he cu en s a us by 17-19°C unde he shaded a eas in he beak.
- Reducing he MRT in u ban spaces due o he p oposed de elopmen o he cu en s a us
by 38-39 ° C unde he shaded a eas in he beak.
- The ai empe a u e inside he u ban spaces is dec eased h ough edesign using landscape
elemen s o he campus by 1-2 ° C unde shaded a eas.
- Achie ing he mal sa is ac ion PMV o s uden s by 35-53% du ing dayligh hou s unde
shaded a eas.
Recommenda ions
- The need o good unde s anding o he p inciples o clima e and en i onmen al design,
which helps imp o ing he en i onmen al pe o mance o designed p ojec s. This will be
posi i ely e lec ed on sol ing en i onmen al p oblems in ci ies, and designing a com o able,
heal hy and clean en i onmen .
- I ’s impo an o make good use o he elemen s o he landscape wi hin he u ban spaces o
imp o e i s en i onmen al pe o mance and imp o e ai quali y.
- The need o de elop he knowledge abou he impo ance o u ban clima e is no only among
planne s, bu also is o he decision-make s and he public.
- Designing he u ban spaces o he uni e si y campus mus conside he in eg a ion be ween
ou doo and indoo o achie e sus ainabili y by using o elemen s o he landscape.
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