3Salud Men al | www. e is asaludmen al.mx
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Volume 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.002
Dep essi e symp oms and au oma ic nega i e hough s
as p edic o s o suicidal idea ion in Mexican adolescen s
Gab iela Secundino-Guada ama,1 Ma cela Vey ia-López,2
Rosalinda Guada ama-Guada ama,2 M. Ca men Míguez3
1 Facul ad de Medicina, Uni e sidad
Au ónoma del Es ado de México,
UAEMex, México.
2 Cen o de In es igación en Cien-
cias Médicas, CICMED, UAEMex,
México.
3 Depa amen o de Psicología Clíni-
ca y Psicobiología, Facul ad de Psi-
cología, Uni e sidade de San iago
de Compos ela, España.
Co espondence:
M. Ca men Míguez
Uni e sidade de San iago de
Compos ela. Facul ad de Psicología.
Depa amen o de Psicología Clínica
y Psicobiología.
Campus Vida. 15782,
San iago de Compos ela (España).
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 31 Ma ch 2020
Accep ed: 23 Ap il 2020
Ci a ion:
Secundino-Guada ama, G., Vey-
ia-López, M., Guada ama-Gua-
da ama, R., & Míguez, M. C.
(2021). Dep essi e symp oms and
au oma ic nega i e hough s as p e-
dic o s o suicidal idea ion in Mex-
ican adolescen s. Salud Men al,
44(1), 3-10.
DOI: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.002
ABSTRACT
In oduc ion. Since li le is known abou he ac o s associa ed wi h suicidal idea ion in adolescen s, iden-
i ying hem is impo an o de eloping sui able p e en i e s a egies. Objec i e. To analyze he a iables
associa ed wi h he p esence o suicidal idea ion, as well as he p edic i e powe o dep essi e symp oms
and nega i e au oma ic hough s. Me hod. A p ospec i e c oss-sec ional s udy was conduc ed wi h 409 s u-
den s be ween he ages o 15 and 19 andomly selec ed in a public school in he S a e o Mexico. An ad hoc
ques ionnai e ha ga he ed in o ma ion on sociodemog aphic and psychological a iables and subs ance
use, he Dep ession Scale o he Cen e o Epidemiological S udies (CESD-R), he Au oma ic Though s
Ques ionnai e (ATQ-30), and he Beck Scale o Suicide Idea ion (SSI) we e adminis e ed. Resul s. F om
he o al o he sample, 14.9% p esen ed suicidal idea ion. A posi i e, signi ican associa ion was obse ed
be ween he la e and gende , ha ing di o ced pa en s, p o essing Ca holicism, using obacco and d ugs,
and ha ing expe ienced iolence and anguish in he las semes e , p esen ing dep essi e symp oms, neg-
a i e au oma ic hough s and ha ing a emp ed suicide. Being a woman (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), using
d ugs (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), ha ing p obable dep ession (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), expe iencing nega i e
hough s (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]), and ha ing a emp ed suicide (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) p edic ed he
appea ance o suicidal ideas. Discussion and conclusion. Risk ac o s o suicidal idea ion in adolescen s
ha e been iden i ied and hey mus be aken in o accoun in p e en i e p og ams.
Keywo ds: Au oma ic hough s, dep ession, suicide, adolescen s, suicidal idea ion.
RESUMEN
In oducción. Se sabe poco de los ac o es que se asocian a la ideación suicida en adolescen es e iden i-
ica los es impo an e pa a desa olla es a egias p e en i as adecuadas. Obje i o. Analiza las a iables
que se asocian a la p esencia de ideación suicida y conoce el pode p edic i o de los sín omas dep esi-
os y los pensamien os au omá icos nega i os. Mé odo. Se ealizó un es udio ans e sal p ospec i o con
409 es udian es de en e 15 y 19 años seleccionados alea o iamen e en una escuela pública del Es ado
de México. Se aplicó un cues iona io ad hoc que ecogía in o mación sob e a iables sociodemog á icas,
psicológicas y consumo de sus ancias. Pa a ello se usa on la Escala de Dep esión del Cen o de Es udios
Epidemiológicos (CESD-R), el Cues iona io de Pensamien os Au omá icos (ATQ-30) y la Escala de Ideación
Suicida de Beck (ISB). Resul ados. Un 14.9% de la mues a p esen aba ideación suicida. Se obse ó una
asociación posi i a y signi ica i a en e la misma y el sexo, ene pad es di o ciados, p o esa la eligión
ca ólica, consumi abaco y d ogas, así como habe su ido iolencia y angus ia en el úl imo semes e, habe
p esen ado sín omas dep esi os, pensamien os au omá icos nega i os e in en os de suicidio. Se muje
(OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), consumi d ogas (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), p esen a p obable dep esión (OR = 4.37
[1.68, 11.36]), ene pensamien os nega i os (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]) y habe in en ado suicida se (OR =
22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) p edicen la apa ición de ideas suicidas. Discusión y conclusión. En adolescen es se
han iden i icado ac o es de iesgo pa a p esen a ideación suicida, los cuales deben ene se en cuen a en
los p og amas p e en i os.
Palab as cla e: Pensamien os au omá icos, dep esión, suicidio, adolescen es, ideación suicida.
Secundino-Guada ama e al.
Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
4
INTRODUCTION
Suicide cons i u es a wo ldwide public heal h p oblem due
o i s impac , se e i y, and heal h cos s (Wo ld Heal h O -
ganiza ion [WHO], 2017a). I is one o he main causes o
loss o yea s o li e due o p ema u e dea h, and he second
cause o dea h in adolescen s and young people aged 15 o
29 (WHO, 2018). In Mexico, suicide a es in adolescen s
and young people we e 12.6 in men and 3.9 in women (pe
100,000) (Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics and Geog aphy
[INEGI], 2017) be ween 2014 and 2016. Bo h beha io and
suicidal idea ion a y by gende (WHO, 2014), wi h men
displaying a g ea e endency o engage in suicidal beha -
io , o which end hey use mo e highly e ec i e echniques
han women, who end o show g ea e suicidal idea ion
and suicide a emp s. Suicide dea h indica o s a e he e o e
highe in men (Gabilondo e al., 2007).
Suicidal idea ion is a undamen al elemen o he p o-
cess called suicidal beha io , which ac s as a igge o he
o he componen s: suicide a emp s and comple ed suicide
(Pe ei a & Ca doso, 2015). Eguiluz (2003) has concep u-
alized suicidal idea ion as a ype o in usi e, epe i i e
hough s, an indi idual has abou sel -in lic ed dea h and
he way he pe son wishes o die. Cogni i e-beha io al he-
o y de ines i as he eme gence o hough s wi h con en s
ela ed o ending one’s li e (de la To e Ma í, 2013), while
Beck, Ko acs, & Weissman (1979a) desc ibe i as making
plans and ha ing wishes o commi suicide.
Suicidal idea ion in adolescen s is a complex phenom-
enon due o i s cogni i e na u e in which pe sonal, amilial,
and con ex ual elemen s come in o play (Klonsky, May, &
Sa e , 2016). Howe e , an impo an elemen o explain i is
he eme gence o a s ess ul e en ha c ea es ce ain nega-
i e emo ions and he desi e o escape om he si ua ion (de
la To e Ma í, 2013). Fo example, adolescen s who ha e
been ic ims o bullying a e a a g ea e isk o p esen ing
suicidal idea ion (Baiden & Tadeo, 2020). Suicidal idea ion
can he e o e be conside ed as a se o cogni i e and a ec-
i e elemen s such as he hough s, desi es, and emo ions o
eelings ha de e mine he suicidal ac (Valadez-Figue oa,
Chá ez-He nández, Va gas-Valadez, & Ochoa-O endain,
2019).
P e ious esea ch indica es ha suicide and suicidal
idea ion in adolescen s a e ela ed o ce ain men al diso -
de s, pa icula ly dep ession (Eguiluz Romo & Ayala Mi a,
2014; Fonseca-Ped e o e al., 2018; WHO, 2017b; Pe ei a
& Ca doso, 2015). The ela ionship be ween suicidal ide-
a ion and dep ession is pa icula ly complex since idea ion
is usually ega ded as pa o dep essi e symp oma ology,
al hough Hin ikka e al. (2009) obse ed ha dep essed
mood should be conside ed as a p io condi ion o suicid-
al idea ion o a ise while Kessle , Be glund, Bo ges, Nock,
and Wang (2005) no ed, in u n, ha dep ession inc eased
independen ly om ideas abou suicide.
In Mexico, dep ession is p esen in 3.3% o he pop-
ula ion ac oss he li espan, and i a ec s mainly adoles-
cen s (de la Peña, Ulloa, & Páez, 1999; Galicia-Moyeda,
Sánchez-Velasco, & Robles-Ojeda, 2009; Medina-Mo a
e al., 2003; Wagne , González-Fo eza, Sánchez-Ga cía,
Ga cía-Peña, & Gallo, 2012). I has been epo ed ha
16.6% o high school s uden s in he cen al a ea o
Mexico p esen high dep ession symp oms (Vey ia,
González, And ade, & Oudho , 2012), wi h a dis inc i e
ea u e o dep ession being high equency o au oma ic
nega i e hough s (Es é ez & Cal e e, 2009), de ined as
he speci ic images a pe son has when aced wi h si ua-
ions o e en s in he en i onmen o wi h in e nal e en s
ha modi y his/he eali y. These hough s appea au o-
ma ically and a e lee ing and unconscious. They ocus
on issues o loss and ailu e, becoming e alua i e and
b ie , and a e no usually he esul o easoning (Beck,
Rush, Shaw, & Eme y, 1979b).
Al hough dep ession is ela ed o signs such as sadness,
hopelessness, and guil , and hese signs can in luence he
eme gence o suicidal ideas in some way (Ceballos-Ospi-
no e al., 2015), ew s udies ha e analyzed he ela ionship
be ween dep essi e symp oms in adolescen s and suicidal
idea ion, and he e a e no s udies e alua ing he ela ionship
be ween au oma ic nega i e hough s and suicidal idea ion
in adolescen s. I is essen ial o iden i y he ac o s associ-
a ed wi h he p esence o suicidal idea ion in adolescen s,
since hey can cons i u e an impo an ool o planning p e-
en ion and p o ec ion ac ions.
The e o e, he main objec i e o his esea ch was o
analyze he a iables associa ed wi h suicidal idea ion in
eenage high school s uden s, as well as he p edic i e pow-
e o dep essi e symp oms and au oma ic nega i e hough s.
The seconda y objec i e was o e alua e he p e alence o
suicidal idea ion.
METHOD
Subjec s
This is a desc ip i e, p ospec i e c oss-sec ional obse a-
ional s udy, wi h a sample o 409 high school s uden s om
a public school in he S a e o Mexico (Mexico), aged be-
ween 15 and 19 (M = 16.46, SD = .96), 41.1% o whom
we e boys and 58.9% gi ls. The sampling me hod used was
p obabilis ic and andom.
Measu emen s
An ad hoc ques ionnai e was de eloped o he s udy in
which sociodemog aphic a iables such as age, sex, pa-
en al di o ce, ecen loss o a ela i e, eligion, job, and
whe he hey had a pa ne we e collec ed. In addi ion, sub-
Dep ession, nega i e hough s, and suicidal idea ion
5Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
jec s we e asked abou alcohol, obacco, and illegal d ug
use in he pas six mon hs; whe he hey had been ic ims o
iolence; whe he hey had el anguish (psychological dis-
ess ha has an immobilizing e ec , p oduces es lessness
o a eeling o being in dange ); and whe he hey had a -
emp ed suicide in he pas six mon hs and i so, how many
a emp s hey had made.
The Dep ession Scale o he Cen e o Epidemio-
logical S udies (CES-D) (Radlo , 1977) was used o
assess dep ession symp oms in he e sion adap ed o
he Mexican popula ion by González-Fo eza, Jiménez-
Tapia, Ramos-Li a, and Wagne (2008). The CESD-R is
a sc eening scale o de ec p obable cases o dep ession,
con aining 35 i ems wi h i e answe op ions. Sco es on
he scale a y be ween ze o and 140 poin s, wi h high-
e sco es indica ing a g ea e p esence o dep ession
symp oms. The cu -o poin o his s udy was 52 poin s.
The in e nal consis ency o he scale has been sa is ac-
o y in s udies o Mexican adolescen s, wi h an α o .93
(González-Fo eza e al., 2008). In his esea ch, a eli-
abili y coe icien o α = .88 was ob ained.
The Au oma ic Though s Ques ionnai e (ATQ-30)
(Hollon & Kendall, 1980) was used o e alua e au oma ic
nega i e hough s in he e sion adap ed o he Mexi-
can popula ion by Me a-Rosales, He nández-Pozo, Gó-
mez-Reséndez, Ramí ez-Gue e o, and Ma a-Mendoza
(2011). The ques ionnai e consis s o 30 i ems e e ing
o nega i e hough s such as no one unde s ands me; my
li e is no going he way I would like; I hink some hing
is w ong wi h me; I wish I could disappea ; my li e is a
p oblem; I ha e mysel , and so on. Sco es a y be ween
ze o and 120 poin s, wi h highe sco es indica ing a g ea -
e p esence o nega i e au oma ic hough s. The cu -o
poin used was 30 poin s. Consis ency has p o en o
be sa is ac o y in Mexican s udies, yielding an α o .95
(Me a-Rosales e al., 2011). Excellen eliabili y was ob-
ained in his esea ch (α = .97).
Fo he e alua ion o suicidal idea ion, he e sion o
he Beck Scale o Suicide Idea ion (SSI), d awn up by
Beck e al. (1979a) and adap ed o he Mexican popula ion
by González-Macip, Díaz Ma ínez, O iz León, González
Fo eza, and González Nuñez (2000) was used. The ques-
ionnai e, designed o quan i y and e alua e he conscious
ecu ence o suicidal hough s, comp ises 20 i ems. Scale
sco es anging om ze o o 40 poin s, wi h highe sco es
indica ing a g ea e p esence o suicidal ideas. Each i em
is e alua ed on a h ee-poin scale, 0 = absen o 2 = max-
imum in ensi y o idea ion. I he es is o be used wi h a
cu -o poin , i is necessa y o go o ques ion wo o he
scale and ake he maximum sco e, as a esul o which he
cu -o poin used was wo poin s. The au ho s achie ed
an in e nal consis ency o α = .82 (González-Macip e al.,
2000). In his esea ch, a eliabili y coe icien o α = .88
was ob ained.
P ocedu e
Pe mission was eques ed om he school au ho i ies o ad-
minis e he ins umen s. Once pe mission had been g an -
ed, he objec i es, oge he wi h he con en s and he ac
ha he in o ma ion p o ided would be con iden ial, we e
explained o he s uden s, who we e gi en le e s o consen
and in o med assen o sign. On he day he ques ionnai e
was adminis e ed, s uden s who handed in bo h le e s au-
ho izing hei pa icipa ion we e gi en a olde con aining
he ins umen s. The ques ionnai es we e adminis e ed wi h
e bal ins uc ions in app oxima ely 40 minu es wi hin
school hou s. S uden s we e old o ask he adminis a o i
hey had doub s on how o answe o any o he issue.
S a is ical analysis
Desc ip i e analyses we e pe o med o de e mine he dis i-
bu ion o he a iables o in e es . Pea son’s Chi-squa e es
and S uden ’s es we e used o iden i y he associa ion be-
ween suicidal idea ion and he p esence o dep ession symp-
oms and au oma ic nega i e hough s. Fo he a iables in
which he e we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences, e ec
size was calcula ed using C ame ’s V and Cohen’s d. A mul i-
a ia e analysis was also conduc ed using mul inomial logis-
ic eg ession o de e mine he a iables ha p edic ed suicid-
al idea ion. The OR was calcula ed o each o he a iables
oge he wi h hei 95% con idence in e als. The dependen
a iable (DV) was he p esence o suicidal idea ion (wi h-
ou idea ion / wi h idea ion), and he independen a iables
(IV) we e hose in which s a is ically signi ican di e ences
we e ound: gende , pa en al di o ce, eligion, obacco and
d ug use, iolence, dis ess, dep ession symp oms, nega i e
au oma ic hough s, and suicide a emp s. S a is ical analysis
was pe o med using he SPSS p og am ( e sion 20), wi h
s a is ical signi icance being es ablished a p < .05.
E hical conside a ions
The s udy mee s he equi emen s es ablished by he e hics
commi ee o he Cen e o Resea ch in Medical Sciences
(CICMED) and, p io o he adminis a ion o he ques ion-
nai es, he esea che s ob ained he assen and in o med
consen o all he pa icipan s, who we e gua an eed he
con iden iali y o he da a p o ided and ha he in o ma ion
would solely be used o scien i ic esea ch pu poses.
RESULTS
O he 409 adolescen s who pa icipa ed in his s udy, 67.5%
(n = 276) epo ed ha ing el dis essed in he pas six
mon hs. Mo eo e , a 16.1% (n = 66) p e alence o s uden s
wi h nega i e au oma ic hough s was ound, 14.9% (n = 61)
Secundino-Guada ama e al.
Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
6
had suicidal idea ion, 13.4% (n = 55) had high dep ession
symp oms, and 2.7% (n = 11) had a emp ed suicide.
Rega ding he associa ion be ween sociodemog aphic
a iables (Table 1) and suicidal idea ion, i was obse ed
ha being a gi l (χ2 = 13.570; p <.001; V = .18), ha ing di-
o ced pa en s (χ2 = 6.346; p = .012; V = .13) and p o essing
Ca holicism (χ2 = 8.032; p = .018; V = .14) we e associa ed
wi h a g ea e p esence o suicidal idea ion.
As o subs ance use (Table 2), al hough suicidal ide-
a ion was no ela ed o alcohol consump ion, i was ela -
ed o obacco (χ2 = 10.265; p = .001; V = .16) and d ug use
(χ2 = 12.811; p < .001; V = .18). I also showed an associ-
a ion wi h ha ing su e ed psychological and/o physical
iolence (49.2 s. 17.8; χ2 = 29.286; p <.001; V = .27).
Wi h espec o psychological a iables (Table 3)
and he p esence o suicidal idea ion, an associa ion was
Table 1
Sociodemog aphic a iables and suicidal idea ion
Suicidal Idea ion
To al
(n = 409)
Yes
(n = 61)
No
(n = 348)
n % n % n % χ² p C ame ’s V
Sex
Female 241 58.9 49 80.3 192 55.2 13.570 < .001 .18
Male 168 41.1 12 19.7 156 44.8
Di o ced pa en s
No 356 87.0 47 77.0 309 88.8 6.346 .012 .13
Yes 53 13.0 14 23.0 39 11.2
Dea h o a ela i e
No 397 97.1 58 95.1 339 97.4 .991 .320
Yes 12 2.9 3 4.9 9 2.6
Religion
Ca holic 309 75.6 38 62.3 271 77.9 8.032 .018 .14
Ch is ian/Jeho ah’s
Wi nesses/O he 52 12.7 10 16.4 42 12.1
None 48 11.7 13 21.3 35 10.1
Employed
No 344 84.1 49 80.3 295 84.8 .766 .381
Yes 65 15.2 12 19.7 53 15.2
Couple ela ionship
No 283 69.2 45 73.8 238 68.4 .705 .401
Yes 126 30.8 16 26.2 110 31.6
Table 2
Subs ance use and suicidal idea ion
Suicidal idea ion
To al Yes No
(n = 409) (n = 61) (n = 348)
n % n % n % χ² p C ame ’s V
Alcohol Use
No 193 47.2 24 39.3 169 48.6 1.777 .183
Yes 216 52.8 37 60.7 179 51.4
Tobacco Use
No 268 65.5 29 47.5 239 68.7 10.265 .001 .16
Yes 141 34.5 32 52.5 109 31.3
Illegal d ug use
No 354 86.6 44 72.1 310 89.1 12.811 < .001 .18
Yes 55 13.4 17 27.9 38 10.9
D ug used
Ma ihuana 44 80.0 13 76.5 31 81.6 .192 .662
Cocaine/Sol en /He oin 11 20.0 4 23.5 7 18.4
Dep ession, nega i e hough s, and suicidal idea ion
7Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
ound wi h ha ing su e ed anxie y in he pas six mon hs
(χ2 = 24.888; p < .001; V = .25), high dep essi e symp-
oms (χ2 = 127.907; p < .001; V = .56), au oma ic nega i e
hough s (χ2 = 129.474; p < .001; V = .56), and suicide
a emp s (χ2 = 51.444; p < .001; V = .36).
As o he ela ionship be ween he p esence o
suicidal idea ion and he mean sco es ob ained in he
CESD-R (dep ession) and he ATQ-30 (au oma ic nega-
i e hough s), signi ican ly highe sco es we e ob ained
( = 11.082; p < .001; d = 1.73) in dep ession (59.9 s.
24.7) and au oma ic nega i e hough s (47.9 s. 11.7; =
9.142; p < .001; d = 1.54) among hose who epo ed suicid-
al idea ion (Figu e 1).
The esul s o he logis ic eg ession analyses pe o med
o iden i y he a iables ha de e mined a g ea e isk o
p esen ing suicidal idea ion (Table 4) show ha being a gi l
(OR = 2.55, 95% CI [1.02, 6.38]); using d ugs (OR = 3.44,
95% CI [1.23, 9.57]); p esen ing symp oms o dep ession
(OR = 4.37, 95% CI [1.68, 11.36]); ha ing au oma ic nega-
i e hough s (OR = 6.03, 95% CI [2.40, 15.10]); and ha ing
a emp ed suicide (OR = 22.66, 95% CI [1.58, 325.29]) in-
c eased he p obabili y o p esen ing suicidal ideas.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The main objec i e o his esea ch was o analyze he a i-
ables associa ed wi h suicidal idea ion among eenage high
school s uden s, as well as o obse e he p edic i e powe
o dep essi e symp oms and au oma ic nega i e hough s.
I was ound ha he p esence o dep essi e symp oms was
simila (13.4%) o ha epo ed by o he s udies wi h simi-
la samples, which also used he CESD-R scale, in which a
p e alence be ween 14.5% (González-Fo eza e al., 2011)
and 15.5% (Vey ia e al., 2012) was ound. The small di -
e ence ound may be because he age ange and me hodol-
ogy used we e di e en . Mo eo e , as in p e ious s udies
(González-Fo eza, He mosillo de la To e, Vacio-Mu o,
Pe al a, & Wagne , 2015), he p opo ion o cases wi h high
Table 3
Psychological a iables and suicidal idea ion
Suicidal idea ion
To al
(n = 409)
Yes
(n = 61)
No
(n = 348)
n % n % n % χ² p C ame ’s V
Feel anguish
No 133 32.5 3 4.9 130 37.4 24.888 < .001 .25
Yes 276 67.5 58 95.1 218 62.6
Dep ession
No 354 86.6 25 41.0 329 94.5 127.907 < .001 .56
Yes 55 13.4 36 59.0 19 5.5
Au oma ic hough s
No 343 83.9 21 34.4 322 92.5 129.474 < .001 .56
Yes 66 16.1 40 65.6 26 7.5
Suicide a emp s
No 398 97.3 51 83.6 347 99.7 51.444 < .001 .36
Yes 11 2.7 10 16.4 1 .3
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
59.9
24.7
47.9
11.7
Wi h suicidal idea ion
Wi hou suicidal idea ion
Dep ession Nega i e hough s
Figu e 1. A e age sco es o dep ession, au oma ic nega i e
hough s, and suicidal idea ion.
Table 4
Suicidal idea ion p edic o s
B Wald p OR CI 95%
Sex ( emale) .94 3.99 .046 2.55 1.02 - 6.38
Illegal d ug use 1.23 5.58 .018 3.44 1.23 - 9.57
Wi h dep ession
symp oms 1.47 9.13 .003 4.37 1.68 - 11.36
Nega i e au oma ic
hough s 1.80 14.68 < .001 6.03 2.40 - 15.10
Suicide a emp s 3.12 5.27 .022 22.66 1.58 - 325.29

Secundino-Guada ama e al.
Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
8
dep essi e symp oms is g ea e among gi ls (81.8%). Like-
wise, ega ding he p e alence o he p esence o au oma ic
nega i e hough s (16.1%), in ou s udy, gi ls showed he
highes p e alence (75.8%) o au oma ic nega i e hough s
(such as I’m no good, no-one unde s ands me, I wish I we e
a be e pe son, I wonde why I am ne e success ul, I am
e y weak). This concu s wi h he s udies by Gómez-Ma -
que (2007), in which i was obse ed ha women expe i-
ence nega i e and ca as ophic ideas mo e equen ly han
men, and by Cal e e (2005), in which i was obse ed ha
women, unlike men, a e mo e likely o p esen in e nalizing
p oblems, wi h a p edominance o nega i e sel -dialogue,
mainly including hough s ha exp ess a nega i e ision o
hemsel es, sel -blame, and ejec ion.
In he li e a u e he e is a p e alence o suicidal ide-
a ion anging be ween he 9.9% ound by dos San os, Ma -
con, Espinosa, Bap is a, & Paulo (2017) in B azil, wi h
uni e si y adolescen s and young adul s, and he 55.4%
epo ed by Cas o-Díaz e al. (2013) in Colombia. In e -
media e p e alence a es we e epo ed by Pe ei a and Ca -
doso (2015) wi h uni e si y s uden s om Po ugal (12.6%)
and by Fonseca-Ped e o e al. (2018) in Spain (32.3%). In
ou s udy, he p e alence o suicidal idea ion was 14.9%.
The disc epancies in p e alence a es ound may be be-
cause a ange o ins umen s we e used o de e mine his
p oblem, as well as he di e en cha ac e is ics and speci ic
condi ions p esen ed by each sample analyzed in he a i-
ous coun ies. I should also be no ed ha in his s udy an
associa ion was ound be ween suicidal idea ion and sex,
since being a woman inc eases he p obabili y o p esen -
ing suicidal ideas almos h ee old. These di e ences a e
linked, among o he aspec s, o he g ea e di icul y on he
pa o males in admi ing ha hey ha e a p oblem and ask-
ing o help in si ua ions o emo ional dis ess and engaging
mo e equen ly in suicidal beha io s (Mölle -Leimkühle ,
2003), unlike women, who ha e a highe isk o suicidal
idea ion han men (Fonseca-Ped e o e al., 2018; Gabilondo
e al., 2007; Siaba o Macias & Salamanca Cama go, 2015;
Sil a e al., 2017). Likewise, om he 61 adolescen s who
epo ed ha ing suicidal idea ion, 11 had al eady a emp ed
suicide, mainly gi ls (10 s. 1). This aspec concu s wi h
he indings o some s udies ha indica e ha bo h suicidal
idea ion and suicide a emp s a e mo e common in women
(Cal o, Sánchez, & Tejada, 2003; Siaba o Macias & Sala-
manca Cama go, 2015). These di e ences may be due o
he p edominance in women o emo ional a iables such
as dep ession, di e ences in he exp ession o psychologi-
cal dis ess, and he way hey cope, compa ed o men, wi h
ad e si ies wi hin he con ex in which hey de elop, be-
cause coping is mo e cogni i e and emo ional. Likewise,
he esul s o his esea ch e eal ha i he e is a his o y o
suicide a emp s, he p obabili y o ha ing suicide plans o
ideas inc eases mo e han wen y- wo imes. This is, he e-
o e, he main p edic o o he isk o suicidal idea ion. This
da a is linked o he ac ha women engage in mo e suicide
a emp s (de la Peña, 2017), which a e mo e a c y o help
and i means hey can be escued. Howe e , i he igge
ac o emains, so will he idea o a emp ing suicide.
A he same ime, li ing in an uns able amily nu-
cleus o ha ing sepa a ed pa en s has been ega ded as a
isk ac o o de eloping suicidal ideas and beha io s
(Pé ez-P ada, Ma ínez-Baque o, Vianchá-Pinzón, & A en-
daño-P ie o, 2017). This esea ch ea i ms he abo e since
an associa ion was obse ed be ween he eme gence o sui-
cidal ideas and he ac o adolescen s ha ing sepa a ed o
di o ced pa en s.
As o eligion, he e is an associa ion be ween p o-
essing Ca holicism and he p esence o suicidal idea ion,
since 62.3% o hose who p esen suicidal idea ion say hey
p ac ice his eligion. This da a appea s o con adic s udies
conduc ed in Mexico and o he coun ies, which unde line
he ac ha p ac icing a eligion is a p o ec i e ac o ha
will con ibu e o emo ional well-being (dos San os e al.,
2017; Talia e o, Rienzo, Pigg, Mille , & Dodd, 2009). In
La in Ame ica, especially, he Ch is ian-Ca holic eligion
ega ds suicide and i s de i a i es (suicidal beha io and
idea ion) as a mo al sin, a shame ul and unwo hy ac ,
which educes suicide a emp s (Ba ei a, 2017; Balles-
e os e al., 2010; He nández-B ingas & Flo es-A enales,
2011). In a me a-analysis pe o med by Wu, Wang, and Jia
(2015), a p o ec i e e ec o eligiosi y was ound agains
comple ed suicide, especially among he elde ly popula ion.
Howe e , his e ec a ied acco ding o he cul u al and e-
ligious con ex . Pe haps a ele an aspec o in es iga e in
his con ex is whe he his p o ec i e ac o occu s ac oss
all age g oups, since we a e alking abou a s udy conduc ed
on adolescen s h ough an anonymous su ey. Mo eo e ,
eligion may p o ec agains suicidal beha io bu s ill i
ails o inhibi co e aspec s such as suicidal hough s.
Likewise, he use o psychoac i e subs ances such as
obacco and illegal d ugs may pose a signi ican isk o he
de elopmen o suicidal ideas. This esea ch shows a clea
ela ionship be ween he use o hese subs ances and suicid-
al idea ion. In his ega d, p e ious esea ch has analyzed
he e ec o nico ine in ela ion o he eme gence o suicid-
al hough s, inding ha i no only leads o he eme gence
o hese ideas, bu also o a g ea e endency o engage in
suicidal beha io s (Cas o-Díaz e al., 2013; Kenny, File,
& Ra ay, 2001; Sil a e al., 2017), while d ug use leads o
suicidal idea ion and unplanned suicide a emp s (Siaba o
Macias & Salamanca Cama go, 2015). Ou esea ch high-
ligh s he ac ha using illegal d ugs inc eases he p obabil-
i y o de eloping ideas abou suicide nea ly ou old.
A he same ime, dep ession was signi ican ly associa -
ed wi h suicidal idea ion, wi h he isk o de eloping ideas o
plans o commi suicide inc easing nea ly ou old i dep es-
si e symp oms we e p esen . Some s udies epo ha his
diso de is he one mos associa ed wi h suicide and one o
Dep ession, nega i e hough s, and suicidal idea ion
9Salud Men al, Vol. 44, Issue 1, Janua y-Feb ua y 2021
he main isk ac o s o suicidal beha io . I has been a gued
ha , in hese cases, suicide appea s o be he only solu ion
o his diso de (dos San os e al., 2017; Cas o-Díaz e al.,
2013; Siaba o Macias & Salamanca Cama go, 2015; Sil a e
al., 2017). An impo an pa o he main enance o his pa-
hology a e nega i e au oma ic hough s (Es é ez & Cal e e,
2009), which we e independen ly associa ed wi h suicidal
idea ion, and whose p esence inc eased he p obabili y o
de eloping idea ion six old. The esul s o his s udy he e-
o e show ha dep ession symp oms and au oma ic nega i e
hough s p edic he eme gence o suicidal ideas.
The limi a ions ha may a ec his ype o s udy mus be
conside ed, because he ac ha i is c oss-sec ional makes
i impossible o e i y he ime ela ionship be ween cause
and e ec . A he same ime, since he sample analyzed only
included adolescen s uden s om a public high school, he
esul s a e no gene alizable o adolescen s om he gene al
popula ion o o s uden s a p i a e schools. I should be
no ed ha his esea ch has also impo an s eng hs, since i
e alua es he p e alence o au oma ic nega i e hough s in
adolescen s and is he i s s udy o da e o analyze he asso-
cia ion be ween dep ession symp oms, au oma ic nega i e
hough s, and he p esence o suicidal idea ion in adolescen
s uden s. I also p o ides in o ma ion on isk ac o s, which
allows o a b oade iew o his p oblem.
The da a ob ained in his s udy sugges ha suicidal
idea ion is a phenomenon in ol ing mul iple isk ac o s
ha in e ac in a complex way. Since one o he main sui-
cide p e en ion s a egies is he iden i ica ion o indi iduals
wi h isk ac o s, immedia e ac ions a e equi ed, o which
i is ecommended ha p o essionals conside he ac ha
adolescen s equi e p e en i e ca e om an ea ly age. The
de elopmen o a dep essi e diso de should be a oided in
he i s ins ance h ough he imely iden i ica ion o symp-
oms, which, oge he wi h nega i e au oma ic hough s,
may in luence he eme gence o suicidal ideas. Fu u e s ud-
ies wi h la ge samples ‒including s uden s om public and
p i a e schools om di e en s a es‒, and he use o longi-
udinal da a collec ion me hods ha will make i possible
o es ablish causali y, should be conduc ed o explo e his
public heal h issue in g ea e dep h.
Funding
None.
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e hey ha e no con lic s o in e es .
Acknowledgemen s
This a icle has been p oduced wi hin he amewo k o a mas e ’s
schola ship inanced by he Na ional Council o Science and Tech-
nology (CONACYT). We a e g a e ul o he high school in Toluca,
Mexico S a e, and i s s uden s o hei willingness o answe he
ques ionnai e and o he headmas e , counsello s, and eache s o
allowing us o con ac hei s uden s.
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