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Ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo p o o yping o a single-ended hea y ion
ToF-ERDA acili y
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
Published e sion
Ta ainen, Olli; Kal as, Taneli; Toi anen, Ville; Kosonen, Sami; Koi is o, Hannu;
Hill, Cli e; Bainb idge, Alex; Hin on, Alex; Shephe d, Ben; Fai clo h, Dan
Ta ainen, O., Kal as, T., Toi anen, V., Kosonen, S., Koi is o, H., Hill, C., Bainb idge, A., Hin on,
A., Shephe d, B., & Fai clo h, D. (2023). Ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo p o o yping
o a single-ended hea y ion ToF-ERDA acili y. Nuclea Ins umen s and Me hods in Physics
Resea ch. Sec ion B : Beam In e ac ions wi h Ma e ials and A oms, 538, 110-114.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.nimb.2023.02.035
2023
Nuclea Ins umen s and Me hods in Physics Resea ch B 538 (2023) 110–114
A ailable online 7 Ma ch 2023
0168-583X/© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Nuclea Ins . and Me hods in Physics Resea ch, B
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/nimb
Ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo p o o yping o a single-ended
hea y ion ToF-ERDA acili y
Olli Ta ainen a,∗, Taneli Kal as b, Ville Toi anen b, Sami Kosonen b, Hannu Koi is ob, Cli e Hill c,
Alex Bainb idge d, Alex Hin on d, Ben Shephe d d, Dan Fai clo h a
aUK Resea ch and Inno a ion, Science and Technology Facili ies Council, Ru he o d Apple on Labo a o y, ISIS Neu on and Muon Sou ce, Ha well, OX110QX, UK
bAccele a o Labo a o y, Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, FI-40014, Finland
cUK Resea ch and Inno a ion, Science and Technology Facili ies Council, Da esbu y Labo a o y, Technology Depa men , Wa ing on, WA44AD, UK
dUK Resea ch and Inno a ion, Science and Technology Facili ies Council, Da esbu y Labo a o y, ASTeC, Wa ing on, WA44AD, UK
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Time-o - ligh elas ic ecoil de ec ion analysis
Elec on cyclo on esonance ion sou ce
Low ene gy beam anspo
ABSTRACT
We p esen he s a us o he ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo p o o yping ac i i ies o a hea y ion
ime-o - ligh elas ic ecoil de ec ion analysis (ToF-ERDA) equipmen , designed o accele a e a lux o 1–10
pa icle nano-Ampe e o 40A 6-12+ ions o 3–6 MeV ene gy o dep h p o iling o ligh elemen s. The p o o ype
injec o consis s o a no el pe manen magne elec on cyclo on esonance ion sou ce CUBE-ECRIS wi h a
minimum-B quad upole ield opology, and a 90°pe manen magne dipole wi h adjus able ield s eng h o
cha ge s a e selec ion. We epo expe imen ally measu ed a gon beam cu en s as a unc ion o he applied
mic owa e powe and ion sou ce po en ial o demons a e he easibili y o he CUBE-ECRIS as an injec o o
a single-ended ToF-ERDA acili y wi h he ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo on a 500 kV pla o m
wi hou SF6elec ical insula ion. Finally, we p esen he design and ield measu emen esul s o he dipole
magne p o o ype.
1. In oduc ion
Time-o -Fligh Elas ic Recoil De ec ion Analysis (ToF-ERDA) acili-
ies ypically ely on nega i e ion sou ces and la ge andem accele a o s
o achie e he ele an ion ene gies. The easibili y o low-ene gy
ERDA and he implica ions o <10 MeV beam ene gies on he de ec o
elescope design ha e been i s discussed in Re s. [1,2]. Julin e al.
ha e ecen ly p oposed a compac , la ge solid angle low ene gy ERDA
spec ome e design, suppo ed by Mon e Ca lo simula ions and p oo -
o -concep expe imen s, sui able o inciden beams wi h masses o
35–40 amu (e.g. 40A ) a 3–6 MeV ene gies [3]. The p oposed design
alle ia es he accele a o equi emen s, which makes ligh elemen
ToF-ERDA accessible o la ge use base.
We epo ion sou ce and low ene gy beam anspo ac i i ies
aiming a he ealisa ion o he single-ended ToF-ERDA acili y u ilising
he abo e de ec o design. The concep shown schema ically in Fig. 1
is based on a no el high cha ge s a e ECR ion sou ce, CUBE-ECRIS [4],
and a low ene gy beam anspo wi h elec os a ic ocusing elemen s
coupled wi h an adjus able ield pe manen magne 𝑚∕𝑞-sepa a o , on
an ai -insula ed 500 kV pla o m. The bene i s o e he nega i e ion
sou ce — andem accele a o scheme (also shown schema ically in
Fig. 1) a e: inc eased eliabili y o he ion sou ce, educed ope a ional
∗Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (O. Ta ainen).
e o and main enance, lack o SF6elec ical insula ion and smalle
labo a o y oo p in in compa ison o mos andem- ype accele a o s.
The p o o yping ac i i ies ha e been ca ied ou o suppo he
planning o he UK Na ional Thin Film Deposi ion and Cha ac e isa ion
Cen e (led by Da esbu y Labo a o y) and o scope an ex ension o
he ma e ials cha ac e isa ion capabili ies a ISIS Neu on and Muon
Sou ce (a Ru he o d Apple on Labo a o y). The p oposed concep is
in ended o complemen he a senal o quan i a i e cha ac e isa ion
me hods a ailable o use s by allowing he measu emen o elemen al
dep h p o iles o hin ilms con aining ligh elemen s, mos impo an ly
hyd ogen and deu e ium.
2. CUBE-ECRIS
The main bene i o he no el pe manen magne CUBE-ECR ion
sou ce, shown in Fig. 2, is he simpli ied magne con igu a ion equi -
ing less pe manen magne ma e ial (NdFeB-N45H) in compa ison o
con en ional >10 GHz ECR ion sou ces. The physics design and i s
esul s, e.g. a gon cha ge s a e dis ibu ions, ob ained wi h he ion
sou ce ha e been epo ed elsewhe e [5] wi h he da a a ailable in
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.nimb.2023.02.035
Recei ed 12 Oc obe 2022; Recei ed in e ised o m 27 Janua y 2023; Accep ed 24 Feb ua y 2023
Nuclea Ins . and Me hods in Physics Resea ch, B 538 (2023) 110–114
111
O. Ta ainen e al.
Fig. 1. Compa ison o he ToF-ERDA concep s based on (a) nega i e ion sou ce and andem- ype accele a o and (b) single-ended accele a o wi h a high cha ge s a e posi i e
ion sou ce on a high ol age pla o m.
Fig. 2. A 3D model (le ) and a pho o ( igh ) o he CUBE-ECRIS es s and. The main componen s o he sys em include he CUBE-ECRIS ion sou ce (1), a quad upole double
o beam ocusing (2), a 102°spec ome e magne o 𝑚∕𝑞sepa a ion o ion beams (3), a Fa aday cup o beam cu en measu emen s (4) and an Allison- ype emi ance scanne
o beam quali y s udies (5).
Fig. 3. The cu en s o (a) 40A 6+, (b) 40A 8+ and (c) 40A 10+ ion beams, ex ac ed om he CUBE-ECRIS (8 mm ound ex ac ion ape u e) as a unc ion o he applied mic owa e
powe a 10.47 GHz wi h 10 kV sou ce po en ial. The 10 pnA uppe limi o IBA- ele an pa icle lux is ma ked in (c) wi h a dashed line.
open access eposi o y [6]. Figs. 3 and 4show he beam cu en s o
a gon cha ge s a es 6+, 8+ and 10+ as a unc ion o he mic owa e
powe (10 kV sou ce po en ial) and sou ce po en ial (250 W mic owa e
powe ) demons a e ha 1–10 pnA (pa icle nano-Ampe e) ion luxes,
ele an o he IBA-applica ion, ha e been p oduced al eady in he
i s expe imen al campaign, using an 8 mm diame e ound ex ac ion
ape u e. A smalle beam spo size in he sca e ing plane is desi able
o he IBA-applica ion, which needs o be aken in o accoun in he
design o he accele a ing column and high ene gy beamline. One
possibili y o limi he beam size is o use collima o sli s, which
mo i a es u he inc ease o he high cha ge s a e ion beam in ensi ies
om he ion sou ce o main ain he desi ed lux a he a ge .
3. Pe manen magne dipole p o o ype
3.1. Physics design o he magne
The physics design o he adjus able ield pe manen magne dipole
o hea y ion 𝑚∕𝑞-sepa a ion was ca ied ou wi h Radia3D so -
wa e [7]. The design ook inspi a ion om he ZEPTO dipole mag-
ne [8], de eloped a Da esbu y Labo a o y o he elec on decele a o
o he p oposed Compac Linea Collide (CLIC). The hea y ion dipole
magne consis s o (i) magne ic s eel (AISI 1006) pole pieces, (ii)
4 mm hick pe manen magne (Neo em 712a, minimum 𝐵 o 1.29 T),
sandwiched be ween he pole pieces and (iii) magne ic s eel e u n yoke
Nuclea Ins . and Me hods in Physics Resea ch, B 538 (2023) 110–114
112
O. Ta ainen e al.
Fig. 4. The cu en s o (a) 40A 6+, (b) 40A 8+ and (c) 40A 10+ ion beams, ex ac ed om he CUBE-ECRIS (8 mm ound ex ac ion ape u e) as a unc ion o he ion sou ce po en ial
wi h 250 W mic owa e powe . The 10 pnA uppe limi o IBA- ele an pa icle lux is ma ked in (c) wi h a dashed line.
Fig. 5. (a) The Radia3D model o he pe manen magne dipole wi h he main pa s iden i ied. (b) The simula ed magne ic ield along he e e ence pa icle (beam) ajec o y
wi h h ee une magne posi ions.
spli in wo hal es wi h a 20 mm e ical gap ese ed o (i ) an 8.4 mm
hick pe manen magne ‘‘ une ca idge’’ mo ing in he ho izon al
di ec ion o adjus he magne ic ield in he pole gap. The une is
made o 12 pe manen magne (Neo em 712a) wedges. Fig. 5(a) shows
he compu a ional model o he magne wi h he main pa s labelled.
The main pa ame e s o he magne a e: 90°bending angle wi h a
adius o 400 mm, pole gap o 90 mm, adial wid h o he pole pieces
300 mm, en ance angle o 35°and pole ace shim angle o 30°. The
linea s oke o he une ca idge mo ion is 80 mm; a 0 mm ( ully
in) he une magne s align adially wi h he 60 mm hick e u n yoke
and a 80 mm ( ully ou ) hey a e well ou side he e u n yoke whe e
hei lux makes only a small con ibu ion o he ield in he pole gap.
The simula ed magne ic ield along he e e ence ajec o y is plo ed
in Fig. 5(b) o h ee une magne posi ions demons a ing he ield
adjus men ange and he ‘‘nominal design ield’’ wi h he une a
26 mm. The ield uni o mi y 𝛥𝐵
𝐵 adially ac oss he pole is expec ed o be
be e han 10−3in 80 mm wide a ea a ound he op ical axis (cen e o
he beam). This ield uni o mi y equi emen necessi a es spli ing he
pe manen magne s uc u e in h ee laye s (pole laye s and une ). The
magne ic ield simula ion o he physics design was done assuming he
pe manen magne ma e ial o ha e a emanence ield o 1.295 T, i.e.
he minimum o he chosen magne g ade, o accoun o he wo s case
scena io. Thus, we expec he ield o be up o 2.7% s onge in eali y
wi h nominal 𝐵 o 1.33 T.
The ange o he (design) magne ic ields allows anspo ing 40A
cha ge s a es om 6+ o 12+, ele an o he IBA applica ion, h ough
he dipole magne by adjus ing ei he he une posi ion (magne ic
ield) a cons an ion sou ce po en ial o he ion sou ce po en ial in he
ange o 8–13 kV. This is illus a ed in Fig. 6 showing he equi ed mag-
ne ic ield as a unc ion o he ion sou ce po en ial and he simula ed
uning ange o he dipole magne p o o ype. In he IBA-applica ion
he inal ene gy o he beam is de ined by he pla o m ol age and
he ion cha ge s a e, which implies ha he sou ce po en ial is a ee
pa ame e o selec ing he beam anspo ed h ough he magne .
Fig. 6. The equi ed magne ic ield o a gon cha ge s a es om 6+ o 12+ as a
unc ion o he ion sou ce po en ial. The uning ange o he dipole magne is indica ed
wi h he g ey box.
Mo eo e , since he ion sou ce po en ial can be adjus ed o op imise he
beam anspo h ough he magne , he mal managemen (magne ic
shun ma e ial o ac i e cooling) is no equi ed o compensa e o he
empe a u e-dependence o he pe manen magne emanence. Ins ead,
his will be achie ed wi h a eedback loop ine- uning he ion sou ce
po en ial based on Hall-p obe signal measu ing he magne ic ield in
he pole gap. We no e ha main aining a cons an beam ene gy a he
a ge equi es adjus ing he pla o m ol age acco dingly. The ene gy
esolu ion is de ined by he ( ms-) ipple o he pla o m high ol age
powe supply, which is ypically be e han 0.03% (as gi en by he
manu ac u e ), i.e. 150 V o 500 kV pla o m ol age.
Nuclea Ins . and Me hods in Physics Resea ch, B 538 (2023) 110–114
113
O. Ta ainen e al.
Fig. 7. The mechanical model o he pe manen magne dipole p o o ype. (a) The bo om hal pole magne s and he une magne s a e made isible. (b) The comple e assembly
model o he magne wi h he acuum chambe included. (c) A pho og aph o he magne in he ield measu emen ig wi h he Hall p obe eaching in o he pole gap om le .
3.2. Mechanical design o he magne
The mechanical design o he magne and i s assembly ooling was
ca ied ou by STFC’s Technology Depa men a Da esbu y Labo a o y.
The design is illus a ed in Fig. 7. The hin pe manen magne laye ,
made isible in Fig. 7(a) is made ou o 11 magne ic s eel sec o pla es
wi h he pe manen magne ma e ial glued on hem. The magne ised
sec o pla es a e ins alled (and bol ed o he e u n yoke) using bespoke
assembly ooling enabling o manage he a ac i e o ce be ween each
sec o and he s eel yoke. The une magne s o m a ‘‘mosaic pa e n’’
and a e glued in o ecesses and clamped be ween wo aluminium
pla es. The assembly is mi o ed abou he e ical midplane so ha
he inal magne assembly consis s o wo mechanically iden ical hal es
(as shown in Fig. 7(b)) wi h he magne isa ion ec o o he pe ma-
nen magne laye s adjacen o he pole pieces poin ing upwa ds. The
magne isa ion o he une magne s is in he opposi e di ec ion, hus
comple ing he loop o he magne ic lux along he C-shaped yoke. The
une ca idge is mo ed in/ou wi h a linea d i e. A pho og aph o he
assembled magne in he ield measu emen ig is shown in Fig. 7(c).
4. Magne ic ield measu emen s
Measu emen s o he magne we e conduc ed in he magne es
labo a o y a STFC Da esbu y Labo a o y, UK. All ield measu emen s
we e aken using a Senis 3MH6 eslame e equipped wi h a Senis
Type-C 3-axis Hall p obe. This p obe has a 30 ×30 μm ac i e a ea
in he e ical ield di ec ion and a 150 ×150 μm a ea in he ans-
e se and longi udinal di ec ions. This sys em is ac o y calib a ed and
manu ac u e a ed o be e han 0.01% accu acy, and au oma ically
co ec s o plana Hall e ec e o s. The measu emen a ea is clima e
con olled o <± 1 °C, and he p obe ea u es a empe a u e senso wi h
au oma ic compensa ion.
The p obe was moun ed on a igid aluminium a m a ached o
a compu e -con olled 3-axis mo ion sys em. The mo ion sys em uses
absolu e encode s wi h a epea abili y e o o <2 μm in he ans e se
and e ical di ec ions and <5 μm in he longi udinal di ec ion. The
angle o o a ion be ween he p obe and he magne axis is cu en ly
se manually and canno be gua an eed be e han 2°. The magne was
su eyed in o posi ion using lase acking o he alignmen iducials
ela i e o he mo ion sys em so ha he magne axes and mo ion
sys em axes a e well aligned. A each measu emen poin mo ion was
paused, co ec ed on o he encode , and 1000 lux densi y eadings
we e aken om he p obe a a 2 kHz sample a e whils s a iona y.
The mean eading o he lux densi y in each p obe axis is eco ded,
along wi h he s anda d de ia ion and p obe ip empe a u e.
Th ee ypes o measu emen s we e ca ied ou o benchma k he
simula ions agains he measu ed ield.
1. The e ical componen o he magne ic ield was measu ed a
he midplane o he pole gap a he cen e o he magne pole
piece as a unc ion o he une posi ion.
2. The e ical componen o he magne ic ield was measu ed
mo ing he p obe adially ±90 mm measu ed om he cen e
poin .
Fig. 8. The measu ed and simula ed magne ic ield in he pole gap cen e poin as
a unc ion o he une posi ion (0 mm is ully in). The simula ion was done o wo
pe manen magne emanence alues — minimum and nominal.
3. The magne ic ield componen s we e measu ed in he e ical
mid-plane o he magne in a 2D g id o 180 × 344 mm wi h 2 mm
s ep scanning om he inge ield o he magne in o he la
ield egion o he pole gap wi h di e en une posi ions.
This las measu emen was done in o de o model he beam anspo
in he en ance and exi o he magne a a la e s age, so he da a a e
no plo ed he e.
Fig. 8 shows he measu emen and simula ion o he magne ic ield
( e ical componen ) in he pole gap a he cen e o he pole. The
simula ion was done wi h wo pe manen magne emanence alues;
assuming he minimum emanence o 1.295 T (wo s case scena io) and
he nominal emanence o 1.33 T as pe he magne da a shee [9]. The
simula ion wi h he nominal emanence ma ches wi h he measu ed
ield wi h an accu acy be e han 0.5 mT ac oss he whole mo e-
men ange o he une whe eas he (wo s case) simula ion wi h
he minimum emanence p oduces 2–3% weake ield as expec ed. In
conclusion he measu emen alida es he magne design and he ield
adjus men ange as designed.
The ield da a ob ained in he adial scan a a ious une posi ions
is p esen ed and compa ed o he simula ion (wi h 𝐵 o 1.33 T) in
Fig. 9(a). He e he di ision o he magne ic s eel in Radia3D was
op imised o p oduce he co ec ield p o ile wi h su icien accu acy
in he olume occupied by he beam in easonable CPU ime. The
measu ed uni o mi y o he ield in he ±40 mm adial wid h a ound he
op ical axis is shown in Fig. 9(b). Two conclusions can be d awn; he
measu ed ield ma ches he simula ion and he uni o mi y o he ield
ac oss he pole sa is ies he speci ica ion o 𝛥𝐵
𝐵<10−3 ( adially) in he
egion ele an o beam anspo ega dless o he une posi ion. In
ac , he uni o mi y is be e in he expe imen han in he simula ion,
which is caused by he di ision o he magne ic s eel in Radia3D. The
small ipples in he 𝛥𝐵
𝐵da a a e caused by he Hall p obe accu acy being
close o he di e ence in he ield alues be ween he measu ed poin s.

Nuclea Ins . and Me hods in Physics Resea ch, B 538 (2023) 110–114
114
O. Ta ainen e al.
Fig. 9. (a) The measu ed and simula ed magne ic ield adially ac oss he pole wi h di e en une posi ions. (b) The measu ed uni o mi y o he ield, 𝛥𝐵
𝐵 adially ac oss he
pole wi h di e en une posi ions.
5. Ou look
The i s expe imen s wi h he CUBE-ECRIS ha e con i med ha
he equi ed beam cu en s ansla ing o pa icle luxes o 1–10 pnA
can be achie ed o a gon cha ge s a es om 6+ o 10+, ele an o
he IBA applica ion. The achie ed beam cu en and cha ge s a es a e
al eady highe han hose achie ed wi h o he ECR ion sou ces wi h
uncon en ional (simpli ied) B- ield opologies, i.e. he 6.4 GHz ARC-
ECRIS [10] wi h (elec omagne ) minimum-B quad upole s uc u e and
he 10 GHz PM ing ECRIS, PK-GANESA [11], p oducing cha ge s a es
up o A 6+ and A 3+, espec i ely.
The e a e appa en ways o imp o e he CUBE-ECRIS pe o mance
and each no only highe in ensi ies bu highe cha ge s a es as well.
These include using a sli ex ac ion ape u e (ins ead o he ound
ape u e applied he e), which ma ches he pa e n o he escaping
plasma lux. Wi h he sli we a e expec ing a ac o o i e imp o emen
in he beam cu en s o di e en cha ge s a es. Ano he me hod o
imp o e he pe o mance o he CUBE-ECRIS would be o inc ease he
mic owa e powe om 250 W as i is ob ious om Fig. 3 ha as i
s ands, he ion sou ce pe o mance is powe -limi ed.
A e expe imen s wi h he sli ex ac ion in he p esen es s and
se up we in end o change he elec omagne dipole o he p o o ype
pe manen magne dipole. The pe manen magne dipole is expec ed o
educe beam anspo losses as i has a wide pole gap o 90 mm s. he
elec omagne 70 mm pole gap. We plan o use he pe manen magne
dipole o demons a e he easibili y o he high cha ge s a e IBA-
concep wi h a gon and p obe a possible ex ension o hea ie elemen s
(k yp on and xenon). The pe manen magne ion sou ce and 𝑚∕𝑞-
sepa a ion allows minimising he powe consump ion o equipmen on
he 500 kV high ol age deck, which elaxes he echnical equi emen s
o he ancilla y equipmen , equi ed o ope a e he pla o m, in com-
pa ison o con en ional ECR ion sou ce and elec omagne ic sepa a ion
o he ions.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inan-
cial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o
in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k has been suppo ed by he STFC Ho izons P og amme:
in es iga ing solu ions o ne ze o and Academy o Finland P ojec
unding N:o 315855.
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