17
#04
Recommended ci a ion || COLMEIRO, José (2011): “Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain” [online
a icle], 452ºF. Elec onic jou nal o heo y o li e a u e and compa a i e li e a u e, 4, 17-34, [Consul ed on: dd/mm/aa], < h p://www.452 .com/index.
php/en/jose-colmei o.h ml >
Ilus a ion || Gab iel
A icle || Upon eques | Recei ed on: 21/11/2010 | Published on: 01/2011
License || C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Published -Noncomme cial-No De i a i e Wo ks 3.0 License
A NATION OF
GHOSTS?: HAUNTING,
HISTORICAL MEMORY
AND FORGETTING IN
POST-FRANCO SPAIN
José Colmei o
Uni e si y o Auckland
452ºF
18
Abs ac || This essay examines some o he c i ical and heo e ical app oaches in he a ea o
his o ical memo y and iden i y s udies ha ha e eme ged as a esponse o he con empo a y
cul u al challenges ha ha e esul ed om he social and poli ical ans o ma ions which ha e
aken place globally in he las decades. The essay na ows i s ocus o a case s udy o he ole o
his o ical memo y in he o ma ion o collec i e iden i ies in con empo a y Spain, in he a e ma h
o he dic a o ship and he subsequen poli ical ansi ion. This s udy explo es in pa icula he
use o he ope o haun ing ghos s in con empo a y Spanish li e a u e and cinema as sym oma ic
o m o spec ali y o he ep essed collec i e pas .
Key-wo ds || T ansi ion | His o ical memo y | Ghos s | Spain.
19
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
“The pas is ne e dead. In ac , i ’s no e en pas .”
William Faulkne
Requiem o a Nun
“El ol ido es una de las o mas de la memo ia”
Jo ge Luis Bo ges
0. Memo y and Iden i y: Some compa a i e heo e ical
pe spec i es
The s udy o memo y and collec i e iden i y o ma ion has become
a majo a ea o academic esea ch in ou days, cu ing ac oss he
bounda ies o long es ablished disciplines in Social Sciences and
A s and Le e s. Na a i es o memo y and collec i e iden i y, and he
academic discou ses ha examine hem and cons uc hem, ha e
expe ienced eno mous g ow h in ecen yea s, and no discipline in
he Humani ies, whe he cul u al an h opology, li e a u e, cinema,
his o y o poli ical science, has been impe ious o i s ad ance. As
in e disciplina i y, wi h he ad en o cul u al s udies, is as becoming
he no m a he han he excep ion in he dominan Anglo academic
wo ld, and gaining g ea e isibili y e e ywhe e, adi ional bounda ies
a e being ed awn, and he cons i u ion o disc ee ields o knowledge
is unde going an ex ensi e ans o ma ion. Pe haps a guably, some
o he mos inno a i e leading-edge esea ch in he Humani ies is
cu en ly aking place a he in e sec ions and ma gins o adi ional
disciplines and canons. The ield o Compa a i e Li e a u e, ounded
on he p inciples o in e disciplina i y and he c ossna ional s udy o
li e a u es, is po en ially well si ua ed o p o i om his pa adigma ic
shi , bu is also subjec o adical econ igu a ion, as he adi ional
heo e ical ce ain ies ha cons uc ed i s edi ice ha e been e oded
in ecen yea s (such as eu ocen ism, humanism, and uni e salism).
So how a e we o explain his unp eceden ed a en ion o he s udy
o memo y and iden i y in ou age? Wha app oaches has c i ical
heo y gene a ed o deal wi h hese issues, and wha a e he limi s,
possibili ies, and challenges o cul u al s udies in gene al, and
o li e a y s udies and compa a i e li e a u e in pa icula ? In he
ollowing pages, I will y o delimi some o he heo e ical ques ions
ha in o m he cu en deba es o memo y and collec i e iden i y,
and hei implica ions o he case s udy o con empo a y Spain.
Undoub edly, he changing pa adigms in cu en c i ical and li e a y
heo y ha e di ec ly in luenced he enewed a en ion o memo y
and collec i e iden i y s udies. Pos s uc u alis heo iza ions o
di e ence, a cen al concep in any mode n explo a ion o cul u al
iden i y, ha e adically eposi ioned he adi ional con igu a ions o
cen e and ma gins, and ha e ques ioned he exclusion/inclusion
20
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
dynamics in ol ed in canon o ma ion, while challenging he
philosophical ene s o Wes e n hough (De ida). These heo ies
ha e also p o ided he in ellec ual ools o decons uc ing pe asi e
dicho omies such as p esen /pas , p esence/absence, w i en/o al,
high/low, His o y/s o y ha ha e de ined adi ional ep esen a ion.
Challenging hose es ablished s uc u es o powe , he pos s uc u alis
c i ique o academic discou ses has e ocused he in e es owa ds
al e na i e con igu a ions on he ma gins o powe and adi ionally
ma ginalized o excluded s o ies om unde ep esen ed g oups, as
well as hei neglec ed memo ies and collec i e iden i ies. Simila ly,
he ecu ing pos mode n assessmen ha ou con empo a y global
cul u e su e s amnesia, and i s accompanying he o ic o mou ning
and obsession wi h he loss o iden i y, as seen in he pe asi e
signs o agmen a ion, dismembe men , simulac a, issu es and he
cul i a ion o nos algia, has eno a ed he in e es o he eco e y
o memo y and cul u al iden i y. In a lamen o e he disappea ance
o adi ional o ms o memo y in mode n socie ies, Pie e No a has
no ed ha “we speak so much o memo y because he e is so li le o i
le ” (7). And eas Huyssen has exp essed eloquen ly he pa adoxical
dynamics o memo y and o ge ing: “The sp ead o amnesia in ou
cul u e is ma ched by a elen less ascina ion wi h memo y and he
pas ” (254).
Likewise, pos colonial heo ies ha e ques ioned me opoli an
hegemony and cul u al homogenei y, while e ocusing he a en ion
o mul icul u alism and he cons uc ion o subal e n iden i ies
(Bhabha, Gaya i Spi ak). Feminism and quee s udies ha e
p o ided undamen al heo e ical insigh s in o he cons uc ion o
gende and sexual iden i ies and di e en p ocess o ememb ance
(Bu le ). Diaspo a and globaliza ion s udies ha e also ocused on he
ole o collec i e memo ies in he o ma ion o g oup iden i ies in a
cons an ly shi ing wo ld (Said, Cas ells, Ga cía Canclini). The s udy
o collec i e memo y ep esen s an al e na i e o o icial na ional
his o iog aphies, po en ially gi ing oice o he subjec s adi ionally
excluded om ep esen a ion, mino i y and subal e n g oups, on he
basis o cul u al con ingencies such as e hnici y, language, class,
gende and sexuali y, among o he s. In all hose a eas, econs uc ing
he his o ies o hose ma ginalized g oups and unde s anding he
o ma ion o collec i e iden i ies a e en e p ises ha need o be
unde aken hand in hand.
Memo y and collec i e iden i y ha e also become in ensely deba ed
opics in social discou ses and he mass media, as issues o cul u al
iden i y ha e equen ly ocused on he cons uc ion o cul u al
and his o ical memo ies. This has been pa icula ly he case in he
con ex o pos cold wa and pos dic a o ship socie ies in need o
eopen and in es iga e hei pas , which had been hea y gua ded
and ep essed, and he new challenges p o oked by he cu en s
21
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
o globaliza ion (Ba ahona De B i o e al. 2001; Waisman and Rein
2005; Ma ín-Es udillo and Robe o Ampue o 2008).
The appa en pa adox o he cu en “obsession wi h memo y”
(Huyssen) in ou o ge ul con empo a y socie ies needs o be pu
in he same con ex o he pa adigma ic shi s in cul u al s udies
men ioned abo e, and he ensuing double pa adox o he cen ali y o
ma ginali y and he ole o cul u al di e ence in iden i y o ma ion. My
hypo hesis is ha hese phenomena a e a e lec ion o he eno mous
social and his o ical changes ha ha e occu ed globally in he las
decades o he 20 h cen u y, and he cul u al anxie ies gene a ed by
he unleashing o he cu en s o globaliza ion and he esul ing ea
o collec i e o ge ing.
Se e al heo ies o memo y ha e become pa icula ly use ul o he
s udy o collec i e iden i y in cul u al s udies. I is wo h emembe ing
wo impo an aspec s o Mau ice Halbwachs’s classic heo y o
collec i e memo y, which, qui e i ingly coming om a sociologis ,
p i ileged he social dimension o ememb ance. On he one hand,
his concep ualiza ion o memo y as a social cons uc ion, wi h his
ene ha “indi iduals always use social amewo ks when hey
emembe ” (40). On he o he , his no ion ha he memo y o he
pas is a econs uc ion, mo e han a eco e y, eenac ed om he
p esen and always in o med by ha p esen : “E en a he momen
o ep oducing he pas ou imagina ion emains unde he in luence
o he p esen social milieu” (49). The pas is eco e ed om he
p esen , bu i is no simply pas , since he p ocess o eco e y o
he pas can ha e di ec and indi ec epe cussions o ac ions in
he p esen . Indeed, wha we e e o as collec i e memo y, many
imes is a p esen collec i e consciousness o he pas , a he han
pe sonally li ed memo ies. Thus o Sil ia Molloy, his o ical memo y
is “una base de sabe es agmen a ios compa idos po un g upo”
(257). Mo e ecen ly, he s udy o collec i e memo y in cul u al and
li e a y s udies has been ene gized by he wo k o his o ian Pie e
No a and his in luen ial heo y o lieux de mémoi e, as ma e ial,
symbolic, and unc ional “si es o memo y”. Acco ding o No a, in ou
mode n socie ies cha ac e ized by he p e alence o mass cul u e on
a global scale, memo y has ceased o ha e he adi ional channels
and unc ions o p emode n socie ies, in pa because i has been
eplaced by his o y. Ins ead, No a acknowledges “ he embodimen o
memo y in ce ain si es whe e a sense o his o ical con inui y pe sis s”
(No a 7). These new spaces o ememb ance a e lieux de mémoi e,
de ined by Da is and S a n as “‘places’ whe e memo ies con e ge,
condense, con lic , and de ine ela ionships be ween pas , p esen ,
and u u e” (Da is 3). Monumen s, museums, commemo a ions,
symbols, books, documen a ies, all can be conside ed collec i e
“si es o memo y”, and he meanings aking shape in hose si es
ha e po en ial impac in he o ma ion and consolida ion o mode n

22
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
collec i e iden i ies.
Wi hin pos s uc u alis and pos colonial cul u al s udies he e has
de eloped a c i ique o he adi ional emphasis on he eco e y
o he pas , as he essen ial elemen o collec i e iden i y. While
ecognizing he absolu e impo ance ha he gaps in he na a i es
o he pas be acknowledged, and silences be a icula ed, he e has
been a e ocusing om simple eco e y o ques ioning wha we do
collec i ely wi h ha pas , and how we y o deal, o no , wi h i . Fo
cul u al heo is S ua Hall, om a pos colonial iden i y pe spec i e,
he c ucial poin in ol es mo e han he ac ual eco e y o disco e y
he pas , ocusing mo e on how ha p ocess is unde aken, and how
hose na a i es a e e old o he in e es o he p esen (and u u e).
He sugges s ha cul u al p ac ices and na a i es o iden i y such as
li e a u e o cinema go beyond: “no he edisco e y bu he p oduc ion
o iden i y. No an iden i y g ounded in he a chaeology, bu in he e-
elling o he pas ” (224). The in e es lies in he ac ual p ocess o
econs uc ion o he pas , and he ensuing cons uc ion o collec i e
iden i ies. Mo e han simply iden i y unde s ood as “being”, which is a
basic and necessa y sense o iden i y, he aims o a cul u al iden i y
as he p ocess o “becoming”, hus challenging any p econs uc ed
o ecei ed no ions o iden i y. Jus like memo ies by de ini ion a e
no s able o ixed, bu always in a p ocess o econs uc ion, so
a e cul u al iden i ies, occu ing in a his o ical ame, and always
e ol ing. Thus, Hall’s concep o cul u al iden i y “is no a ixed
essence a all, lying unchanged ou side his o y and cul u e. I is no
some uni e sal and anscenden al spi i inside us on which his o y
has made no undamen al ma k. I is no once-and- o -all. I is no a
ixed o igin o which we can make some inal and absolu e Re u n”
(226). Hall ecognizes he dange s inhe en in any cul u al p ac ice
ha essen ializes he pas , as he my hical poin o o igin and e u n,
and i s e ishiza ion o he pas , ins ead unde lining he e ec o ou
con ex ual cul u al posi ionali y in ega ds o ha pas :
Cul u al iden i ies come om somewhe e, ha e his o ies. Bu like
e e y hing which is his o ical, hey unde go cons an ans o ma ion. Fa
om being e e nally ixed in some essen ialised pas , hey a e subjec
o he con inuous ‘play’ o his o y, cul u e and powe . Fa om being
g ounded in me e ‘ eco e y’ o he pas , which is wai ing o be ound,
and which when ound, will secu e ou sense o ou sel es in o e e ni y,
iden i ies a e he names we gi e o he di e en ways we a e posi ioned
by, and posi ion ou sel es wi hin, he na a i es o he pas . (225).
O he con empo a y c i ics ha e also no ed how collec i e memo y
and iden i y a e mu ually suppo i e cul u al cons uc ions ollowing
a con inuous p ocess o selec i ely o ge ing and emembe ing.
Unde his ligh , he cons uc ions o memo y and collec i e iden i y
ha e o be seen side by side. On a special issue o Rep esen a ions
on Memo y and His o y, Da is and S a n ha e no ed: “We can say
23
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
… ha iden i y depends on memo y, whe he we mean by ha a
co e sel ha emembe s i s ea lie s a es o , pos s uc u ally, he
na a i es ha cons uc (and decons uc ) iden i ies by compa ing
‘once upon a ime’ and ‘he e and now’” (4). Memo y s ands as he
ounding block o collec i e iden i y, as And eas Huyssen as no ed:
“Wi hou memo y, wi hou eading he aces o he pas , he e can be
no ecogni ion o di e ence (…), no ole ance o he ich complexi ies
and ins abili ies o pe sonal, cul u al, poli ical and na ional iden i ies”
(252). Memo y o ms he basis o a sense o cul u al collec i e
iden i y ma ked by hose con ingencies o di e ence such as class,
gende , language and e hnici y. The cons uc ion o na ional iden i ies
is di ec ly shaped by he ecollec ion o collec i e memo ies o a
common pas . As such, memo y has an impo an unc ion as a si e
o s uggle and esis ance o opp essed g oups (e hnic and linguis ic
mino i ies, poli ical dissiden s, women, exiles, mig an s, e c.) in hei
cons uc ion o al e na i e cul u al iden i ies, agains o icial na a i es
o he pas ha has excluded hem. These cul u al con ingencies
can, and o en do, c oss he geopoli ical na ional bounda ies, and
he e o e ansna ional communi ies a e o med. In addi ion, he new
o ces o globaliza ion and he ans o ma ion o ansna ional public
sphe es a e also in luencing he exis ing channels o ememb ance,
and he cons i u ion o collec i e iden i ies ha do no coincide wi h
he na ion-s a e (Assmann and Con ad).
1. Recons uc ing memo ies and iden i ies in mode n
Spain
En el ondo el ol ido es un g an simulac o
nadie sabe ni puede/ aunque quie a/ ol ida
un g an simulac o eple o de an asmas
Ma io Benede i
El ol ido es á lleno de memo ia
Agains his gene al backd op, I would like o ocus on he
in e ela ionship be ween he cons uc ion o his o ical memo y and
he cons i u ion o collec i e iden i ies in mode n Spain, a bo h he
na ion-s a e and sub-s a e le els, be o e an examina ion o cul u al
ep esen a ions in li e a u e and ilm. The poli ics o memo y (in i s
di e se mani es a ions as mou ning, nos algia, coun e -memo y, and
o ge ing) has become a si e o s uggle o cul u al de ini ion in Spain
in he long pe iod om dic a o ship o democ acy, and he cons uc ion
o memo y has played a key ole in he subsequen p ocess o
poli ical and cul u al decen aliza ion in pos -F anco Spain. In his
con ex , i is c ucial o examine how he p ocess o iden i y de ini ion
cons uc s, and is cons uc ed by, his o ical memo y. This issue is
pa icula ly ele an in ou day as Spain’s mode n ans o ma ion
24
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
and ecogni ion o i s plu ilingual and mul icul u al eali y has become
a pa icula case s udy o cen al ques ions abou he o ma ion o
mode n subjec i i y and he s uggle o cul u al sel - ep esen a ion
and sel -de ini ion. These changes ha e no escaped he a en ion
o o he na ions and communi ies s uggling o a i m hei cul u al
iden i ies, pa icula na ional mino i ies wi hou a s a e, such as he
Sco ish, Welsh o Flemish, and o he s in ol ed in he p ocess o
democ a ic ans o ma ion and mode niza ion, pa icula ly La in
Ame ica and Eas e n Eu ope. I is he case ha in ou pos -na ional
global se ing, communi ies lea n om each o he ’s pas s beyond he
limi s o he na ion, which adi ionally has been he p incipal channel
o collec i e memo y.
We can dis inguish h ee pa icula cul u al momen s in con empo a y
Spain ha ha e shaped he cons uc ion o memo y and collec i e
iden i y: he pos ci il wa dic a o ship, he democ a ic T ansi ion, and
he pos - ansi ion p ocess o Eu opean in eg a ion and globaliza ion.
Following he auma o he Spanish ci il wa (1936-1939) and i s
long a e ma h in he ep essi e egime o Gene al F anco, memo y
became a si e o ideological s uggle. Memo ies o he ci il wa we e
o icially ep essed, he wa was ew i en as a eligious C usade,
and his o ical memo y was subs i u ed by nos algia o a long los
impe ial pas , when no li e ally exiled, as hund eds o housands
died, we e imp isoned o disappea ed in he pos -wa diaspo a.
A uni ied Spanish na ional iden i y was imposed om abo e (one
cul u e, one language, one eligion), as di e en na ional iden i ies
om he pe iphe y (Basque, Ca alan and Galician in pa icula )
we e subjuga ed, cul u al igh s supp essed and censo ed by he
s a e appa a us. Rep essed his o ical memo y o med a as co pus
o opposi ional coun e -memo ies as o ms o cul u al esis ance
(pa icula ly in li e a u e, ilm and popula song) many o hem
p oduced clandes inely o om exile.
The poli ical T ansi ion om dic a o ship o democ acy in he 1970s
and ea ly 1980s luc ua ed be ween he a emp s o ecupe a e
his o ical memo y and he o icial poli ics o amnesia. The p ocess
o democ a iza ion, wi h he ecupe a ion o eedom, he eco e y o
e nacula ma ks o iden i y, and he uno icial es o a ion o ep essed
memo ies o he na ional pas , as e idenced in an a alanche
o memoi s, au obiog aphical no els, ilms, documen a ies, and
e isionis his o ical accoun s, pa adoxically coincides wi h he
o icial poli ics o collec i e o ge ing. The new p ojec o mode ni y
demanded he exo cism o he pas . The his o ically unp eceden ed
ans o ma ion o he Spanish poli ical sys em, cha ac e ized by a
consensual mul i-pa y ansi ion, a he han by e olu ion, coup
o wa , was p edica ed upon he “social con ac ” o he bu ial o
he pas --no eopening o old wounds and no ques ions asked.
Fundamen ally, his poli ical ans o ma ion ollowed he model o he
25
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
“ ansi ion as a ansac ion” be ween poli ical eli es. This nego ia ed
bu ial o he pas implica ed ha poli ical amnes y was hus p edica ed
upon his o ical amnesia. As a esul , he memo ies o he ci il wa
and o F anco’s legacy became a new cul u al aboo, and he e o e
acqui ed he spec al quali y o ghos s, no he e no he e. Na ional
iden i y became ain ed wi h sel -ques ioning and a gene al sense o
diso ien a ion. Simul aneously, he o icial silencing and o ge ing
o he na ional pas came wi h he a i ma ion o o he sub-s a e
iden i ies, hand in hand wi h he econs uc ion o hei pa icula
collec i e memo ies. The sho comings o he ansi ion and he
esul ing poli ical malaise gene a ed a sense o cul u al desencan o,
pa icula ly wi h he an i-F anco sec o s o he popula ion, ma ked by
he disillusion wi h he p agma ic ansac ional aspec o he ansi ion
and he gene al dissolu ion o collec i e hopes o he pas and he
o me uni y o he an i-F anco esis ance. Memo y e en ually came
o occupy a esidual space wi h a sense o nos algia o a u opian
u u e inde ini ely pos poned.
In spi e o he g and na a i e o he Spanish ansi ion as an
o e whelming success s o y, which in ac has become a ounda ional
my h o Spanish mode ni y1, he e a e some limi a ions inhe en
o he p ocess o Spanish democ acy which cul u al c i ics and
his o ians ha e no ed in hindsigh , in pa icula he way o dealing
wi h he pas , o pe haps, o no dealing wi h i 2. The poli ics o
memo y o he ansi ion has been epea edly desc ibed as he
e asu e and e adica ion o his o ical memo y, and he o ge ing
and silencing o he pas (Mo án 1991, Medina 2001, Colmei o
2005, Labanyi 2007). While ha pe cep ion is based on he o icial
“pac o o ge ing” b oke ed by he poli ical eli es and is in gene al
e ms accu a e, I would like o aise a ew poin s o conside a ion
o he ole o memo y du ing he T ansi ion. One is ha we should
ake in o accoun he asymme y o memo ies ac oss he na ional
geog aphy. The a ophy o memo y in he na ional poli ical discou se
was pa allel o he eco e y o his o ical memo y in he pe iphe ies
o he na ion-es a e, whe e local o ms o sub-s a e na ionalism
elied hea ily on a di e en collec i e memo y. A majo componen
o he ecogni ion o cul u al and e hnical di e ence o he so called
“his o ical na ionali ies” and hei demands o poli ical igh s was
his o ical memo y. The emphasis howe e was no in epa a ions o
backwa d-looking jus ice, bu in he es o a ion o p e- ci il wa local
ins i u ions o go e nmen , and S a ues o Au onomy o Ca alonia,
Basque Coun y and Galicia, which had been cu sho by F anco’s
up ising agains he Republic.
The second poin is ha memo y and o ge ing a e no a simple
ei he -o phenomenon, since memo y always necessa ily in ol es
o ge ing, and “ o ge ing is ull o memo y”, as he U uguayan poe
Ma io Benede i has exp essi ely s a ed (El ol ido es á lleno de
NOTES
1 | The Spanish Pa ilion a he
2010 Wo ld Expo in Shanghai
celeb a es spec acula ly
he na a i e o Spanish
mode niza ion as a esul o
he T ansi ion, conside ed “el
g an éxi o de España” by he
Spanish commissione Ma ía
Tena (Reinoso 2010).
2 | “La T ansición” has become
a g and na a i e in Lyo a d’s
sense. Cul u al c i ics ha e
ecen ly ques ioned he
unexamined assump ion o
he Spanish T ansi ion as a
“model” e e ing o i s lack
o closu e in dealing wi h he
pas as well as i s symbolic
de ici (see Ma ín-Es udillo and
Ampue o 2008).
32
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
epa a ion. The my hical igu e o Fede ico Ga cía Lo ca, a symbolic
na ional ma y o he Spanish ascis up ising, assassina ed in he
i s weeks o he ci il wa o his poli ical and sexual o ien a ion, and
s ill unaccoun ed o , is p o oundly symbolic. Like a ghos , Lo ca’s
shadow is a powe ul eminde o he unse led na u e o he collec i e
pas , s ill haun ing he p esen . In he same manne as he spec al
ep esen a ions o he pas in he li e a y and cinema ic wo ks seen
be o e, his shadow p ojec s he image o a na ion ull o ghos s, s ill
wai ing eco e y, esolu ion, and epa a ion.

33
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
Wo ks ci ed
ACEVEDO-MUÑOZ, E nes o R. “Ho o o Allego y: The O he s and i s Con ex ”
Con empo a y Spanish Cinema and Gen e. Jay Beck and Vicen e Rod íguez O ega (eds.).
anches e : Manches e UP, 2008. 202-218.
ANDRÉS DEL POZO, M. Na alia. “Dealing wi h an Uncom o able Rela i e: The Silen Mass
G a es in The O phanage”, Mo e han Though (Fall 2010). Web.
mo e han hough .communi y.o iceli e.com/MNa aliaAnd esdelPozo.aspx
ASSMANN, Aleida and Sebas ian CONRAD (eds.). Memo y in a Global Age. Discou ses,
P ac ices and T ajec o ies, Basings oke: Palg a e Macmillan, 2010.
BHABHA, Homi. The Loca ion o Cul u e. London: Rou ledge, 1994.
BRITO, Alexand a Ba ahona De, Ca men GONZÁLEZ ENRIQUEZ and Paloma AGUILAR
(eds.), The Poli ics o Memo y and Democ a iza ion. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2001.
BUTLER, Judi h. Gende T ouble. Nue a Yo k, Rou ledge, 1999.
COLMEIRO, José F. Memo ia his ó ica e iden idad cul u al: De la pos gue a a la
pos mode nidad. Ba celona: An h opos, 2005.
DAVIS, Na alie Zemon and Randolph STARN, “In oduc ion.” Rep esen a ions 26 (1989): 1-6.
DERRIDA, Jacques. Dissemina ion. Chicago: Uni e si y o Chicago P ess, 1981.
CASTELLS, Manuel. The In o ma ion Age: Economy, Socie y and Cul u e. Vol. 1 The Rise o
he Ne wo k Socie y. Vol 2. The Powe o Iden i y. Vol. 3 End o Millenium. Ox o d: Blackwell,
1997.
GARCÍA CANCLINI, Nés o . Consume s and Ci izens: Globaliza ion and Mul icul u al Con lic s.
Minneapolis; Uni e si y o Minneso a P ess, 2001.
HALBWACHS, Mau ice. On Collec i e Memo y. Chicago: U o Chicago P ess, 1992.
HALL, S ua . “Cul u al Iden i y And Diaspo a” Ru he o d, Johna han, ed. Iden i y:Communi y,
Cul u e, Di e ence. London: Law ence & Wisha , 1990, 222-237.
HUYSSEN, And eas. Twiligh Memo ies: Ma king Time in a Cul u e o Amnesia. New Yo k:
Rou ledge, 1995.
LABANYI, Jo. “In oduc ion: Engaging wi h Ghos s; o , Theo izing Cul u e in Mode n Spain.”
Cons uc ing Iden i y in Con empo a y Spain: Theo e ical Deba es and Cul u al P ac ice.
Ox o d: Ox o d UP, 2002. 1-14.
LABANYI, Jo. “Memo y and Mode ni y in Democ a ic Spain: The Di icul y o Coming o Te ms
wi h he Spanish Ci il Wa .” Poe ics Today 28.1 (2007): 89-116.
MARTÍN-ESTUDILLO, Luis and Robe o AMPUERO (eds). Pos -Au ho i a ian Cul u es. Spain
and La in Ame ica’s Sou he n Cone, Vande bil Uni e si y P ess, Nash ille, 2008.
MEDINA DOMÍNGUEZ, Albe o. Exo cismos de la memo ia. Polí icas y poé icas de la
melancolía en la España de la ansición. Mad id: Libe a ias, 2001.
MOLLOY, Syl ia. “Recue do, his o ia, icción” in Raquel Chang-Rod íguez and Gab iella de
Bee (eds.) La his o ia en la li e a u a ibe oame icana. Memo ias del XXVI Cong eso del
Ins i u o In e nacional de Li e a u a Ibe oame icana. New Yo k: The Ci y College o he Ci y o
New Yo k, 1984: 253-58.
MORÁN, G ego io. El p ecio de la ansición. Ba celona: Plane a, 1991.
NORA, Pie e. “Be ween Memo y and His o y: Les Lieux de Mémoi e” Rep esen a ions 26
(1989): 7-25.
RÁBADE VILLAR, Ma ía do Ceb ei o. “Spec es o he Na ion: Fo ms o Resis ance o Li e a y
Na ionalism.” Bulle in o Hispanic S udies 86.2 (2009): 231-47.
SAID, Edwa d W. Re lec ions on Exile and O he Essays. Camb idge: Ha a d Uni e si y
P ess, 2000.
34
A Na ion o Ghos s?: Haun ing, His o ical Memo y and Fo ge ing in Pos -F anco Spain - José Colmei o
452ºF. #04 (2011) 17-34.
SPIVAK, Gaya i Chak a o y. The Pos -Colonial C i ic: In e iews, S a egies, Dialogues, ed.
Sa ah Ha asym. London: Rou ledge, 1990.
WAISMAN, Ca los H. and Raanan Rein. Spanish and La in Ame ican T ansi ions o
Democ acy, B igh on: Sussex Academic P ess, 2005.