Mokslinio stiliaus morfologijos ypatybės

Audronė BITINIENĖ SCIENTIFIC STYLE MORPHOLOGY FEATURES Scientific style has not been thoroughly studied so far, because it was primarily concerned with terminology, its organization, the structure of scientific o ne style. Iš the functioning of the elements ir of the syntax of the real lexicon more clearly describes the specificity of the style than morphology. Therefore, it is often considered to be non-informatiji ve, unable to form a typical language (Mistrik, 1965, 44-45). However, the first statistical studies of morphological elements (of scientific fictional style, carried out by ir the author of this article (Pikčilingis, show that this language unit can differentiate 1971, 284—286), and integrate different ir varieties of common language. ir This article provides a full ne description of the morphological structure of scientific style, only a o few parameters of linguistic features that may depend on the influence of non-verbal linguistic factors. ir Differential power of parameters is particularly informative when comparing qualitatively different styles of — science ir fiction. Such a comparison is meaningful if the unit of analysis in the study of morphological structure is a text fragment, a sentence ne showing real distribution o of language parts. Since quantitative changes in linguistic characteristimą ir jų cs may depend on specific stylistic factors, the scientific style to take a thousand words) is stratified, i.e. (38,5 considered į p6stilius branch of ir science (direction). In the assignment of posts, the į functioning of specific texts in the sphere of researchers' activities, ir non-linguistic factors, the specificity of — the ir addressee-addressee — relationship are taken into account. What are these posts how do they ir differ? The theoretical postil texts are addressed to a qualified recipient (knowledge base of both participants in the communication act is almost identical), who is able to think in abstract categories, synthesize complex scientific ba information, creatively take over. nę ją The recipient as if identifies himself with su the recipient: transmits the most up-to-date o information, striving for objectivity, often polemizes su with specialists in ar the same neighboring field, expects ir adequate perception of the information provided. 11 The recipient of the educational post does not identify himself with the recipient – the knowledge base of both participants in the communication act differs. In this type of texts, special attention is paid to the recipient—- the recipient is interested in how the scientific information is remembered, i.e. he cares about feedback. Instructional texts contain less objective information, only the most relevant, corresponding to specific teaching goals, is didactically systematized. Statements are not tick proven or based on experimental results, as they are explained by examples, illustrations and other non-verbal elements of text organization. Special connecting structures emphasize the connection with individual parts of the text and thus activate the attention of the recipient. The recipient must remember not only the information, but also the form of its presentation. Therefore, there is an implicit interaction between the participants of the communication act. The recipient of a scientific methodical postil is a qualified specialist in one or another field, and the recipient is a specialist who practically tries to implement the latest, most appropriate scientific discoveries. The texts of this postil, based on specific scientific research or experiments, provide various recommendations (indicating the effective production technology, the most appropriate way of growing plants, animals, teaching method, etc.) for improving the performance of one or another field of science. In this postil texts, scientific information is conveyed in a more specific, less concentrated form. From the previously discussed, the popularization of science posture is fundamentally different. Its recipient — qualified specialist, 0 recipient — completely undefined (usually a specialist in another field or a subject without special education), therefore relevant, interesting scientific information is transmitted in an adapted, simple form: special scientific terms are avoided, specificity, persuasion, even individuality is sought. Alongside the function of message there is expressive, appealing (Župerka, 1983, 104). The constructive principle of science popularization postile is the — contamination of linguistic features of scientific, ir publicistic, everyday and even fictional style. In the ir works of Lithuanian language stylistics (Pikčilingis, Župerka, quite rightly recognizes only 1971; one direction of 1983) scientific style difference, distancing itself from scientific style variants, which are related to the specificity of a particular science and defined as “selection of tų language elements and their relations of the same 12 topic in those texts that are related to the specificity of a particular science”. (Amngpeen 1967, 27; Xopdman 1986). Such a scientific style: the division is not functional stylistic, because the complex of non-verbal factors determining the functional style and its postils is ignored, and only one — the content (thematic) factor is given priority. However, when studying scientific style by statistical methods, it is useful to make sure that texts of one scientific direction (branch) differ from texts of another scientific field, because even the researchers of functional styles constantly emphasize the existence of two poles of scientific disciplines — humanities and mathematics and technology (CerrxeBuu, 1976, 42; Galperin, 1977, 310). It seems that it is not appropriate to study texts of individual branches of science: at the moment, the prevailing tendency is not so much to differentiate the sciences as to integrate them, and therefore it is possible to limit oneself to the humanities, natural sciences and mathematics and technical sciences. First, we will discuss the functioning of the parts of speech (see Table 1). I Table 1. Frequency of speech parts. Functional Parts of speech style Z > m Z m m = g RE |B |B |Z = if Z| 3 | z |S | 23 |35 |%|3 22 b S = = = = £ 2 a 2 glE2]® = = = a) a Scientific| 40,0 | 12,51 2,71 6,9 | 18,11 6,3 | 38 | 76 | 1,9 - Threat | 29,8 | 5, 1,21 11,1 | 23,7] 79 | 66 | 89 | 4,8 0,2 In the scientific ir fiction style texts, nouns are the most iš commonly used of all parts of the language, but the distribution is not equal. The prevalence of nouns in scientific — style is a sign of nominative style. Even medium-length words in a 17—22 scientific style sentence can contain from to nouns 7 14 (such sentences constitute 41,6%). For example: : Classics of phonology (for example, Trubeckojus) were convinced that phonetics and phonology are ir completely independent branches of science (Gird, E, 14). The meaning of the verb is determined by the whole structure of the verb (the basis of the 13 verb, the formant specific ir jų relationship), highlighted by the verb’s position in the background su of the reference word (Urb, ZDT, Scientific style is 149). particularly important qualitative characteristics; the noun conveys them times more often than the be adjective used in the esthetic du style. je These two parts of the language increase the informativeness of the text, help convey factual information (T'aJibriepuun, 1981, 28). The prevalence ir of noun adjectives is associated su with a specific feature of scientific style: abstraction, — non-specific ir conciseness, — static. In the aesthetic style, the trends are opposite: a large verb * (and higher adverb) frequency indicates the dynamism of this type of texts, because the first place is occupied by description and reasoning, į characteristic of the scientific style, the ne narration of ar events, changes in the state of the characters, etc. o ir (personalized verb forms exist 66,5 %, in scientific style — 43,9 96). Therefore, we can say that the relevant linguistic feature of the scientific fiction style is the ratio of noun verbs in ir the text (substantiality coefficient — 2.2 — and 1.5). ir Differentiation of functional styles is made by pronouns. They are used less frequently in scientific, more often — in aesthetic style. This uneven distribution of gų pronouns is due to the different nature of the texts. In aesthetic style pronouns — substitutions of nouns (personal existence 63,2 %, scientific 31,2 %, demonstration — 30,5 % ir 23,5 %), scientific style aims at accuracy, therefore tends to repeat the very names of the concepts. Accuracy leads to a lower frequency of particles, objectivity to the elimination of emotional expressive parts of — speech. In aesthetic style, the predominance of compound prepositions is due to the fact that their main member is su usually a verb, which is less commonly used in scientific style. On the other hand, the greater frequency of compound prepositions in the scientific style is presupposed by a specific feature of the scientific style — abstractness, because “the meaning of prepositional constructions be is more concrete than the meanings of verbs” (Paulauskienė, 1994, 387). The differences in the frequency of other parts of speech are not so obvious and are probably due to the frequency of the correlating parts of speech. What effect does the internal differentiation of scientific style have on the functioning of speech parts? The frequency of nouns as a relevant scientific style mark depends little on the specialization of the postil (most nouns are present in texts of teaching postil in the direction of science 14 po — 42.2 9%) ar (differ only natural science texts — 42,1 %). Adjectives are even more stable, because the range of variation does not exceed even one percent. The frequency of pronouns differs mctodic texts in (4,5 96), which there is a tendency to repeat constantly the same names of concepts (no need). The be opposite trend is typical of humanitarian texts (pronouns 9,0 %). Jų the authors seek expression diversity, are looking for new shades of compound connection, highlighting (particles form 2,4 %). Lower nouns adjectives (36,3 %), (9,8 %0 frequency higher ir pronouns verbs (8,8 9%), (19,0 %), adverbs (7,7 96) ir even the comparative (3.7 %) part of particles in popular science texts shows that orientation of the unqualified addressee forms a peculiar į distribution of speech parts. In the following, we will examine the distribution of — the verbal tenses of nouns of two ir other parameters. 2 Table 1. Frequency of noun verbs wn «3 wn I] w ji = 8 < «© m I — § “2 =e € < The functional style z = = Z = = = 5 | | E i |“ | 2 Z = m= I] = x] v 2 > X Žž o = > A Scientific 27,2 | 41,7 „2 | 138 | 63 6,8 Threat 30, 26,8 | 29 |240 | 7,8 6,8 1,1 As can be seen, the scientific style of ir groZinj is differentiated by a peculiar structure of noun verbs. Cardiac constant, i.e. as an irrelevant characteristic, the local vowel, used equally in both functional styles, can be considered as an obvious relevant linguistic o characteristic. Nobleman's prevalence (together with the — denominator makes up even su 68,8 96) in scientific texts associated su with spe15 cifine style feature —abstraction: the attribute expressed by a noun is perceived not only as more independent, but also as more abstract than the attribute expressed by an adjective (with the main Word there is a mutual connection of concretization). In other words, the ability of a noun to join into derivatives of complex structure (often terms) depends on the frequency of the genitive, and partly on the utilitary (verbal nouns rule, especially in theoretical texts). In the aesthetic style, it is almost twice as common as in the scientific style. The frequency of this verb is undoubtedly linked to the already mentioned characteristic of the style – dynamism: the verb often correlates with the noun’s suffix, and partly also with the suffix. Therefore, a relevant linguistic feature that reveals the specificity of a fictional style is the frequency of the final. The systematic nature of both functional styles determines the distribution of the other verbs—noun, noun, and noun. The pronoun-verb nouns are evenly distributed not only in different postils, but also in texts of various sciences (in texts of humanities the pronoun is less — 38.4%). And the amplitude of the fluctuation of other phrases is statistically informative, but in practice only shows the possible variety of the creation of texts of scientific style. The theoretical texts contain fewer (10.5%), but more (30.0 96%) nouns in the noun verb. The frequency of the same verbs ko differentiates the humanistic texts: decreasing the frequency of the genitive (38.4 96), the frequency of the nominative (29.2%) and the adjective (15.9 96) increases. The fluctuation amplitude of verbs with a small comparative part — utilitar, inaginar — depends little on the influence of extralinguistic factors (fluctuation amplitude 0.8%). The structure of the frequency of verbs in popular science texts is not statistically informative: it differs essentially only in the genitive part of the iš (36,7 96), iš (28,8 %) frequency, o the distribution of other vowels is relatively constant. Consequentlir y, in this type of texts there is a prominent tendency to į stereotiping expression: ne three (as in aesthetic style), o two-verbal nouns make up the bulk of the text. The same stereotypical tendencies are observed when comparing the functioning of verb tenses (see table 3). 16 3 Table 1. Frequency of verb tenses || Functional Verb tenses style | FA | o | m | Current | Present tense Present tense | Future-ti- | me frequency Scientific 73,3 | 23,7 0,4 2,5 Beauty 27,4 62,5 3,6 | 6,5 It can be seen that the frequency of the verb tenses in the texts of both functional styles differs fundamentally, because the iš opposite tendencies of the present past tense use of the two main tenses are observed: in the scientific — style the ir present tense more than — three times exceeds the past past tense forms, in the artistic style the past tense is used more frequently. The present tense is used in scientific texts in generalizing sense (in the context of abstract nouns), 2,5 therefore the contradiction of abstractness and concreteness can be seen. In a scientific text it is important to record, to establish the existence of real phenomena, their relationships, processes or laws that are relevant not only to the recipient, but also to the recipient. For example: : Almost all ir cartilage fish live in the sea (Mač SG, 86). The system of language consists of rules and abstract elements (Gird F 71). In some sentences, the meaning of the present tense is completely lost, and the verb denotes a constant property of the subject (that meaning is very close to the meaning of adjectives or participles), e.g. : Albumins are soluble in water (Jas O Ch 65); Trees with dark bark are very hot from the sun (Dag AE 58); In the lungs, hemoglobin binds to oxygen <...> (Jas O Ch 202). The basis for creating an artistic image is not so much the present as past events (generalization into a specific image). The narrative, which is predominant in the fine style, assumes a directional change of all tenses of the verb, including the past tense. The frequency of the present tense does not depend at all on the posts forming the core of the scientific style, but fluctuates somewhat more in texts of different scientific directions, because in the introductory parts of natural science works and when describing experiments the past tense is somewhat more frequent (25,7 96, cf. present — 72,3 96). The frequency of the existing cardinal 17 time varies very slightly between the various postilla texts. Only in methodological texts the narrative of the course of theoretical experiments and the application of possible results in practice assumes a larger comparative part of this time. The future tense, being relatively evenly distributed in humanities and natural sciences texts, differentiates physics and mathematics texts. In argumentation and especially in the proof of theorems, a necessary element (in the tradition of this postil texts) is the future tense, e.g. : Now we will give a general definition of random size average. The mean of a random size <...>, defined in the probability space <...>, is called the integral <...> (Kub TTMS 165). Verb tenses differentiate popular science texts, because the predominant present tense (65,7 96), the less frequently used past tense (28.8%) and the relatively frequently occurring future tense form a peculiar structure, the parameters of which do not (5,3 96) intersect with the parameters of the use of stylistic tense. su Iš discussed parameters, it becomes clear that the morphological structure of functional styles (is not passive, as often thought) from the influence of nonverbal factors can differentiate different functional ir styles. O within the scientific style, most parameters fluctuate, but fall within the norms of scientific style. It would be inaccurate to say that the texts of different branches of science are written in a specific scientific style. The place of the science popularization post remains unclear, because the parameters under consideration fluctuate in one direction. Therefore, the popularising style of science can be examined separately, as having a slightly different structure at the level of interaction of various functional styles. Abbreviations Good morning. AE - Dagys J. Plant Ecology. — V.: Science, 1980. hear F — Girdenis A. Phonology. — V.: Science, 1981. Science fiction OCh - Jasinskas L. ir kt Organic Chemistry. — V.: Science, 1979. Kub TTMS - Kubilius J. Probability Theory ir Mathematical Statistics. — V.: Science, Urb ŽDT 1980. - Urbutis V. Theory of word formation. — V.: Science, 1978. Literature 1. Mistrik J. Slovenska stilistika. Bratislava: Slovene. ped. nakl-vo, 2. 1965. Paulauskienė A. Morphology of the Lithuanian language: Lectures for Lithuanianists. V.: Science ir encyclopedia, 3. Pikčilingis 1994. J. Lithuanian language stylistics. V.: Science, 1971. T. I. 4.A little bit of fun K. Lithuanian language stylistics. V.: Science, S. 1983. Auapeecs H. HIM. Cramicruxo-KoMOHHaTOpHbIė MCeTO/IbI B TEOPETHUCCKOM J TIpHKJIAJIHOM 5S3bIKO3HAHHMH. JL: Hey, 1967. 6. Xo dd man JI. Hayunsrii cT17b — COLBIOJIEKT — SI3LIKOBBIC 6apbepbi COIU1OJIMIH= rBugruueckKuli acriekT Hayunoli peun// Turrojiorist Tekcra B (DyHKIMOHaJIbHO I'm not sure. [lepms, 1990. C. 4-10. 7. CenkenBuy M. Il CriunicTHKa HayUHOIl peun H JHTEPATYPHOC pellakKTHpoO" part. M.: Boicurast urkojia, 1984. 8. Taxabmepine WM P. Teker Sister. 00BEKT BIHIBHCTHUCCKOTO HCCJIC/IOBalHDIS1, M.: Hayxa, 1981. 19