Kompiuterija ir jos pagrindiniai terminai

CONSIDERATIONS, PROPOSALS Angel COMPUTER AND ITS MAIN TERMS In one of the issues of “Lietuvos rytas” it was written that neither the recently published in Lithuania “Explanatory Dictionary of Computing” by K.V. Paulauskas and R. Jasinevičius, nor the somewhat later appeared explanatory dictionary “Informatics and Computer Equipment” prepared by V. Dagis, A. Klupšaitė and A. Žandaris have yet changed the everyday language of computer specialists and ordinary computer enthusiasts [1]. Of course, that has not changed yet and will hardly change soon. ir ar In general, the Lithuanian terminology of computer science, when compared with the terminology of other sciences, is created somewhat unusually. The first computational services in Lithuania were established around 1960, and by the end of 1969 there were already 200 computational offices, 30 computational stations, 11000 keyboard and 79 sets of punching calculating machines. Perforating computing complexes, powerful and fast electronic calculating machines with software control have been used in the computing centres for processing various information [2]. Along with the new computing technology, many new devices, devices, parts, their operational characteristics, work actions, which had to be named, appeared. Specialists faced with an obvious lack of Lithuanian computational technology terms. This gap was partially filled by the “Russian- -Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms” published in 1971, which for a long time was probably the only one in this field. In recent years, with the abundant flow of new computer concepts, about which even the specialists themselves often disagree, another problem arose, namely: which term to choose — the borrowed or the Lithuanian equivalent, or to use both in a mixture. This situation is shown by the terminology of the “Informatics” section of “Lietuvos rytas”, textbooks [3-5], and the latest computer dictionaries [6-7]. There are a lot of borrowed words, synonyms and variants. Thus, the present stage of computational 56 terminology is like the initial stage of its formation, the main features of which are synonymity and variantity. They are also partly determined by other languages. As stated in the appendix of the "Explanatory Dictionary of Computing" [7], in many scientific centers and laboratories, a number of the same or very similar concepts are created at the same time, but they are often named differently. Many synonymous terms in computer science are in English, because the countries that use this language are pioneers in computer science. On the other hand, the abundance of English synonyms is also determined by the fact that in England and the USA there are no state standardization institutions for the scientific and technical language [7]. Thus, the synonymy and variantity of the initial stage of the formation of Lithuanian computing terminology is a natural development of its development. Therefore, it is hardly necessary to be too upset or angry if in one dictionary for a set of data stored in an external memory, bearing a name, the terms file, file in another file, file [6], o — [). Only time will tell which of these iš synonymous terms will come into force. Consumers will be able to choose. But do ką when there is no iš ko choose when using foreign words, such as hosts, e.g. English. hosts, formatting, plg. English. formatting, ports, plg. English. port, router, plg. English. router, swapping, plg. English. swapping, etc. In this article I would like to ir discuss some of the options and discuss another computer term. 1. Computing Computing ar The term computer science is used ir to refer to the field of science and technology covering the design, manufacture, operation, etc. ir of computers. du — ir Which iš jų should I choose? It seems that the authors of the term computing added the French suffix to the English word computer -igue, commonly ri used to form adjectives, e.g. chimie (lit. chemija) — chimique (lit. cheminis), economics (lit. ekonomija) — économique (lit. economical, economical) ir etc. [8]. Some of these adjectives eventually became nouns in French, for example électronique (lit. elektronika), balistigue (lit. ballistics) ir etc. 57 From French, they have been translated into Lithuanian, Russian and other languages. In the textbook “Computer Science” [4] it is written that “the proposed term fits well with the whole system of analogous terms: technology, economics, computer science, mathematics, etc.” This statement should be questioned. First, the terms refer to Greek (fechnikos, economic (technē), mathēmatikē < mathēma) and Latin (informare) words, whose French equivalents are technique, économique, informatigue, mathēmatigue. Secondly, the French use the term science des ordinateurs [9] to refer to this field of science. In other words, we are creating a French term and, based on analogous, real-life names of scientific fields, we are trying to legalize it. iš In English, the terms used are computer science “computer science, i.e. branch of ir science and technology that studies electronic computing machines, the principles of jų their use" computing [10-12], "application of computers" [10]. In order to avoid the use of the word combination computer science technology, ir we could choose the term computing, e.g. or angl. engineering, pranc. Engineer [9], left. engineering. Therefore, the term computing should be given preference. 2. General computer terms There are many different types of computers, such as personal computers, desktop computers, and portable ar computers. Based on our terminology pioneer prof. ar According to S. Salkauskis, borrowing “is justified for terminology purposes primarily when the necessary term cannot be obtained either by adapting a word from the common language of the people, or by forming a new term by means of drill or deducing” in this case we can undoubtedly offer Lithuanian equivalents. In other words, the term personal computer is [13], borrowed from the Lithuanian personalas. In the English language, the term personal computer has two synonyms: personal computer ir private computer in [11], o French net trim ordinateur personnel, — ordinateur individuel ordinateur privé ir [9]. Instead of the term laptop, the term laptop computer should be 58 used. Personal computers include home computers, PCs, and laptops. English. home computer, french. ordinateur domestigue, desktop computers, pg. English. desktop computer, fr. ordinateur portable, portable computers, plg ang]. portable computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, pranc. laptop, etc. At the moment the participant is wearing, -a trying to replace three English words of different meanings. Iš The participle of the verb to carry, portable, might best -a correspond to the English word portable or the French word portatif. The English term /aptop computer would mean "a computer on your knees". Jį could be called a laptop. It is a separately powered laptop with a mass of 4-5 kg. Notebook computer is called a pocket computer. Notebook computer sinonimas yra hand-held computer[- 10]. In addition to the computers listed above, there are also the dlidfff, sometimes referred to as the universal computer, the mainframe computer, the embedded computer, the auxiliary computer, the satellite computer, the host computer, the master computer, the source computer, the slave computer, the interface computer, the target computer, the object computer, the control computer, the professional computer, the work-station, which is usually more powerful than a personal computer and is designed to automate a workstation. It is also called a workstation. Recently, a network computer has also appeared in the press. network computer. 3. Terms for computer devices Many other devices, called sensor devices, are usually associated with the computer. English. peripheral device, peripheral, pranc. dispositif periphérique. 3.1. They include a printer, e.g. printer, a scanner, e.g. scanner, and a reader, e.g. reader, a lecteur, a plotter, a keyboard, e.g. keyboard, a mouse, e.g. mouse, a souris, etc. Printers are needle-driven, plg. English. dot-matrix printer, stylus 59 printer, wire printer, drum, plg. English. barrel printer, drum printer, electric thermal, plg. English. electrothermal printer, electrographic, plg. French. imprimante člectrographigue, electrostatic, plg. English. electrostatic printer, rear, plg. French. imprimante terminale, striped, plg. English. band printer, laser, plg. English. laser printer, matriciniai, plg. English. matrix printer, non-contact, plg. English. non-impact printer, inkjet, plg. English. ink-jet printer, contact, plg. English. impact printer, thermal, plg. English. thermal printer, leaflets (or printers su “chamomil- [3)), e” plg. angl daisy-wheel printer, petal printer, pranc. imprimante a marguerite, imprimante d rosace, spartieji, plg. French. Fast printer, kt. ir In general, printers can be full-colour, p.g. English. monochrome printer, multicolor, plg. ix English. color printer. Monochrome printers print text in only one color, multicolor printers can print in several colors. We think that the English color o printer could be — called a color printer. The English equivalent of the term disp/layetuvių kalba could be the verb vaizduoti “to signify, to show in a picture iš (in images)? [14] derived derivative display, since this “textual ir graphic information (re)presentation device” [10]. In computer science, a scanner is a device that scans a document or image. o ne This English word has multiple meanings. In some technical fields (e.g., in oscillography) it refers to a transmitter or transceiver, in radio communications (e.g. radar) — a surveillance device, or 2dining room, computerized — lexical analyzer. Be of this, in computing in ir the term fax communication scanner called devices that recognize ir (nu)read written text during the course of ir dissemination intelligence events. The device for this purpose should be called a (de)reading device or a counter. However, the reader would be better suited to a device called reader in English, lecteur in French, — unraiomee ycrporicrso, — YeTpoiiin Russian. CTBO C4KTHBAHHA, call. The English equivalent of the term scanner would be a scanner. There are flat, miniature, portableJamuyjy different types of ir scanners. Numbers are widely used in computerized goods accounting in shops, warehouses elsewhere for the names of goods, the ir mass or quantity of products, prices, etc. jų ir para60 meters. 3.2. External devices include ir so-called gaff devices, plg. English. terminal. The user or operator interacts with the computing system through the su terminal equipment. Information or data input or output equipment classified as terminal equipment (keyboard, display, printer). Several computer ir terminals can be connected to a common system, i.e. į can form a computer network, e.g. English. computer network. If several computers are connected to each other, the network is su called a personal computer network. English. personal computer network. They are still divided į into local, plg. English. local area network, LAN, global, or international, p.g. English. wide area network, WAN, global, plg. English. global computer network, fr. réseau global, computer networks, data transmission, plg. angl. data network, etc. networks. In addition to the 3G network, the network also supports į 4G (LTE) data transfer. English. baseband LAN, pranc. local network a Ia base band, de broadband ir (modulated carrier) transmission, cf. English. broadband LAN, pranc. broadband a network, tinklus. In computer networks, terminal equipment refers to any device that sends or receives data. Therefore, the types of end devices yar much more than has been mentioned. "Standard Devices, ir Printers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers, Printer Drivers". hardcopy terminal, graphic, plg. angl. graphics terminal, editing, plg. angl. editing terms, text, plg. angl. alphanumeric terminal, character terminal, operator, plg. angl. console terminal, control terminal, packet, plg. angl. packet-mode terminal, packet 61 processing, plg. angl. remote batch terminal, slave, plg. angl. slave terminal, images, plg. angl. images CRT terminal, video terminal, remote terminal, special or precise terminal, job-oriented terminal, point-of-sale terminal, POS terminal, intelligent terminal, virtual terminal, and other terminal devices. Cables used to form computer networks: common, fiber optic, twisted and other cables, farp adapters, e.g. adapter, device adapter, network interface devices | io ų interface devices, cf. English. gateway, to be stitched with network gateways, file stations, e.g. English. file server, fr. serveur de fichiers, remote file stations, e.g. English. ri emote file server, printer management stations, plg. English. print server, connection controllers, plg. English. communication controller, kt. ir Equipment. | Network interface devices, or network gateways, are classified as interface bridges, e.g. English. bridge, ir interface filters, cf. English. filter. Network interfaces Its device, or interconnector, ensures the interconnection of networks. The interface bridges the — communication between local networks in different o locations, the = interface filters the communication between two local networks of the same type. It receives data from one local network, iš stores them and forwards them to another ir local į network. The network is controlled by the main control computer, PLC. English]. server, which could be called simply a controller. Data source iš (or the sender's) į receiver (or to the recipient) through a certain part of the network, called a track, or route, cf. English. route, pranc. route, chemin. A route, or route, is a set of — means of data transmission network by which data is transmitted from iš source to receiver. į Su this term forms other compound terms, i.e. the selection of a route, e.g. English. routing, fr. routage, ir route, or route splitter, plg. English. router, fr. router. A route splitter is a device that transfers data from one — network location to another, iš selecting the best transmission į routes ir (routes) and optimal data flow parameters. 3.3. Computer networks can exchange written information. This is called computer mail, or electronic mail, or e-mail. The French use one term, courrier électronique, meaning “electronic correspondence”, i.e. the exchange of letters or other written information by electronic means and computers connected to universal or worldwide computer networks. Currently, the term e/ekroninis paštas (electronic mail) is becoming more and more common in Lithuanian computer terminology. 3.4. Data (or information) are recorded, stored, processed in devices, in Lithuanian literature called memory, pl g English. memory, storage, pranc. mémoire. Many authors į write one place in 62 memory, i.e. memory power ir electronic device containing knowledge and data about a thing or event. This type of memory is more commonly referred to as a memory stick. There are different types of them. "Semi-finalists". semiconductor memory, integrated, plg. French. integrated memory, diodinė, plg. French. memory a diodes, ferritic, plg. French. mémoire a ferrite, magnetooptinė, plg. French. optoelectronic memory, plg. French. opto-electronic disk memory, plg. English. disk storage, barrel, plg. English. static memory, dynamic, plg. English. dynamic memory, internal, plg. English. internal memory, plg. English. auxiliary memory, external memory, external storage, peripheral storage, backing storage, pagrindinė, plg. angl. main memory, fr. primary memory, main memory, papildomoyi, plg. angl. add-in memory, fast, plg. angl. immediate access memory, netrinioji, plg. angl. nonvolatile memory, ternioji, plg. angl. volatile memory, one-time recording, plg. angl. writeonce memory, operatyvioji, plg. French. operational memory, operator memory, superoperatyvioji, plg. angl. cache memory, scratchpad memory, pranc. mé moire cachable, mémoire cache, vaizdų, plg. angl. image memory, readable, plg. Read-only memory, read-only memory, read-only memory, read-only memory. Random-access memory, read-only memory. ang]. programmable read-only memory, etc. 4. Speed and agility In the press you can find, and on the radio or television you can hear saying “the company has sold its fastest supercomputer”, “the computer is very fast”, data is transferred at 5 Mb/s speed”, “the read speed of CDs is increasing” and so on. In all these examples, the word speed is replaced by the word speed. After all, the computer does not move, its position in space does not change, i.e. the speed is zero. It is used to describe the speed of its operation, i.e. the number of operations (or events) performed per unit of time. Therefore, the aforementioned statements should be corrected as follows: the firm sold its fastest computer, the speed of reading CDs is increasing, etc. By terminology the word speed, it could be formed with it and many other compound terms, such as: data (information) transfer speed, writing, reading or printing speed, double or quadruple speed scanner, etc. 63 5. Time and duration Do not confuse time ir period (duration) concepts. In the literature, it is often possible to detect such compound terms si as referral time, sample time, ir election time, etc. It would be more accurate ir to write say call duration, call duration, connection duration, mo watch duration, data (information) transmission duration, write or read duration, ba sample duration, comma or program execution duration, etc. Literature 1. Burgis B. When will dictionary terms come to life in language? / The Morning Show 1996 m. April 29, 2007. 2. Kulvietis P. Scientific technical potential of production ir jo efficiency. V., 1972. 3. Williams R., Maklynas K. Computers in school / Value V. Dagys, M. Žukaitė. K., 1989. 4. Burgis B, Čirica V, Kulikauskas A, Lašienė A, Smolinskas J. Computer science. K. 1994. 5. Envelope V.R. Internet. K., 1995. 6. Informatics ir computer equipment: English-Lithuanian Explanatory Glossary nų / Prepared by V. Dagys, A. Klupšaitė, A. Žandaris. V., 7. 1995. Paulauskas K. V, Jasinevičius R. Dictionary of Computer Science. K., 1995. 8. Petit Larousse illustrated. Paris, 9th 1972. arrondissement JI.K. Opamry3cko-pycCKuii cCJioBap) Mo HHOOpMaTHKE H BbIUHCJMTEJILHOH TexHuke. M., 1994. 10. BopkoBcku# AB. AHro-pycckuit coBaph 10 TIpOTpaMMHDpOBaHHIO H HHOËdopMaTuKE (Cc TOJKOBaHHeM). M., 11. Kysmuyu H.M., 1992. Huxutun B.Il. AHIIo-pycckui CJIioBapb 110 pajMo-1 MHKDpO3JIEKTpOHHKE. MuHcK, 1994. 12. ToJIKOBbIĖ CI0Baph IO BRYMCIMTENLHBIM cicTeMaM. M., 1989. 13.8alkauskis S. Writings. V, 1991.T:2. 14. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language. - Ex.Rt.St.Keenys. V., 1993.