Kalbiniai ir loginiai terminų reikalavimai

Kazimieras GAIVENIS LANGUAGE IR LOGIC DATE U REQUIREMENTS Each term has a form of content. ir The term form is the — verbal shell of the named concept, the content is the o terminologi- — cal meaning reflected by the definition. The term does not have a lexical meaning. su ne The structures of these two meanings are usually called sems in linguistics. In addition to the formal expressions, there are also implicit expressions (i.e., expressions that do not į have a formal definition). For example, the term ir sugars The plural ending of (chemistry) indicates that it refers to a class of certain chemical substances, as the word sugar in common language, in some fields of terminology, ir is singular. The suffix of ir the term Lycopodiales indicates that it is the name of the plant order, etc. ir It is a semi-formal expression. Ir termination (translating common language or dialect words into terms), transtermination ir (transformation of terms of one field into terms of another field), determination (transformation of terms into ir non-terms) are associated with significant semantic changes. A terminated su word gets new sems. For example, the common language word dandelionlexical iš meaning consists of semi “weed”, “yellow-flowered”, “woody” etc., the term ir dandelion o (Taraxacum) has a new special semantic meaning, which is necessary to describe ir this plant and to distinguish it from other similar plants ir (e.g. kreisviy ar vanagiy), such as: “The flowers 5 have stems”, “pollen of equal size, about 30” ir kt The latter are not known by non-specialists, and are largely ir not reflected in the general explanatory dictionaries. The definitions of terms must reflect the semantic semantics of the kernel. Only then will they be scientific. However, since there are more nucleus sems than are usually reflected in definitions, not only one but even several definitions of terms may be correct. The term meaning is often formalized not only by dendrograms, histograms, diagrams, but also revealed by the use of forms. 26 mules. It is believed that the formalization of the meaning of a word is one of the most objective iš scientific ways of describing the meaning of a word!. In terms of form, the terms are usually divided into solid (singular) į compound (complex) terms. Single-word ir terms are only primary (ordinary) words, but also various derivative, compound words, e.g.: asmenybė ne (grammar), bausmė (sport), deguonis (chemistry), vamzdynas (technology), jonažolė ir (botany) and others. Compound terms usually refer to various species and composite concepts. They can be two-word, three-word and generally polynomials, e.g.: proper noun (linguistics), mineral enrichment (chemistry, geology), unregistered securities market (economics) ir etc. In scientific ir texts, there are even longer, so-called descriptive ir compound terms, e.g.: cabbage clover, sown willow oats mixture for green feed (the name of the crop in po agricultural terminology), į balance of ir national income creation, distribution, redistribution of final use (economics) etc. ir ir Contents (or functional) terms are divided into species, į related categorical. ir This classification is su related to the nų different thermal volume (extension) ir capacity (intensity). The first feature S.Šalkauskis called #sa, the o second — capacity. They are related by a relationship of inverse proportionality: one decreases, the other increases. — It has the highest number of categories and the lowest — number of species. The terminology of each field consists of thousands of terms, therefore in the practical work of terminology management the question of classification ir of term relationships jų and division is ir also important. Judging by the content of the terms ir jų the problem of relationships, terminology is primarily 3 based on sciences: specifically science (production, ir sport, etc.) language and logic. ir These areas form the basis ir of terminology theory. Ir S.Šalkauskis, E. ir Wūsteris linked the object of terminology ir su ontology, psychology, philosophy in ir other sciences. However, these areas of su terminology still have fewer points of contact than su !Jakaitienė E. Lexical semantics. V.,1988.P18. 27 logic, word formation, language culture sociolinguistics. ar Canadian Terminologist EW. Rigs terminology puts the middle ground between į lexicologiThe following ir diagram ir jy illustrates the relationship between the two: () Terminology()Conceptology Linguistic terminology requirements Lexicology The most important and frequently mentioned linguistic terminology requirements are: regularity, accuracy, systematism, brevity, creative convenience, emotional neutrality, etc. We have already discussed some of these requirements in other publications*, so this time we will talk more extensively about 3 more important linguistic requirements of terms, namely: correctness, accuracy and ease of use. Correctness is one of the most important terminology requirements. The standard of the Republic of Lithuania “Terminology principles and methods” prepared according to the relevant international standard ir (1115-90), (ISO defines 704-87), it as compliance with the norms of a particular language. Thus, regularity is the acceptance — of the rules of pronunciation, su spelling, grammar, word formation and usage. For example, the term dots can not be of ir irregular construction (shooting machine, ar jo vyrinZinierius), incorrectly pronounced (dosimeter, load, carriage), incorrectly spelled (crosshair, shashlik, balance), incorrectly grammar (exlibris, herbera, hyacinth) etc. ir Terms are often more complex than ordinary verbs Zodziai, e.g. : [(Jewish) +yn]+ bud(botany), (pries + [(suppor- + t) in) tuv| + + is } (technical), {[/ + (magnet in)] am) + umas(technika), + ([($/uo + + 1) + smilg] + ynas} (botany) ir kt. _— !CynmepaHckas A, Homonsckas H., Bacuupena H. Obmas Munoyors. M., C.21. 1989. | o o 7 "Gaivenis K. On the question of the imagery of Lithuanian terms//Problems of terminology of ir Lithuanian lexicon.V.,1 991.P.26-31. 28 In some cases, the term is also used to refer to the creation of words or sentences. In both Baltic and Slavic common languages, there are average word formation steps. Sometimes the term is used to refer to steps. 3—4 5-6 Of course, a more detailed nų study of the graduality (depth) of word formation can already go beyond už the synchronous word formation. The most common cases of creating irregular terms now are: 1. Incorrect choice of prefix, suffix, ending, sando base word, caused by ar copying the structure of words in other languages, e.g.: the name of insulating building material apši/dytojas is incorrect not only because of the use of the incorrect suffix, but also because of the incorrectly chosen base word (it should be: s7/talas) etc. 2. Inaccurate choice of the type or category of work, determined by the application of the pseudoanalogy principle. For example, the noun bebrimvieté is made by analogy of the dubious nouns augimvieté, krytimvietė, perimvieté, radimvietė and is replaced by the regular noun bebravietė. It cannot be said that the incorrect term fire resistance is made from the words fire and resistance (in fact, it is made from the adjective fire resistant, and the latter - from the words fire and resistant). Thus, the word refractory is incorrect because its base word is incorrect — the adjective refractory. The verbal singular term is replaced by the composite term fire resistance. 3. inaccurate choice of grammatical configurations of compound terms, caused by copying the structure of word combinations of other languages. For ir example, to describe the relationship of the part of the whole, Russian terminology uses “adjective + noun" type compound terms, in our terminology, o compounds of adjectives, — such as: stabdiné (=brake) gear, antenna, (= etc. ir 4. Iš of draft terminology standards shows that when spelling Lithuanian terms, errors are most often made in determining the o ne pronoun, the place of the spelling (e.g. 320 temporary selection 94 errors detected in the term sample) ir 10 — impact errors). The following are the most common prepositional errors: Incorrectly a) pronounced prepositional derivatives (e.g. consumption, bracket, ir washer, b) etc.); 29 ignoring metatonia in adverbial nouns (e.g. gauge, grouping, etc.); c) incorrect pronunciation of the second consonant of Zodzių (e.g., /ūpažiedžiai, šimtakėjis, daugiasluoksnis, etc.). 5. The most common spelling errors are: a) writing j where it is not needed, not writing where it is needed jo ir jo (e.g. he/iotherapy, i.e. heliotherapy, kompjuteris, i.e. computer, variant, i.e. variant, etc.); b) not all consonants or vowels are written at the junction of compound terms, as well as at the junction of prefix and root (e.g., the name of a fish – skersnukis, i.e. skersnukis, the adjective – tarplanetinis, i.e. interplanetinis, etc.); c) a hyphen is written between the elements of a compound term where it is not needed, or is not written where it is needed, and a hyphen is identified with a hyphen (e.g., si/abine tonal poetry, i.e. syllabic-tonal poetry, daktaras-chirurgas, i.e. daktaras chirurgas, etc.); d) the elements of the composite real names of astronomy, geography and some other fields are written not according to the spelling rules (e.g., Great Wheels of Grizzly, i.e. Great Wheels of Grizzly, Red Cross, i.e. Red Cross, etc.). The accuracy of terms is primarily related to their unambiguity and definition of meaning. However, in the practical work of terminology standardization these things are not easily achieved. The unambiguity of terms is formed through a constant battle of opinions. Only a small number of terms are used equally by all specialists in a given field for a longer period of time. Different understandings of terms can last for ir decades. For example, the geological term faction has existed for more than a decade, but has not yet had a more or less uniform definition. 100 Be of this, this term is used only in geology, but ne in geography terminology, where the ir understanding definition is already a jo little ir different again. In addition, the term is also ir used to refer to the language of the script, the script language, scripting ir language, scripting language, etc. ir These are usually the most substantial categorical concepts. It's a normal thing sa for Vita. — If all specialists in one or another field understood the terms and defined them only in the same way, there would be no ir progress in science. In terminology there exists a so-called categorical polysemir 30 kumas. This is a phenomenon when the same term is used to name an action, result ir ir (e.g. translati- — on literature) ir or action, ir place of action (e.g. logging forestry). — Such inaccuracy of terms is successfully avoided by specialists in some fields. For example, physicists use the terms speed, frequency, density to refer to specific quantities expressed in certain units, not to confuse ir properties jų su with names. Meanwhile, specialists in other fields often need to call the results of the action be (especially due to influence from other languages) terminates plural verbs mų (e.g., smoking, i.e. smoke — ecology, dislocations, i.e. herniationveterinary ir and so on. ). Accuracy of terms, be no doubt, relates to ir su jų motivation. However, it cannot be said that reasoned terms are accurate and unreasoned o are — inaccurate. Only misleadingly justified terms should be considered inaccurate. Such terms often arise as a result of the influence of other languages, e.g.: continuous continuous) production (economics), frequently (= frequented) breathing (medicine) etc. (= ir Be the accuracy of terms cannot be linked to su jų the meaning of the act. Many experts in various fields often do this, claiming that a term is inaccurate because the meaning of the action allegedly contradicts the thermal meaning. More jo precisely, they perceive the meaning of the action as the most important set of the meaning of the term. Iš the meaning of the actual action in its abstraction, it can be said, is intermediate between the lexical grammatical meaning. ir Ši value derives iš from the relationship of the jų derivative structural elements. For example, the working meaning of the term mushroom (Agaricus) is ‘meadow-growing (meadow) mushroom’. Jo lexical ir terminological meanings much — broader more specific. ir Botanists distinguish at least a few of these mushrooms, by including the ir common meadow mushroom (Agaricus sylvaticus) and the arable meadow ir mushroom (Agaricus arvensis). Be There are also many other mushrooms that do not ir grow in meadows. Thus, the adverbial meaning is usually the false, deceptive meaning of the word. In general, it can be said that the accuracy of terms is most related to su jų semantics. Operating comfort. E. Jakaitienė claims that civilized people- *Jakaitienė E. Idem. P. 91. 31 tų in languag6096 es about lexical constitutes derivatives". Other theorists say that the ratio of derivatives and primary words depends on the degree of syntheticity of the language. Analytical languages have more primary words than synthetic languages. V. Urbutis claims that in Lithuanian, derivatives should make up ne less than the 4/5 entire vocabulary*. Languages of Russia A. Tichonovo In the "Words-- making (1985) Dictionary" the ir ratio of primary word-making is as follows: 18118 ir 126690= 1:7“. S. According to Keinis, the number 92,5% of nouns of purely Lithuanian and hybrid monosyllabic terms, composed į “Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms” (V. 1966), is to make iš other words (total for the calculation taken a little over different 1600 words, primary is iš jų about 120). About 90% derivatives consist of ir “Rusy-lietuviy-angly language dictionary of computational technology terms" (V., bei 1971) "Dictionary of Botanical Terms" (V., 1965) presented in terms of the same kind (total respectively during 1900 ir about 800 different iš jų words, primary about 180 ir 120)". So anyway derivatives ar make up the majority of single-word terms, it is important ir that they are convenient to make. The base word ir derivative considered “ word construction pair", the marked member of which is a derivative. Ši concept is like the cell of all word making. However, the word formation process does not end with the word formation pair. If new iš words are formed from the derivatives, then chains of word formation* appear, e.g. : o— e oo (1) Pav. (1): /go-> conductor— conductor— semiconductorsemiconductor; strong to amplify amplifier— counter amplifier etc. ir sUrbutis V. Theory of word formation. V., 1978. P. 62. S MonmnceensB A OcHoBHbie BONpoCkI CJIOB006pa30BaHHA B COBPEMCHHOM pyccKOM JMTEpaTypHOM SI3BIKE. JI., C.5. 1987. 'Keinys S. Lithuanian terminology. V., 1975. P. 7. *Moncees A. Idem. P.1, et seq. 32 Such chains of terms can branch, e.g. : L (2) Figure (2): from the word iron is made the word ironZinis, and from the latter word —railway, iron (bančiai); from the word railroad — railroadman etc. ir If new words are formed from the same base word again, then word-forming fan-like structures emerge, e.g. : = (3) Fig. (3): wolf—wolf-eagle, wolf-eagle, wolf-hole, wolf-tail, wolf, etc. Term construction fans can also join together and form term construction complexes. In addition, word-forming specialists also talk about word-forming slots. True, this concept is often understood differently. Some think that only words of one root can form a nest, while others say that all the derivatives of one verb affix can form nests. However, it is generally assumed that the word formation nest consists of a set of related words having a common root. The word formation nest is the result of word formation processes. Pvz.: —drąsumas drąsus —drąsiai —drąsuolis —drąsėti —drąsėjimas —drąsinti —drąsinimas drąseika Žodžių darybos lizduose gali išsiskirti dar žodžių darybos paradigmos —vieno darybos laipsnio žodžių visumos. In other words, they are branches of fan nests. Therefore, the nests themselves can be considered as great paradigms. The notion of “word-forming nest”, in the words of mathematicians, is inversely proportional to the notion of “word-forming type”: the nest is a set of words with a common root and different affixes, and the type is a set of words with a common affix but different roots. For example, all adjectives with the suffix — nis form one type of word formation, although their roots can be different: from nouns ir (woody: medis), adjectives (sweet: saldūs), 33 numerals (first: pirmas), even letter names (the: tė) and so on. V. Urbutis says that the type of word construction can be understood in two ways — either as an abstract structural scheme in language, according to which all the constructions of the same meaning and form of the construction are formed, or as the same constructions in speech (i.e., speech), their totality’. The type of word construction as a formal scheme can be imagined having 3 dimensions: 1) the meaning of the construction; 2) the lexical-grammatical nature of the base word and 3) the form of the verb. Adjective convenience is the suitability of a term to form new, semantically and formally dependent words. The greatest creator power in Lithuanian language is characterized by nouns, adjectives and verbs. ir However, these are ir broad parts of branched ir language, terms are made ne iš all branches. jų For example, the names of tools are made only by active action verbs. Action names suffix iš su -imas are not made of mixed iš verbs with a common suffix - Yeah. Action Output Names su Suffix -muo (-men) do not make iš prepositional verbs. The most typical very rare cases of compound terms are as ir follows: SUrbutis V. Idem. P. 246. 34