Dėl „darbo“, „veikimo“, „veikos“ ir „veiksenos“

Vilius PALENSKIS, Vytautas VALIUKĖNAS and Valerijonas ŽALKAUSKAS ON WORK, OPERATION, ACTION AND MODE OF OPERATION In the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” [1], the usage of the verb veikti is described as follows: the machine is still working, not broken; the telephone is not working. Moreover, we often hear and ourselves say: “The telephone, television, radio receiver, car engine, and so on are working (or have stopped working).” Perhaps, then, there would be no need to speak of operation; however, when looking for Lithuanian equivalents of the French terms fonctionnement, régime de fonctionnement, action, marche, service and the English terms operation, operating mode, action, running [2–6], we noticed that in the “Dictionary of Physics Terms” [7], the “Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary” [8], and many textbooks, and more recently also in Lithuanian standards, the term operation is needlessly replaced by work, while operating mode or mode is imposed even where it can easily be dispensed with. There is no doubt that this is due to the influence of Russian, since the Russian word работа corresponds to two distinct Lithuanian terms: work and operation. The term work (English work ‖ French travail (m) ‖ German Arbeit (f) ‖ Russian работа (f)) is suitable for describing a physical process in which energy is exchanged or changes. It also means physical and mental activity. Examples of appropriate usage of the term work can be found in the dictionaries already mentioned [7, 8], in textbooks on physics, chemistry, and other fields, and in various educational and scientific publications. These include elementary, liberation, ionization, mechanical, useful, expansion, impact, compression, friction, internal and external forces and other kinds of work. However, the term work is not suitable as a replacement for terms in other languages: operation (English), fonctionnement (French), Betrieb (German), функционирование, работа (Russian), because these are used when one wishes to say that a machine, device, or apparatus is currently operating, that it is not broken. Their Lithuanian equivalent is the term operation [1]. Therefore, to emphasize the functioning of the device, equipment, or apparatus itself, one should use the term operation, not work. One should say and write automa- 32 tic operation (although in Russian автоматическая работа), asynchronous operation, parallel operation, real-time operation, normal operation (Russian асинхронная р., параллельная р., работа в реальном времени, нормальная работа). We will list a few examples in which the term operation is marked [2, 4, 5, 7]: operating characteristic ‖ operating characteristic ‖ caractéristique (f) de fonctionnement ‖ Betriebskennlinie (f) ‖ рабочая характеристика (f); operating frequency ‖ operating frequency ‖ fréquence (f) de fonctionnement, fréquence (f) d’utilisation, fréquence (f) utile ‖ Betriebsfrequenz (f) ‖ рабочая частота (f); operating voltage ‖ operating voltage ‖ tension (f) de fonctionnement, tension (f) d’emploi ‖ Betriebsspannung (f) ‖ рабочее напряжение (n); operating range ‖ operating range ‖ domaine (m) de fonctionnement ‖ Arbeitsbereich (m), Arbeitsgebiet (n), Arbeitszone (n) ‖ рабочий диапазон (m); operating current ‖ operating current ‖ courant (m) de fonctionnement ‖ Betriebsstrom (m) ‖ рабочий ток (m); operating temperature ‖ operating temperature ‖ température (f) de fonctionnement ‖ Betriebstemperatur (f) ‖ рабочая температура (f). We do not think that terms such as working frequency, working voltage, working current, working characteristic and other working parameters should be abandoned when referring to systems that perform mechanical work and consist of motors, machines, devices, machine tools, and the like. Thus, when a device performs no work but operates normally, veikia at a certain supply voltage, the latter should be called the operating voltage (English operating voltage), rather than the working voltage (English working voltage). The same applies to other quantities that characterize the operation of an apparatus, machine, or other device. The word operation also means doing something [1], that is, when a particular object or a part of it acts in one way or another upon something else. We propose using the word action: 33 action || action || action (f) || Wirkung (f) || действие (f); dynamic action || dynamic action || action (f) dynamique || dynamische Wirkung (f) || динамическое действие (n); indirect action || indirect action || action (f) indirecte || indirekte Wirkung || косвенное действие (n); stabilizing action || antihunting action || action (f) stabilisatrice || stabilisierende Wirkung (f) || стабилизирующее действие (n); proportional action || proportional action || action (f) proportionnelle || Proportionalwirkung (f) || пропорциональное действие (n); intermittent action || intermittent action, discontinuous action || action (f) discontinue || aussetzende Wirkungsweise (f) || прерывистое действие (n); stepwise action || step-by-step action || action (f) pas à pas || stufenweise Wirkung (f) || дискретное действие (n), пошаговое действие (n). The action terminology group should also include the Lithuanian equivalent холостой ход of the Russian term idle operation [7, 8], for which the term idle action should be used instead (English idling, French marche à vide, service à vide, German Leerlauf, Leerlaufbetrieb, Russian холостой ход, režim холostogo хода). We could then speak of idle-action losses (English idling loss, French pertes à vide, German Leerlaufverluste, Russian потери холостого хода), rather than idle-running losses, when explaining the operating principles of transformers and electrical machines [9]. In the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian [1], when defining the word eiga, one could omit the second meaning, “eiga (4) 2. tech. mechanism operation: Working, idle operation,” since eiga is more often understood as the distance traveled or displacement of a mechanism’s working part (piston, slider, spring, etc.). Thus, one should use idle, stabilizing, intermittent and other kinds of action. In this sense, the term action is already included in the Dictionary of Laser Physics Terms [10]. For describing the long-term action of the environment, radiation, a field, irradiation, and the like, the term effect would be suitable: effect of the environment || action of medium || action (f) de milieu || Mediumwirkung (f) || действие (n) окружающей среды; effect of radiation || radiation action || action (f) de radiation 34 ‖ Strahlungswirkung (f) ‖ action (n) of irradiation; current effect ‖ current action ‖ action (f) de courant ‖ Stromwirkung (f) ‖ action (n) of current; heat effect ‖ heat action ‖ action (f) de chaleur ‖ Wärmewirkung (f) ‖ action (n) of heat; light effect ‖ light action ‖ action (f) de lumière ‖ Lichtwirkung (f) ‖ action (n) of light. To describe the phenomenon of a particular action, the term effect should be used. These include magnetic, mechanical, chemical, thermal, and other effects. We call the mutual effect of two bodies or particles interaction [1]. These include atomic, dipolar, two-body, Coulomb, and other interactions. In some cases, a response to an effect is made; that is, we say that a counteraction occurs. We believe that instead of the pair of terms action and reaction [1, 7, 8] used until now, it would be better to use the terms effect and countereffect. An effect could be defined as follows: an action that causes a certain result, that is, a countereffect. Then, one should say not “action and reaction are equal” [1], but “effect and countereffect are equal.” In metrology, a system’s input signal is called an effect (English and French stimulus), and its output signal a response (English response, French réponse) [11]. In mechanics, the antonym of effect would be countereffect, whereas in electronics and radio engineering it would be response. The antonym of action should be counteraction, as explained in the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” [1]. The operation of devices, machines, and other equipment can vary; that is, the mode, type, or regime of operation is usually specified, e.g.: English operating mode, operating conditions, duty type ‖ French mode (f) de fonctionnement, régime (m) de fonctionnement, mode (f) de service ‖ German Betriebweise (f), Betriebzustand (m), Betriebsart (f) ‖ Russian режим (m) работы, рабочий режим (m), режим (m). We believe that terms containing the words operating regime or regime should be abandoned. The French define régime de fonctionnement as follows: the mode of operation of a device in its normal state. In Lithuanian, this is its operating manner [1]. Therefore, when discussing a mode of operation, in many cases, alongside the term operation already discussed, one could use the term operat- 35 ing manner, e.g., pulsed operating manner (English pulse operating mode, French régime à impulsions, German Impulsbetrieb, Russian импульсный режим). It is evident that if the term operation were adopted in physics and engineering, it would form an entirely logical connection with the other terms discussed in this article, namely: effect, countereffect, interaction, action, operating manner. Literatūra 1. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V.: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. 2. Французско-русский политехнический словарь. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1964. 3. Словарь по электронике. М: Русский язык, 1988. 4. Словарь научной и технической лексики. М.: Русский язык, 1994. 5. Словарь по электронике. М.: Русский язык, 1985. 6. Словарь по микроэлектронике. М.: Русский язык, 1991. 7. Fizikos terminų žodynas. V.: Mokslas, 1979. 8. Rusų-lietuvių kalbų politechnikos žodynas. V.: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1984. 9. M a s i o k a s S. Elektrotechnika. V.: Mokslas, 1989. 10. Lazeriu fizikos terminų žodynas. V.: VU leidykla ir leidykla „Šachmatai“, 1990. 11. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology. Geneva, 1993, P. 59. 36