Terminizacija ir determinizacija

PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY Kazimieras GAIVENIS TERMINIZATION AND DETERMINIZATION Termination is the transformation of words into terms, and determination is the transformation of terms into ordinary words. These two processes differ from each other primarily in that the first of them can be regulated, while the second is spontaneous, unregulated. Termination often changes the grammatical and lexical nature of words: the conjugation of terms, some grammatical features, synonyms, antonyms, etc. For example, the common language word salt has no plural, and its most common generic names are two: feed salt and table salt. In chemistry, the term salt refers to a class of chemical compounds, i.e. crystalline substances with an ionic structure. In chemistry, salts can be normal, acidic, basic, double, etc. There may also be singular general terms with the word salt, e.g. : Bertolet salt, Glauber salt, bitter salt, etc. Or again another example. The simple word šr/urna has an antonym in the word saltis, and the term heat has no antonym, because the word cold is unterminated in the physics terminology. There is no such thing as “cold” in physics. Termination Šalkauskis called S. ‘word clarification’. He wrote: “The word suffers the least deformation when it į enters the scientific terminology, when for this purpose it remains only to precisely determine the capacity and consistency of the concept that lies behind it. į jo pagrinde. This terminological development can be called the refinement or correction of the word of men. It is always inevitable when scientific terminology has to borrow words from ordinary human language, since the latter iš never possesses the accuracy that the objectives of science may require. The lack of accuracy of the word actually shows that the concept underlying it is not consciousjo ly determined in terms of capacity and consistency. If, for example, people use the word “animal”, they usually do not give an account of what marks make up the capacity of the concept of animal and accordingly what individuals or even species can be represented by this word. True, everyone who studies the word animal more or less clearly realizes that the concept of animal in one way or another contains the mark of life, but the uneducated man will rarely be able to determine what other marks are in the concept of animal besides the mark of life. If we do not recognize such marks at all, then we will have to apply the word “animal” even to plants, because plants in a certain sense are characterized by life, namely by growth. If, on the contrary, next to the mark of life we write at least one more mark, we will have to narrow the meaning of the word “animal” accordingly, i.e. apply it to a narrower area of objects. It turns out that such a mark is sensitivity (sensibilitas), which does not allow the word "animal" to be applied to plants, because it must be limited to the sphere of sensitive life. In this way we get that the word “animal” is applicable only where life and sensuality come together!”. Thus, termination primarily concerns the definition of the extension and intensity of the word. In some fields of science, the creation of terms by means of termination is a very common phenomenon, while in others it is rare. For example, the terminology of botany, zoology, agriculture, animal husbandry, meteorology and other fields contains an infinite number of terminized common language and dialect words, while in the terminology of chemistry, computer science, astronomy there are very few of them. Termination is a two-way process: in one case, words of common language and dialects are terminated, and in the other case, terms of neighboring fields. The latter is called transtermination. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to tell whether a term is transterminated in our language. Most of these terms are international securities. For example, the computer term address, whose English equivalents are call(ing), call-in and fetch(ing), is probably translated from the Russian term o6pairrreHHHe, because the English equivalents of the grammatical address are allocution and address. The mathematical term complement (difference between a set and its subset) probably originated without the influence of the grammatical term complement, and was translated from the corresponding terms in other languages (see English complement, Russian AOrIO/IHeHHe and others). S. Writings. V, 1991. T. 2. P 24-25. In dialects, as well as sometimes in common ir language, the same word is often used to refer to completely different things. For example, the word gurgždis In Lithuania, at least several plants are called: wild angelica (Angelica silvestris), archangelica officinalis, medicinal liverwort (Levisticum officinale), common chard (Aegopodium podagraria), poisonous cicuta (Cicuta virosa), demeter's mallow (Citrus demeter), and the common chard (Citrus sinensis). da (Conium maculatum) ir kt. Botanists, who have terminated a word in the terminology of plant šį systematics, refer to only one plant by that word — ChaerophylJum. It belongs to the Umbrella family (Umbelliferae). In the case of hypertension, the hypertension can be treated with hypotension. For example, in our dialects, the word likšnys used to ir refer to any bat in common language, but in the terminology of zoological ir systematics, this word is used only for some species, such as: Eptesicus serotinus, cf. English Serotine bat, Russian rro3/tHHii KoxaH?, northern belt (Epitesicus nilssoni), pg. English Northern bat, rusy CEBEDHBIK Koxan". The same is true of the word p/ikšnys. ir su J. In the Baron's dictionary this word refers to the bat in general, in the terminology of zoological o systematics we find only the species term Vespertilio murinus, cf. English Particolored bat, rose /IBYXIIBETHBIĖ Koxan". In this case, the word bat is terminated only for the name of the pack. In the work of terminology management, there are often cases of not very successful termination of ir words. For example, in hydrotechnical terminology, the term "nucleus" (nucleus) was used to describe the inner part of the jet. In this case, the word core would be much more appropriate. In animal anatomy terminology, the word face (cow's face) is not appropriate. In the terminology of the agricultural field, it is hardly possible to talk about corn straw, clover hay, etc. ir Determination — the transformation of terms into simple words — 2 The fauna of Lithuania. Mammals. V., 1988. T. 1. P. 84. * Idem. P. 87 * Idem. P. 89. SAnskaitis V, Kilas M. Russian-- Lithuanian Dictionary of Agricultural Terms. V., 1971. P. 259, 275. 6 mi in that the determined term does not disappear, but only releases a new offspring (simple word) in another area of use. For example, the term ir epicenter in physical geology refers to the projection of the center of a phenomenon occurring above or below the Earth's surface onto the Earth's surface, and the determinological word epicenter refers to the vortex of any social events. (e.g., the epicenter of riots). In the colloquial language, deterministic terms of physics and technology are used especially often, e.g.: caliber, spectrum, apparatus, block, impulse, mechanism, friction, etc. However, determination requires certain conditions, namely: 1) the term must be widely distributed and known not only to specialists; some of the terms of the determined word must coincide. 2) ir