Literatūros terminų žodyno pradžia

THE BEGINNING OF THE DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS In 1995, the Baltos Lankos publishing house published the first installment of the Dictionary of Literary Terms, prepared by Aleksandras Krasnovas, devoted to the concepts of a single genre—the novel. The preface states: “Baltos Lankos has undertaken to publish the dictionary in thematic installments. After a series of installments covering the principal literary concepts has been published, it is hoped that they will be brought together, supplemented, and printed as a single book.” Many dictionaries of terminology in various fields have been published, but until now we have not had a comparable dictionary in Lithuanian (in 1961, J. Vildžiūnas’s translation from Russian of L. Timofejev and N. Vengrov’s Dictionary of Literary Studies Terms was published, as was, in 1962, the Lithuanian–Russian Dictionary of Literary Terms, compiled by J. Petronis, V. Vanagas, and A. Zalatorius). Therefore, the undertaking set out by the initiators and editors of a Lithuanian Dictionary of Literary Terms is certainly well-founded. The significance of such a publication is also beyond doubt. It is clearly stated in the preface: “Such a dictionary is needed by Lithuania’s higher and secondary schools, writers, and the public.” The first installment of this explanatory dictionary of an encyclopedic nature is small (only 18 pages). It consists of the following parts: a preface, an explanation of the dictionary’s structure, and an index of Lithuanian terms. The installment presents 57 headwords in alphabetical order by the first letter of the word. They explain not only the types, forms, and varieties of the novel, but also terms such as epas, epika, epiniai žanrai, epopėja, romanas. The explanations are enriched with examples from novels in world and Lithuanian literature. A bibliography is appended to most entries. But would it not have been more appropriate to list the sources used at the end of the installment in alphabetical order (as was done in the second installment of the Dictionary of Literary Terms), especially since some publications are cited repeatedly? The origins of some terms (epas, epika, epopėja, intelektualinis romanas) are explained, and equivalents in other languages are provided alongside them (except for intelektualinį romaną). The entry for Amadžio romano states that it is a Spanish chivalric romance, but no equivalent in Spanish or other languages is given alongside it. For the terms eiliuotas romanas, novelių romanas, only Russian equivalents are provided. The Novelių romano ex- 111 amples given are from Lithuanian literature only. For the term plėšikų romanas, only a German equivalent is given, while no equivalents are provided for the term radijo romanas. Most of the literary terms in the installment are Lithuanian. However, some also appear in other languages—English, German, and French. These are presented as headwords with a reference to the Lithuanian terms, for example: college-novel ↑ universitetinis romanas (p. 3), ich-roman ↑ romanas pirmuoju asmeniu (p. 8), kolportageroman ↑ bulvarinis romanas (p. 9), roman à clef ↑ aliuzijų romanas (p. 13), Zeitroman ↑ laiko romanas (p. 18). The dictionary does not avoid synonyms, although there are not many, for example: artistinis romanas ↑ menininko romanas (p. 2), avantiūrinis romanas ↑ nuotykių romanas (p. 3), lyrinis romanas ↑ poetinis romanas (p. 10), pikareskinis romanas ↑ šelmių romanas (p. 11), romanas feljetonas ↑ laikraštinis romanas (p. 15). The terms in the dictionary are marked for stress. There are also occasional inaccuracies in stress marking, for example: gotiškasis romānas (=gotiškasis romanas, but gotikinis romānas would be better) (p. 7), and so on. We would suggest replacing the term riterinis romanas (p. 13) with riterių romānas (see DŽ₃ riterių romānai) (cf. plėšikų, šelmių romānas in the same dictionary), and the term vystymosi romānas (p. 18) with brandós romānas. In place of the term eiliuotas romānas, eiliuotasis romānas would be more suitable, since it is a term denoting a specific type; and in place of the term intelektualinis romānas – intelektinis romānas. A few typographical errors were found in the dictionary: veikėtų (=veikėjų) skaičius (entry Epika) (p. 6), neigiama (=neigiamas) priežastinių ryšių visuotinumas (entry Siaubo romanas) (p. 16). As is well known, clarifying words and phrases are set off by commas: “<...> to explore the world in itself is supposedly meaningless, since in the traditional novel the narrator’s—that is, the perceiving subject’s—preconceived opinions and beliefs inevitably distort the reflection of the world (=the narrator’s, that is, the perceiving subject’s, preconceived opinions and beliefs) (entry “Naujasis romanas”) (p. 11). The second installment of the Dictionary of Literary Terms, devoted to versification, appeared in 1998. It was prepared by Prof. J. Girdzijauskas. The preface 112 It is stated that “the booklet contains nearly 600 theoretical concepts and terms, describing chiefly the versification of European poetry.” Like the first, this booklet is very attractively produced. At the end of the booklet there is a bibliography and a list of abbreviations. However, it is unclear why there is no index of terms. The publication has been prepared with real care; only one proofreading error was found: silaboonikos (= silabotonikos) (p. Paroksitonas) (p. 41). The terms in the dictionary are arranged alphabetically. Equivalents in English, French, German, Russian, Polish, and occasionally Spanish and Italian are given in parentheses after the headwords. The origin of most terms is indicated (they are most often of Greek or Latin origin, though a few are of Arabic origin). Terms are illustrated with examples, and there are example diagrams. As the preface states, “the explanations of pan-European (=general European – P. Z.) terms have been supplemented with data from Lithuanian versification studies and Lithuanian examples.” Most of the dictionary’s terms are international. The terms are marked for stress. However, a few are unaccented: balsių harmonija (= balsių harmonija) (p. 11), dipirichis (= dipirichis) (p. 16). Some entries explaining terms include terms followed by a reference ↑, but these latter terms are not in the dictionary. The Eilių entry contains the abbreviation cf. eilėraštis, lyrika, poema, poezija; the karališkojo rimo entry contains Troilo strofa; the nario entry contains periodas, but the terms eilėraštis, lyrika, poema, poezija, Troilo strofa, periodas are not in the dictionary. This booklet, like the first, includes foreign-language headwords (in English, Latin, and French) with references to Lithuanian terms: brevis brevians↑ Jambo sutrumpinimas (p. 12), cobla↑ kobla (p. 14), chronos protos↑ mora (p. 14), enjambement↑ perkėlimas (p.), rhyme royal↑ karališkasis rimas (p. 46), versus anacyclici↑ anaciklinės eilės (p. 61), versus cancrini↑ anaciklinės eilės (p. 61), versus memoriales↑ mnemonotechninės eilės (p. 61), versus politicus↑ politinės eilės (p. 61), versus recurrentes↑ palindromas (p. 61). Perhaps the former should be omitted as cross-reference terms, leaving only the Lithuanian terms, with their origins indicated alongside: jambo sutrumpinimas (Latin brevis brevians) (p. 31), kobla (Provençal Cobla) (p. 33), mora (Latin mora – duration, interval of time) (p. 39), perkėlimas (French enjambement) (p. 43). 113 (the dictionary includes the term anžambemanas (p. 8)), karališkasis rimas (English rhyme royal) (p. 32), anaciklinės eilės (Latin versus anacyclici, versus cancrini) (p. 5), mnemoninės eilės (< Greek mneme – memory, techne – science, art) (p. 38), politinės eilės (< Greek stichos politikos) (p. 44). Instead of palindromo, the Lithuanian term grįžinys. has already been used. There are Latin and French headwords that have no equivalents listed alongside them (only the origins of the terms): cursus (Latin cursus – running) (p. 14) (the Lithuanian term kursas is listed (p. 34)), cursus planus (Latin planus – level, clear, simple) (p. 14), cursus tardus (Latin tardus – slow, calm) (p. 14), cursus trispondiacus (Latin trispondiacus – consisting of three spondees) (p. 14), cursus velox (Latin velox – swift, rapid) (p. 14), numeri (Latin) (p. 40), numerus (Latin – member, component) (p. 40), vers cummun (French: simple verse) (p. 60), versus correlativi (French vers rapportés) (p. 61), versus quadratus (Latin) (p. 61). There are terms for which neither origin nor equivalents are indicated: versus concordantes (p. 61), versus crescentes (p. 61), versus descrescentes (p. 61), versus rapportati (p. 61). The dictionary contains many synonyms, for example: aidinis rimas ↑ aidinės eilės (p. 2), akcentas (p. 2) and kirtis (p. 32), amfibrachis ↑ kretikas (p. 5), dibrachis ↑ pirichis (p. 16), dichorejas ↑ ditrochejas (p. 16), eupolidėjas ↑ eupolidinės eilės (p. 22), falaikejas ↑ falaikinės eilės (p. 22), grafika ↑ eilerasčio grafika (p. 23), heptapodija ↑ heptametras (p. 25), intonacinė–sintaksinė eilėdara ↑ sintaksinė–intonacinė eilėdara (p. 28), kadencinis rimas ↑ finalinis rimas (p. 31), ketureilis ↑ katrenas (p. 32), mejuras ↑ mejurinės eilės (p. 35), orkestruotė ↑ instrumentuotė (p. 40), parijambas ↑ pirichis (p. 41), prosodija ↑ prozodija (p. 45), skestetas ↑ setestas (p. 49), stornelis ↑ ritornelis (p. 55), versifikacija ↑ eilėdara (p. 61), versologija ↑ eiletyra (p. 61), and so on. Each letter of the alphabet with which headwords begin is printed separately in large, bold type. Two terms beginning with the letter č are listed under c, although č could have been placed next to c (see the first booklet: cd, gi, mn, št, vz), or even given a separate entry, as was done with the letter u. There are also only two terms beginning with that letter. 114 Thus, we hope that the compilers of the dictionary, when bringing together in one book the thematic booklets of the “Dictionary of Literary Terms” that have already been published and those yet to be published, will take note of the minor inaccuracies mentioned here. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ 115