Kompiuterijos terminijos sinonimija: yda ar būtinybė

Angel KAULAKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language COMPUTERS DEADLINES SYNONYMS: ARE IN VALIDITY Rapid development of computer technology ir jy The emergence of computers in se almost all fields of human activity provides many terms naming functional parts of computers, architecture of computer systems and networks, data processing and transmission, software, its activities, etc. ir So it is no coincidence that in recent years four dictionaries of computer terms have been published (K. Paulausko ir J. Jasinevičiaus Dictionary of Computing (K., 1995. — 370 p. — continue AKŽ); English-Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Terms "Informatics ir Computer Equipment" (V., 1995. — 96 p. — continue IK); "Explanatory English-Lithuanian Dictionary of Computing Terms" (K., 1997. — 366 p. — continue ACP); Lithuanian— —-English-Russian-German dictionary of computer science terms (V., 1997. — 943 p. — continue I). They have accumulated ir an inventory of current computer terms. Because the evolution of the terminology of computing covers only a quarter of a century (first The "Russian-Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms" was published for a long time was the only one in that field), so it can be 1971 m. ir considered the initial stage of the formation of computer terminology, the iš main feature of which is synonymy variantity, e.g.: angl. jį — ir file : File, a file 61; format. 1K 35; | | AKTZ file 87; (sin. was, rinkmeno) I 86; was see file 1 42; file see ‘file I 307; English. hardware : hardware AKZ 22; hardware Technical 84; equipmeį nt IK 39; 1. hardware; hardware; hardware measures. 2. hardware; nė technical measures AKTZ 104; apparatus (plg. hardware) I 17; hardware (plg. technical equipment, hardware) 1 121; technical equipment (plg. hardware, hardware) 1 124; English. software : software Software 84; tools CCD 175; software 1K 76; software; software AKTŽ 201; software 1 123 ir t. t. 23 Similarly, the terminology of other fields of science is circulating in Lithuania. For example, in the first stage of the development of physics terminology, which covered the years 1850—1900, one term was often named by two, three, and sometimes even four synonyms, forming groups of synonyms' (see table 1). Table 1. Type of presentation of groups of synonyms of physics terms Group of two synonyms both Lithuanian Lithuanian, borrowed, both borrowed borrowed Lithuanian klystugnė or žaltvykslė ventiliavimas ar-| maliavos ar-| bombarda (A)* ba ventiliacija | ba daiktai arba armota (F) darantiejie (A) (A) silk side or orkulke naugēs or telegraf(a)s | (K) pupils, or doll (S) metoli or (A) Tolrasium (K) metals or minerals (S) cavity, space (T) bed,ma-| resonator, — territory (A) Transponder (T) compression, compression (T) | svaraunas, thermometer, physiszkas šiltininkas (A) (T) free (release) electricity | first gas (gas) — (T) (atoms) (A) (P) light (visible) spin-| sziltameeris telefonas holes (F) (thermometer-(interpreter) ras) (A) (A) lantern (beacon) (S) imagination (fo-| perspective photography) (binoculars) (S) (S) "Kaulakienė A. Stages of development of physics terminology // Lituanistica. 1997. No. 3 (31). P. 66-73. 24 Group of three synonyms three Lithuanian du Lithuanian, borrowed, du du borrowed, borrowed Lithuanian Lithuanian —= positive or | galvaniškąją sile positive or galvaniškąją (true) vaizbatereję or galdas | (S) vanical column (K) presence, state, comparative, form, sub-state — (T) visible, relay, gender | (T) fluid motion (T) gas elasticity, rigidity, stiffness (T) meridian, diurnal, diurnal (T) hardness table, scale (T) Group of four synonyms four Lithuanian Lithuanian, three — borrowed pieces; combs, shavings, shavings (T) rigid bodies (T) pile, reservoir (bottom), tank (T) Group of five synonyms five Lithuanian one borrowed, four Lithuanian pasvirimas; abandonment; descale; inclination; swing (T) temperature (warmth; heat; warmth) (T) 25 *Letters indicate sources: K — Passenger iš Karaliaučius brothers Lithuanians knowledge parneSas (1849-1879). A Auszra, Newspaper published in Go, go, go, go. Basanavičius (1883-1886). F — I. Contius. Physics: Physics textbook for secondary schools [Manuscript]. P — S. Neris. A popular handbook of physics. V., 1905. S — K. Shaken. Physics. 1920, d. 3. T — Terms for physics, Lithuania (1923-1924). A similar situation is the current ir terminology of computing in other countries. For example, Croatian computer terminology? computer — equivalents, printer — hardware, 11 hardware —13, software —10, — 10, display —10, keyboard — interface 5, — 3, menu — 3 (see section 4.4). 2 table that was shown during the conference). 2 lentelė computer computer, computer, (electronic) computer, (electronic) calculator, calculator, processor, file, (processing) machine printer printer, Stampac, printer, printer, pen, pen, printer, tikalo, tiskaljka hardware hardware, hardware, circuits, assemblies, hardware, hardware equipment, hardware configuration of the computer, material base, hardware support, hardware base, equipment, hardware, computer equipment software software, software, software support, software support, software library, software, programs, computer support display pointer, screen pointer, data tube, display editor, display unit, indicating device, screen, screen, video unit keyboard keyboard, kebord, klavbord, klaviatūra, slovište interface interface, meduskop, interface menu menu, menu, menu *Mihaljevic M. Recent Developments in Croatian Computer Terminology / / Towards a European Terminology. International Conference. Budapest. 1998. P. 31-32. 26 Thus, it can be said that the synonym variantity of the initial stage of Lithuanian computing terminology is a natural development of its ir development. The current state of computing terminology is undoubtedly be determined by several factors. First, in part, the abundance of English synonyms." Secondly, a huge influx of new concepts in computing, which often In Lithuania, even the specialists themselves disagree. Therefore, the question of choice arises: which term to choose the — borrowed ar Lithuanian equivalent, ar to use both. According to our terminology pioneer Prof. S. Šalkauskas’s principle of language purity, that borrowing “is justified for terminology purposes primarily when the required term cannot be obtained either by adapting a word of ordinary people’s language or by forming a new term by means of deduction”, in such case, it seems necessary to propose a Lithuanian equivalent to the ar borrowed term, especially when new concepts are named already from the beginning. E The Curonian Spit (approximately 1860 since) were made their own innovations. Even a French linguist M. Brealis (M. Braille) your own In “Semantics (1897) outline” had the opportunity to compare French with Lithuanian in this respect. su In this way, the other ir mentioned synonyms of computer terminology can compete with each other for some time. Be doubt, only time will show which iš jų in force. Users will be able to choose: chip, (non-molded) integrated circuit chip; display, monitor ar display; the driver driver; file, file file; ar commutation, switching, etc. ar ar ar ir But do ką when there is no iš ko select when to use borrowed words, e.g.: hosts, cursor, panel, pixel, port, routing, router, swapping, utility, etc. The principle of language purity does not mean that now it is necessary to abandon all used borrowings and not to introduce new terminology. Terms, like common language words, are to be normalized through variant synonyms. ir į ir ir Therefore, it is necessary first to update the existing Lithuanian * Paulauskas K., Jasinevičius R. Dictionary of Computer Science. K. 1995. P. 5. *Salkauskis S. Writings. V,, 1991. T. 2. P. 39. 27 equivalents and create more Lithuanian novelties that could compete with borrowed ones”. Otherwise, due to the continuous (sometimes even abundant) and uncontrolled influx of borrowed computer terms, a situation may arise in which the entire terminological vocabulary of computing becomes borrowed. Therefore, such a situation in the terminology of computing should be considered abnormal, because it would violate one of the most important principles of terminology — the principle of priority of own terms. Received 07/10/1999 SYNONYMY IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: FAULT OR NECESSITY Summary The present period of the development of Lithuanian computer science terminology should be viewed as the primary stage. Appearance of synonyms and variants at this stage is a natural process, which is partly determined by the abundance of English synonyms and the question of selecting borrowed terms or Lithuanian equivalents. Terms of computer science are standardised through the variants and synonyms, first of all by including already existing Lithuanian equivalents of borrowings into usage and creating more Lithuanian neologisms, which could compete with borrowings. > Gaivenis K., Kaulakienė A. Extralinguistic principles of terminology standardization //Culture and Society. Scientific works. K., 1996. T. 3. P. 42-51. 28