„Kastrumas“, „dekumanas“, „kardas“?

CONSIDERATIONS, SUGGESTIONS CASTRUM, DECUMAN, SWORD? "Castrum, decumanus, cardo (origin: cardinis)" (in Latin). Is it possible and necessary to Lithuanianize them in this way? The first is often the castrum. them. castellum —„įtvirtinimas, įtvirtinta vietovė, (nedidelė) tvirtovė, fortas [ne romėnų, o prancūzų žodis, tik iš lot. fortis „stiprus, tvirtas“), pilis“ [iš lot. būdv. castellanus —left. kasztelan — is the ruler of a medieval castle and its surroundings, and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — a high county official (alongside the marshal and the voivode) — the baron’s commander kaštelionas (as early as 1642 in the dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas kasztelan — legatus palatini, castellanus — kasztelonas; The castle chief (later only the castle steward) was called pilininkas, a common language revival instead of the Slavic horodničius (in Lesser Lithuania the living Lithuanian word pilionis (-ies and -io) was used, although it had other meanings —J. Bretkūnas’s “citizen” of the post, K. Donelaitis’s “city man”; dvariškis“, various writings —and S. Daukanto —„resident of the castle and parish, defender, i.e. pilionas“)]. Older meaning —dgsk. castra — "military camp": summer march — castra aestiva, winter — castra hiberna, permanent — castra stativa (further castra meanings — "barristers", "residence", even "military service"). Where there is a camp, a castle, there is soon a settlement, a city (cf. lit. Pilis, Pilaitė, Pilėnai, Piliūnai, Pilioniai, Pilionys, Piliuona; Senapile, Naujapilis; Papilė, Papilys, Papiliai, Papilėnai; The name of the village is Pilkalnis, Piliakiemiai, Pilialaukis, Pilkapiai, Pilsūdai...). Characteristic colonial names of Roman castles were scattered throughout the Roman Empire, many of which, although in a different form, survived over the centuries — Castrum Novum, Castrum Albium, Castrum Vergium (no Kastrum); Castra Hannibalis, Castra Posthumiana, Castra Cornelia (Corneliana), Castra Julia, Castra Caecilia; Castel Gandolfo (Castel Gandolfo) — the holiday residence of the pope; Castile, Alcázar (combined form); Castle; Lancaster, Manchester, Winchester, Chesterfield,... 88 This lot. castrum urbanists later called castrum Romanum — “the camps of the Roman army, which were the beginning of many modern Western European cities. <...>. The camps were surrounded by a wall with four su gates. <...>“ LE III. It is the second largest city in — the Roman ir province of Hispania, after Rome. castrum for the Romans did not mean — "city" it urbs (net Urbs — about Rome princeps — urbium, aeterna Rome, septemgemina Septykalvy — Roma Rome), by the way, urbs ancient meaning too — "the upper part of the city, the city fortress" (from civitas — ne only ‘citizenshine p’, only “citizens, the community; State’, but ir “city”, in particular "City of Rome". Nothing is called a castrum in Lithuanian, even though there is a ne castrum, castrum o Romanum. In the Dictionary of Antiquity, castra (lot.) indicates the Lithuanian į equivalent camp (war). — /* “The Romans built camps with a regular street plan, because they provided better visibility and communication opportunities when attacking the enemy. The streets of the camps were parallel and ir crossed at right angles. These permanent camps (caststativa) often became ir cities over time. Instead of embankments, brick walls appeared, instead of ra leather tents, houses, streets remained the same, paved, doubtless, based on — o be ir Hippodame principles" AŽ 327. What are they? Hippodamas' principles? “According to Aristotle (Politica, 2. 5. 1), which is not necessarily entirely accurate, Hippodamas ‘invented’ the division of cities into quarters” RMA Here is a 26. certain contradiction cities are located in fortifications camps, but — they are subject to... iš the city plan. ir But let's leave the contradiction aside and start with the camp. šį ir ‘Castrum Romanum had a rectangular plan with two main streets su — Cardo ir Decumanus, at the intersection of which was vad. Pretorium Square" LE III. Further explanation, unfortunately, will again surprise the contradictions of specialists: "a wide decumanus, going iš north-south, į three wide cardines ir east-west support long narrow — iš residential į blocks, or -— insula, RMA but further:,,Decumanus usually extends east-west, cardo <...>“ 30; iš į — iš North-Sį outh’ RMA 35; “Only north į of the main east-west street, 89 decumanus maximus, were formed larger 70x110 m blocks, <...>” RMA 44 (rare everywhere my — J. K.). Decumanus confirms the latter direction, albeit in the opposite direction, the authority of the Latin dictionary ir J. Dvoreckis: decumanus < decimanus (limes) (Plinius the Elder, Columella —both 1st century) —5. “border from west to east”, and cardo —3. “the north-south dividing line” (as opposed to the limes decumanus — “the line stretched from east to west”; and the direction reversed) LRS. Fortunately, the directions of decumanus and cardo are not deadly for our purpose. Important words and meanings. Decumanus and cardo are living Latin words: "The authors who described Roman planning generally used some special terms of Roman surveyors when referring to cities: especially decumanus and cardo to name the two 'axial' streets" RMA 35. Porta decumana — the rear gate — “the quarters of the tenth cohors [cohors decima]” A.D. 478. The Porta Praetoria (Porta Praetoria) was the front gate to the Praetorium, the headquarters of the praetor (praetor < prae-itor, "frontman") and the square around it. Across the camp there are streets — the rear transverse street (via decumana), then the inner transverse street — (via quintana) — between the fifth manifold (third of the cohort — two centuries, i.e. hundreds) and the fifth turret cavalry company) the sixth (30-32 manifold and the ir sixth turret, closer to the praetorium — the command post street (via principalis), which supports the command į post gates (porta principalis) right and — left ir AŽ 478. Plan of a Roman military camp AŽ 478 decumanus is at the back of the camp, and cardo is not at all, although in the article city quarters are mentioned "two main streets (cardo decumanus)" ir AŽ 326. It is easy to guess that the cardo went precisely from porta praetoria to porta decumana [cardo prk. 2. ‘axle; poles; world country3. ", pp. 2) ‘border, boundary, dividing line’; 1. "(door) hinge" LoLieZ]. RMA 43 The Aosta pretoriony (recruited soldiers) veterany camp town is depicted quite differently — the decumanus runs through the middle of the camp. But for us this difference is not decisive. Since this Roman urbanism did not have a continuation, the Latin terms are only historical, you can ir translate in the jų original forms, even 90 though the Lithuanian translation looks ugly (sword!..). It is more important jų to have Lithuanian equivalents (not substitutes) that could be used as terms, as explanatory descriptions. In ir various meanings, ir castrum corresponds to ir — (war) camp; campsite, military camp; piliamiestis. Longitudir inal cross line ir street (even length ir diameter) could match others du (because there is confusion ir of decumanus cardo, only specialists can adapt, katras corresponds to katram). Abbreviations AZ — Dictionary of / Antiquity Translation Rep. red. D. Staskevi¢iené. Vilnius, 1998. LE — Encyclopedia of Life. Boston. 1954, T. 3. LoLieŽ — Kuzavinis K. Latin-Lithuanian dictionary. Vilnius, 1996. LRS — WU. X. Jlaruncro-pyccrnū cinosaps. Mocksa, RMA 1986. —- Wheeler M. Roman art architecture ir vert. / O. Dauksienė, Red. V. Gasiliūnas, consult. D. Dilytė. Vilnius, 1999. Numeriai žymi tomus (Roman) ir pages. Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Received 2000 09 25 Institute of Lithuanian Language Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius 91