J. A. Pabrėžos geografijos vadovėlio terminai

Robertas GEDRIMAS Šiauliai University J. A. PABRĖŽOS GEOGRAPHY TEXTS TERMS Jurgis (monk Ambraziejus) Pabrėža — famous Lithuanian naturalist, doctor, priest, monk of the first half of the 19th century, today most valued as the pioneer of Lithuanian scientific terminology. He was the first Lithuanian to write scientific papers in Lithuanian. He was born in the village of Večiai (Lenkimai parish, Skuodas parish) and deliberately wrote only in dialect, the native dialect of the northern Žemaites of Kretinga. He did not try to adapt the language of his writings to other dialects, he did not try to make his works understandable to all the people of Lithuania, as later did Simonas Daukantas, who came from the same parish, or other writers of the time. According to G. Subačius, Pabrėža had already thought about creating a common written Samogitian language and took as a basis the native Northern Samogitian dialect (Subačius 1996: 43). The terms used in his scientific works were therefore to become an important part of the general vocabulary of the written Samogitian language. For this reason, the term was created with particular care and sought to match the spirit of the dialect, to be acceptable to its users, in other words, to be able to take hold in the common language. He had almost never left the Zemgaly region, except for a few years of study at Vilnius University, then called the 'High School of the LDK', so his language was not influenced by other Lithuanian dialects. It can be said that the language of Pabrėža’s works is an authentic Zemgaly dialect of that time. The most important of these is the botanic garden. Lithuanian botanists, even nowadays, when they fail to find a word to name a plant, sometimes turn their eyes to the hundred-- year-old manuscripts of Pabrėža- .” In addition to botany, he was also interested in geography. Almost all authors who have studied Pabrėža- 's biography more extensively believe that he studied at Vilnius University in 1792-1794, while Vaclovas Biržiška states that Pabrėža entered Vilnius University only in 1793 and studied there until 1794 (for more details, see: Pabrėža. Gidžiūnas 1994: 13). * The introduction of the latest Botanical Names Dictionary (1998) states that one of the sources of plant names was the manuscripts of Emrezo (BV Ž 1998: 7), 117 shown by two huge world atlases, surviving from his personal library. In one of them, the states, regions and their largest cities are listed in Polish by the hand of Emphasis. At the end of the atlas, many states are described in more detail. Kaunas public library also holds one geographical work* from Pabrėža- ’s personal books (see. Pribušauskaitė 1982: 35). However, the most important and important evidence of Pažysa’s interest in geography is his small-format (166 pages) manuscript of political and physical geography of five parts of the world written in Žemaičių kalba.” This book is generally considered a textbook, as it contains the basics of physical and political geography and was probably intended for school use. It does not contain any tasks or questions for students. J. Tarvydas, who studied it more extensively, states that it is the first Lithuanian textbook of geography" (Tarvydas 1972: 55). This work Emphasis allows biographers to say that after entering the Franciscan monastery of Kretinga in 1816 in the school of this monastery, in addition to religious * One atlas consists of fifty maps (Atlas von 50 Karten), the other — eight: of the whole world (Mappa Totius Mundi...), Europe, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Regni Poloniae Magnigue Ducat Lithuaniae...) etc. They are now preserved in the Pabrėžos Fund of the Manuscripts Department of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania (F 124-8; F 124-9). * [L.] Echard. Dykcyonarzyk geograficzny, czyli Opisanie Krélestw... first and third volumes, published in Warsaw in 1783. 5 This manuscript of the Emphasis is without a title page, so its name is unknown, and in the bibliography it is referred to by the first lines: Įžėgis. //In geography (:Geographic axis) there is a description of the earth |...). The manuscript is stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (F 9-3361). * Not all geographers consider this book the first Lithuanian geography textbook. S. Vaitekūnas’ Encyclopedia of Geography states that “in 1898 P. Vileišis wrote the first Lithuanian textbook of geography” (Vaitekūnas 1994: 215). Here it should be clarified: P. Vileišis’s Short geography or description of the land (Chicago, 1898) is the first printed original Lithuanian textbook of geography. In the opinion of geographer I. Švarcaitė, Simonas Daukantas’s Method can also be called the first Lithuanian textbook of geography, because it contains many geograp1976: 207). 118 hical terms (Švarcaitė 1981: 213). Other geographers acknowledge that Pabrėža is the author of the oldest Lithuanian textbook of geography (Kudaba, Bieliukas bos, Latin language and natural sciences, Pabrėža also taught geography) (Gidžiūnas 1994: 70). The structure of the emphasis geography textbook is simple. The book begins with an introduction (Introduction, pp. 1-13), which describes the science of geography, indicates its types (matematycznyny, fizycznyny, comparative in geography) and defines the main terms. The textbook is divided into five sections by continent. Europe (Europe, pp. 13-113) is given the most space, the other continents—Asia (Azva, pp. 113-139), Africa (Afrika, pp. 139-146), South and North America (America, pp. 146-162), Australia (Australia or Oceania, pp. 162-166)—half as much space. At the beginning of the chapter, general data on the continent are presented, then the countries of that continent are described separately (for more on the structure of the book see Tarvydas 1972: 55-56). There is no date of writing. J. Tarvydas believes that the textbook was written after 1825, because it mentions the Russian Tsar Nicholas I, who began to rule in that year, and not later than 1830, because since then Pabrėža devoted himself solely to botanics (Tarvydas 1972: 56). Apparently, based on this opinion, the bibliography also indicates that Pabrėža- ’s Geography was written after 1825 (Kišūnienė 1972: 97). However, the date of the textbook of geography of Emphasis can be clarified by another important fact. The book mentions Pope Gregory XVI, who became Pope in 1831, much later than Tsar Nicholas I took over Russia: Poniawoojeczié ira Grygaalos XVI. galwa bažniiczys Riimyszkoosys® 63. It was published in 1831, and is also known as the First Edition. G. Subačius, having examined the development of the spelling of Pabrėža- ’s works, has found that this book is one of the first Pabrėža’s works written with the consonants čž, £ž and doubled balses’, and is inclined to believe that the book was created about 1831-1834 (Subačius 1999: 113). 1996: 42). "Since Pabrėža prepared a textbook of geography in Žemaičių kalba, it can be assumed that he also explained geography to students in Žemaičių kalba (Gidžiūnas 1994: 72). * For emphasis spelling see. 1972: 62-65; Subačius 1996: 11-113. In the beginning of the book these features are used much less often, in the second half of the book they are more frequent, therefore And in the article the same word can be different spelling. 119 The emphasis nowhere indicates which sources he relied on when writing this book. He probably used Polish geography books, as the Polish genders of real names, e.g., Wataakaa „Italy” 57 (Tarvydas 1972: 57) show. also in the book rarer terms are explained in Polish. It was probably not a translation or follow-up of a single work, since no similar Polish geographical work published in the late 18th — early 19th centuries has been found, which would have described the states of all continents in such a concise manner. The textbook of emphasis perhaps somewhat recalls K. Wyrwicz- 's Geography (Wyrwicz 1799). Here, as in the book Emphasis, the most important terms are first explained. The definitions in both books are formulated similarly, only Wyrwiczius presents them in the form of questions and answers: plg. : In geography (:Žemiuraszts) there is a description of the land, qt kory giwenam 1 and Co iest geografia? Geography, or the science of landscapes, is the description of the Earth (Wyrwicz 1799: 1). Wyrwicz- 's Geography could not be the main source of the Emphasis, as it describes only one continent of Europe. He is known for his extensive work on geography, including the most important geographical and geographical-geographical studies of the world. For the sake of the history of linguistics, it should be mentioned that the first Lithuanian textbook of geography lists the main European language groups, e.g. : Lyizéwiu binktoryniu rokou vyinoulyka 1) biskayskynis; 2) scottish cocker spaniel (: celtogaulskynis); 3) cymbrian skin; 4) the fin; 5) Greek; 6) totynyszkasis; 7) Arnaucky or Albanian; (8) Germansky; 9) žemaytynis, lyitowynis, yr tatwyskasis, 10) slovianskynis; 11) torkyschkaa-tatarynis. The 19th and 20th centuries. As you can see, here, alongside the Indo-European language groups, there are also groups of other language families (the term Biscayne probably refers to the Basque language, Finnish — a group or language of the Finno-Ugric family; Turkish — Torkyszkaa-Tataryni). The term is not used to describe a single group of Baltic languages, and the Žemaičių dialektas is considered a separate Baltic language and referred to as the first. For Lithuanian linguistics and geography, this work of Pabrėža is important as one of the first examples of the creation of Lithuanian geographical terms. He is also known for his contributions to the fields of dialectology and lexicology. Unfortunately, Lithuanian geographers did not follow the example of botanists and did not use it to create Lithuanian geographical terms." The lexicographers did not pay the necessary attention to Pabrėža’s textbook of geography — his words 120 did not enter the great Lithuanian language dictionary (LKZ). Emphasis In geography, more than 250 terms were found, of which about 200 are monosyllables. Of course, not only geographical terms are used here, but also a number of terms from other areas close to geography have been found. When discussing the economic situation of the country, the author does not do without economic terms, when describing the country's military (land and naval) forces, he uses terms of warfare, navy. The textbook also contains terms from botany, zoology (names of plants and animals), chemistry, linguistics, religion, architecture and some other fields. In the article Emphasis, the textbook terms are analyzed according to their sources: 1) taken from the living language, 2) made into the means of word formation of the own language, 3) borrowed from other languages. The translation of ordinary language words into terms is called termination. Termination usually involves a more or less semantic (sometimes grammatical) modification and definition of the word. Most often, the meaning of the word being terminated is expanded, narrowed, generalized or transferred according to a certain characteristic to name a completely different thing (Keinys 1980: 64; Klimavičius 1990: 100). 1996: 6). He emphasizes that when he first started to write a geography text in Lithuanian, he immediately lacked special words to name various geographical concepts. Understanding that geography (especially physical geography) is a field of science in which it is easy to borrow a lot of popular words to name its concepts, Pabrėža boldly began to terminate his dialect words. In geography, more than 80 terminated common words are used (40% of all monosyllabic terms). "Some geographers (Švarcaitė 1981: 213) emphasize, not entirely justifiably, that he mainly used his own terms of geography, rather than those borrowed from the living language, 121 Emphasis has terminated a number of foreign words used in the dialect, which are now considered barbarisms, e.g.: rieds "state order, authority" 106, rinkis 88 "county, district", robežee 13 "borders", swiets "world" 147 (more terms are made from this word, e.g., swietingoms 20). The accents of compound terms are also often taken from foreign words used in the folk language, e.g.: leciugs katnu "mountain chain, mountain range" 5; beswietys satas "undeveloped islands" 157; lousyijy miestaa "free cities" 76. The emphasis, apparently, perceived them as words of the living language, because they were widely used (some are still used) in the Žemaičių dialektas. Their translation into terms should not be regarded as a borrowing of terms, but as termination. Also, termized old debts are considered to be the result of termination rather than borrowing. First of all, in the textbook of geography of Emphasis, ordinary words relating to geographical environment, climate, denoting still bodies and phenomena of nature are terminated and semantically almost unchangeable, e.g.: dauba 130, oblasys — cloud 124, ežers 6, jura or mary 5, katns 6, katwa 5, liitos — rain 116, ors 24, 6py ~ river 6, éula 132, pakalny 151, pawasaris 20, puga 7, sata 4, seklyma “shallowness” 12, snyigs ~ snow 133, uksyna ~ wood 124, undou or wandou ~ water 5, undenis 77, wies ~ wind 7, wasara 20, wietra 7, Zyima — winter 21, Zemy 1. All these words are old Baltic, some inherited from the Indo-European proto-language and are known not only to Žemaičiai, but also to people who hate other dialects. As the LKZ shows, most jy are polymorphic. Probably they were used in the Pabré70s as well. In this geography book, their basic meaning is defined. Similarly, Laurynas Ivinskis from Žemaitija, who worked on terminology a little later than Pabrėža, also terminated ordinary words (see Auksoriūtė 1997: 45). Many old Baltic words have been terminated for minerals, such as auksos 25, droska 123, geležys 25, ruudas 125, sydabros 25, szwyns 41 and szwens 123 — lead, waris 25. It should be mentioned that Emphasis already uses the same as now the names of the countries of the world!! : "" For example, in the 1906 edition of J. Jablonski's edited S. Mečiaus's geography textbook "Brief description of the land" other names are used: rytai, vakaapibrėžiami, they are as if given the status of a scientific term, e.g.: sata 122 Daboty reek ketores binktorynes szalis, arba aplinkomus (okolice) swieta: Pyitus (:poludnie meridies ar Sud)"; Sziaury (:Potnoc, Septentrio ar Nord); Ritaa (:Wschod. Oriens or Est); Wakaraa (Zachod. Occidens ar Ouest) 12-13. They are also the terminated words of the living language. The book uses a number of terms from the folk language not only for the physical, but also for the political and economic geographical realities, e.g.: amataa 26, giwentojee 25, 166, pilsēts 33, dusts ~ port 6, pylys 60, preky 113, szalys 9, valde — power 10. Some of these words are old borrowings, e.g. Germanism amataa, Slavism pilsēts. The definition of common words is related to the definition of terms. The meaning of the term must be precisely defined. Many folk geography terms in the introduction of the book (Į[žęgis, p. 1—13) t. y. (:Insula) ira dalys žemys ysz wysu szalu wądenio aplyita 4; Opy tay ir sorinkyms undyns saldziojy, wago tekąty 6. As already mentioned, the meaning of the common word that is being terminated is often expanded or narrowed, sometimes the word of the living language is transferred to the terminology for a completely different thing according to similarity to name ar another feature. Such termination words can be considered semantic derivatives. The new meaning of the terminated word has common sems with the meaning of the ordinary word, which motivate the new, terminated, meaning. The meaning of the term is not equally close, it depends on how much ir they have common semis ir ar they enter the core į of meaning, ar į the periphery of meaning. If the nuclei of the meanings of ir the ordinary word term coincide, then they are not considered different semes in the dictionaries ir are not distinguished, for example, the already mentioned words signifying various bodies of nature and phenomena (mountain, river, storm, etc.), both the DZ and the LKŽ indicate one meaning (two are not distinguished — the ordinary and with the mark geogr. reikSmés)". riai, Winter, summer. J. Jablonskis dar ir Our Zodynelis (1918) had not decided which names of the countries of the world were more appropriate, he used a lot of synonyms. * Emphasizes next to a new term or, in his opinion, a rarer word in brackets after a colon, sometimes po a hyphen or, often provides a Polish, less often Latin equivalent of another ar language or a Lithuanian synonym. 3 DZ only mountain has a meaning with a geographical mark, but the simple primary meaning is not given; The meaning of the words river wefra this label does not have. ir 123 In termination of words, Emphasis did not avoid various semantic changes. In the textbook of geography we find common words whose terminated meaning is narrowed. The words wersmie, szaltynis (6) refer to the source of the river, e.g.: prade dpvs wadvnas wersmie or szaltynis 6. At the end of the book, next to the word szaltynis, another synonym wordol is used: szaltynis (or werdolis zrzodlo) 131. The main meaning of the word "source" is "place where water flows from the groundwater source" (LKZ XVIII), i.e., a place that does not necessarily give the beginning of the river. The fourth meaning of the word is "spring of the river", illustrative sentences are taken from the writings of K. Būga and M. Daukša. Verdulys in the LKŽ is considered a phonetic variant of the word kedulys and does not distinguish between its meaning "source, spring", but the derivative verdulingas "šaltiniuotas" and one illustrative example from Pabrėžos botanical writings (LKŽ XVIII) are given. The LKŽ data does not show that the words šaltinis and verdulis are used in the meaning of „River Sources- “, apparently, they can be considered individual terms of Pabrėža, in Pabrėža- ’s textbook we find more terms whose meanings are not fixed in the LKŽ, apparently, other authors did not use these words with such meanings. It can be said that these are individual geographical terms of Emphasis. In a textbook of geography, the word troba in the Žemaičių dialektas is used to name the houses of the parliament, e.g.: [...] sodietamy ysz karaliaus ir dweju neobhodimu: ysz koriu pirmoji sosyded ysz Senatas, qtroji ysz Pasfu yr Depotawotuju 43. The meaning of the terminated ordinary word hollow “empty room, empty area, empty place” (LKZ II) is generalized, concreted —ertmy 105 “territory” (the term ertiby 2 is used with the same meaning). In termination of the common word fruit in the plural form waysey 25, the emphasis greatly expanded the meaning, this word was used to refer to the animals and plants grown in the state and the useful minerals obtained (see fruit 8. „turtas“ LKŽ XVII). In a geography textbook, the word dyrz 20 refers to a climate and a climate zone, and the word dyrz is used next to it, e.g. : Dyržds or Zemdyržis, klimat 24. For the name of the bay, Emphasis used three words: atkdta, or ataka, or kolšžy juryny 5. In Polish geography books of the time three terms were also used, e.g.: zatok, odnoga morska, golf (Wyrwicz 1799: 14). The first word atkula is rare, apparently only used by the northern Samogitians in the meaning of “a wider 124 place of the river, where it intersects the shore and where the water flows slower; zatakis“- ., The LKZ indicates the sources of the use of this word in Pabrėžos writings and gives two illustrative sentences also from the Pabrėžos dialect area —Plungė and Salantai (LKZ I). There is no evidence that this word was used by other Žemaites, we do not find this word in DūnŽ. In dialect (and in Pabrėža- ’s botany writings) arkula is used to refer to the mouth of a river, and in a geography textbook Pabrėža summarized its meaning and named Jūros įlanka, e.g. : Babelmandeb (:wartaa smertv) jung juura arabyny so atkolo arabyny arba juuro raudoonoujy 135. Other synonyms are apparently derived from Polish terms: ataka (= attaka) is derived from Polish. zarok (with the ending from the verb departs), and the compound term kolsžy jurvny is translated into Polish. iš The sea branch. There was no word for the strait in the Zemgalian dialect. The term is derived from the Latin word for 6. Although this word is a clear construct, it can still be said that Emphasis took it ready From the living language, and not derived itself from the verb permauzti, because it has no one meaning („to crush“; ‘overdraw’; „halfway through the waist to strain (clothing- )“ LKŽ III) does not motivate the meaning of the term „Narrow water stretch between continents, islands or between continent and island, connecting adjacent oceans, seas and other water bodies“ (Vaitekūnas 1994: 171). And the simple word pergniauža (and ITS variant pargniiūža),suplonéjimas, narrowing between two thicker, wider parts, įsmauga“ (LKŽ IX) is transferred to name the concept of the strait according to the attribute „narrowing, thinning“- ’*. Synonymously with the term pargniuža is used the compound term ąksztibe juryny 6, which is the value of the German punch Meerenge "Strait" (German Meer "sea", Enge "narrowness, narrowness"), in Polish textbooks two terms ciešnina, abo przemyska morska were also used (Wyrwicz 1799: 14). In addition to the term pargniuža, the adjective našts is sometimes used, for example: ąkszto pargniuzé Faro di Messina 66. * In the newspaper “Lietuwiszka Ceitunga” published in Klaipėda, pergniūža was used as a geographical term for a narrow stretch of land (not water) — súsmauka (LKZ 1X). 125 paspolite or Daugiuwaldy; demokratveznynis or gaujewaldis; Aristocracy or dvdoumenwaldis 10. Several terms The emphasis was formed by translating Polish terms, e.g. : The period of "snoring" 4 (plg. left. miedzymorze); rakweykalaa ‘randarbas’ kų 26 (plg. left. rekodziela); poskaraalas "viceroy, king's lieutenant" 59 (see Polish wicekrol). The name of the village is derived from the local name for the village, "Szczepanów". As stated by S. "These are (2000: 69-70), the names of the places where we have seen the first signs of the Slavic influence". ir Jų find ir Emphasis in the textbook, e.g.: ciesorysty konygayksztisty 9: ponisty "state" 9; 9 (cf. Polish paristwo). Place names are also used with the Slavic suffix -stvo, e.g. grabstwo 9, laudgrabstwo 9, waywadztwa 43. Clearly influenced by Polish, Emphasis gave some words foreign meanings: zemy ‘land’ (plg. left. lgd “land, land, continent”), e.g. : Dydesniosses dalis juré neparskyrtas wadynas Zemiemis (: Lqdami) or dalvmis žemys 3; kotka „(earth) sphere“ 5 (see Polish kula ziemska „earth sphere“). The last word is used to make the value poskolkis "half-circle", e.g. at poskolkio saulielidienio 3. It is somewhat strange that the accent, using the name of the part of the world, taken from the living language —zapady, calls the western hemisphere with the value —sunrise, cf. zachodni, and the eastern hemisphere is called roll 3. The main factor that led to the decision of the Emphasis to deal with terms was apparently the attitude of the time — to have their own terms. It is worth noting that Pabrėža often used values not as main terms, but in addition to borrowed ones. Conclusions 1. The textbook of geography of Pabrėža (written after 1831), considered the first Lithuanian textbook of geography, remained unprinted, so few were able to read it. The work he began on creating Lithuanian geography terminology was not taken over by later authors1 LKG these words are not considered values (LKG I 402). 132 even S. Daukantas, who spoke in the same dialect as Pabrėža, did not use these terms. 2. In creating geographical terms, the Emphasis used in a sufficiently proportionate manner the main sources of terms as distinguished by modern terminology: 1) the vocabulary of the living language; 2) the ability to form words; 3) vocabulary of other languages. 2.1. Successfully terminated special vocabulary of folk geography; a number of dialect words have been transformed into terms, transferring their meaning according to a certain feature to name a geographical concept. 2.2. New words were usually created for those geographical concepts for which Lithuanian words were later made (dydjuris, cf. okenynas). Another term created by Pabrėža (dgnakalnis, cf. volcano) equaled J. Jablonski's innovations, which are now geographical terms. 2.3.Borrowings are mainly those terms that reflect the realities of foreign countries and are used less often, and from other languages are translated those terms that are sufficiently common in geography and do not have equivalents in the Žemaičių dialektas. LITTERACY Ambrazas S. 2000: The development of adverbs 2, Vilnius. Auksoriūtė A. 1997: Terminology of ordinary words in the 19th century (L. Ivinskio Prigimtitimené). —Lituanistica 3 (31), 44-53. 1995. "Lexicography". —Lithuanian Language 1, Vilnius, 4-77. BVZ - Dictionary of Botanical Names. Red. R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius, 1998. DLLŽ -Simono Daukanto raštai: The Great Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary 1-3. Prepared by G. Subačius, Vilnius, 1993-1996. DiinZ -Vitkauskas V. Northeastern mudworkers' dialect dictionary, Vilnius, 1976. DZ -—Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Red. St. Keinys, Vilnius, 1993. Gidžiūnas V. 1994: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771-1849), Roma-Vilnius. 1972. pp. 122. "The Book of the Dead". —Jurgis Pabrėža (1771-1849), Vilnius, pp. 62-65. Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijas abécélé, Vilnius. 1972: The Bibliography of J. Pabrėža. —Jurgis Pabrėža (1771-1849), Vilnius, 95-114. Klimavičius J. 1996: From Folk Terminology to Scientific. —Terminologija 3, Kudaba 4-15. C..Bieliukas K. 1976: Review of the first littuvisSkuju geographic textbooks. ~ Geographical Chronicle 14, 207—213. 133 Kutina L. 1964: JI. JI. Kyruna. Copuuposanue s3sikKa pycekoti fuyku ( Tepstuno1008 MtamedamuKŲ, aemponosuu, See0epaibuu 6 nepeoi mpemu XVIII sexu). Mocksa —Jlexunrpaz. LBZ. —Lithuanian dictionary of botany. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas, 1938. LKG I - Grammar of the Lithuanian language 1. Vilnius, 1965. LKŽ -Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1-20. Vilnius, 1941-2002. Pirochkine A. 2000: Jonas Jablonski — is a creator of new words. — Native language tH, PribuSauskaite 14-16. A. 1982: Books iš Jurgio Highlights personal libraries. — Library work 4. 35. Subačius G. 1993: Re-editing of Simonas Daukantas' Great Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary: individual word formation. —Studies in the History of Lithuanian Revival 4, 135—216. 1996: Ambroise Paré, The Language of the World. —Studies in the History of Lithuanian Revival 8, 10-113. Svarcaite I. 1981: Lithuanian geographical terminology. —Geografinis metraštis 19, Tarvydas J. 1972: J. Pabrėža —author of the first Lithuanian textbook of 213-216. geography. — Jurgis Pabrėža (1771-1849), Vilnius, pp. 55-62. Vaitekūnas S. 1994: Encyclopedia of Geography. Wyrwicz 1799: Geography of the present time, or a description of the natural political y kingdom. panistw, stanow wszelakich...: ku uzytkowi narodowey mlodzi by X. Karola Wyrwicza... and now reprinted in Vilnius in the J. K. Mei Printing House at the Academy. THE TERMINOLOGY OF J. A. This article deals with the terminology of the first Lithuanian Geography textbook written by J. A. Pabréza (1771-1849). a famous Samogitian naturalist and Franciscan Father. The term is derived from the Greek word for "two" (double) and refers to the three ways in which a word is created: 1) making terms out of folk lexis, 2) derivating neologisms, 3) borrowing terms. 3) (from other languages). Pabrėža used many words from his native dialect as terms of geography (kalns'mountain', Opy 'river', sata 'island'; created suitable terms of geography (darbiiby ‘occupation’, égnakalnis ‘volcano’, dydjuris ‘ocean’ etc.): borrowed terms name various phenomena to (geiser ‘geyser’) and used some calques from Greek (Zemiuraszts ‘geography’) and Polish (jurtarpis ‘isthmus, neck’). The book was written in his native Northern Samogitian sub dialect of Kretinga after 1831 but was not published. Robertas GEDRIMAS Received 2003-11-12 Šiaulių University P. Višinskio g. 38, LT-5400 Šiauliai, Lithuania E-mail gedrimas(dsplius.lt 134