Antano Vileišio (1856–1919) medicinos mokslo darbai ir jų terminija

Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ANTANAS VILEIŠIS’S (1856–1919) MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS AND THEIR TERMINOLOGY The article surveys one of the many areas of physician A. Vileišis’s work—the popularization of medical knowledge in the press; that is, some of the more notable features of the medical terminology in the booklets he wrote and translated, as well as in his articles. Antanas Vileišis was one of the most prominent figures in Vilnius Lithuanian society from the late nineteenth century through the first two decades of the twentieth century, “one of the most persistent and consistent revivers of Lithuanian identity in Polonized Vilnius and throughout the region” (Aničas 1992: 59). Having completed higher education at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, he moved to Vilnius in 1898 and began working tirelessly for the benefit of Lithuania’s culture, education, and science. A. Vileišis immediately became actively involved in the Lithuanian national revival movement and became one of the most devoted members and/or founders of many Lithuanian cultural and scientific institutions in Vilnius: the Vilnius Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society (1904), then the first legal society in Lithuania; the Vilnius Apostolic Brotherhood of the Dvikla, which fought for the rights of the Lithuanian language in Vilnius churches; the Lithuanian Language Teaching Committee (1906); the Vilnius Lithuanian Educational Society “Aušra” (1907); the Lithuanian Scientific Society (1907); and the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Victims (1914). He also helped establish and support shelters and schools: the Day Shelter for Lithuanian Children of Poor Families (1905); the Vilnius Lithuanian two-class school (1907); and the Vilnius Lithuanian St. Nicholas Society of Maidservants (1906) (Aničas 1992: 60–63; 1999: 88–127, 130–154, 177–179, 233–235, 251–309, 312–326). “There was no sphere of Vilnius Lithuanian cultural activity,” writes historian J. Aničas, “that A. Vileišis did not touch” (Aničas 1992: 63). It is no wonder, then, that “Jonas Vileišis called his brother’s family ‘a true nest of Lithuanian identity,’ ‘to which all Lithuanian Vilnius residents would flock—both laypeople and clergy, clerics and freethinkers, the wealthy and the poorer—as well as anyone temporarily visiting Vilnius. In his home, everyone could learn what Lithuanians were doing and how the work of fostering Lithuanian identity was progressing.” 84 Many were helped to find a job or a position; many were given assistance, fed, and taken in” (Aničas 1999: 80). A. Vileišis’s professional activity was also very broad and varied. He worked as a physician in Vilnius’s Seventh Medical and Sanitary District and maintained a private practice (Aničas 1999: 52–53). The “catalogue” of 220 medical books in Russian, Polish, German, and French in the physician’s personal library “testifies to his ongoing efforts to study the latest achievements in medical science and improve his professional qualifications” (Aničas 1999: 52). A. Vileišis took an active part in the work of the Vilnius Medical Society, was one of the organizers of its physicians’ section, and served on the Commission for Medicine and Pharmacology (1911) and the Physicians’ and Pharmacists’ Section (1911), which had planned “to publish a medical and pharmaceutical newspaper, develop Lithuanian medical and pharmaceutical terminology, and study Lithuania’s medicinal plants and folk medicine” (Aničas 1999: 302). However, with the outbreak of war, these plans remained unrealized. In subsequent years he headed the Medical Section (1915) and was one of the founders of the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society (1918); thanks to his efforts, a Lithuanian hospital was established in Vilnius (Aničas 1999: 57, 61, 302, 321–323, 341–343). A. Vileišis adapted for Lithuanian use the standardized patient-registration book introduced in Russia, adjusting it “for the practice of a Lithuanian physician by creating Lithuanian column headings: ‘No. No. consecutively,’ ‘Month and day,’ ‘Name and surname,’ ‘Where from,’ ‘Illness,’ ‘Treatment.’ This was already a step toward Lithuanian terminology for medical practice” (Aničas 1999: 50). Broad-minded, democratic, and tolerant, he treated people of various nationalities and was especially compassionate toward “people weighed down by poverty. He would treat them free of charge and also give them money to buy medicine and improve their diet” (Aničas 1999: 50). It is particularly worth emphasizing that A. Vileišis carried out a vast educational task in the press, popularizing medical and hygienic knowledge. He took up the pen at the urging of his brother Petras. “His writings, which encouraged people to take an interest in medical and hygienic knowledge and raised their sanitary awareness, made a significant contribution to educating the Lithuanian nation during the years of national revival. For the first time, people received so much much-needed popular knowledge about nature, medicine, and hygiene” (Aničas 1999: 62). However, A. Vileišis did not begin on untrodden ground, but continued along the path in medical science that had already been opened. “Thus, until the printed word had spread more widely among our masses,” writes Dr. K. Grinius, 85 – the most important factors in disseminating and sustaining medical knowledge were – traditional folk medicine, with certain superstitions, the church, the authorities, the school, and local intelligentsia” (Grinius 1922: 3), although the influence of the last two was slight. K. Grinius considers the following booklets to be the earliest books that “speak about matters concerning human health”: Hasselbergas. Pamokinimas apie užauginimą vaikų, iš vokiškos į lietuvišką kalbą pergulde Krizionas Lovynas (1782) (Bibliografija 1969: 120) and K. Stravinskis. Regulas dėl skarbavų žmonių, kaip savi reik užleikti nuog choler as, ir kaip greytey ratuvoti prastoms naminioms lekarstoms … [Translated from Russian by K. Ugianskis] (1848) (Bibliografija 1969: 377, 422), the latter being the first Lithuanian book printed in Kaunas. Also worth mentioning are L. Ivinskis’s Kalendoriai (1846–1878), in which medical articles were printed in a section headed Gidimas žmonių nuog nekuriun ligun. Later, more calendars appeared (e.g., Lietuviškas „Aušros“ kalendorius, Lietuviškas kalendorius, Lietuviškos kalendros, Lietuviškos kalendros su abrozais, Lietuvos ūkininkų kalendorius) (Bibliografija 1985: 689–694, 697–710, 713–718), as well as newspapers (Kuršaitis’s Keleivis, from 1849), “where some popular medical material was printed” (Grinius 1922: 4). Dr. K. Grinius considers the era of Aušros the starting point from which “greater activity began in this field,” when the number of publications (booklets and articles) on medicine increased and “Dr. J. Basanavičius, engineer P. Vileišis, the student societies of Warsaw and Moscow, Dr. A. Vileišis, and the Lithuanian Patriotic Society of America set to work” (Grinius 1922: 4). In 1883, the medical booklet Ligonių Prietelius. Kelerodys visiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių Ligų patys savo pirmąją Pagalbą prisiteikti nor was published (Grinius 1922: 19), and in 1886 Petro Nėris’s Svarbiausios žmonių ligos appeared in Tilsit. In the next edition of this booklet (1906), Dr. Mikols was named as the author. “Biographers of Antanas Vileišis claim that Dr. Mikols is A. Vileišis’s pseudonym and that he compiled this booklet” (Bibliografija 1988: 304). However, J. Petronis writes that Svarbiausias žmonių ligas was written by Petras Vileišis, drawing on the writings of Julijušas Genčas and Kazimieras Prošinskis, while A. Vileišis was the special editor of this publication (Petronis 1992: 79). Thus, A. Vileišis wrote and translated from other languages, or wrote based on the works of other authors, 25 popular medical booklets: Ką daryti, 86 kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume (1895, II leid. – 1905), Pratamės moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos (1899, II leid. – 1906), Trumpi šneka apie limpancias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti? (1901, II leid. – 1906), Kaip apsireiškia gyvastis žmogaus kūne? (1902), F. Esmarch. Pirmoji pagalba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose (1903), S. A. Knopf. Džiova ir kova su ja (1903), Apie blogąją ligą arba sifilį (prancus) (1904), Apie cholerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti (1905, II leid. – 1915), Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą (1906), Difteritas (1907), Cholera ir kova su ja (1907), I. Tarchanov. Rūgštasai pienas (1907), Naminis gydytojas (1908, II patais. leid. – 1924) (Lietuvių enciklopedijoje pabrėžta, kad „ši knyga tuo metu buvo laikoma pačia geriausia lietuvių kalba“ (Lietuvių enciklopedija 1966: 81)), B. Oks. Raupų čiepijimas (1908), Kaip reikia užlaikyti sveikos ir sergančios akys (1910), Apie geriamojo vandens švarumą sodžiuose (1912), Apie lisnikus (1912), Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai (1913, II leid. – 1914), Limpamosios ligos ir kaip nuo jų išsisaugoti? (1915). A. Vileišio darbai buvo ypač populiarūs ir skaitomi. A. Vileišis also wrote actively for the press. He published over 100 articles on various medical, hygiene, and sanitation issues in Lithuanian periodicals, including Vilniaus žinios, Šaltinis, Tėvynės sargas, Žemdirbys, Lietuvos aidas, among others; many of them were serialized and published as separate booklets (mentioned above). The great majority of the articles dealt with hygiene (e.g., The value of fruit from the standpoint of hygiene; Winter clothing from the standpoint of hygiene; How elderly people should maintain their health in winter; What to eat in winter?; Milk hygiene; Teeth and their hygiene; Cleanliness as a remedy for preventing disease; On the cleanliness of drinking water in villages; On bathing in the open air; What is hygiene?; The value of air for health; The value of sunlight for health, etc.) and infectious diseases (e.g., On cholera and how to protect oneself against it; Scarlet fever; Diphtheria; Consumption, its causes and development; How to avoid infection with malignant typhus; Smallpox (variola); Plague, its signs and preventive measures; On malaria; On scabies; Bloody flux: (Dysentery); Siberian ulcer: (Carbuncle); On rabies; Erysipelas; Scabies; What is influenza and what causes it?; The most dangerous childhood disease, prevalent in summer; How to care for a patient with typhoid fever?, etc.). 87 A. Vileišis often signed his booklets and articles with pseudonyms and abbreviated signatures, e.g., A. V., D-as A. V., Dr. A. V., D-as F. Antaniukas, D-ras A. V., and others, perhaps for the same reason as his brother, engineer P. Vileišis, who also used many pseudonyms, doing so “...to show the Russian authorities that those booklets were the work not of one person, but of many” (Aničas 1993: 104–105). A. Vileišis’s booklets received various responses and evaluations in both the Lithuanian and American press, most of them favorable. The Lithuanian-American newspaper Vienybė lietuvninkų wrote of the booklet Kaip apsireiškia gyvasis žmogaus kūne?: “The manner of exposition, judging by appearances, is good <…>. The author strives to adapt the terminology to Lithuanian, at times even going too far: for instance, he calls the human skeleton, or kūnakau[lį] (as one should understand it), ‘giltinė’ [the Grim Reaper], whereas that word only brings to mind something abstract, let us say—imaginary and fabulous. The illustrations are reproduced very clearly (33 in all), and the whole booklet is easy to read, even enjoyable” (Aničas 1999: 66). Of the booklet Pirmoji pagelba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, the reviewer wrote: “The description is very useful and arranged intelligibly, so that every person, even one with the least education, can benefit from the advice offered in the booklet. The language is beautiful and clear <…>” (Aničas 1999: 66). Dr. K. Grinius rated the booklet Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą as “a useful book for spreading knowledge of hygiene” (Grinius 1922: 11), while Dr. P. Avižonis wrote that it was “a book worth reading” (Avižonis 1909: 9). Dr. K. Grinius described Pratarmes moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos as “almost the only midwifery booklet” (Grinius 1922: 18). There were also critical remarks. For example, an author signing with the initial L. (J. Aničas writes in his book that this was Dr. K. Grinius; see Aničas 1999: 65) strongly criticized the language of the booklet Trumpi šneka apie limpancias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti (1901): “<…> the language of that booklet is difficult, and non-Lithuanian constructions occur frequently. This makes it even harder to understand what the writer means. Here and there, even someone accustomed to the language we write in finds it difficult to unravel the writer’s words” (Varpas 1902: 45). The author also reproaches the booklet for leaving many words unexplained that are not used in spoken language, and adds that “the writer’s knowledge does not always agree with medical science 88 lu“ (Varpas 1902: 45). Ir savo recenziją užbaigia žodžiais: „apskritai imant, šita knygutė daktarui V. A. nepasisekė“ (Varpas 1902: 46). Tačiau apie kalbamos knygelės antrąjį leidimą (1906) teigiamai atsiliepė Vilniaus žinių laikraštis: „Mūsų laikuose taip išsiplatino visokios užkrečiamos ligos, jog jeigu toliaus neatkreiptum atydžios į šią svarbią mūsų nelaimę, tai ne per tolimoje ateityje išmirtumėm kaip musės žiemą. Autorius, kaip gydytojas, gerai viską permanydamas, geisdamas atitolinti tokį pavojų ir negalėdamas visur ypatišką savo pagalbą parodyti, parengė šią knygelę, idant kiekvienas žmogus, perskaitęs ją, save ir kitus pasergėti galėtų“ (Aničas 1999: 65). In addition to the aforementioned works on the popularization of medical science, A. Vileišis had planned to write a popular natural history. This is attested by the surviving “287-page typescript Natural History. Zoology. Botany. Mineralogy. Revised according to Vl. M. Kazlauskas by Dr. A. V. 1904,” although “the manuscript covers only zoology” (Aničas 1999: 69). A. Vileišis also prepared a booklet, What Is Cultivated Land? How Did It Come About, What Are Its Sections, and How Can They Be Recognized?: For the Benefit of Farmers, published in Tilsit in 1901. A review of most of A. Vileišis’s booklets and articles brings several important points to light. First, the author uses few terms of foreign origin (including their synonyms and variants) that have no Lithuanian equivalents, for example: artrėtizmas Vž 1905 (53)1; čepčius Ka 1902, Pp 1903 / čiapčius Dz 1903 (cf. čepčius (Pol. czepiec, Bel. чэпец) 4. “fat on the abdomen, omentum” LKŽ II 1969); fluksija2 Ng 1908, Ng 1924; gangrena Pp 1903; gemorojai (hemorojai) Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / hemorojus Vž 1908 (192) / gemorojus Vž 1908 (176); hypokandrija Vž 1905 (192) / hypochondrija Ku 1906 / hypokondrija Ku 1906 / ipochondrija Vž 1908 (176); histerija Ku 1906, Ng 1924 / hysterija Ng 1908; influenza Ku 1906, 1Numbers in parentheses indicate the issue numbers of periodicals. 2This word is not recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. In the Home Doctor, from which the term is taken, the disease it names is described in just a few sentences: it is identified as a head ailment whose “cause is tooth decay and drafts” (Ng 1924: 43), and brief instructions are given on how to treat it. 89 Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / influenza Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (7, 34) / enfluença Ts 1918 (34); jedra Tš 1901, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (25), Ž 1909 (1), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / tymai Tš 1901, Dž 1903, Ab 1904, Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / jadra Dž 1903, Š 1910 (3), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (34) / tymai (jedra) Vž 1907 (217), Ts 1918 (7) / jedra (odra) Š 1909 (10) / adra Ng 1924 (cf. ²adra (Pol. odra) “smallpox, jadra” LKŽ I 1968); kaltūnas Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (19); kolera Kd 1895, Tš 1901, Š 1911 (5), Al 1912, Ag 1912, Ts 1917 (1, 2), Ts 1918 (4, 5) / cholera Ach 1905, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (77, 173), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (93, 125, 126), Ng 1908, Vž 1908 (96, 159), Ž 1909 (2), Š 1911 (1), Ok 1913, Š 1913 (28, 32), Ng 1924; migrena Ng 1908, Ng 1924; nervozai Ng 1908, Ng 1924; podagra Ts 1918 (4), Ng 1924; skleroze Ts 1918 (4); škar latina Tš 1901, Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Ab 1904, Vž 1907 (218), Ll 1915 / karai Tš 1901, Dž 1903, Vž 1907 (218), Ng 1908 (cf. ²karai (Pol. kor) 3, “scarlet fever” LKŽ V 1959) / skarlatina Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (1, 2), Š 1909 (25), Š 1910 (3), 18, 46), Š 1911 (5), Ll 1915 / škarlatina (karai) Ng 1924 / skarlatina Ll 1915; škorbutas Ku 1906 / skorbutas Š 1911 (30) / skur mun tas Š 1911 (30); trachoma Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (11), Ng 1924. In some instances, the Latin name is given in parentheses alongside the Lithuanian term, for example: ulna bones or arm bones (stabis – ulna, radius) Pp 1903; leukemia (leukaemia) Ka 1902; chlorosis Ka 1902; tibia (stipinas – tibiae fibulae) Pp 1903; cholerina (cholera infantum) Ku 1906; caustic soda (Lat. natrum causticum) Ll 1915; exanthematous typhus (Typhus exanthematicus) Ll 1915; tapeworms or banded worms (cestodes) Al 1912; lichen (soov aphthae) Ng 1908; whooping cough, the great cough, Lat. Pertussis or Tussis convulsiva Ll 1915; kul(k)štymas (pedis) Pp 1903; blue vitriol (cuprum sulfuricum) Ll 1915; scapula (scapula) Pp 1903; skin rash (Lat. scrophuloderma) Dž 1903; common human roundworms (ascari lumbricoides) Al 1912; relapsing fever (Lat. Febris recurrens) Ll 1915; collarbone (clavicula) Pp 1903; smallpox (Lat. Variola vera) Ll 1915; thigh bone (os femoris) Pp 1903; cerebral inflammation (Meningitis cerebrospinalis epidemica) Ll 1915; typhoid fever (Lat. Typhus abdominalis) Ll 1915; upper arm (os humeri) Pp 1903. Sometimes A. Vileišis uses only the Latin name, perhaps because he could not find a Lithuanian equivalent for the medical concept he wished to denote; for example, he writes of tuberculosis miliaris that it is “a so-called disease of the whole body” 90 lotyniškai“ Dž 1903, o odos džiova, „žinoma lot. vardu lupus“ Dž 1903. Other terms of foreign origin used in his works have Lithuanian equivalents (some even have two), which are most often given alongside them in parentheses, for example: bronchi (throat branches) Vž 1908 (97); toothpaste (ointment) Vž 1907 (218); inflammation of the gums (dėsai) Ng 1924; disinfection (destruction) Š 1909 (10); diet (abstaining from food) Vž 1907 (126); epidemic (outbreak of disease) Ng 1924; physiology (the science of life) Ng 1924; hygiene (keeping healthy) Ng 1908 / hygiene (the science of health) Ng 1924; instruments (tools) Vž 1905 (56); microbes (living beings) Vž 1905 (173); nerves (dirksniai) Pp 1903 / nerves (dirksnis) Dž 1903; neuralgia (sharp pains) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; organism (living body) Ng 1908, Š 1911 (49), Ng 1924 / organism (body) Ll 1915; paralysis (loss of movement) Ll 1915; paroxysm (attack of illness) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; pulse (throbbing of the blood vessel) Ach 1905, Ll 1915; gonorrhea (varveklis) Vž 1909 (28); sometimes they are linked by the conjunction or, for example: apoplexy, or cerebral hemorrhage Ng 1908 / apoplexy, or cerebral hemorrhage Ng 1924; dentin or soft bone Vž 1907 (217); epilepsy, or nuomara Ng 1908 / epilepsy, or nuomaras Ng 1924; very rarely, the terms are connected with a dash, for example: whooping cough, the great cough Ll 1915. The loanword palagas Ng 1908, Ts 1918 (10), Ng 1924 (cf. 2x palagas (Pol. potóg) “childbirth” LKŽ IX 1973) has the Lithuanian equivalent childbirth Pm 1899, Vž 1905 (56), Pm 1906, Vž 1908 (97), Vž 1909 (28), Ll 1915, but they are not linked as synonyms. However, when naming various diseases, their symptoms (in A. Vileišis’s term, manifestations), or other medical concepts, Lithuanian terms are often preferred, while their foreign-origin synonyms are usually given alongside in parentheses (a) or (much less often) linked by the conjunction or (b); some synonymous terms also have variant forms, for example: a) temperament (temperament) Ku 1906; cholerina Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77), Vž 1907 (125), Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / diarrhea (kolerina) Ll 1915; consumption (tuberculosis) Ll 1915; uterus (lump, macica) Pm 1899, Pm 1906; alcoholism Ng 1908, Š 1911 (32), Š 1913 (43), Ng 1924 / drunkenness (alcoholism) Š 1909 (1) / girtuoklybė Ts 1918 (4, 7); 91 rakes (skeleton) Dž 1903; buboes (buboes) Ll 1915, Š 1914 (29); blood vessel compressors (tourniquets) Pp 1903; blood deficiency (anemia) Vž 1905 (225) / blood deficiency (anemia) Ku 1906; croup Kd 1895, Pp 1903, Kd 1905 / croups (croup) Tš 1901 / croup Tš 1901 / croups (croup) Vž 1905 (104), Ku 1906 / croup (diphtheria) Ll 1915; bloody flux (dysentery) Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (4); plague Tš 1901, Vž 1908 (96), Š 1909 (1), Š 1911 (5), Ll 1915 / plague disease Tš 1901 / plague Š 1911 (5), Š 1914 (29), Ll 1915, Tš 1918 (2, 5) / plague Ok 1913 / plague Š 1914 (29) / plague (plague) Ll 1915 / plague Ll 1915 / plague or plague Tš 1917 (1); apparent death (lethargy) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; nasal growths (polyps) Vž 1905 (29); poisons (toxins) Dž 1903; superficial eye cataract (cataract) Vž 1909 (40); the bad disease (syphilis) Pm 1899, Pm 1906 / syphilis Tš 1901, Ab 1904, Š 1909 (1) / syphilis Ab 1904 / bad disease Ab 1904, Vž 1905 (29), Š 1911 (30, 32) / bad disease (syphilis) Vž 1907 (218) / syphilis Rč 1908, Š 1910 (46), Tš 1918 (5) / bad disease (syphilis) Š 1909 (1) / syphilis (syphilis) Vž 1909 (40); pulse (pulse) Pp 1903; rheumatism (rheumatism) Vž 1905 (53) / rheumatism (rheumatism) Ku 1906 / rheumatism (rheumatism) Š 1910 (1); diarrhea (diarrhea) Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77), Rp 1907, Vž 1908 (159), Ll 1915; middle eye cataract (glaucoma) Vž 1909 (40); b) paralysis or tetanus Tš 1917 (1) / paralysis or tetanus (convulsive disease) Tš 1918 (2); expanding veins or arteries Pp 1903 (but cf. expanding blood vessel (artery) Pp 1903). It sometimes happens that in some sources the Lithuanian term is considered the primary one, while in others, conversely, a synonym of foreign origin is treated as primary, although sometimes synonymous terms in the same source are linked reciprocally, for example: convulsions (spasms) Pm 1899, Pm 1906 and spasms (convulsions) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; organism (body) Š 1909 (1) and body (organism) Š 1913 (30); paralysis (stablīgė) Pp 1903 and stablīgė (paralysis) Ng 1908 (also cf. paralyžas 92 Tš 1901 / stablingė Vž 1905 (184), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (94) / paralysis (spasm) Vž 1908 (175) / afflicted with spasms Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / paralysis Š 1911 (31) / spasm Š 1911 (31) / spasm, or paralysis Ng 1924); muscles Ku 1906 and muscles Ku 1906; tendon pain (ramata) Ku 1906 and ramata (tendon pain) Ku 1906; scarlet fever (karui) Tš 1901, Dž 1903 and karui (scarlet fever) Vž 1907 (217, 218). Thus, it can be concluded that in A. Vileišis’s booklets and articles, medical terms denoting the same concept are quite varied and presented inconsistently. Mixed-origin compound terms are also found (some of them variant forms), for example: eye operations (incisions) Kr 1910; eye syphilis Vž 1909 (40); sunstroke Pp 1903 / sunstroke Pp 1903; suffocating cholera Vž 1907 (125) / suffocating cholera Vž 1907 (126); cholera eruptions Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77) / cholera eruption Vž 1908 (159) / cholera eruption Ll 1915; cholera fever Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77) / cholera fever Ll 1915; chronic abdominal (stomach) catarrh Ku 1906; diabetes Ng 1908, Ts 1918 (4), Ng 1924; breathing / respiratory organs Vž 1908 (97); renal arteries Ka 1902; lethargic sleep Vž 1908 (159); mild apoplexy Ng 1908 / mild apoplexy Ng 1924; nervous trembling Ng 1908; nervous vomiting Ng 1908 / nervous vomiting Ng 1924; nervousness Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (218), Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / nervousness Ng 1924; nerve infestation Ng 1908, Ng 1924; nerve twitching Pp 1903; false croup Ng 1908, Ng 1924; ordinary cholera diarrhea Vž 1907 (125); superficial hemorrhoids Ng 1908, Ng 1924; pneumonic plague Ll 1915; erysipelas gangrene Ts 1918 (10); sciatic nerve Pp 1903; sympathetic inflammation of the eye Vž 1909 (41); 93 true croup Ng 1908, Ng 1924; organs for digesting food Vž 1908 (60, 176), Ts 1918 (26). Other compound terms of mixed origin have Lithuanian or foreign-origin synonymous terms, for example: English disease Vž 1905 (29) / English disease Ku 1906, Vž 1905 (104) / English disease Ku 1906, Ok 1913, Ll 1915, Vž 1905 (19, 225), Vž 1907 (217), Ž 1909 (3), Š 1913 (32) / rachitis or English disease Ng 1908, Ng 1924; Bartow’s disease (scurvy in children) Vž 1905 (104), Ku 1906; carbuncle (karbonka) Ts 1901 / carbuncle Vž 1905 (225), Š 1909 (1), Š 1910 (6) / Siberian ulcer Ok 1913, Š 1913 (28) / Siberian ulcer (carbuncle) Š 1913 (46) / carbuncle (Siberian ulcer) Ll 1915; fever recurring periodically (from time to time), or ague Ng 1908; chronic (constant) runny nose Š 1910 (1); chest cage Ng 1908 / chest cavity Ng 1924; bloody flux Ts 1901, Rp 1907, Ag 1912 / bloody diarrhea Ts 1901, Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / bloody (flux) diarrhea Ng 1908 / bloody diarrhea (flux) Ng 1924; body heat (temperature) Pp 1903 / body heat (temperature) Ach 1905, Ll 1915 / body heat (temperature) Vž 1905 (77) / body heat Vž 1905 (184) / body temperature (heat) Vž 1905 (225) / body temperature Vž 1905 (289) / body temperature Ku 1906 / body heat Ku 1906 / body temperature (heat) Ku 1906 / body temperature Vž 1908 (176), Š 1910 (18), Š 1913 (30), Ts 1918 (26, 30, 34) / body heat Ng 1908 / body heat Ng 1924 / body temperature Ng 1924; intestinal canal (food passageways) Rp 1907; human skeleton (human bones) Pp 1903. Another important feature of A. Vileišis’s publications is that he uses many Lithuanian term variants and synonyms. Spelling and phonetic variants occur most frequently, for example: eyes Ng 1908 / eyes Ng 1924; kidney stone Ng 1908 / kidney stones Ng 1924; ringing in the ears Ng 1908 / ringing in the ears Ng 1924; eyelashes Ab 1904 / eyelashes Vž 1908 (6), Ts 1918 (11) / eyelashes Ng 1924; teeth Pp 1903 / tooth Pp 1903; wandering Ng 1924 / roaming Ng 1924; cough Kd 1895, Ts 1901, Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (118), Ku 94 1906, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (14), Š 1910 (3, 18), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (30, 34), Ng 1924 / cough Ll 1915 / cough Ng 1924; coughing up blood Ng 1908 / coughing up blood Ng 1924; chest Kd 1895, Dž 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (19), Ku 1906, Ng 1908, Vž 1908 (176), Š 1911 (43), Š 1913 (47), Š 1914 (17), Ng 1924 / chest Kd 1895, Pp 1903, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (30); body Dž 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (53), Ku 1906, Ng 1908, Vž 1908 (97), Vž 1908 (175), Š 1910 (1, 48), Š 1911 (27, 43), Š 1913 (44), Š 1914 (17, 29), Ts 1917 (1), Ts 1918 (4, 10, 21, 30, 34), Ng 1924 / body Ab 1904, Vž 1905 (53, 56, 77, 118, 173), Ku 1906, Ts 1918 (10); torso Pp 1903 / torso Pp 1903; lips Ka 1902, Ab 1904, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77) / lips Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1907 (217), Vž 1908 (97), Rč 1908, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (20), Š 1911 (31, 43), Al 1912, Ts 1918 (5, 34), Ng 1924; pregnancy Tš 1901 / pregnancy Vž 1908 (6) / itching Ng 1908, Š 1910 (49), Ts 1918 (14), Ng 1924; miscarriage Pm 1899, Pm 1906 / miscarriage Pm 1899, Pm 1906; boils Vž 1908 (97) / pus Vž 1908 (97), Š 1909 (39), Š 1913 (44), Š 1914 (17, 29); brains Pp 1903, Ab 1904, Vž 1905 (29), Ku 1906, Ng 1908, Vž 1909 (40), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / brain Dž 1903, Ku 1906 / brains Vž 1905 (184), Ng 1908, Š 1911 (31, 32), Al 1912; chills Ng 1908 / chills Ng 1924; vomiting Pm 1899, Tš 1901, Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77, 104, 173), Ku 1906, Pm 1906, Vž 1907 (125), Vž 1908 (159), Al 1912, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (34), Ng 1924 / vomiting Tš 1901, Ng 1908, Ll 1915; diarrhea with mucus Ng 1908 / diarrhea with mucus Ng 1924. However, Lithuanian synonymous terms are particularly notable for their abundance and variety. Several types of terminological synonymy can be distinguished according to the composition of the members of synonym sets3: The synonym set consists of: 1) single-word Lithuanian terms (the members of a synonym set are often variants), e.g.: 3The types of terminological synonymy were distinguished on the basis of the theses of St. Kein's paper On the Question of Terminological Synonymy (see Questions of Lexicon and Syntax, Šiauliai, 1974, 47). 95 fainting (fainting) Pp 1903 / fainting Vž 1905 (173). Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (94), Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (12), Al 1912, Ng 1924; white fever (blotchy rash) Dž 1903 / white fever (blotchy rash) Vž 1905 (225) / white fever (blotchy rash) Ku 1906 / white fever Ng 1908, Ng 1924; spot or blotch Pp 1903; shortness of breath Dž 1903 / shortness of breath Vž 1905 (29), Vž 1908 (175), Ng 1908 / breathlessness Vž 1907 (126); jaundice Pm 1899, Pm 1906, Ng 1908, Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / jaundice Ts 1901; gallstones (bile stones) Ab 1904; life Kd 1895, Ka 1902, Pp 1903, Vž 1909 (28) / life Pp 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (40), Ku 1906, Ž 1909 (1, 12), Ng 1924; swelling Ku 1906, Ng 1908, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (30), Ng 1924 / swelling (dropsy) Š 1909 (14) / dropsy Š 1909 (14) / dropsy Š 1910 (46); liver Pm 1899, Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Ab 1904, Pm 1906, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (1), Al 1912, Ng 1924 / liver (hepatic organ) Ka 1902 / liver (jeknos) Kd 1905 / liver Ts 1918 (4) / liver Ng 1924; fevers Pm 1899, Pm 1906, Ll 1915 / febrile illnesses Pp 1903, Vž 1905 (29, 56), Ng 1908, Š 1909 (10, 14), Ng 1924; climbing or clambering Pp 1903; breathing Ts 1901, Pp 1903 / respiration Ka 1902, Pp 1903, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (53, 77, 286), Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (12), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / breathing Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Vž 1905 (19, 232), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (93), Š 1909 (20), Š 1910 (48, 18), Š 1913 (27, 28, 217), Ok 1913, Š 1914 (17), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (30), Ng 1924 / breathing Pp 1903 / respiration (breathing) Vž 1905 (184) / sighing Vž 1907 (125) / sighing Ng 1908, Ng 1924; mortality Kd 1895, Dž 1903, Rp 1907 / mortality (death rate) Kd 1905, Ach 1905, Ku 1906, Ll 1915 / death rate Š 1909 (1), 1911 (5), Ng 1924; anemia Vž 1905 (104), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (218), Ts 1918 (7), Ng 1924 / anemia Vž 1905 (104) / anemic Ts 1918 (4); cramp Pm 1899, Ts 1901, Pp 1903, Pm 1906, Ku 1906, Ng 1908, Vž 1908 (159), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / cramp (twitching, spasms) Dž 1901 / cramp Ts 1901, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77) / cramp (spasms) Vž 1905 (173), Vž 1907 (125) / spasms Al 1912, Ng 1924; death Kd 1895, Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Kd 1905, Vž 1905 (19, 56, 77, 184), Ach 1905, Ku 1906, Pm 1906, Vž 1907 (125), Vž 1908 (159, 175), Rč 1908, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (1), Al 1912, Ok 1913, Š 1913 (27), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (10, 30, 34), Ng 1924 / death Ts 1901, Ka 1902, Pp 1903; sleeplessness (insomnia) Ng 1908 / insomnia (sleeplessness) Ng 1924 / sleeplessness (insomnia) Ng 1924; 96 backbone Š 1910 (48) / spine Pp 1903, Dž 1903, Ab 1904, Ng 1908, Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / vertebral column Š 1910 (17); insight Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / concept Ng 1924; ulcers Tš 1901, Pp 1903, Ll 1915 / wounds Ab 1904, Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / ulcers (wounds) Vž 1905 (122), Š 1913 (44) / ulcers (wounds) Ll 1915; scabs Kd 1905, Ž 1909 (3) / scabs on the head, or severe scabs Ng 1908 / scabs on the head, or scabs Ng 1924; smallpox Kd 1895, Vž 1907 (93), Vž 1908 (96), Rč 1908, Š 1909 (25), Š 1910 (46), Kr 1910, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (5) / smallpox Kd 1895, Dž 1903, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (5) / smallpox (variola) Tš 1901 / smallpox (variola) Tš 1901 / variola (smallpox) Kd 1905, Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / smallpox (variola) Vž 1909 (28), Š 1910 (3); smallpox (pimples) Vž 1909 (28); sore throat Ng 1908 / sore throat, or throat Ng 1924 / sore throat, or throat Ng 1924; boils Tš 1901, Ab 1904, Ll 1915 / painfully Ab 1904 / boils Ab 1904; taste (flavor) Vž 1905 (192); cold Vž 1905 (53), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (34) / cold (common cold) Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / cold Ng 1908 / cold Š 1909 (14), 1910 (1), Ng 1924 / cold Ll 1915; emaciation (drying out) Dž 1903; fat (adipose tissue) Ka 1902; hives (urticaria) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; thirst Tš 1901, Pp 1903, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77, 192), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (125), Ng 1908, Š 1911 (39), Š 1913 (32), Ll 1915 / thirst Kd 1905, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (19, 77), Vž 1907 (125), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / thirst Vž 1905 (184), Ng 1924; bile (green bile) Vž 1907 (125); diarrhea (flux) Ab 1904; umbilical cord or stump Pm 1899, Pm 1906, blindness (poor vision) Ku 1906 / poor sight (blindness) Vž 1909 (41); hiccups Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77), Ll 1915 / hiccuping Vž 1905 (184), Ku 1906; 2) compound (most often two-word) Lithuanian terms (usually one constituent, most often the specific one, has synonyms; incidentally, constituents with synonyms occur in variants), e.g.: eye globes (apples) Pp 1903 / eye pupils (globes) Vž 1905 (184), Ku 1906; airways / respiratory tracts Pp 1903 / respiratory tracts Ach 1905, Ž 1909 (12), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (26, 34) / air passages / tracts Vž 1908 (97) / air passages Š 1911 (5); 97 white / whitish blood corpuscles Ka 1902; lower intestine (bowel) Pp 1903; large intestine Kd 1895, Kd 1905 / large (thick) intestine Pp 1903 / large intestine Vž 1908 (60) / the blind, or large, intestine Ng 1924; skull (cranium) Pp 1903; dizziness Pm 1899, Ka 1902, Pp 1903, Pm 1906, Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (218), Vž 1909 (184), Al 1912, Ng 1924 / vertigo Dž 1903, Ng 1908; rubber syringe (bulb syringe) Ll 1915; “wandering” erysipelas Ng 1908 / “migrating” erysipelas Ts 1918 (10); flow of blood from wounds Pp 1903; inflammation of the tonsils (tongue) and palate Ll 1915; genital organs Vž 1908 (6) / organs of sex Ng 1924 (cf. also female pudenda Ab 1904; male pudenda Ab 1904); evaporation from the skin (sweating) Ku 1906; skin diseases Vž 1905 (29), Vž 1908 (97), Ts 1918 (14) / cutaneous diseases Vž 1908 (6); abdominal hernias (hernia, hernia, hernia) Pp 1903; hair papilla (hair root) Vž 1908 (6); hair loss (loss) Ng 1908; windpipe (breathing) Ts 1901 / breathing tube Ka 1902, Ku 1906, Al 1912, Ok 1913, Š 1913 (32), Ll 1915 / respiratory tube Pp 1903 / breathing tube D 1907, Vž 1907 (94), Ll 1915 / respiratory tube Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / breathing tube Vž 1907 (93), Ng 1908 / olfactory tube Ng 1924; cornea (transparent membrane of the eye) Vž 1909 (28); red / red blood corpuscles Ka 1902; diphtheria, or inflammation of the throat Ng 1924; head ache Kd 1895, Kd 1905, Ll 1915 / headache Ts 1901, Ng 1924 / head pain Ka 1902, Dž 1903, Vž 1905 (29, 77, 118, 232), Ku 1906, Vž 1907 (218), Ng 1908, Š 1909 (14), Š 1913 (28, 44, 47), Ok 1913, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (10, 30), Ng 1924 / pains in the head Ab 1904 / headache Š 1914 (29), Ll 1915, Ts 1917 (1); tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) Ll 1915; scabs in children (impetigo) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; urinary bladder Ka 1902 / urinary bladder Pm 1906 / urinary bladder Ng 1908 / bladder Ng 1924; spotted typhus (malignant fever) Ts 1901 / malignant fever Š 1909 (1) / malignant (black) fever Š 1909 (10); gallstones / biliary stones Ng 1908 / gallstones / biliary stones Ng 1924; gallbladder Ka 1902 / gallbladder Ng 1908, Ng 1924 / biliary bladder Ng 1908, Ng 1924; water blister Pm 1899 / watery blister Pm 1899, Pm 1906; 98 intestinal villi or papillae Ka 1902; intestinal fluid Kd 1895 / intestinal juice Kd 1895, Kd 1905 / intestinal juices Ka 1902 / intestinal fluids Kd 1905; 3) single words with compound Lithuanian terms, e.g.: disease stings (symptoms of illness) Ts 1918 (4); blood vessels Š 1911 (31) / blood vessels Ng 1908, Š 1913 (30); inflammation of the mucous membranes or a cold Ts 1918 (34); recurring fever, or ague Ng 1924; bleeding Ka 1902 / bloody flux Pp 1903 / blood flow Dž 1903, Vž 1905 (232); blood vessels Pm 1899, Pp 1903, Pm 1906, Ku 1906 / blood vessels Pp 1903 / blood vessels Ok 1913; large intestine Pm 1899, Pm 1906 / large intestine Pm 1899, Ng 1924 / large intestine Pm 1899, Pm 1906 / large intestine Pp 1903, Ng 1908; rabies Ts 1901 / rabies Ll 1915 / rabies Ll 1915; abdominal gland (pancreas) Ka 1902; tendons (tendons) Pp 1903 / tendons Pp 1903; large intestine (colon) Dž 1903; chickenpox Ng 1908 / chickenpox Š 1910 (3) / chickenpox Ll 1915; constipation Pm 1899, Pm 1906, Ng 1908, Vž 1908 (159), Ng 1924 / constipation Vž 1905 (104, 192) / constipation Rp 1907, Ng 1908, Ts 1918 (4), Ng 1924 / constipation Ll 1915. The term abdomen is used in A. Vileišis’s earlier works in the sense of “stomach” (this meaning of the word is also recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language), but in later writings the terms skilvis, skrandis also appear, although abdomen remains in use, e.g.: abdomen Kd 1895 / true abdomen Kd 1895 / little abdomen or stomach Dž 1903 / abdomen (stomach) Kd 1905 / stomach (abdomen) Vž 1905 (289), Ku 1906 / stomach Rp 1907, Š 1911 (23), Ll 1915, Ng 1924 / stomach (little abdomen) Vž 1907 (125) / stomach Vž 1907 (217), Vž 1908 (97), Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (12), Al 1912, Ag 1912, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (34), Ng 1924 / stomachs Ng 1908 / stomachs Š 1909 (20), Ll 1915 / stomach (little abdomen) Š 1911 (39) / stomach (stomach) Š 1911 (39) / little stomach (little abdomen) Ll 1915 / stomach (abdomen) Ng 1924 / stomach, or abdomen Ng 1924 / stomach (stomach, abdomen) Ng 1924. In A. Vileišis’s works one occasionally encounters a folk-language word denoting a medical concept and lacking synonyms, for example: kregas Ku 99 1906 (cf. kregas 1. “shortness of breath; severe cough” LKŽ VI 1962); irmedė Ab 1904, Ng 1924 / irmedė Vž 1905 (118, 173) (cf. irmedė “an illness contracted after catching cold, overexertion or fright; chills, ague, flu” LKŽ IV 1957); drapanės Pm 1899, Pm 1906 (cf. drapanės “menstruation, menstrual flow” LKŽ II 1969). Moreover, it should be added that variation and synonymy in general can be considered a characteristic feature of A. Vileišis’s style, for example: Thus, epidemics also arise, which spread through villages (hamlets) and towns like a fire Tš 1901; For example, no one can, of their own accord, force a neighbor to drain a stinking bog (mudhole) <...> Tš 1901; The lungs are very blood-rich and resemble a sponge (fungus) Pp 1903; Therefore, preventive measures require that milking vessels, strainers (sieves), dishes and other objects be washed with boiled water <...> Ž 1909 (2); In such cases it is not enough merely to clean one’s own hut (house) <...>“ Ll 1915; For women suffering from this disease, a pinch of aloe powder taken at night is good for emptying the bowels Ng 1924. Although one member of a synonym pair is often a foreign borrowing, for example: Those attending the sick person must take care not to go out into the streets (ulitsas) wearing the same clothes they wore while with the patient <...> Tš 1901; The climate should not be confused with the weather (pagoda) Ok 1913; A separate bucket (pail) should be kept for the patient’s use <...> Ll 1915; The disease germs persist in the wool of sick sheep for up to two weeks (fortnights) Ll 1915; Work in the evenings by lamplight, without covering it with either a dark or brightly colored lampshade (screen) Ll 1915; Cracked lips should be smeared with <...>sour cream (cream) <...> Ng 1924; Mouth thrush can be removed easily and quickly by applying rose honey twice a day, adding a few drops of vinegar (uksus) <...> Ng 1924; Children are given 2 grams at a time of crushed caraway seeds, mixed with honey or stewed berries (preserves) Ng 1924. In A. Vileišis’s writings under discussion, specific medical concepts are often named using definite adjectives or participles, which is already a mark of scientific style, for example: appendix of the blind intestine Ku 1906; acute inflammation of the kidneys Ts 1918 (30); white rings Pp 1899, Pm 1906; whites Kr 1910, Š 1910 (48); typhoid fever with rash Ts 1917 (1); the major bile ducts Ka 1902; “black smallpox” Ng 1908, Ng 1924; black 100 pleural diseases Ku 1906; exanthematous diseases Š 1910 (3); exanthematous typhus Š 1910 (3); anal canal (opening) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; left side of the brain Ng 1908, Ng 1924; left atrium Ka 1902; auditory meatus Ng 1924; mild ague Ng 1908, Ng 1924; optic nerve Ng 1924; false smallpox Rč 1908; medulla oblongata Pp 1903; common ague Š 1910 (46); simple inflammation Ng 1924; secret ague Š 1910 (46); dangerous ague Ng 1908, Ng 1924; artificial respiration Pp 1903; swallowing passage Ka 1902, Pp 1903 / swallowing passage Kd 1905; sitting ring Pp 1903; narrow blood vessels Ka 1902; transverse colon Ng 1924; liquid medicines Pp 1903; severe apoplexy Ng 1924; blood-stanching medicines Pp 1903; wet compresses Vž 1910 (18); rectum Ng 1924; true teeth Ng 1908 / true teeth Ng 1924; olfactory nerve Ng 1924; upper digestive tract Ku 1906, Vž 1908 (97); emetic medicines Ng 1924, etc. They are much less often named using the forms of ordinary adjectives or participles, for example: chronic inflammation of the middle eye membranes Vž 1909 (41); chronic weakening of the bowels Ku 1906; chronic catarrh of the abdomen Vž 1905 (192); suffocating cough Ng 1924; hot compresses Ts 1918 (30); mild intestinal inflammation Vž 1905 (56); contagious disease Dž 1903; small circulatory loop Pp 1903; nervous trembling Ng 1924; false limb Pp 1903; debilitating diseases Ku 1906; simple inflammation of the throat Ng 1924; simple cough Ll 1915; simple pneumonia Ll 1915; gray cataract Ts 1918 (11); dry cough Dž 1903, Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (34); severe shortness of breath Vž 1905 (77); severe diarrhea Vž 1907 (93); severe intestinal inflammation Vž 1905 (56); cold compresses Š 1910 (18); high fever Ll 1915, etc. As a sanitary physician and representative in the Vilnius City Council, A. Vileišis had to work extensively to combat violations of sanitary regulations and recurrent epidemics of infectious diseases (Aničas 1999: 53–57). One such epidemic—spotted typhus, which broke out under the harsh conditions of war—“against which he, as a physician, defended people with such self-sacrifice, proved fatal to him himself” (Aničas 1999: 338). He also wrote mostly about infectious diseases, which were very common at the time, as the titles of booklets and articles attest. This was one of the ways of combating these diseases. 101 The names of the diseases under discussion vary considerably both in booklets and in articles. A. Vileišis uses many variants and synonyms to name these diseases, for example: contagious disease Kd 1895 / infectious diseases Kd 1895, Kd 1905, Š 1909 (5, 25), Š 1911 (5) / contagious diseases Tš 1901, Ab 1904 / catching diseases Tš 1901, Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77) / contagious disease Dž 1903 / infectious diseases Pp 1903, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (5), Ž 1909 (12), Š 1911 (5, 6), Ng 1924 / infectious diseases Ach 1905, Ll 1915 / contagious diseases Vž 1905 (77) / contagious diseases Vž 1905 (173), Ku 1906, Vž 1908 (96, 136), Š 1909 (5, 10), Ž 1909 (1), Š 1911 (51), Ag 1912, Ll 1915 / infectious diseases Rč 1908, Š 1909 (25), Ll 1915, Ts 1918 (5) / contagious diseases Ž 1909 (1, 12), Š 1914 (29), Ll 1915 / infectious diseases Š 1909 (1) / contagious diseases Š 1910 (46), Ag 1912, Ok 1913, Š 1913 (28, 32), Ll 1915 / infectious diseases Ll 1915. As the examples show, all the terms A. Vileišis used to name these diseases are Lithuanian. Only one article uses a term of foreign origin, infectious disease Ts 1918 (34). In the introduction to the booklet Brief Talks on Contagious Diseases and How to Protect Oneself from Them, we read words expressing genuine concern: “Under the present organization of society, catching or contagious diseases often bring us the greatest distress and misfortune, for they tear from among us the people dearest to us. How, then, should we face them, and by what means can we defend ourselves against them? These are questions that each of us ought to consider. <...>. <...> society, and enlightenment has spread only a little; there are many poor people there who cannot afford even to observe the most basic rules that could protect them from contracting diseases. But many fail to observe those rules simply because they know nothing about them, because they do not understand them. Warning such people is the aim of this talk of mine” (Tš 1901). The physician A. Vileišis knew his work well and was devoted to it beyond measure. He wanted—and knew how—to present an abundance of useful information about various diseases to ordinary, uneducated people in an understandable way: how to protect themselves from them and, when they struck, how to treat them. Thus, it can be said that his works truly addressed the pressing public-health concerns of the time. In conclusion, it should be said that this article has touched only briefly on Dr. A. Vileišis’s written legacy—the popular medical 102 of scholarly works, while a more thorough examination of them must be left to the future. To sum up, several points may be emphasized: 1. A. Vileišis was not the first popularizer of medical knowledge in Lithuania; rather, he continued the work begun by his predecessors and, through his numerous writings, contributed to the development of Lithuanian medical terminology, giving it distinctive features. 2. The most distinctive feature of the medical terminology in A. Vileišis’s works reviewed here is its synonymy and variation. This suggests that the terminology of this field of science was then in a formative stage. 3. Most often, the first and primary medical term in A. Vileišis’s writings is Lithuanian, while its synonymous term of foreign origin is treated as secondary. 4. The abundance of synonyms and variants of Lithuanian medical terms in A. Vileišis’s works shows his aim to use more native, Lithuanian terms. Quite often, the terms in his later works are better, although the opposite can also sometimes be observed. 5. A considerable number of A. Vileišis’s serial articles published in periodicals were issued as separate booklets; consequently, there are no significant differences in the terms used in the booklets and the articles. 6. A. Vileišis wrote chiefly on medical issues that were especially relevant at the time—hygiene and communicable diseases—so his popularizing works on medical science reflected the health concerns of people of that era. The article may aptly be concluded with the words of the sermon delivered at the graveside by the priest Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas about the late Dr. A. Vileišis: “he was calm and quiet, never pushing himself to the fore; yet his works nonetheless kept him at the forefront of Lithuanian society. He did not boom like an empty barrel, for he was ‘full.’ He dug deep roots, and in the history of Lithuanian culture a fine and honorable place has been reserved for him” (Vaižgantas 1922: 218). ŠALTINIAI Ab – Apie blogąją ligą arba sifilį (prancus), Tilžė, 1904. Ach – Apie cholerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti, Vilnius, 1905. Ag – Apie geriamojo vandens švarumą sodžiuose, Seinai, 1912. Al – Apie lisnikus: (Kaip jie gyvena ir kaip jais žmonės užsikrečia), Seinai, 1912. 103 Ch – Cholera ir kova su ja, Vilnius, 1907. D – Difteritas, Vilnius, 1907. Dž – S. A. Knopf. Džiova ir kova su ja, Tilžė, 1903. Ka – Kaip apsireiškia gyvastis žmogaus kūne? Tilžė, 1902. Kd – Ką daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, Tilžė, 1895. Kd – Kas daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, Vilnius, 1905. Kr – Kaip reikia užlaikyti sveikos ir sergančios akys, Seinai, 1910. Ku – Kaip užsilakyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą, Vilnius, 1906. LKŽ I 1968 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius. LKŽ II 1969 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Vilnius. LKŽ IV 1957 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 4, Vilnius. LKŽ V 1959 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 5, Vilnius. LKŽ VI 1962 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 6, Vilnius. LKŽ IX 1973 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 9, Vilnius. LKŽ XIX 1999 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 19, Vilnius. Ll – Limpančios ligos ir kaip nuo jų išsisaugoti? Kaunas, 1915. Ng – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoje su jomis: / D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą, Seinai, 1908. Ng – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas paprasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas, Kaunas, 1924. Ok – Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai. Seinai, 1913. Pm – Patarme moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos, Tilžė. 1899. Pm – Patarme moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos, Vilnius, 1906. Pp – F. Esmarch. Pirmoji pagalba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, Tilžė, 1903. Rč – B. Oks. Raupų čiepijimas: (Šneka su jauna motina), Vilnius, 1908. Rp – I. Tarchanov. Rūgštasai pienas prof. Miečnikovo: Įrankis liaudies sveikatos užlaikymui, Vilnius, 1907. Š – Šaltinis, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. Ts – Tėvynės sargas, 1917, 1918. Tš – Trumpi šneka apie limpančias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti? Tilžė, 1901. Vž – Vilniaus žinios, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909. Ž – Žemdirbys, 1909. LITERATŪRA A n i č a s J. 1992: Antanas Vileišis – gydytojas humanistas. – Lietuvos medicina 1(3), 59–64. A n i č a s J. 1993: Petras Vileišis, 1851–1926: Gyvenimo ir veiklos bruožai, Vilnius. A n i č a s J. 1999: Antanas ir Emilija Vileišiai: Gyvenimo ir veiklos bruožai, Vilnius. Antanas Vileišis. Bibliografija 1895–1992. Parengė J. Aničas. Vilnius–Pasvalys, 1992. 104 Avižonis P. 1909: Lietuvių Medicinos ir Higijenos Knygos, Vilnius. Bibliografija 1969: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija: Knygos lietuvių kalba [1547–1861] 1, Vilnius. Bibliografija 1985: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija: Knygos lietuvių kalba [1862–1904] 2 (1), Vilnius. Bibliografija 1988: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija: Knygos lietuvių kalba [1862–1904] 2 (2), Vilnius. Grinius K. 1922: Medicinos žinių popularizacija ir lietuvių medicinos knygų sąrašas, Kaunas. Lietuvių enciklopedija 1966: Lietuvių enciklopedija 10. South Boston. Petronis J. 1992: Petras Vileišis: Apžybraiža, Vilnius. Vaižgantas 1922: Vaižganto raštai 4. Aplink Nepriklausomybės veikėjus, Kaunas–Vilnius, 216–218. Varpas 1902: Varpas 2. ANTANAS VILEIŠIS’ (1856–1919) WORKS OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND THEIR TERMINOLOGY Summary The article deals with one of the many fields of activities of a famous public figure in Vilnius and doctor A. Vileišis - the popularising of the knowledge of medical science in the press and the most significant features of medical terminology in books and articles, translated or written by Vileišis. Borrowed terms, Lithuanian terms and terms of the mixed origin used by Vileišis to name one medical concept and their synonyms and variants are discussed more widely. Naming various diseases, their symptoms and other medical concepts he gave the priority to the Lithuanian term and presented synonymic foreign term in brackets, for instance, būdas (temperamentas) (temperament / temperament); džiova (tuberkulosas) (tuberculosis); vidurinis akių valktis (glaukoma) (glaucoma). Less frequently the foreign term is given first and followed by the Lithuanian synonym in brackets, for instance, nervai (dirksniai) (nerves); pulsas (gyslos tvinksejimas) (pulse). There are only a few foreign terms (including their synonyms and variants) for which Lithuanian equivalent was not given, for instance, histerija / hysterija (hysteria), migrena (migraine). In his works Vileišis used many variants and synonyms of the Lithuanian term. The most frequent are orthographic and phonetic variants: akis / akys (eyes), klajojimas / klejojimas (delirium). Synonyms of terms are particularly plentiful – 1) one-word, for instance, geltligė / gelta (jaundice); mažakraujystė / mažakraujybė / mažakraujė (anaemia); sloga / slunktas (sloga) / slanktas / slunkas / slunktas ((head) cold); 2) complex terms, mostly two-word terms (usually one component, most frequently specific component, has a synonym), for instance, balti / baltieji kraujo skruteliai (white blood cells); rėknės, arba gerklės, uždegimas (throat inflammation); 3) one-word terms and complex terms, for instance, kraujagyslės / kraujagyslai / kraujo gyslos (blood-vessel); vėjniai raupai / vėjo raupai / vejaraupės (chicken-pox). Often parts of a synonymic chain are variants. The 105 abundance of synonyms and variants in Vileišis’ works shows his aim to give preference to Lithuanian terms. It also allows us to assume that he was looking for the most suitable, the best Lithuanian term to name a medical concept. At that time Lithuanian terminology of this field was being created and Vileišis with his numerous popular works of medical science made an important contribution. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Gauta 2003-10-27 106