E. Wüsteris ir E. Drezenas – terminologijos pradininkai ir esperantologai

REVIEWS, INFORMATION, BIBLIOGRAPHY E. WUSTERIS IR E. Dresden - Annotation The pioneers of terminology and its most famous representatives E. Wüster, E. Drezen, W. Ostwald, Warner were famous Esperantoists, as well as Esperantoologists interlinguists, It is no coincidence that the excellent A. knowledge of the linguistic ir base of Esperanto and other artificial languages, the ability to ir compare them with national languages, whose certain characteristics and elements are linked to artificial languages, was a considerable stimulus for the very specific, most formalized terminology of the field of language, the creation of concepts. classification and designation, norming and/or standardisation. After all, this requires particular accuracy, clarity, unambiguity, desirable (but not mandatory) equivalence to the corresponding terms in other languages. At the end of K. Gaivenis’s book Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Organizational Outlines (2002) several theories of terminology are presented. ir jų authors. Sick as much space is given to E. Wūsteris (Gaivenis 2002: 116, 121, 131). In 1992 a conference was held in Jurmala to mark the 100th anniversary of E. Drezen’s birth, and in 2002 in Riga to mark the 110th anniversary of his birth. In the latter, V. Skujina read the report “Ernestas Drezenas and the current theory and practice of terminology” (Auksoriūtė, Labanauskienė 2002: 123124). But that's almost all I could find about them in Lietuvių. After looking through the catalogue of the Lithuanian Esperanto Union library, I found a lot of material about E. Wūsteris and EE. Therefore, it was decided to prepare a knowledgeable article, which may be interesting for those interested in terminology. Aim and objectives: to discuss the terminology works of E. Wūster and E. Drezen, to reveal the traces of Esperanto in them. Subject: Cooperation of E. Wister and E. Drezen in the field of terminology, their Esperanto connections. * Terminology quite significant publication has mentioned E. Wiisteri centenary — see J. Gaivenytė. "Theory of Euclid's Elements". —Terminologija 5, 1998, — 100 126-129, 177 Methods: analytical, descriptive. Research data: monographs and articles prepared in Esperanto on the activities of E. Wüster and E. Drezen. Results: the application of the grammar and logic principles of Esperanto and other artificial languages in the work of language standardization had an impact on the standardization of technical language and the creation of its terms. This is proved by two pioneers of terminology, Esperantoologists —E. W. Wooster and E. Drezen — activities and cooperation. There are many links between Esperanto and terminology, which studies the principles of the organization, standardization and planning of specialised vocabulary, but they are not well known on both sides. Serious scholars often do not even imagine outside the Esperanto movement. that a relatively new but important discipline, significant for the intelligent development of the world economy and commerce, may have something to do with an “unintentional hobby” — artificial languages. Even in the Esperanto community these connections are not well known. Perhaps because some pioneers, as if, or perhaps indeed, resisting the foundation of the artificial language, subsequently devoted more attention to scientific work than to the artificial language itself. It seems that the time has come to draw attention to facts that are not just interesting historical details, but can be useful for rational use of language. Perhaps it is no coincidence that many of the people who played a particularly significant role in the development of terminology were earlier seriously interested in artificial languages. Among them, two of the most prominent and distinguished ones are Eugen Wüster and Ernest Drezen. E. Wiisteris (1898-1977) Eugen Wiester was born on 3 October 1898 in Wicsel (Austria, near Vienna) to a family of German-born manufacturers, who owned a sawmill and a metal rolling mill with a wicker power plant. A 15-year-old high school student accidentally found a textbook of Esperanto. He quickly learned the language, began to teach it to his friends, translated fiction, wrote poems and articles. At the age of 19, he received a push from an "insignificant publisher" to prepare an Esperanto dictionary, "the project quickly expanded into an encyclopedic dictionary that drastically exceeded the capabilities of a small printing press" (Wūster 1974: 435). Fortunately, the publishing house Hirr & Sohn (Leipzig) invested 100,000 marks and a "contract fee" in the future work. In 1923, the first notebook (about 200 pages) appeared. In the introductory part, divided into 1-4 notebooks, the principles of esperantology (= terminology) were discussed. In 1927, after becoming a graduate engineer, E. Wüster decided: “To use the knowledge and 178 documents I have gathered while working on an encyclopaedia for my doctoral dissertation” (Wūster 1974: 27). Kick supported this project by the German Standardization Commission. Two years later, a manuscript of 20 books was prepared, but the scientific directors did not accept it as unprintable. However, the author was already acquainted with the rector and two professors of the Technical University of Stuttgart for the purposes of his Encyclopaedia, and there the defence of the dissertation went smoothly. Another success in publishing —E. Wüster received support from the Prussian Academy of Architecture and found a publishing house, the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieur), which was able to print and bind the very complex 446-page work in a record time of four weeks. Thus, in 1931, an international standardization of the language of technology, especially electrical engineering, appeared, which was soon recognized by technical and linguistic specialists. It is the main document of terminology to this day. Due to the uniqueness of this work, the engineer E. Wisteris was invited to the International Linguistic Congress in Geneva in the year of its publication. Since 1932, he has been involved in the preparation of the International Electrical Dictionary and collaborated with the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). In 1934, he proposed the establishment of a terminology committee, which he later led. In 1950, the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) appointed him to lead the work of creating an international dictionary of terms, The Machine Tool. The International Information Centre for Terminology (INFOTERMA) was founded in 1971 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). In 1972, he was awarded the title of Honorary Professor of the University of Vienna, which entitled him to teach lexicology, lexicography, especially terminology and language standardization. E. Wüster is an internationally recognized pioneer of common terminology. 179 E. Drezen (1892-1937) Ernests Vilhelms Drezen was born on 14 November 1892 in Liepaja (Latvia). His first native language was Latvian, his second was German, and he learned Russian at the age of seven. Seventeen —ido (one of the Esperanto language development project), Esperanto, French and English. He was an engineer. officer, civil servant. In 1921, Drezen was one of the initiators of the establishment of the Union of Esperantists of the Soviet Republics (SEU —Sovetrespublika Esperantista Unuigo), became its responsible secretary and remained in this position until the end of his life. E. Drezen is considered the pioneer of Soviet interlinguistics. In 1921-1932 he published numerous articles and 15 monographs on the theory of communication in an international language and on the history of artificial languages (especially Esperanto), in 1924-1933 — 13 books and brochures on the organization of scientific work. In 1934-1936, four publications on the internationalization and standardization of scientific and technical terms in national languages appeared, including the Russian version of E. Wiister’s dissertation, published in Moscow in 1935. At that time, E. Drezen was already a member of the Commission on Technology and Terminology of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Kuznecov 1991: 27). In 1934, he was entrusted with the task of creating and leading a commission for the standardization of scientific and technical terms and phrases under the State Standardization Committee. On April 14, 1937, Drezen was arrested along with a group of collaborators in the Central Committee of the SEU. He was sentenced to death and executed on 27 October 1944. 20) years later (May 11, 1957) he was rehabilitated "because of the complete absence of the crime" (Stepanov 1992: 9). Their cooperation The first meeting of the two engineers, interlingvisty, terminologues took place in Berlin in 1928, when the young E. Wüster had just received printed instructions to cooperate with Alfred Schlomann, “the pioneer of the field of technical words” (Wūster 1974: 434). In his memoirs E. Wüster writes about this meeting: “At that time I was occasionally visited by a fairly young, agile Russian with a hat with a beak, a former tsarist officer, of Baltic origin, as I later found out. It was Ernest Drezen, who later became involved in the international standardization of terminology” (ibid., 436). 180 In 1931, shortly after the publication of E. Wüster's International Standardization of the Technical Language, E. Drezen arranged for the Soviet Academy of Sciences to carry out an expertise of this work. Based on its very positive conclusion, a group of 5 persons led by E. Drezen was given the task of reviewing and translating the work. A slightly tick-marked International Standardization of Technical Language in Russian was released in late 1935, and by early 1936 all 3,000 copies had been sold. E. Wüster and E. Drezen communicated until E. Drezen's arrest. This is evidenced by their letters, which were studied by one of the most prominent modern interlinguists, D. Blanke, a colleague and friend of E. Wooster. ISA — a federation of 17 national standards organizations founded in 1928. It took care of the unification of all kinds of global units of measurement and technical parameters until World War II interrupted its activities. Experts from various branches resolved their problems in the Technical Committees, numbered from 1 to 36. These committees have increasingly been concerned with terminology problems in specific fields, based on the understanding that standardization of technical objects leads to the naming of objects. Since individual disciplines are never strictly delimited, it was necessary to develop as broadly as possible understood basic principles and to seek language tools for all fields to facilitate mutual understanding and international cooperation. In 1934, in preparation for its conference in Stockholm in 1936, the ISA received a report from the Soviet delegation, signed by E. Drezen (Apesen 1936). Already in 1935, an Esperanto translation of the Report was published in Moscow and Amsterdam (Dresden 1935) by A. Samoilenko, a collaborator of E. Wiister. It was later reprinted in 1983 with an ending word by A. Warncrio, where this book is called a "classic of terminology" (Warner 1983: 84). The report concludes with two proposals: the establishment of a Terminology Committee and the creation of an international code of terminology. Both proposals were adopted unanimously (by 19 national standardisation organisations). The Soviet Union (on behalf of E. Drezen) was given the task of developing $i code. The concrete proposal |/SA in Basel arrived on 7 June 1935. In late summer 1936, the first meeting of the new Terminology Committee was held in Budapest. /SA 37 conference, which had to decide on the proposed code. mo At the end of June, an international preparatory meeting was held in Vienna. 181 artificial languages, created by Edgar De Wahl in 1922). They argued against Esperanto and more for natdralist, i.e. code forms of the languages used today, adapted for international communication. This caused confusion. Drezen, despite his great efforts (as did Wüster), was unable to participate in the debates in Vienna and Budapest. In these, the Westerners also strongly argued for their naturalistic artificial language. It was not possible to take a decision on the code. In 1937, in Paris, the matter was again postponed. Only in 1938, in Berlin, specialists in various fields adopted a resolution: "It is believed that harmonized rules for the construction of code words are necessary. — these rules would form part of the key to terminology for existing international terms. They have neither the force to mix languages, nor to distort words whose forms are already almost international” (Wūster 1974: 425). Thus, the first specific code proposed was not adopted. Although the idea of a terminology code, proposed by E. Drezen, was not accepted by the ISA committee in 1938, E. Wiister never abandoned it. On the contrary, the possibility of creating identical terms in different languages based on the roots of international words (especially those of Latin origin) and thus facilitating mutual scientific and technical understanding enchanted him again and again. E. Wüster left a large-volume manuscript, Radicarium + Affixarium. which can still be obtained from INFOTERMOo as a microfilmg, ISA 37 worked for three years (1936-1939) to develop the basic principles of terminology suitable for as many languages as possible, to be applied in various fields of science and technology. The committee prepared (Felber 1994: 44) instructions for the preparation of ISA dictionaries, perspectives for their preparation, international rules for international terms, bibliographical indexes of dictionaries. International principles of designation, concepts and terms uniformity are mentioned separately. After the war, in the newly established International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Terminology Committee, named ISO/TC 37 (terminology-principles and co-ordination), they were not returned. In 1932, the World Congress of Electrical Engineers was held in Paris. E. Wiister, whose book on language standardization “particularly in electrical engineering” has just been very well received, read the report. There was a heated debate. It was proposed to adopt Esperanto in the preparation of the International Electrotechnical Dictionary. It is one of the most important works of the /EC (International Electrote182 chnical Commission) that lasted for more than 20 years. E. Wüster was a permanent representative of Austria, providing German language advice. However, before he was elected to take care of the terminology of artificial languages, there were many quarrels. Thirty electric engineers (not only from Western Europe) write a joint letter in support of Esperanto, and from the Soviet Union comes a letter from the official nomenclature of two organizations of the same direction. One of them was E. Drezeno. When the first IEV (Internacia Elektroteknika Vortaro —International Electrical Engineering Dictionary) appeared in 1938, the main languages were French and English, but Esperanto was equally represented alongside German, Italian and Spanish. In retrospect, all the previous research and organizational efforts may seem to be merely preparatory attempts at the mature fruit of the terminology tree — a basic terminology for machine tools. In 1950, the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) decided to develop a glossary-test as a preparatory project for the use of multilingual terminology. The chosen field was —machine tools, their general basic concepts. The main objectives were identified as: 1) practical benefits for industry and trade, 2) exemplary application of the prepared principles to terminology and lexicographic work. After a long and painstaking investigation, 11 governments formed a working group. A terminology expert and machine tool specialist, E. Wüster, was appointed to establish the basic directives. In 1968, the main volume (from planned German, Spanish, Russian, etc. ir language volumes one year earlier than the main German one appeared). It includes 1401 terms with definitions in English and French. According to the final report of ISO/TC 37, the structure is as follows: 1) corresponds to the classical glossary (organized by fields, with detailed UDK numbering for each term), the terms are 2) “hand-out į cards” [the division of multilingual dictionaries into sections by cutting them out of a book and gluing them onto cards, and the ordering according to various criteria, was first used by A. Achloman in his illustrated technical dictionaries (ITW) and since 1906 has been a very popular 183 method of terminology standardization (IĮSO/DIN, etc.)] until the final electronic version, 3) the languages are arranged vertically, 4) as much terminological accuracy as possible is sought: —standardized definitions, dictionary structure, —references to related concepts in comparison with different national language concept systems, references to | national standardization institutes (in addition to standardized concepts), —illustration systems (illustrations are also often desirable, but they cannot convey abstract concepts, therefore references to possible concepts are provided for concepts that cannot be illustrated, for example, the concept of “threading” cannot be illustrated, so drawings of various threads are provided), —semantic structure of indexes. The precise description of the working methods makes the work like a terminology manual among the classic works in this field. It is not known whether it was a coincidence that as early as 1923 the young E. Wüster published a modest but compact dictionary of terms Ma-infaka EsperantoVortaro prielementa — esperanto-germana kaj germana-esperanta kun nombroreferentcoj as a separate part of the Enciklopedia vortaro, which still today gives the impression of a prestigious international project. Conclusions In 1998, events and publications dedicated to the 100th anniversary of E. Wüster drew attention to the worthy legacy of the terminology founder, not forgetting his interlinguistic works. E. Wuster’s vast work requires detailed research, and it would be desirable to publish newly discovered manuscripts. The pioneering work of E. Drezen, under the leadership of the Soviet Union terminologists, interrupted in 1937 due to collusion, despite some efforts, is not sufficiently known and appreciated, the idea of the Terminology Code is still alive. The urgency of this task was emphasized at the conference in Riga dedicated to the 100th anniversary of E. Drezen, as it is the key to “the particularly important research and application of terminology” (Felber 1994: 46). In addition to this necessary desire to sustain, it is likely that the important role played by Esperanto and other artificial languages in the origin of terminology will be understood. Auksoriūtė A., Labanauskienė S. 2002: Terminology and translation technology in the multilingual information society. 184 —Terminologija 9, 122-128. 1935: The Problem of the Internationalization of the Scientific-Technical Terminology. (Russian translation by A. Samoilenko), Moscow-Amsterdam (= reprint Dresden 1983). Drezen E. 1983: = reprint of Drezen 1935. Afterword by Alfred Warner, Saarbrücken. Drezen E. K. 1991: Historio de la mondolingvo 4. Expanded edition, revised and commented by S. Kuznetsov, Moscow. Drezen E. K. 1992: Historical Studies, Yekaterinburg. Felber H. 1994: East-West Cooperation in International Terminology Work in the 1930s: Drezen and Wister. —TermNet News. Eds. J. Draskau, H. Picht. Gaivenis K. 2002: Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Structure, Vilnius. Kuznecov S. N. 1991: Drezen, his work, his era. —Drezen E. 1991, 3-40. 1992: Ernest Drezen, Esperanto historian. —Drezen E. 1992, Warner A. 1983: The international assimilation of scientific and technical terminology. —Drezen E. 1983, 82-90. 5-9. Wiister E. 1974: The Road ro Infoterm. Tivo reports prepared behalf of UNESCO. Inventory of Sources of Scientific and Technical Terminology. A Plan for Establishing and International Information Centre (Clearighouse) for Terminology, Munich. Hopesen E. K. 1936: Humepraunona muza uns Hay HHO-mex HUHeC KOU me p MU HO A0 ULL. Hemopusa, COBPCMCHHOC HOANOKE HIE U NCEpCnE KMU GB, Mocksa-Jlennnrpaaz. Aida ČIŽIKAITĖ Received 2004-10-04 Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities Muitinės g. 8, LT-44280 Kaunas E-mail aidute@mail It 185