Latvių augalų vardai Jurgio (Ambraziejaus) Pabrėžos žodynuose

Solvita LABANAUSKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language LATVIAN PLANT NAME o The material of the article —298 names of Latvian plant species, selected from two dictionaries of Jurgis (Ambraziejus) Pabrēza (1771-1849) —Taisla augimiu (1843, hereinafter TA) and Waardaa tayslvynee Augimiu (1834, hereinafter WTA). In ordering and creating Lithuanian plant names according to the system of plants established by Carl Linnaeus, J. Pabrėza relied on sources in other languages — books were downloaded from Vilnius, Petrapilis, Riga (Gidžiūnas 1993: 207). One of them was Oekonomisch-technische Flora von Wilhelm Christian Friebe (Riga, 1805) (preserved in the Rare Prints Department of the VU Library). The German author in his book presents not only Latin, German, but also Latvian, Estonian, Russian names of plants, as the title suggests, purposefully collected. It is from W. Ch. Friebe's dictionary Ockonomisch-technische Flora, as J. Pabrėža himself refers to the growth of Tuysla in the preface. Both his botanical jų dictionaries contained ir Latvian and Russian (maskol) names of ir plants. For all Lithuanian plant names, Latvian equivalents were not enough, because W. Ch. Frieze set is narrow and one-sidedSkas. The Latvian plant nomenclature was collected and studied later, in the second half of the 19th century. In 2003 appeared Inese Ēdelmane and Aria Ozola’s book Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi (hereinafter LAN), in which the names of plants collected from all previous sources show the history of the formation of the Latvian terminology base in this field (Reidzanė 2003: V). It was used to check the forms of Latvian names in J. Pabrēza’s dictionaries. The aim of this review article is to compare the terms of Latvian and Lithuanian plant systematics by J. Pabrėža. TA and WTA Latvian plant names The first attempt to create and select botanical names was made by the WTA, and according to this, the largest scientific work of J. Pabrėža145 ’s life, Taisla augimas, which covers nearly a thousand names of plant genera, was continued. Comparison of dictionaries. Taking Latvian names of plants, J. Pabrēza based on one German W. Ch. Friebes leidiniu Oekonomisch-technische Flora. However, there are differences in spelling and in the names of the plants themselves between WTA and TA. In the parentheses the author transposes Latvian and Lithuanian forms of plant names (the Latvian data are verified according to LAN, and the Lithuanian data — according to Giedrius Subačius’ research Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalboje (Subačius 1996: 12-42)). For example: lot. Asarum europaeuwum —latv. "Kummelu pelidas (~ kummelu pėdas)" (in Lithuanian). "Pypyvriapy curopyyny" (~ European pepper leaf) TA —latv. You're a fool. Pippiru Sahles (~ cumin feet. pippiru zales) WTA; lot. "Convalaria majalis". Wetschokli. Wehshawas. Weschaustini (~ vechli, vešavas, vesaustini) (cf. vežokli, vézavas, vézaustini LAN] — lit. "Pakalnuty WooZbarzdy (~ pakalnutė oZbarzdé) TA —latv. Wetschokli. Wehshawas. Wesch-woven (~ old-fashioned cool, wesch-woven) WTA; lot. Fragaria vesca —latv. Seeds. "Semmohgas (~ strawberries, zemogas) {plg. zemene, zemenoga LAN] — liet. "Zemyyny ZŽeemougy" (in Latvian). Seeds. Semm-Ohgas (—zeminenes, zemm-ogas) WTA; lot. Ficaria ranunculoides — latv. Tukkuma Sahle (~ tukkuma zale) [see titkuma zūle] LAN] — song. Szwatyks szwatvkweedy (—swatkweedy) TA —latv. Tuhkume Sahles (~ titkume zales) WTA; lot. "Malva rotundifolia". Kukku seers (~ kakku siers) [cf. kaki siers LAN] — lit. "Katsure apsukoritaapy" (~katsuré apsukurtlapé) TA —latv. Cake, sergeant. Pappeles (~cake cheese, pappelesy WTA: lot. Nymphaea alba —law. "Lehpa (appa)". White Leopard (~ lėpa appa’, baltas lépasy [cf. white leopard, leopard leaf LAN] lit. "Undlelyje battooji (~ undlelija balta) TA —latv. A soft cloth. White-tailed leech (—lépu lappa, white leap) WTA; lot. "Rubus fruticosus". Cassettes. "Kazakhstan" (PDF). kazakhstan.kz. Punishment. kazu ogas LAN] — lict. "A.A.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R." The casino. Bulk of barley (~ cazen, goat's goat) WTA, 146 lot. Sambucus nigra L. — Pleeder's cock. Pluschus (~ pliederu wood, plušus) (cf. plum tree, plum tree LAN] — let. The Black Swan (The Black Swan, lit. Pleeder's cock. Pluschu plush wood, plush) (— WTA: lot. Trifolium pratense — Latv. Abbolites. Abbolin. Abbolu sahles (~ abbolites, abbolinas, abbolu zales) {plg. abolited, abolinu zales, abolini LAN) — song. Dobyls takvynis (— clover dense) TA — latv. Abbolites. Abbolin. Abbolu sahles. Abbolinni (— abbolites, abbolinas, abbolu zales, abolini) WTA; lot. Ulmus campestris — Latv. Gohba (~ goba) [plg. gobu LAN] ~ song. Winkszna ganikhyny (~ vinkšna raktklinė) TA - latv. Goba Sausages (— goba sausvese) WTA, lot. Veronica officinalis — latv. Apini semumes (~ apini zemimes) (plg. Earth monkey LAN] lict. — Veriony aptiekyyny (~ verioné aptickiné) TA — latv. Appini semmes (~ appini zemmes) WTA. There ir are cases when WTA has no Latvian to name, which was TA, e.g. : lot. Humulus lupulus. — Appini (~ appini) (plg. appini LAN) — song. Aapiniis wysortyynesis (~ apynis visurtiniasis) TA: lot. "Solanum tuberosu- — m". Rattus (~ rattus) TA [plg. ruthenium LAN] it. — Džioegma Ropodty (~ dziugma ropote) TA; lot. Stellaria media — latv. Mauring (7) [not available LAN] lict. — Zvayzdynyky Zluugis (~ #sexygirls) Ta. Synonymy and imagery. The basis of the study material consists t. y. of folk, dialect, plant names. A prominent Latvian terminologist V. The term is derived from the Greek ῥῆμα (rhēma). 2002: 41). A terminologist wrote about folk terminology in Lithuania J. Klimavicius: „in the tradition of Lithuanian linguistics, folk terminology is first raised as the most important source and example of scientific terminology. — it is impossible to imagine that the folk language would not have botany” (Klimavicius 1996: 4). Folk terminology is iš characterized by synonymy and imagery, expressiveness. The phenomenon of synonymy in botany, as in other fields, especially at the beginning of the formation of terminology, is inevitable. Synonymy can be determined by the commonness of the word in a ir particular dialect (Keinys — 1974: 46). J. The emphasis next to the Latin term provided one 147 scientific. In the German source, the Latvian plant names comprise as many as 60 synonym lines, they are used synonymously both in monoand bi-word names, therefore the TA also presents not only one, but also 2, 3 or even 4 synonyms. For example: lot. "Menyanthes trifoliata". Bunny patch. Puplatschi (~ puppu lappa. puplači) [cf. pup leaves, puplaci LAN] — lit. Pylwiity Puuplayszky (~ pilvity puplajskie) TA, lot. Rosa canina —latv. Ehrkschki. Wilke drihizehkle (érkski, wilke dricekle) [cf. erskis, vilka dricekle LAN] — liet. Erszkroožy Eerszkelis (~ thorn-rose thorn-rose) TA; lot. Scirpus caespitosus. Aschki dune. Meldi (~ aški doni, meldi) [cf. aki, doni, meldri LAN] — song. Smoklie kouksztotoji (~ slimy cough-eater) TA; lot. Calluna vulgaris. Wirsnes. A little bit. Black sash. Garszhe (~ tops, mellotnt, black slope, garse) [cf. tops, mellemi, garses LAN] — lit. Wvržis wysdrtvynesis (~ virzis vissurtiniasis) TA and others. Popular names of plants are characterized by visuality and vividness. In the words of Kazimieras Gaivenis, expressive terms are created even in systematic terminology (Gaivenis 1991: 29), J. Pabrėža, of course, took the Latvian names of plants from the already mentioned source, without selecting the figurative and non-figurative ones. But there are many picturesque ones. For example: : lot. "Hvpericus perforatum". Jahnu sahles (—Janu zales) TA [plg. Janu zales LAN] — lict. Jonoty parmatspougy (~ jonutė parmaitspougė) TA; lot. Pinguicula vulgaris — latv. Dsegguses seetawas (—dzegguzes sietavas) TA [see Black-tailed sieve LAN] — song. "Take Me Home" (feat. Primula officinalis (Lat.) The shorts (~ gaila pants) TA [plg. gaila pants LAN] — liet. Pawasaargy apteekyyny (~ spring pharmacy) TA; lot. "Verbascum lychnitis- ". Saules szwezze (~ solar candle?) TA [cf. solar candle LAN] — lit. "Dewinmaacy minor (—ninynmacė minor) TA" (in Lithuanian). 148 Some current scientific names have changed, for example, Janu zales, divškautnu ne asinszale; Parascreio mus sivatae — ta LAN. The remaining imagery in the scientific name Verbascum lychnitis Latvian commonly — nivinviruspēks. Single-word species names. TA In this dictionary, as in popular terminology in general, (176). they are used to designate a ir genus, a species, e.g.: lat. ir ir Cornus sanguinea — latv. Beswarde (~ bezwarde) [plg. without name LAN) — song. Seeddla Kraujyny (~ sedula sanguine) TA, lot. "Fraxinus — excelsior". Ohsis (~ osis) TA [plg. osis LAN] lict. — Ousis wysortyynis (— uosis visurtinis) TA; lot. Hyoscyamus niger latv. — Driggenes (~ driggenes) [plg. drigene LAN) — song. Dryygnie joudooji (— drignė juoda) TA; lot. Salix amygdalina — latv. (Short-t- (— ailed hornbill) [plg. Cark LAN] — song. Blindy mygdolyyny (— blindė migdoliné) Ta. Compound species names. The least number of compound names of plants were found, both of which consist of Latvian words, e.g.: lat. Cichorium intybus — latv. Zellmellas (~ cellmellas) [plg. Celmala LAN) — song. Chicory (Chicory (~ aestivalis) TA; lot. Potentilla anserina — latv. Platkahjischi (~ platkaasi) {plg. Platkaasi LAN] — song. Daugaaly Žąslesata (~ daugalé Zanslesala) TA; lot. Spiraea ulmaria — Latv. Flat-tailed (~ barb) [plg. Flatbeard LAN] — song. £gkswa Wedritksztis (~ fleksva vendrykstis) Ta. Compound species names. Another considerable part of plant names are compound diphthon- — gs (122), (a) the specific mark is adjective (participba ant) or (b) adjective, e.g.: lat. a) Agrimonia eupatoria — latv. Sihki dadschi (— siki dadži) [plg. Sikdaji, siki daji LAN) — song. Dyrwonka Giduuny (— dirvonka gydūnė) TA; lot. Ribes nigrum — Latv. Black sutrini (~ black zutrini) [plg. Black zustrini LAN] lict. — Meelwy Blackcur- (— rant (Ribes rubrum) TA; lot. Urtica dioica — latv. Clear. Swehtas natres (~ sikas, svėtas natres) [plg. sika ndtre, svėta natre LAN) — song. Notriny dwyndomy (— notrynė dvinume) TA, 149 lot. U. urens — latv. White nights (~ white nights) [néra LAN] — liet. N. twentieth (~ n. twentieth) TA; (b) lot. "Anthoxanthum odoratum". Tabaka sahle (—tabaka zale) (plg. tabaka zale LAN] — lit. Garduniitis kwapiingasis (~ gardiinytis kvapingasis) TA; lot. "Erythraea centaurium". Druzha sahle. Wehdera sahle (~ fever valley, védera valley) [not LAN] — lit. Tima Sžiimtauksa (—tyma šimtauksa) TA; lot. "Glyceria fluitans- ". "Ehrsku ausa (—Irish auzas)" (in Lithuanian). Safduuny floating TA; lot. "Hypericum perforatum". Ragganas kauli (~ witch's bones) [see witch's bones LAN] — lit. Jonoty parmatspougy (~ jonutė parmatspougė) TA; lot. "Iris pseudoacorus". The sun's rays. Saubinu sahles (~ sunrises, saubinu zales) [cf. sunrises, zobinu zales LAN] — liet. Orariikszty Neteys Aajers (~ orarykštė neteis ajeras) TA; lot. Primula officinalis (Lat.) Gaila kahjas (~ gaila kajas) (cf. gaila kajas, gaila LAN] — song. "Pawasaargy aptiekyyny (~ spring pharmacy) TA, lot. "Salix fragilis". Sehtas wihtols (~ setas vitols) [cf. setas vitols LAN] — lit. Blindy graudiooji (~ blindy grasshopper) TA, lot. "Syringa vulgaris- ". Wahzsemmes karkli (~ Vaczemmes karkli) [see Vaczemes karkli LAN] — lit. "Babylon" (in French). Common and Different Names in Latvian and Lithuanian Languages. The Latvian names of plants sometimes partially or completely correspond to the Lithuanian scientific —genetic communities provided by J. Pabrėža, e.g.: lat. "Acer platanoides". Klawa (~ key) [plg. LAN key] — lit. Klavs jowariveydis (~ klavas jovariveidis) TA, lot. "Aegopodium podagraria". Gahrses (~ garses) [cf. garses LAN] — lit. Geerszwa (~ gersva) TA; lot. Arunda phragmites —Latv. Needra. Reed (—cane, stem) [see reed, stem] LAN] — liet. Nedry wysortyyny (—nendrė visurtiné) TA; lot. "Galium aparine - Latv. Marnakas (~ marnakas) [cf. marmakas LAN] — lit. Kimbara Maarnaka 150 (—kimbara marnaka) TA; lot. "Humulus lupulus". Appini (~ appini) {plg. appini LAN] — lit. Aapiniis wysortyynesis (~ apynis visurtiniasis) TA; lot. "Lonicera xylosteum". Sausweschi (~ sausveši) [cf. sausviesi LAN] — lict. Sauskuuny Sauswiitis (~ sauskiiné sauswytis) TA; lot. Symphythum officinale —latv. Wait a minute. "Spiele (—tauka zale, igrae)" (in German). "Taylor Swift - I'm Sorry" (feat. "Taylor Swift - I'm Sorry" (feat. In other cases, latviSkus corresponds literally or partially to Lithuanian dialect names, e.g.: lat. Solanum dulcamare — latv. Beaver's horn (—beaver- 's horn) [cf. beaver's horn LAN] liet. "Kaarst (Kaarst)" (in Dutch). kaart.nl. Beaver's tail (~ beaver's tails) TA; lot. Iris germanica —latv. Wilku sohibens (~ wolf's sword) [cf. wolf's sword LAN] — lit. "Woodrow Wilson" (in German). zeit.de. "Wylkodulgee (~ wolf's nest) TA". The common borrowed words of Latvian and Lithuanian are also considered to be commons. It is a Slavic language spoken in the Baltic countries, including Latvia. "Apium graveolens". Celery (~ celery) [cf. celery LAN] — lit. "Bituny Saliera (—bitūnė saliera) TA, lot. Carum carvi — latv. Kimmenes (~ kimmenes) [cf. kimene LAN] — lit. Kmiins wysortynesis (—kmynas visurtiniasis) TA; lot. "Polygonum fagopyrum". Greek. Drink (~ grakki, drink) [cf. greek) LAN] ~ liet. "Ruktis Gryks (~ rigtis grikas) TA" (in Lithuanian). Although the languages are closely related, there are more differences than similarities. Here are mentioned some Latvian peculiarities. In the Latvian plant nomenclature, Germanisms are distinguished, for example: lat. "Anethum graveolens". Dilles (—dilles) [plg. dille LAN], vok. Dill — light. Kraaps skaudeckwepqasis (~ krapas skaudiakvepansis) TA; lot. Valeriana officinalis. Baldrini. Baldrian (~ baldrini, baldrians) [see baldrini, baldrians LAN], vok. Valerian leaves. Yylgy apriekyv151 ny (~ long pharmacy) TA; lot. Viola odorata —latv. Violin (~ violins) [see violin LAN], vok. Viola — song. Priiatka kwapiingoji (~ prijalka kvapingoji) TA. This is German Dill, Valerian. Viole borrowed, used in the current nomenclature (only instead of violes — violettes). It is probably a loanword from the Latin language: lat. "Viburnum opulus". Professions. Irbenaji (~ yrbenes, irbenaji) [cf. irbines, irbenajs LAN] — lit. Irbenis Pootelis (~ irbenis putelis) TA. It has been found that the TA index of Latvian language (hereinafter TAR) contains 30 Latvian plant names, which are not recorded in the dictionary itself. The Latin equivalent is given next to Latvian. Consequently, they are included under W. Ch. Friebe's book arrows. When checking by LAN, not all Latvian names are found. Some of them are mononymous plant names, for example: lat. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Elkschnis (—elkšnisYTAR [cf. elksnis LAN] — lit. "Alsnis glvytesis (—alksnis glitiasis lot. Euphorbia Esula — latv. Peenaines (~ pienaines) TAR [cf. pienaine LAN) — lit. Kiaupyiny Szonpyina (—kiaupienė šunpiena- ); lot. Sambucus ebulus. Krukli (~ krukli) TAR [cf. krūklis LAN] — lit. "Beautiful" (feat. Sempervivum tectorum Latv. Embutti (~ embutti) TAR [cf. embuti LAN] — liet. Rvityna Stoguu (—rietina stogų) and other parts — composite names of plants, e.g.: lat. Acorus Calamus -—latv. Kalwju roots (~ kalwju roots) TAR [see kalvis LAN] — liet. Ajers Tatarszka (~ ajeras tatarska); lot. "Aethusa cynapium". Sunnu stohbri (—sunnu stobri) TAR [plg. are stems LAN) song. — Zoorda szonpetroszka (~ zurda Sunpetruska); lot. Asparagus officinalis. Laumas slohta (~ laumas slota) TAR [cf. laumas slota LAN] — het. Szpaars aptiekvynis (—šparas aptickinis); lot. Menyanthes trifoliata 152 —latv, Gremojama sahle (—gremojama zale) TAR [cf. gremojama zale LAN] — liet. Pylwiity Puuptayszky (—pilvyté puplaiškė) and others. Two more Latvian names of plants are presented in TA index without Latin name or other reference: Rahinu saknes, Strallenes. Inaccuracies of W. Ch. In Friebe's Oekonomisch-technische Flora, there are names with question marks next to them. Apparently, it was not clear to the author whether such a plant name actually exists. J. Emphasizes less doubts and less question marks. According to LAN, these names are popular in Latvian dialects. For example: lot. "Carex arenaria". A sin (—grislis)? Maukley? (~ maukleji) TAR, plg. grisla, maukléjs LAN, liet. "Vyksva smyltyyny (~ viksva smiltiné" (in Polish). Epilobium angustifolium. Kasu rohses (~goat roses)? TAR, plg. Pink goat LAN, song. "Ožrožy siaurtaapy" (~Ožrožė siaurtapé) and others. In the dictionary there are J. Pabrėža- 's own rikty — omitted or replaced letters (some of them corrected in the index), e.g.: lat. "Centaurea cyanus". Ruden pukkes (~ ruden pukkes) TA, plg. rudzu puke LAN, latv. "Rudsu pukkes" (~ rudzu pukkes) TAR, liet. Szimtauksy Woosytka (~ one hundred thousand) TA; lot. "Heracleum sibiricum". Bahrkschke. "Kappa (~ barkske, kappa) TA, plg. barkski, kepaini LAN, latv. "Barkschke, Keppa (~ barkske, keppa) TAR, liet". "Baarschtis Meszkpieda (~ barkstis meskpéda) TA, lot. "Pedicularis palustris". Ust sahle. 1996) 1910 – Ustubunga (~ ust zale, ustubunga) TA, plg. utis zales, utupollina zales LAN, latv. "Uts-sahle, Uttubunga (~ uts zale, uttubunga) TAR, liet. Otwaysa porwyyny (~ utvaisa purine) TA; 153