Bendrašakniai dvižodžių teisės terminų sinonimai ir variantai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Alvydas UMBRASAS The article analyzes the legal terms of the Lithuanian Codes in force in 1918-1940.The author analyzes the legal terms of the Lithuanian Codes in force in 1918-1940. All analyzed codes are translated from Russian (there were no originals), they are supplemented with translated and original Lithuanian appendices. In previous articles published in 7erminologija (no. 9 and 10) the author compared the legal terminology of the translations of the then criminal and civil codes. This time, more sources are covered, but it is not about the relationship of specific translation terms, but about terms as a whole. The investigation revealed that o jų 19181940 m. in the codes, the two-word legal terms had the most synonyms and variants. Approximately a third of all the two-word terms found are included in the synonyms and variants rows. There were especially many synonymous terms with the same root words, so it was decided to show the prevailing types of their expression. In Lithuanian terminology, the boundary between synonyms and variants of terms is not clearly defined. The research focuses more on practical issues of different terms naming, where necessary, referring to the ir general theory of linguistics. So far, the main focus has been on the synonymy of Lithuanian and international terms (Klimavičius 1975), sometimes trying to look at the structure, but the main and most relevant aspect still remains the correspondence of native and borrowed synonymous terms (Keinys 1999). 1974). Until now, the greatest influence on our terminology has been the Russian terminology, where synonyms are usually associated with variants and sometimes identified with each other (Moschitz-Hagspiel 1994: 146). ' For a list of codes, see at the end of the article. 100 When it comes to synonymous terms having the same root, it is worth noting | the opinion that synonyms can only be words of different roots. If the root (and part of the language) is the same, then there are either words of different meanings or variants (Mononeu 1983: 15). Considering the root, O. Akhmanova, M. Nikitin, N. Semenyuk, V. Vinogradov have tried to draw the boundary of variants and synonyms. There were also those who opposed this, for example A. Yevgenyeva, F. Filinas, E. Ivannikova, V. Grečka (see Vaskelienė 2000: 12-13). In Lithuanian linguistics, the root | is unpleasant to take into account, although in terminology (especially when analyzing compound terms) it would be quite convenient. In accordance with the general theory of Lithuanian linguistics, many common-- rooted terms must be considered synonyms (in fact, they occupy an intermediate position between unquestionable synonyms, i.e. with different roots, and variants), because variants are understood very narrowly — it is “the difference of the same language unit. Variants usually have the same function and differ only in expression, so it is often said that they are different realizations of the same individual language unit” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 225). In theory, it seems obvious, but in practice it is not always easy to tell when a certain unit of language is just a variant of another unit, and when it is another unit. Linguists acknowledge that the path between variants and synonyms is sometimes slippery (Pikčilingis 1988: 47). If we consider that both the term synonym and variant denote the same concept (unlike in general linguistic theory, where synonyms often have differences in meaning), we can assume that their function is essentially the same. In terms of meaning, variants are also synonyms (presented in thesauruses, see Lyberis 2002: IX). Thus, in order to distinguish variants and synonyms in terminology, it is necessary to take into account the differences in expression (although the lexical meaning cannot be ignored either). Term variants should then be regarded as such terms that consist of the same words, having only minor differences, such as: spelling, phonetics, morphology, morphology, conjugation, transliteration, etc. (differences in word formation usually indicate not variants, but synonyms). The thesis does not aim to strictly limit variants and synonyms, so some variants are presented for confusion with synonyms (unfortunately, terms sometimes have both synonyms and variants). In general, variants are part of synonymy in the broad sense, so in terminology there is no great need to draw a strict boundary between them, since it is a 101 question of naming the same concept. The classification presented in the work is not subtle, some types are summarized by the most characteristic features. Some synonyms and variants are used at different times (e.g., Appellate Court BS, 68 T. BPI, 180/12-appellate court CT], 202, BPL, 291 P, BPĮ,, 33 P; the numbers next to the abbreviations indicate the year), so they are presented“ not chronologically, but according to the named type (in this case the noun originator —adjective with suffix -inis, -¢). When the chronology is visible, this is taken into account in the timelines. Most of the synonyms of terms used with the same meaning in the Codes of 1918-1940 differ in the secondary elements. The most typical type of expression is the synonymous use of a noun and an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė (or a variant of this suffix, e.g., -tinis, -ė) for the same purpose, e.g.: administracinis organas CT], 1222/18, BPĮ, 1, BP, 1226administracinis organas CT] 1 S, BS,, 378, BPL,, 852/20; alimentų pensija CPL, 1554 —alimentiné pensija Ctl, 1554; apeliacijos instancija BS,, 68 T, BPI, 180/12 —apeliaciné instancija CTI 202, BP], 291 P “30 BPĮ,. 33 P; hiring of a person CPI, 138, CTI, 138 hiring of a person C1,, 1737 S; reserve capital Cl,, 2200/2 = reserve capital CI, 2200 P; market price Cl. 2200 P —the exchange price CI, 1674/1. CTI, 615, BPL,, 7798S; diplomatic agent BS 478 —diplomatic agent CTI, 225, BS, 5 R, BPĮ,, 230; mortgage creditor CPL, 1563 _mortgage creditor CTL, 1563; military seniority cL. 56 —Military Seniority Cl, 56, BPL, 272; cassation appeal CPL, 813, CTL, 29 T, BS,, 74 T, BPL,, 199, BPI, 175 — cassation "appeal CPL, 1460/21. CTL 191, BPL, 894; [likvidácie komisie C1, 2200 P -likvidaciné komisie CTI, 4 T, označený znak BS „28 -značka BS,, * If the term is found in several sources, the abbreviations are written in the following order: civil and civil procedure code (CI, CPI, CTL[), criminal and criminal procedure code (BS, BPI). 102 28; fine BS, 2V fine Cl, 684 S, CTL, 91. BS,, 2 V, BPI, 52/1: mutual [Amendments to BPI. 219 S — insults of the same kind BS. 4778;municipal authority Cl, 698, BS, 30/8 —municipal authority CTT, 1219; official order BPI., 279 P —official order BS, 44; witness of will C I. 1048 —restaming witness Cl, 1054 S; state language BPI,, 579 V state language BPI, 579 V; civil service BS, 3 30/2, BPĮ,, 238/1, CTL 893 -va Is tybine tar nyba BS, 532 S; public institution Cl, 2012, BS, 30/8 —public institution CI 173. Here are also mentioned synonyms that are different in the verb: iŠmarų palikimas CTL, 1749-išmirtinis palikimas Cl,, 1246 T; neighbouring right CL 442 T, CPL, 34, CTL, 29 T — neighbouring right CPL, 29, CTI, 34. Some of the terms presented here are not used now at all, others: used with a noun (e.g.: stock capital, stock exchange price, mark of distinction, municipal office), thirds — su adjective (e.g.: appeal, diplomatic agent, cassation appeal, fine). Different forms are sometimes unavoidable, for example, alongside the predominant mortgage creditor, there is sometimes a mortgage creditor, unnecessarily; next to the predominant liquidation committee — liquidation committee (the latter is perhaps even more appropriate). Terms that differ only in the noun or adjective with suffix -inis, -ė, rarely get different terminological meanings, for example, state enterprise and state enterprise could be interpreted differently, i.e. the first would be understood as the opposite of municipal enterprise, the second as the opposite of private enterprise o — (KKP 1998: 313), but actually iš used synonymously, only gradually moving to state enterprise (this choice may have been determined by the proximity to the municipal company). In general with the words state and state terms inequalities were and are-— we have Va /city service law, but The Constitution mentions the civil service. It is interesting that in the 1922 and 1928 constitutions the term state language is used, and in 1938 (and now) - state language (LVTA 1996: 7, 14, 21). * Current usage checked in the Scimo legislation database. There are quite a few cases where co-root synonyms are formed by variation of the noun's adjective and the passive participant (individual or ordinary- ), e.g.: protective means BS, 245protective means CPL,.82/4;- jreplacement strength Cl, 1647 —insurable strength CI 707; jevidence Cl,, 120°, CT], 469 ~ evidence CTI, 467; indictment BPI, „920Tindictation BP, 519;payment grid cl. 2054, BS, 552S paying grid Cl, 2054 S, BS, 552 $; criminal event BP, 328 —criminal event BPI, 315; inheritance law Cl, 132 S —inheritance law Cl, 1123 S; procurement act Cl, 579 —purchasing act Cl, 692 T, CTI, 1439; investigation action BPĮ,, 144 —investigation action BP], 1038; enforcement case CT}, 1187 T —enforcement case CTI, 1154 T. As can be seen, in such cases the most commonly used verb is the abstract origin, although other forms are also used, e.g.: limitation of action CT), 69 T —limitation of claim CT, 266 S; note of debt Cl, 1259, BS, 68 S — note of loan CI, 2052 PT; securement "letter Cl, 1562 $, CPL, 649 — securement letter CT, 645 — securement letter CTL, 649. The current usage shows that the originators (e.g. bail bond, criminal event, inheritance law, purchase deed, interrogation actions) have become more common, but there are also more appropriate participants according to meaning (e.g. evidence, indictment, enforcement case). Quite often in the material of the study the secondary elements of the biword term are synonymously expressed by adjectives (mostly with suffixes -inis, -ė) or various participants, e.g. :payment book CPL, 471 ~payment book CTĮ, 161/1;mortgage debt CPI,, 1575, CT], 816 T —mortgage debt CTI, 1575; false application BS o 160 —false application BS, 158; declaratory order Cl, 1531 —declarative order CTI, 1374; inherited property CI, 1011 -inherited property C1, 188; transferable record C1,,2058 S-transferable record Cl, 2059; supplementary call CT, 943 —supplementary call CT] 1096; written explanation CPL,, CTL, 145 —written explanation CPL,. 145, CTL, 313; term payment CI, 1086 S —term payment CT], 593 S; affirmative 104 Taxes Cl, 1683 —tvirtybiniai mokesčiai Cl,, 1683 —fiksiniai mokesčiai CPI, 1162, CT, 1573 S. Of the here presented terms that have survived to our days, those with adjectives as a subordinate are more common (e.g.: atsakinga priežiūra, pareiškimo tvarka, rašytinė paaiškinimas), but they are also used by participants (e.g.: išskaitymo knygelė, įgytas turtas). There are two types of adjectives: 1) adjectives with the suffix -inis, -¢ —adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a, e.g. :personal responsibility BPI..20—personal responsibility CTL 1097 T5 physical violence BS, „589 R-physical violence BS,, 507 R, complicit actions BS, 51 R —concliudent actions BS, 591 Rs microscopic examination BPLĪ,, 625 — microscopic examination BPI, 691. Although substantively different, here mineétinairterrorist act BPI. „226Pteroristinis aktas BS, 2 P. By the way, in the codes of law there are almost 20 times more legal terms whose secondary accent is in the form of an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė than terms with -iškas, -a. In some other fields of terminology of the time this ratio was different. For example, according to St. Keinis, Maironis used more two-word literary science terms with -iskas, -a form subordinate elements (Keinys 2002: 42-43). The synonymy of these two adverbs is already known from 16th-17th century writings (Ambrazas 2003: 20), but now the meanings are usually separated. 2) an adjective with the suffix -inis. -¢ —an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė (-tinis, -ė), e.g. :criminal investigation BS,157-investigative investigation BS, 38 Tiring pledge Cl.,220—written pledge Cl, 2052 S, BS,, 611 S; marked paper HS 433: marked paper HS, 433. The adjectives of this type of terms are made with the same suffix, but their base words are significantly different. There are also a few synonymous terms, the different adjectives of which do not form more pronounced types, these are isolated cases, for example..- nemoneiginis vekselis BPL,, 29S —nemoneiginis vekselis BS, 591 T su —adjective -inis, -¢ derivative with prefix ne-. o noun derivative with su the prefix be-. The current term is only a non-cash bill of exchange (see also TT 1992: 26). A different but close to this case is the term pair of non-cash loan Cl, 2014 — non-cash loan CI, 2014. Subsequently, 105 niame The translation of the CLI has been corrected, but the unilateral commitment CPI,, 161/24 has been unnecessarily replaced mu CTI, There 161/24. are also some synonyms with different (usually different kinds of time) $subjects in the lower démen, e.g.: punishable attempt BP, 852/1 —criminal ir attempt BS, 4 P:degrading acts BP], 103—degrading acts BPI. + 89; implementing act CPI,, 161/10, CPL, 161/10, CTL, 161/11 T —enforceable act CTL, 161/10. The type of participant can be ir ta the same, but the verbs of the same root are different, e.g.: kalimieji namai BS, 24 —kalinamieji namai BS,, 174 T (cf. kalėti —kalinti). In this case, only the phrases that are in the present tense are used (e.g. Found a ir few synonyms that differ in the location of the side spot (before or after the main focus). Part of them are clearly transformed one into another: 1) adjective with suffix -inis, -ė —subjunctive of a noun, e.g.: rašytiniai įrodymai BIS, 88 S — written statement BPLI, 88 S; verbal insult BS, 475 S —injuring by word BS, 530 S. These terms can also be accompanied by the noun originator (verbal contract C1, 1702 S —verbal contract CI, 1531S —verbal contract Cl,, 1700 T) or the participant (active insult BS,, 475 S —injuring by action BS, 475S - an act of insult BS,, S); 475 2) the noun originator — the verb communicator, e.g. :administrative law Cl,, 387 T, CPL,. 73, CTI, 32/1 —right to operate a CPL, CT 73, BS, 255. Although with different prefixes, the following term pairs also mean the same thing: BPL, 289 — request to withdraw from the BIS, 288. removal request BIS, 275 —request to withdraw from the BIS,, 273. Such pairs can also be joined by a participant, e.g., a request for enforcement CPJ,. 161/10 —CTL 161/10 —CPL, 161/10, CTI, 942; 3) the noun’s beneficiary — the noun’s originator, e.g.: namai suimtiesiems BS, 21 S, BPL,, 395 — house of detainees CT, 528, BPĮ,, 950; 4) noun pronoun —noun origin, e.g.: apven žiūrėjimas in 106 place of CPL, 82/2 —place sighting CPL, 119, CTI, 119, BPI, 48 V. Some of the terms mentioned here are now used with a secondary démen before the principal (e.g.: right of control, inspection of the place), some — after the principal (e.g.: verbal insult, written insult), some are not used at all. A separate group consists of terms whose salutation elements are nouns — constructive synonyms. In general, the term of functional synonyms is not established in linguistics, their understanding in various works differs somewhat (see Vaskelienė 2000: 5-10). J. Vaskelienė proposes to understand constructive synonyms as follows: they are derivatives of the same constructive category of close meaning, having the same root (2000: 75). The criterion of the category of work in most cases is convenient. The most commonly used synonyms in the research material are terms with the same root, but different abstracts of the verbs of Čaryba, e.g.: apžiūros protokolas CP,,511—apžiūros protokolas CT], 511, BPI, 687; pakilimo vieta BPĮ,, 396 V kilmės vieta CT], 62; nuostolių pinigai CPI, 161/5netes ėjimo pinigai CPL, „161 5, CTL 161/5;nuomos terminas CPI, 161/1,Cl,, 5428S nuomos terminas Cl, 1691; sam dymo sutartis CL, 1700, CPL, 125, CTI, 155/1 —darbo sutartis Cl. 106 T, CPI,. 125, CPL, 157, CTI, 125; Explosion hazard BS, 224, BS, 2240 Explosion hazard BS, 224. From here, the more common terms not with the suffix -imas, for example, inspection report, contract of employment, although next to the predomina3 nt place of origin, lease term still occurs place of departure, lease term. Verb synonyms can also be, for example, abstractions of nouns (nedoros veiksmas BS 280 —nedorovés veiksmas BS, 280, BS,, 280; nekaltybés įrodymai BP], 841. BPI, 935-evidence of incapacity BPI,, 935; limitation of capacity CPL, 1681, CTI, 1460/13 T limitation of capacity CTL, 1681); names of actors (witness testimony CPL.102-witness testimony Cl, 78 S, CPI, 102, CTI, 101, BS, 158, BS,, 158); action result names (find price CPL, 15/1 — claim price CPL, 15/1, CTL 15/1). Perhaps the nouns in the subordinates of the terms, which differ from the place of storage: self-settlements CPL, 36/3—mutual settlements CPI, should also be considered constructive synonyms. 36/3. There are also variants, clear synonyms only with derivatives. Of these: mutual agreement CL, 1528S —mutual agreement CT], 1638. "There are cases when derivatives of different categories of construction are used in compounds of the same meaning, e.g. the right of priority CPL, 814/5 - the right of priority CI, 1301 The right of priority CTI, 814/5. Here, in addition to the abstracts of two nouns (synonyms of the verb), the 38 107 abstract of the verb of the same root is used. They are not synonymous if taken separately, but all compounds are used synonymously. Similar are also the following pairs: dovanojimo aktas C1,, 570 Sdovanos aktas CTT,, 258 IĮ BS,, 419 T,uzstatymo raštas CĮ..1670-užstato raštas CTI, 106 T. True, the reason for the latter case may be that in Russian 3axa0 means both action and its result, while in Lithuanian there are two equivalents to this word. Thus, it is possible to talk about synonymy of terms when the accents are completely different (otherwise non-synonymous) common root words, cf. also: honourable title BS 28, BS, 28 —honourable title BS,, 28; charitable institution BS 578 —charity institution Cl, 698; register of registration Cl, 78 T, CTI, 1647, BP] 1013 T —register of registration Cl,, 78, CTI, 1341, BS, 667 T. Salutiné circumstance CI, 1539S —extraneous circumstance CI, 1536, BS, 108 T. Finally, there are terms whose difference is the non-overlap of prefixes (including their presence or absence), e.g. :right of defenceé BPĮ, 1186 S—right of defence BS,, 45 Interlocutory statement BS, 159-—exposé CTL 261 T, BS, 159; interested* person Cl, 693 PT-interested person CPL, 241, CTI, 1164 ~interested person Cl, 919 S, CTL, 1215 S. It is not clear whether such cases should be regarded as synonyms or variants. Since the differences are constructive, it seems necessary to talk about synonyms. The terms were used synonymously and (re)insurance, e.g. :draudimo draugija BS 325 —apdraudimo draugija Cl,, 2199 S; * J. Jablonskis already in 1914 corrected zainteresuoti to suinteresuoti (1935: 129). 108 that CL, 1630, CPL, 161/7, CTL 1129-collateral deed BS,, collateral deed 577 S — CI, 1644 S, CTL, 1168; pledge agreement Cl, 1554 5, BS, 593 R, BPĮ,, 27S —-pledge agreement BS,, 577 S-collateral agreement CTI, 1514; claim CTI, 138 — seeks claim CPL,. 0 sought axis claim CPL, 138;plaintiff's request CPL, -action request CPI.,,,197, CT, 51 —sought request r 51, CTI, 258 S —sought sis request CPI, 51, CPL,. 200/5, CTI, 54/2. This includes the right of representation Cl, 1127 T -right of substitution Cl, 156 —right of substitution Cl, 1123. Some synonyms and variants of verses without a noun. Only different adjectives and participants are used, e.g.: atsakoma priežiūra BS, 39-atsakominga priežiūra BPĮ, 88 ~ atsakinga priežiūra BS,, 39, BPĮ,, 77/l; written act Cl, 711, BPI, 158 S —written act Cl, 993 S —written act CTI, 456 —written act CTI, 409 S. There are also adjectives alone (noun and simple). The same is true for synonyms with adjectives of other roots, e.g. :joint and several liability C1, 1548 T-joint and several liability Cl,,684 S, BPI,, 195—joint liability BS, 627 Joint and several liability CT], 112 T, criminal proceedings CL, 25, CPL, 695/ 200/14, CTI, 5, BS, 165, BP], 3-criminal case BS,, 156 S —criminal case "CPL, 20074, CTI, 200/4, BS,, 157 T legal heir CPI, 1352 statutory heir Cl, 1066 PT —lawsScasous heir Cl, 1066 PT ~jstatutorious heir CI, 1068/2 S, CTI, 1352. By the way, in similar combinations the word istatymiškas J. Jablonskis corrected to jstatyminis, teisėtas (1936: 223-224). There were various synonyms and variants of legal terms in the codes of 1918-1940. The legal terminology was being developed at the time, and it was not easy to do so. There were almost no established terms, so the translators of the codes (remember that all codes are translations) used such terms as seemed more appropriate to them. The ir terminological qualifications of the translators were inadequate. It is not excluded that some synonyms were used deliberately —just for stylistic reasons— 115 mais (maybe not in terms). The synonymy of a large part of the two-word combinations (terms) presented here is natural in the language — this is made possible by the large synonymic possibilities of the expression of secondary elements of word combinations in Lithuanian language. Almost all of the compounds discussed are formally regular, although in the eyes of today some seem unusual. The motives for their use at that time are difficult to guess now, sometimes there may not have been any clear motives. It is during the period of investigation that the tradition of using some legal terms arose. Unsuccessful (or random) synonyms and variants were gradually removed. Now, in terminology, nominative forms of adjectives and participles are most often used to designate species characteristics, there is a tendency to correct adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, if in compounds it is possible to say the noun's pronoun instead of them, adjectives are more often made with suffixes -inis, -ė, rather than -iškas, -a, international adjectives of the type -alinis, -arinis, -yvinis are avoided, the principles of internationalization have been established, etc. The absence of the present tense does not necessarily indicate the absence of the past tense. It is clear that it was not always immediately possible to create precise, systematic terms. On the other hand, in subsequent translations, new terms were sometimes created unnecessarily, intentionally or by accident, despite the previously created ones. The uniformity of legal terms was not sufficiently sought at that time, but in the absence of a dictionary of legal terms (jj was attempted to prepare, but for unknown reasons was not completed) variants and synonyms of terms in the codes of that time were inevitable. The state did not provide official translations, and the unofficial translations (which were regarded as such by all) were not required to be coordinated with each other. There was also inconsistent use of terms in the same translation. These are the shortcomings of editing. On the other hand, the texts and appendices of the Codex (a number of synonyms were taken from the latter) were often edited by different persons, taken from different sources. Non-statistical appendices (e.g., decisions of the Supreme Court of Lithuania) were often deliberately left as they are, and their terminology did not always coincide with that used in the Code. MAIN SOURCES (CODES) BPI L, —Criminal Procedure Act. Red. A. Kriščiukaitis. —Teisė 6-10 [appendix], Kaunas, 1924-1926. 116 "Criminal Procedure Act". J. Byla, Kaunas, 1930. 2000.,, —Criminal Procedure Law with commentaries made up of decisions of the Russian Senate h and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and other interpretations, liecianciy Didž. Criminal Procedure Law of Lithuania and Klaipėda Region. Red. M. Kavolis, Kaunas, BS, -—Penal statute. Kaunas, 1933, 1919 //Penal laws, Kaunas, BS,, -—Penal statute: with additions. K. 1919. Jablonskis, 2 ed., Kaunas, 1930. BS,, -—Penal statute with additional criminal laws and commentaries drawn from the decisions of the Russian Senate and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and other interpretations, Kaunas, 1934. Civil laws: Įst. Vol. X, No. 1: Translation. CI,, Šalkauskis K. Civil Laws: Volume X, Part 1, Kaunas, 1933. ICC. —The Law of Civil Procedure. M. Chepas, Kaunas, 1931. CPl,,, = Law of Civil Procedure with ancillary laws and a subject-- specific arrow-glossary. Prepared for the press by J. Viskanta, Kaunas, 1931. CT, -—The Civil Law with all its amendments and additions and with the interpretations of the Supreme Tribunal and the Russian Senate. Red. by C. Butkys, Kaunas, 1938*. Ambrazas S. 2003: Historical relationships of adjectives with suffixes -ingas (-a), -inis (-ė) and -iškas (-a). —Baltistica 37 (1) (2002), 2003, 17-22. Gaivenis K., Keinys St. 1990: Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, Kaunas. 1935: Jablonskis J.: Jablonskio raštai 4, Kaunas. Jablonskis J. 1936: Jablonskis raštai 5, Kaunas. 1974: The Synonyms of Terms. —Lexicography and Syntax Issues, Šiauliai, 44-50. Keinys St. 2002: Maironis and the terminology of our literary science. —Terminologija 9, 26-54. 1998: The Language of the World. Prepared by P. Kniūkšta, Vilnius. Klimavičius J. 1975: Synonymy of International and Lithuanian Terms in Terminology. —Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 16. Lithuanian terminology, 91-123. KPP 1976: Language Practice Advice. Compiled by A. Pupkis, Vilnius, * To make it easier to find the term, the article number is indicated next to the code abbreviation, not the page. Many of the terms are taken from the comments attached to the articles. Next to the number of the article, a letter is written, which indicates the type of annex: T —decision of the Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania, S —decision of the Russian Senate, R —commentary of the Code’s editorial commission, V —other law, P —all other annexes, including those that were in the original. Some of the terms are taken from the subscripts. Then, next to the article number, after the slash, the subheading number is also written. 117 KPP 1985: Language Practice Tips. Compiled by A. Pupkis, Vilnius. 2002. "Dictionary of Synonyms". 2nd ed., Vilnius. LKKN 1998: Lietuvos kalbos komisijos nutarimai 1977-1998. Compiled by R. Dobelienė, Vilnius. LVTA 1996: Lietuvos valstyhės teisės aktai (1918.11.16—-1940.VI.- 15). Prepared by V. Andriulis, R, Mockevičius, V. Valeckaitė, Vilnius. Moschitz-Hagspiel B. 1994: The Sonjetic School of Terminology (1931— 1991), Vienna. 1988. pp. 19. "Synonyms". Language figures, Kaunas. Piročkinas A. 1986: Correction of the language of Jonas Jablonskis, Kaunas. Skardžius P. 1997: Selected Writings 2, Vilnius. TT 1992: Terminology corrections. Prepared by K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys. J. Klimavičius, Vilnius. Umbrasas A. 2003: Changes in Legal Terminology in Translations of the Civil Code of Lithuania 1918-1940. —Terminologija 10, 55-83. Vaskelienė J. 2000: Practical synonyms, Šiauliai. Mozioneji B. H. 1983: HekoTopbIe po6.1eMbl TEDMHHOJIOTHHYCCKOH CHHOHHMHH. = TepmMun u caoeo, Topbruii, 11-21. SYNONYMS AND VARIANTS OF CONJUGATE TWO-WORD TERMS OF LAW IN LITHUANIAN LEGAL CODES OF 1918-1940 Summary This article analyses terms of law from the Codes, which were translated into Lithuanian from Russian and were in force in 1918-1940. The analysis shows that two-word terms of law had a lot of synonyms and variants. The most frequent were synonymic and variant terms with the same root, therefore the decision was taken to show the predominant types of their expression. The most typical variants of terms are terms with simple pronominal forms adjectives and participles. or of The most typical synonyms are terms with subordinate elements in a genitive of a noun or an adjective with the suffix -inis, -¢. The abundance of synonyms and variants shows that terminology of Jaw was in the process of creation at that time and this process was not easy. There were hardly any well-established terms, therefore translators the of Codes used terms they thought were most suitable. Precisely. systemic terms, which met needs of the users, were made not from the first attempt. On the other hand, later translations in the of Codes new terms were sometimes created needlessly, when the existing terms were deliberately or accidentally ignored. The material shows that there were not enough attempts to achieve uniformity in the terms of Jaw, Alvydas UMBRASAS Gauta 2004-11-08 Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail Alvydas(- kilt 118