Ligų pavadinimai „Lietuvos ūkininko“ priede „Sveikata“ (1909–1928)

HISTORY OF TERMINOLOGY Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language LIGŲ PAVADINIMAI LIETUVOS ŪKININKO PRIEDE SVEIKATA (1909–1928) In 1909, the supplement Lietuvos ūkininko1, titled2 Sveikata, began publication; it was edited by doctor Kazys Grinius. “This is the first medical newspaper in the Lithuanian language. <…>, intended to disseminate health information among the broad masses” (Grinius 1922: 16). With the outbreak of war, publication of Sveikatos ceased; it resumed in 1920 and continued without interruption until 1928. During the first three years of publication, the supplement Sveikata issues appeared as separate booklets, for example: D-ras P. Avižonis. Trachoma (1909 1), Daktaras K. Grinius. Skarlatina (1909 4), Dr. K. Grinius. Nuomarius (1910 1), Dr. A. Sketeris. Karštinės (1910 4), Dr. K. Grinius. Apie drugio ligą (1911 2), S. M. Kruvinoji (Dizenterija) (1911 12), and others—a total of 17 booklets. Thereafter, the supplement was published irregularly, with issues appearing at varying intervals: from 1912 to 1915 every four weeks, from 1920 to 1924 every other month, and from 1925 to 1928 monthly. The article titles clearly show that much was written about diseases in Sveikatoje—How to protect oneself from nervous debility (1913 1), Vaccinate children against smallpox! (1914 4), How to protect oneself from fever (typhus)? (1914 5), On overeating (1914 6), On wartime diseases (1915 1), How to protect oneself from typhus and other contagious diseases (1920 1), On contagious diseases among schoolchildren (1920 4), On trachoma and the fight against it 1 Until issue no. 5 of 1914—Lietuvos ūkininkas; from issue no. 6 of 1914—Lietuvos ūkininkas. 2 Laikraštis Lietuvos ūkininkas be Sveikatos leido ir daugiau priedų: Žemė (1907–1928); Mokykla (1909–1912), vėliau ėjo kaip Lietuvos žinių priedas; Jaunimas (1910–1933), vėliau ėjo kaip savarankiškas leidinys; Žibutė (1911–1913); Literatūros priedas (1921–1922); Savivaldybė ir kooperacija (1921–1924); Apžvalga (1930–1932) (žr. LTE VII 1981: 13). 70 (1921 4), The Most Important Diseases of This Spring (1924 2), About Diseases and Medicines (1924 4), Can Consumption Be Cured? (1925 5), Neurasthenia or Seizure (1928 2), etc.; on hygiene and sanitation – Cleanliness of the Body (1914 4), What Must We Do to Stay Healthy? (1920 1), About Bathhouses (1920 2), How to Wash (1920 4), etc.; on various other medical issues – About Hypnotism (1912 5), Eye Inflammation (1912 6), About Homeopathy (1912 9), How to Eat (1913 8, 9), About Hemorrhages (1913 9, 10), About Poisons and Poisoning (1913 10, 11), About Wounds (1914 1), Aging (1921 6), etc. The section Questions and Answers, Editorial Answers was printed in many issues of the supplement. Reviews of new books and news from medical science were also often provided. However, it should be noted that even before the supplement Health appeared, a considerable amount of information about diseases, as well as other medical matters, had already been disseminated. For instance, “many disease epidemics are described in chronicles from 1310; quarantine measures were taken against them. In the sixteenth century, city magistrates and nobles began to issue mandatory sanitation regulations” (ME I 1991: 540). From around the mid-eighteenth century, printed works began to appear that discussed certain diseases. These were various edicts or instructions published in Königsberg, for example: Royal Order That No One Shall Bring Foreign Goods into the Land of Prussia Without Health Certificates or Passports… [Edict of King Frederick William I of Prussia prohibiting the admission into Prussia of merchants and other persons from regions affected by contagious diseases and plague without health certificates] (1738), A Brief Instruction on What a Farmhand and Those Unable to Obtain a Doctor Should Do When Smallpox Breaks Out… [Instructions of the Prussian Supreme Medical College on combating smallpox] (1769), Instruction on Maintaining Health and Protecting Oneself Against Infection from the Approaching Cholera Disease [Prussian government instructions on protecting against infectious diseases] (1831), Order on Closing the Border and Taking Other Measures to Prevent the Spread of Cholera Disease. [Prussian government edict on measures to protect against cattle plague] (1831), etc. From 1846, many different human diseases were discussed in a section of the Calendars published by L. Ivinskis, entitled Cures for People for Certain Diseases, for example: for fever, for heat, for jaundice, for pulmonary disease (1846), for consumption, for stone (1857), for lung dis- 71 ease, for abdominal cramps, for eye inflammation (1858), for dysentery, for liver disease (1861), for malignant smallpox, for paralysis (1862), for indigestion, for ringworm (1878), etc. In 1848, a booklet translated from Russian by J. Uganskis was published: Rules for Wealthy People on How to Protect Themselves from Cholera and How to Treat It Quickly with Simple Household Remedies…, which Dr. K. Grinius described as the first popularization of medical knowledge (Grinius 1922: 14). In 1862, a publication prepared by G. Beržanskis appeared: Spiritual Protection. Against Plague Epidemics and Other Contagious Diseases, Beneficial to Both People and Livestock (Bibliografija 1969: 3, 49, 129–134, 178, 304, 309, 420, 422, 523). During the press ban (1865–1904), many newspapers were published (Aušra, Dirva-Žinynas, Lietuviszkasis Balsas, Naujienos, Szviesa, Tėvynės Sargas, Tilžės Keleiwis, Ukinkas, Varpas), calendars (Kalendorius arba metsksajtus ukiszksasis…, Kalendorius ukiszkas Kataliku Ziamajcziu…, Kalendorius ukiszkasis…, Lietuwiszkas Auszros Kalendorius, Ukiškasis Kalendorius), and booklets about diseases written or translated by individual authors (J. Basanavičius, P. Mikolainis, A. Sketeris, A. Vileišis, P. Vileišis, and others) (Biržiška 1929: 544, 555, 564, 613, 639, 648, 681, 691, 709, 747, 789, 821, 873, 1030, 1042, 1064, 1086, 1105, 1108–1109, 1153, 1188, 1242, 1248, 1256–1257, 1303, 1318, 1323). After the press was restored (from 1904), even more printed works appeared—newspapers (Artojas, Lietuvos Ūkininkas, Šaltinis, Tėvynė, Vadovas, Vienybė, Vilniaus Žinios, Viltis, Žemdirbys, etc.) and calendars (Biržų Kalendorius, Ukiškasis Kalendorius, Vilniaus Kalendorius), in which many articles about diseases were printed. It should be emphasized that the number of medical booklets by individual authors also increased considerably; Dr. A. Vileišis wrote a particularly large number (Biržiška 1935: 1611, 1615–1616, 1634, 1638–1639, 1650, 1659, 1710, 1715, 1731, 1764–1766, 1775, 1795–1796, 1873, 1884, 1888, 1894, 1912, 1921, 1926, 1947–1948, 1989, 1909, 2044, 2053, 2066, 2090, 2101, 2115, 2130; Biržiška 1939: 2465, 2472, 2517, 2560–2561, 2564, 2570, 2573). During the years when Health was published, a particularly large number of medical booklets about diseases were printed (many dealt with infectious diseases), as well as works on such medical branches as obstetrics, gynecology, dentistry, and pediatrics, and on anatomy, bacteriology, pharmacology, physiology, and other fields related to medicine. In addition, other newspapers “for disseminating medical knowledge” began to be published, for example: Gydytojas (published from 72 1921) (published by the Lithuanian American Doctors’ Society in Chicago), Medicine and Nature (a bi-monthly newspaper on medicine, veterinary medicine, and natural sciences, published from 1913, though only a few issues were released), Medicine (a newspaper devoted to issues of medical theory and practice for physicians, published from 1920). When the war began, Health ceased publication, but the war years, according to Dr. K. Grinius, were “not entirely unproductive for medical publications”: in 1915, at the initiative of students in Moscow, a dozen or so medical brochures were published in Vilnius (these were popular publications of the Pirogov Society in translation); medical booklets were also published in America during the same period, and the Sanitation Department of the Ministry of National Defence and the Health Department began publishing medical booklets (Grinius 1922: 4, 7–23). Thus, Health merely continued the work of disseminating medical knowledge and popularizing it among the people. As can be seen, a wide variety of medical publications were issued alongside Health. As Dr. K. Grinius observes, “by the end of 1921 alone, about 150 separate popularizations of medicine had been printed in Lithuanian.” His list of medical books published in Lithuanian contains as many as 204 entries. The author adds that some publications were left off the list because, as he put it, “I could not find some, and did not know about others” (Grinius 1922: 4, 6). This article surveys the disease names used in Sveikata according to their structure and origin. Structurally, disease names are divided into single-word and compound names. Compounds are classified by the number of their constituent elements as two-word, three-word, and multiword names. In terms of origin, disease names are classified as Lithuanian, of foreign origin (international words and foreignisms), and hybrid. The article also discusses separately cases of synonymy and variation among disease names, certain grammatical matters (pronominal forms), names of diseases and disease groups containing the nomenclatural word disease, and, finally, disease names accompanied by their Latin and other-language equivalents.3 3 In the article, the word disease is used in a qualified sense in several instances. Viewed from a contemporary perspective, some of the names presented here could be considered merely symptoms of diseases or ailments. The material was simply collected in keeping with the tradition of the time. 73 I. One-word names In Sveikata, a considerable number of one-word disease names were found. Very often, the same disease is named by two or three, and sometimes even four, synonymous one-word names, or by two or three variant one-word names. In the following discussion of these names by origin, we will also examine their cases of synonymy and variants separately and in greater detail. 1. Lithuanian names Most one-word disease names are Lithuanian words, e.g.: aptakus Sv 1913 4 15, 1920 5–6 4, dederinės Sv 1911 1 3, 1913 2 7, 1914 6 24, 1920 2 4, 1925 4 1, 1928 3 4, geltlige Sv 1913 2 7, 1920 5–6 3, 1922 4–5 1, grizas Sv 1928 3 4, gumbas Sv 1910 5 1, 1912 3 11, 1926 1–12 3, inkštirai Sv 1920 4 4, 1922 3 4, 1925 3 2, 1926 9–10 2, 1928 3 3, karpos Sv 1911 8 6, 1913 6 24, 1920 3 4, 1921 6 3, 1922 2 2, 1924 3 4, 1925 3 3, 1926 9–10 1, kirmėlaitės Sv 1927 1 3, 1928 2 4, kleja Sv 1925 6 1, kurtumas Sv 1910 11 4, 1911 8 1, 1925 10–12 5, melinligė Sv 1925 6 3, miegligė Sv 1924 1 4, nušalimas Sv 1921 1 4, 1922 3 2, 1923 5–6 4, 1925 10–12 7, nutukimas Sv 1914 6 22, opa Sv 1927 6 4, pamišimas Sv 1910 4 4, pasiutimas Sv 1910 9 1, 1914 2 7, 1921 1 3, 1923 2–3 1, 1928 2 3, pažandės Sv 1913 12 45, plikimas Sv 1921 1 3, 1922 2 4, 1924 1 2, ploviniai Sv 1922 4–5 1, proligė Sv 1910 1 6, 1925 6 1, pūvėtra Sv 1921 1 3, raupai Sv 1910 9 7, 1928 4 1, saldžiasąšiai Sv 1926 7–8 2, silpnaprot ybė Sv 1925 6 2, 1927 5 1, smauga Sv 1914 2 7, 1921 6 4, spuogai Sv 1927 2–3 3, randis Sv 1912 10 39, mtelės Sv 1915 1 2, vėžys Sv 1912 10 37, 1913 2 7, 1914 2 7, 1921 2 3, 1922 2 4, 1928 5 1, votis Sv 1913 4 16, and others. Synonyms. The article distinguishes synonym series found in the source from those identified by the author herself in separate source articles or passages within the same article. The source authors’ synonyms are presented as they appear in the source, while synonyms identified by the article’s author are given after a slash. All synonym series are presented in chronological order. Some one-word Lithuanian disease names have one-word Lithuanian synonyms, e.g.: apaugos, navikai, navikauliai Sv 1922 3 4; niežai 74 (susas, suskis, kaškis) Sv 1922 2 3; nikstelėjimas, or grįžtelėjimas Sv 1913 12 45; nusideginimas, nusiplikinimas, nusišutinimas Sv 1921 1 2; kirmėlės Sv 1922 3 1, 1923 2–3 3, 1924 4 1, 1925 3 2, 1926 7–8 1 / kirminai Sv 1927 5 3; pleiskanos Sv 1910 9 6, 1912 5 20, 1913 2 6, 1920 4 2, 1921 1 3, 1922 1 3, 1923 2–3 3, 1924 1 2, 1925 1 3, 1926 1–4 3, 1927 5 3, 1928 2 4 / bluzganos Sv 1921 3 3; Others have international synonyms, e.g.: atėmimas (paralyžius) Sv 1921 1 1; diegliai (neuralgijos) Sv 1920 5–6 2; dusulys or astma Sv 1925 10–12 7, dusulys (astma) Sv 1926 7–8 2; išsimetimas (abortas) Sv 1925 1 1; pausinė (parafitas4) Sv 1925 10–12 3 / paratifai Sv 1925 10–12 3; pertukimas (obesitas) Sv 1921 1 3; slogutis (inkubas ar sukubas) Sv 1921 4 2; girtuoklybė Sv 1913 1 1, 1921 6 4, 1922 1 1, 1923 1 3, 1926 1–4 6 / alkoholizmas Sv 1922 1 1, 1924 4 2, 1926 11–12 4, 1927 5 1, 1928 4 4; One name has a foreignism as its synonym: trūkis, parušėnja Sv 1922 4–5 3; Another has Lithuanian, international, and one hybrid synonym: “thirst, smauginyčia, krioklė, kaklinė” Sv 1909 6 3, difteritas (kaklinė) Sv 1910 2 1, difteritas (krioklė) Sv 1920 5–6 2, difterija Sv 1924 3 1, 1928 4 1; Another has a Lithuanian synonym and a foreignism: tymai Sv 1909 4 4, 1910 5 5, 1911 1 3, 1914 2 7, 1915 2 7, 1920 5–6 1, 1921 1 4, 1923 4 4, 1924 1 4, 1925 6 3, 1928 4 1, tymai (jedra) Sv 1909 4 4, tymai (jedra, blusinės) Sv 1909 5 1, tymai or jedra Sv 1920 4 1, tymai (blusinės, jedra) Sv 1920 4 1, tymai, blusinės Sv 1921 2 2, tymai or jedra Sv 1928 4 1, tymai, jedra or blusinė Sv 1928 4 2. Some one-word Lithuanian names have both Lithuanian and international synonyms, e.g.: drugys Sv 1910 2 3, 1911 2 1, 1912 9 33, 1914 3 10, 1920 5–6 3, 1921 6 2, 1924 2 3 / drugelis Sv 1911 2 2, drugys or maliarija Sv 1920 5–6 3, drugys (maliarija) Sv 1924 3 1; kaspinin- 4 There is a typographical error in this word. The correct disease name is paratifas (cf. paratyphus – paratifas – “a disease caused by paratyphoid bacteria” – napamų MTŽ 1980). 75 worms or tapeworms Sv 1920 4 3, tapeworms (solitaires) Sv 1922 2 2; runny nose or catarrh Sv 1912 4 15, runny nose (sniffles, nasal congestion) Sv 1922 2 4. Synonyms for other one-word Lithuanian disease names are only compound names, both elements of which are usually Lithuanian words, e.g.: the whites or the whites on the clothes or white rings Sv 1922 4–5 1; marten-spots (large pimples) Sv 1913 3 12; croup or throat constriction Sv 1909 6 4; constipation (hardening of the bowels) Sv 1923 1 2 / constipation Sv 1912 3 11; dropsy Sv 1909 6 3 / water disease Sv 1911 3 3. Occasionally there is a compound name made up of elements of mixed origin—a Lithuanian and an international word, e.g.: seizures or hysteria disease Sv 1923 4 2; diabetes (sugar disease) Sv 1913 2 7. Synonyms for some one-word Lithuanian disease names are of several kinds—both one-word (Lithuanian, international, or a foreign borrowing) and compound (usually made up of Lithuanian words; one name was found whose one element is a foreign borrowing and the other Lithuanian), e.g.: menses Sv 1913 7 28 / menstrual periods 1914 3 11, 1920 4 3, 1922 2 3, 1925 6 4, 1926 9–10 3, menses, menstrual, menstrual period, red rings Sv 1914 3 11, menstrual periods (menses) Sv 1925 4 2 / menses 1924 1 3, 1925 1 3, 1926 9–10 3, 1927 4 2; epilepsy (the falling sickness) Sv 1913 4 13, epilepsy or epilepsy Sv 1921 1; boils or abscesses Sv 1920 4 2, boils or abscesses of the head Sv 1921 1 3, abscesses (boils) Sv 1924 1 2; fever (typhus) Sv 1909 5 5 / typhus 1909 6 4, 1910 2 1, 1911 1 3, 1912 7 25, 1913 9 36, 1914 2 5, 1918 1 1, 1920 1 2, 1923 4 3, 1924 1 2, 1925 1 1, 1926 7–8 4 and typhus 1914 2 7, 1915 1 1, 1920 1 1, 1922 1 4, 1923 1 3, 1924 2 1, 1925 5 3 / fevers 1910 4 1, 1911 5 3, 1912 11–12 2, 1913 1 3, 1915 2 7 and fever 1911 2 5, 1914 5 18, fever (typhus, febrile illness) Sv 1910 4 1, typhus (typhus) Sv 1914 2 8, typhus (great fevers, typhus) Sv 1914 3 9, typhus or fever Sv 1914 5 18, fever (typhus) Sv 1914 5 18; smallpox Sv 1909 5 5, 1910 9 7, 1913 4 15, 1914 3 9, 1915 2 7, 1920 4 1, 1921 1 4, 1923 4 1, 1925 3 2, 1926 1–4 1, 1927 4 3 / smallpox disease Sv 1913 4 15 / true smallpox Sv 1921 1 4. 76 Variants. Cases were found in which several variants of one-word Lithuanian disease names are used, e.g.: baltosios Sv 1912 7 29, 1914 3 11, 1922 4–5 1, 1925 10–12 7, 1928 5 4 / baltieji Sv 1926 9–10 4, irmedė Sv 1910 4 2, 1927 1 1 / irmedė Sv 1910 11 1, 1920 1 3, nuomaris Sv 1910 1 2, 1911 2 7, 1912 3 12, 1913 3 9, 1914 3 12, 1923 1 3, 1924 4 1, 1925 3 3, 1926 1–4 3 / nuomaris Sv 1923 5–6 4, piktašasiai Sv 1911 1 3 / piktšašiai Sv 1921 1 3, priepuola Sv 1910 5 1 / priepuolis Sv 1926 1–4 3, pučkai Sv 1913 5 18 / puškai Sv 1913 5 18, puvetros Sv 1912 3 1 / puvėtros Sv 1912 6 22, rožė Sv 1910 8 4, 1913 4 15, 1920 4 2, 1921 1 4, 1922 4–5 3, 1924 1 2, 1926 1–4 1, 1928 3 3 / rażė Sv 1924 4 2, sausgelos Sv 1910 5 1 / sausgėlos Sv 1920 1 3 / sausgėlos Sv 1920 2 2, slunktis Sv 1910 2 3 / slungtas Sv 1925 2 1, šunvotės Sv 1921 1 2, 1925 2 2, 1928 5 4 / šunėvotės Sv 1926 1–4 3, trūkys Sv 1922 4–5 2 / trūkis Sv 1922 4–5 3, 1924 2 4, utėlės Sv 1915 1 2, 1920 1 1, 1921 2 2, 1922 3 1, 1923 1 2, 1924 2 1, 1925 5 2, 1926 1–4 2, 1927 4 1, 1928 1 2 / utėlės Sv 1915 1 3, užtrina Sv 1921 2 3 / užtrynos Sv 1924 4 3, varlakis Sv 1921 2 3 / varleakis Sv 1922 3 3, vėjaraupėlės Sv 1910 7 4, 1921 2 3, 1925 6 3, 1926 1–4 1 / vėjara upiai Sv 1928 4 1, votys Sv 1911 1 3 / votys Sv 1912 6 22, 1913 6 23, 1921 3 2, 1923 1 2, 1926 1–4 3, 1928 3 3. 2. Names of foreign origin Other one-word disease names in Sveikata are of foreign origin—usually international, e.g.: aktinomikozas Sv 1924 2 2, alastrima Sv 1925 6 3, angina Sv 1913 9 34, apopleksija Sv 1911 1 4, 1912 6 23, 1920 5–6 1, ekzema Sv 1915 1 2, 1920 5–6 3, 1921 6 3, 1925 10–12 5, 1926 1–4 4, 1926 7–8 3, epizootijos Sv 1922 2 2, ergotizmas Sv 1912 7 30, gangrena Sv 1912 3 10, glaukoma Sv 1921 6 1, 1927 4 4, hemorojus Sv 1921 1 1, hypaciditas Sv 1924 5–6 3, migrena Sv 1922 1 4, 1926 7–8 2, onanizmas Sv 1913 10 40, 1920 4 3, 1921 1 2, 1922 1 2, 1923 1 3, 1924 1 2, 1925 1 4, 1926 1–4 4, 1927 2–3 3, 1928 1 3, osteomielitas Sv 1913 2 7, 1928 1 3, parezas Sv 1921 1 1, poliucijos Sv 1921 1 3, 1922 1 2, 1923 2–3 3, 1924 1 3, 1925 4 1, 1926 7–8 4, sarkoma Sv 1922 3 4, 1925 5 3, sklerodermija Sv 1926 9–10 2, šanker(is) Sv 1911 1 3, 1922 3 3, 1925 2 3, trachoma Sv 1911 2 6, 1912 7 26, 1920 4 1, 1921 2 2, 1924 1 4, 1925 2 4, 1926 9–10 2, 1927 2–3 1, 1928 4 3, tripenis Sv 1911 1 5, 1912 7 29, 77 1913 8 32, 1921 2 2, 1922 2 3, 1923 4 4, 1924 2 4, 1925 2 2, 1926 7–8 4, 1927 1 4, vaginizmas Sv 1926 11–12 3, and others. Synonyms. A considerable number of one-word international disease names have synonyms. Some have one-word Lithuanian synonyms (most often), e.g.: adenoidai (guzai) Sv 1923 4 4; meningitas (tampymas) Sv 1921 2 4; neuralgijos (saussėdžios) Sv 1920 1 3; polipas (apauga) Sv 1922 2 4; sklerozai arba suktėjimai Sv 1921 4 2; others have international synonyms, e.g.: luna-tizmas Sv 1921 3 2, 1923 1 4 / somnambulizmas Sv 1921 3 2; reumatiz-mas arba reumatas Sv 1910 5 1. A foreign term also occurs whose synonym is likewise foreign: škru­pai Sv 1923 7–8 1 / škrupliai Sv 1926 7–8 1. The synonyms of other one-word international disease names are multi-word names, whose components are usually Lithuanian words; some one-word names even have two multi-word synonyms, e.g.: dizenterija (viduriavimas su kraujais) Sv 1920 4 1; hemoroi-dai, i.e. užpakalio vartų gyslų išparpimas Sv 1913 2 7, hemoroidai (kraujais oran ėjimas) Sv 1922 1 4; kokliušas (kosulys su giedojimu) 1920 4 1, kokliušas (didysis kosulys) Sv 1910 7 1; pleuritas or plaučių plėvės uždegimas Sv 1921 1 3. However, a multi-word synonym with one Lithuanian and one international component was found: neuritai arba nervų uždegimai Sv 1921 1 1. In addition, some one-word disease names of foreign origin have both one-word and multi-word synonyms. The one-word synonyms are Lithuanian, international, or foreign terms; in some multi-word synonyms all components are Lithuanian, while in others one component is Lithuanian and one is international. Disease names in this group are notable for their particularly large number of synonyms (the longest synonym series consists of as many as eight names for the same disease), e.g.: bronchitas (kosulys) Sv 1924 4 2, bronchitas arba plaučių kataras Sv 1920 5–6 2; influenca (irmedė, kaulaligė) Sv 1910 11 1, influenca (irmedė) Sv 1920 4 1, influenza (irmedė) Sv 1920 5–6 1, influenza arba irmedė (kaulaligė) Sv 1920 5–6 3, influenza arba irmedė Sv 1921 6 3, influenza (irmedė, kaulaligė, išpanka, gripas) Sv 1923 1 1 / “kitai­ka” Sv 1923 1 1 / irmedė (influenza, gripas, ispanų liga) Sv 1927 1 1; intoksikacija arba apsinuodijimas nuo maisto, formerly called vaikų cholėrina Sv 1928 3 2, intoksikacija (apsinuodijimas) nuo maisto Sv 1928 3 2, intoksikacija (vaikų cholėrina) Sv 1928 3 2; 78 neurasthenia or nervous breakdown Sv 1921 1 1, neurasthenia or nervous debility Sv 1928 2 3; rupture (a lump, protrusion of the intestines) Sv 1922 1 3; brantai (syphilis) Sv 1910 8 5 / syphilis Sv 1910 8 6, 1911 1 2, 1912 7 26, 1913 1 1, 1914 3 10, 1921 1 2, 1922 1 4, 1923 4 2, 1924 1 2, 1925 1 1, 1926 1–4 1, 1927 2–3 2, 1928 3 3, syphilis, otherwise called the foul disease, brantai, prancai, praniai Sv 1911 1 1, syphilis (the evil disease) Sv 1913 4 13; plague Sv 1910 2 2, 1911 5 1, 1915 1 1, 1923 1 3 / plague (pestilence) Sv 1911 5 1 / black death Sv 1911 5 6 / pestilence Sv 1913 4 15, 1914 3 10. Several cases were observed in which the primary and secondary synonyms vary; that is, sometimes the Lithuanian term is considered primary, while at other times preference is given to the international term, or vice versa, e.g.: consumption Sv 1909 5 4, 1910 5 20, 1911 8 8, 1912 6 24, 1913 1 1, 1914 1 4, 1915 2 7, 1920 1 1, 1921 5 2, 1922 2 1, 1923 1 2, 1924 2 1, 1925 1 3, 1926 1–4 1, 1927 1 4, 1928 1 1 / consumption or tuberculosis Sv 1920 5–6 3 / tuberculosis Sv 1923 5–6 3, 1924 1 4, 1925 4 4, 1926 1 4, 1928 4 2, tuberculosis or consumption Sv 1924 3 2, consumption (tuberculosis) Sv 1924 3 4, tuberculosis (consumption) Sv 1925 5 1; hysteria (fit) Sv 1911 2 2, hysteria (fit or seizure) Sv 1910 1 3, hysteria or fit (seizure) Sv 1925 3 4; bloody flux Sv 1910 2 1, 1911 12 1, 1920 2 2, 1922 3 1, 1924 1 4, 1926 1–4 1, bloody flux (dysentery) Sv 1911 12 1, dysentery (bloody flux) Sv 1920 5–6 3; anemia Sv 1912 10 39, 1914 3 12, 1924 2 3 / anemia Sv 1913 7 28, 1928 2 2 / anemic Sv 1914 1 4 / anemism Sv 1921 1 1, 1923 5–6 3, 1925 1 3, anemia (anemia) Sv 1924 2 3, pallor (anemia) Sv 1924 4 4, etc. Variants. Some one-word disease names of foreign origin (usually international), like Lithuanian ones, have variants; moreover, they are more common than variants of Lithuanian disease names, e.g.: anemia Sv 1912 10 39 / anemia Sv 1924 2 3, cholera Sv 1910 2 2, 1911 5 1, 1912 6 21, 1913 11 41, 1914 3 10, 1915 1 1, 1920 4 3, 1921 2 4, 1922 3 1, 1923 1 3, 1925 1 1, 1928 2 1 / cholera Sv 1913 4 15, 1920 1 3, 1924 1 4, diphtheria Sv 1909 5 5, 1910 2 2, 1911 5 3, 1912 7 28, 1913 1 3, 1914 3 10, 1915 2 7, 1920 1 3, 1924 1 4, 1925 6 3 / diphtheritis Sv 1910 2 2–3, dysentery Sv 1911 2 5, 1912 7 28, 1914 2 5, 1915 2 7, 1920 1 1, 1921 79 2 4, 1922 3 1, 1924 2 1 / dezinterija Sv 1920 1 3, 1924 1 4 / dizinterija Sv 1924 2 1, 1925 5 2, fosfaturija Sv 1922 4–5 3, 1923 1 2 / fosfaturia Sv 1923 5–6 4, gangrena Sv 1912 3 10 / gangrēna Sv 1924 4 1, influenca Sv 1910 2 3 / influenza Sv 1910 5 5, 1920 1 3, 1921 5 1, 1923 1 1, 1924 1 4, 1925 6 3, isterija Sv 1910 1 3, 1913 12 46, 1914 6 23 / histerija Sv 1911 2 7, leukemija Sv 1921 3 1 / leukēmija Sv 1922 4–5 4, neurastenija Sv 1911 3 7, 1912 11–12 41, 1913 9 34, 1923 2–3 4, 1928 5 2 / neurastenia Sv 1921 4 4, 1928 5 1, paralīzius Sv 1913 1 2 / paralýzius Sv 1913 9 36, 1921 1 2, pleuritas Sv 1921 1 3 / pleuritas Sv 1925 6 4, padagra Sv 1913 1 4 / podagra Sv 1920 5–6 2, polipas Sv 1922 2 4, 1923 4 4 / polypas Sv 1924 5–6 4, reumatas Sv 1913 2 5, 1921 1 4, 1922 3 3, 1923 2–3 3, 1925 6 3, 1926 7–8 1 / ramatas Sv 1925 6 3, skarlatina Sv 1909 4 1–8, 1910 5 5, 1911 2 5, 1914 2 7, 1915 2 7, 1920 4 1, 1921 1 4, 1922 3 1, 1924 1 4, 1925 10–12 1, 1928 4 1 / šarlatina Sv 1910 2 1, 1912 7 28, 1921 5 1, tyfas Sv 1914 2 8 / tifas Sv 1928 4 2; jedra Sv 1909 4 4 / jēdra Sv 1909 5 1 / jiedra Sv 1920 4 1, kaltūnas Sv 1912 7 25, 1921 1 3 / kaltunas Sv 1912 7 25, kila Sv 1911 11 1 / kyla Sv 1924 2 4, mozoliai Sv 1922 3 3 / mazoliai Sv 1924 4 3, padlaša Sv 1926 9–10 3 / padleša Sv 1926 9–10 3, padličas Sv 1924 4 3 / padlicas Sv 1925 10–12 6, valasnikas Sv 1920 4 4, 1921 6 4 / valasnykas Sv 1920 5–6 2. 3. Hybrid names Hybrid disease names are very rare—only two were found: nervingumas Sv 1912 10 39, 1921 3 3, 1926 7–8 1; smauginyčia Sv 1909 6 3 / troškulys Sv 1909 6 3 / krioklė Sv 1909 6 3 / kaklinė Sv 1909 6 3 / difteritas Sv 1909 4 3 / difterija Sv 1924 3 1. Several instances in which different concepts are called by the same name should be mentioned separately. Vištakiu (Latin haemeralopia) Sv 1925 10–12 5 refers to an eye disease (cf. hemeralopia – hemeralopija, vištakumas, naktinis aklumas MTŽ 1980); vištakis is also given as a synonym of užtrinos (rus. mozol) Sv 1921 2 3 (other synonyms: sauskakis, varlakis, varnakis, mozolis) (cf. clavus – 1. nuospauda, Russian mozol MTŽ 1980). Priepuola is used to refer both to neurastenija, and to isterija—in one place it is written that 80 isteriją “Lithuanians priepuola arba priemečių mostly cry out” (Sv 1910 1 3), while elsewhere: “Neurasthenics are easily frightened. That is why people in villages call this disease priepuola. Priepuola means a disease of fright” (Sv 1928 5 1); cf. isterija or priepuola Sv 1925 3 4 (cf. hysteria – isterija (psychoneurosis) MTŽ 1980) and neurastenija or priepuola Sv 1928 5 1 (cf. neurasthenia – neurastenija, nervinė astenija (one of the three forms of neurosis) MTŽ 1980). One source article about the disease korą (adra) Sv 1926 11–12 2 states that in some places this is the name for skarlatina, while elsewhere it refers to rymai (see Sv 1926 11–12 3). II. Compound names Compound names make up the largest part of the disease names in Sveikatos. Their components are often (usually as the head elements) one-word disease names. Two-word, three-word, and multiword—four-word, five-word, and six-word—disease names were found. The compound names are examined below according to the origins of their components, and their synonyms and variants are discussed. 1. Two-word names Among all compound disease names, two-word names stand out for their abundance. They vary considerably in their components. The names under discussion are grouped according to the frequency of recurring head components and presented in order of abundance. If no head components recur, all such individual names are presented together. With both components Lithuanian. These are the most numerous, e.g.: inflammation – inflammation of the eyes Sv 1909 5 7, inflammation of the gums Sv 1921 3 1, inflammation of the palate Sv 1911 8 4, inflammations of the lymph node Sv 1925 3 4, inflammations of the kidneys Sv 1925 6 3, inflammation of the ovaries Sv 1911 3 2, inflammation of the breasts Sv 1927 6 1, inflammation of the nose Sv 1911 8 4, inflammation of the lungs Sv 1923 1 1, inflammation of the bladder Sv 1925 8–9 4, inflammation of the pharynx Sv 1911 8 4, inflammation of the stomach Sv 1913 9 34, inflammation of the teats Sv 1913 4 13, inflammation of the esophagus Sv 1913 9 34, inflammations of the glands Sv 1923 5–6 2, inflammations of the heart Sv 1927 1 1, inflammation of the jaw Sv 1927 6 3, inflammation of the cheek Sv 1924 2 2; 81 t u b e r c u l o s i s – open tuberculosis Sv 1925 5 1, throat tuberculosis Sv 1914 5 20, pocket tuberculosis Sv 1925 2 2, glandular tuberculosis Sv 1927 4 3, cutaneous tuberculosis Sv 1927 4 3, severe tuberculosis Sv 1927 6 1, intestinal tuberculosis Sv 1927 4 3; r u n n y n o s e – foul-smelling runny nose Sv 1920 5–6 3, throat catarrh Sv 1913 9 34, lung catarrh Sv 1910 7 7, esophageal catarrh Sv 1913 9 34, intestinal catarrh Sv 1913 8 34; b o i l – breast boil Sv 1913 4 16, ordinary boil Sv 1926 11–12 1, superficial boils Sv 1913 4 16, stomach boil Sv 1913 9 34, upper boils Sv 1925 8–9 2; c a n c e r – lymph-node cancer Sv 1912 7 29, liver cancer Sv 1912 10 37, esophageal cancer Sv 1913 9 34, intestinal cancer Sv 1912 10 37; g r o w t h – malignant growth Sv 1926 1–4 4, leg growth Sv 1926 1–4 4, brain growths Sv 1923 1 4; i m b e c i l i t y / i m b e c i l i t y – youthful imbecility Sv 1925 6 2, senile imbecility Sv 1925 6 2, complete imbecility Sv 1925 6 2; l i c e – eyelash lice Sv 1924 4 3, pubic lice Sv 1924 4 3; d e c a y – palatal decay Sv 1921 6 3, nasal decay Sv 1922 1 4; r i n g w o r m / s c a l y r i n g w o r m – shiny ringworm Sv 1926 1–4 3, groin ringworm Sv 1926 7–8 3, scaly ringworm Sv 1921 1 4; b l o o d p o i s o n i n g – blood poisoning Sv 1910 5 5, chest blood poisoning Sv 1921 6 4, nasal blood poisoning Sv 1913 4 16; c h a f i n g – nasal chafing Sv 1909 5 7, chafing between the toes Sv 1924 4 3; w o r m s – intestinal worms Sv 1920 4 3, intestinal worms Sv 1925 3 4; p e r f o r a t i o n – perforation of the eardrum Sv 1911 8 4, perforation of the palate Sv 1926 11–12 2; d i s l o c a t i o n / s u b l u x a t i o n – joint dislocations Sv 1913 12 45, neck subluxation Sv 1913 12 45; t y p h o i d f e v e r – abdominal typhoid fever Sv 1910 2 2, enteric fever Sv 1920 4 1; u l c e r – bone ulcer Sv 1925 10–12 6, stomach ulcer Sv 1927 6 3; eye coating Sv 1913 11 41, watery eyes Sv 1912 4 22, squint Sv 1909 6 4, shoulder dislocation Sv 1921 1 1, ear suppuration Sv 1921 5 1, tooth decay Sv 1913 7 27, pelvic narrowing Sv 1926 9–10 3, head lice Sv 1911 2 8, labor fever 82 Sv 1924 1 2, bone injuries Sv 1925 6 1, bone deformity Sv 1926 9–10 3, bone wasting Sv 1913 11 42, liver colic Sv 1920 5–6 4, frostbite of the feet Sv 1928 1 4, hardening of the blood vessels Sv 1923 5–6 3, breast warts Sv 1927 6 2, chest heaviness Sv 1924 5–6 4, bloody urine Sv 1921 1 1, bloody vomiting Sv 1913 10 37, lip blisters Sv 1922 1 3, ingrown nail Sv 1921 1 1, night wandering Sv 1921 6 4, night screaming Sv 1921 1 1, night terrors Sv 1910 11 7, irregular menstruation Sv 1926 7–8 1, abdominal cough Sv 1914 3 10, lung strain Sv 1910 7 5, lung wasting Sv 1927 6 3, hair dandruff Sv 1910 9 6, hair loss Sv 1920 4 2, mental confusion Sv 1911 1 4, brain concussion Sv 1925 6 1, nipple disorders Sv 1928 5 4, inguinal hernia Sv 1923 5–6 4, relapsing fevers Sv 1910 4 1, confluent smallpox Sv 1910 8 2, heart weakness Sv 1920 5–6 2, heart palpitations Sv 1921 1 1–2, heart defect Sv 1926 7–8 4, 1926 9–10 1, heart palpitations Sv 1927 6 4, chronic diarrhea Sv 1928 3 1, facial retraction Sv 1923 4 3, facial pimples Sv 1923 4 3, intestinal bloating Sv 1923 4 4, winter itch Sv 1926 9–10 4, among others. In some names in this group, the head component precedes the specifying component, e.g.: acute cough Sv 1920 5–6 4, chronic cough Sv 1920 5–6 4, eyebrow lice Sv 1924 4 3, beard lice Sv 1924 4 3, tick lice Sv 1921 4 4, head lice Sv 1921 2 3, pubic lice Sv 1921 4 4, ear lice Sv 1924 4 3, inflammation of the heart Sv 1910 4 4, among others. With one Lithuanian component and one of foreign origin. There are two types. In some, the specifying component is Lithuanian, while the head component is international or a foreign borrowing, e.g.: neurasthenia / neurasthenia – congenital neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 43, acquired neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 41, mild neurasthenia Sv 1928 5 1, female neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 42, brain neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 42, severe neurasthenia Sv 1928 5 1, moderate neurasthenia Sv 1928 5 2, male neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 42 catarrh – chronic catarrh Sv 1921 2 1, lung catarrh Sv 1920 1 3, stomach catarrh Sv 1928 1 3, intestinal catarrh Sv 1921 2 2; gonorrhea – ocular gonorrhea Sv 1924 2 4, male gonorrhea Sv 1914 3 4; bronchitis – dry “bronchitis” Sv 1923 4 2, chronic bronchitis Sv 1920 5–6 2; 83 gangrene – nasal gangrene Sv 1912 8 35, gangrene of the fingers Sv 1912 9 35; rheumatism / rheumatism – chronic rheumatism Sv 1921 1 4, muscular rheumatism Sv 1913 2 8, joint rheumatism Sv 1913 2 7; influenza – pulmonary influenza Sv 1910 11 2, cerebral influenza Sv 1910 11 2; whooping cough – mild whooping cough Sv 1910 7 2, moderate whooping cough Sv 1910 7 2; hernia – reducible hernia Sv 1911 11 5, umbilical hernia Sv 1911 11 6, inguinal hernia Sv 1911 11 1, irreducible hernia Sv 1911 11 5, superficial hernia Sv 1911 11 1, thigh hernia Sv 1911 11 1, midline hernia Sv 1911 11 1; kaltūnas / kaltunas – scalp kaltunas Sv 1913 4 16, nail kaltunas Sv 1913 4 16, joint “kaltūnas” Sv 1921 4 3, intestinal “kaltūnas” Sv 1921 4 3; eye trachoma Sv 1922 3 1, ear eczema Sv 1923 2 8, nightly polices Sv 1921 1 3, skull contusions Sv 1925 6 1, infantile cholera Sv 1921 1 1, mild somnambulism Sv 1921 3 1, simple diphtheria Sv 1909 4 3, late paralyses Sv 1925 1 2; pulmonary plague Sv 1911 5 6. In others, the specific modifier is of foreign origin (usually international), while the main term is Lithuanian, for example: inflammation – inflammation of the prostate Sv 1925 8–9 4, inflammations from gonorrhea Sv 1925 2 3; nerve pain Sv 1912 7 26, chancre sores Sv 1925 2 3, gonorrheal discharge Sv 1922 4–5 1; navatna attack Sv 1926 9–10 3. With both components of foreign origin—both international, both foreignisms, or mixed, for example: influenza / influenza – “European influenza” Sv 1923 1 1, “Spanish” influenza Sv 1923 1 1, nervous influenza Sv 1910 11 2; prostatic gonorrhea or clap Sv 1924 5–6 4, arterial sclerosis Sv 1921 4 2, nerve paralysis Sv 1924 4 2, gonorrheal rheumatism Sv 1911 3 3; plague – bubonic plague Sv 1911 5 6, Manchurian plague Sv 1911 5 5, Siberian plague Sv 1911 5 5; anthrax – Siberian anthrax Sv 1925 4 2 / “Siberian anthrax” Sv 1925 4 3. With an international and a hybrid component, for example: chronic gonorrhea or gonorrhea Sv 1925 2 2, chronic gonorrhea Sv 1921 3 3; 84 diabetes – sugar-free diabetes Sv 1925 2 2, diabetes mellitus Sv 1925 2 2; rheumatism / rheumatism – chronic rheumatism Sv 1925 10–12 8 / chronic rheumatism Sv 1925 4 3; influenza / influenza – rheumatic influenza Sv 1910 11 3, “Russian influenza” Sv 1923 1 1; chronic bronchitis Sv 1921 6 1, chronic catarrh Sv 1921 2 1, paralytic tuberculosis Sv 1928 4 2, progressive paralysis Sv 1925 6 2, etc. With Lithuanian and hybrid components, e.g.: chronic rhinitis Sv 1921 1 2, chronic suppuration Sv 1921 5 1, chronic diarrhea Sv 1928 3 1, hysterical epilepsy Sv 1910 1 5, syphilitic ulcer Sv 1925 2 3, etc. 1. 1. Synonyms and variants of two-word names Compound disease names in Sveikata (most often their components), like one-word names, are characterized by synonymy and variation. 1. 1. 1. Synonyms One-word synonyms. Some two-word disease names have one-word synonyms, which are usually international words, e.g.: spotted fever (typhus) Sv 1911 5 1; reduced mobility (paresis) Sv 1921 1 1; bone inflammation – osteomyelitis Sv 1928 1 3; blood alteration (gout) Sv 1920 5–6 2; thinness of the blood or anemia Sv 1925 2 4; night wandering (somnambulism) Sv 1921 3 1; weakening of the nerves or neurasthenia Sv 1922 4–5 4, nerve exhaustion or neurasthenia Sv 1925 2 4; skin eruption, skin disease, or, in medical terminology, eczema Sv 1915 1 2; middle cataract (cataract) Sv 1914 3 12; intestinal hernia or rupture Sv 1926 11–12 3. A foreign word also occurs: sweet sore or scrofula Sv 1921 2 1. Lithuanian one-word synonyms are rare, e.g.: malignant growth (cancer) Sv 1922 3 1; progressive paralysis or madness Sv 1925 6 2; true epilepsy or epilepsy Sv 1910 1 3. 85 Synonyms of the principal component. Two-word disease names are used whose principal component has synonyms. Some are Lithuanian, e.g.: ear disorder (discharge) Sv 1910 8 2; nerve exhaustion or weakening Sv 1913 1 1; finger peeling or flaking Sv 1922 4–5 2; greasy flakes (dandruff) Sv 1921 3 3; true dislocation or sprain Sv 1913 12 45; ear ringing Sv 1912 10 39 / tinnitus Sv 1921 4 3; snake bite Sv 1921 4 4 / snake sting Sv 1922 4–5 2; chronic rhinitis Sv 1921 1 2 / chronic nasal catarrh Sv 1921 1 2; bone softening Sv 1926 7–8 1 / bone decay Sv 1926 11–12 2; blood contamination Sv 1920 5–6 4 / blood infection Sv 1921 5 1 / blood poisoning Sv 1926 7–8 2; scalp dandruff Sv 1921 5 2 / scalp flakes Sv 1921 6 4; intestinal sluggishness Sv 1927 2–3 4 / intestinal catarrh Sv 1928 2 4; intestinal colic Sv 1913 9 34 / intestinal cramps Sv 1924 4 2; The others are international, e.g.: pulmonary consumption (tuberculosis) Sv 1924 1 3; childhood tuberculosis or consumption Sv 1927 1 4; bone consumption Sv 1923 5–6 3 / bone tuberculosis Sv 1924 3 3; nasal catarrh Sv 1920 5–6 3 / runny nose Sv 1921 5 3; Other names have principal-component synonyms that are both Lithuanian and international, e.g.: simple diphtheria (thirst, choking) Sv 1909 4 3; true diphtheria (thirst, choking) Sv 1909 4 4. Synonyms of the qualifying component. Qualifying components of two-word disease names may also be synonymous. Some are Lithuanian, e.g.: spotted or dotted fevers Sv 1910 4 1; going out of one’s head or mind Sv 1925 6 1 / losing one’s mind Sv 1925 6 1; blood or toxic influenza Sv 1910 11 2; ordinary or abdominal typhoid Sv 1915 1 1; broad or major influenza Sv 1910 11 1; flat or ribbon worms Sv 1925 3 2; dry (hard) warts Sv 1913 6 24; tertiary or chronic syphilis Sv 1911 1 4; middle or intestinal fevers Sv 1910 4 1; clothing lice Sv 1925 5 2 / body lice Sv 1928 1 2; chronic gonorrhea Sv 1911 3 3 / long-lasting gonorrhea Sv 1921 2 2; abdominal cancer Sv 1912 10 37 / stomach cancer Sv 1913 9 34; And others are international, e.g.: arterial (blood-vessel) sclerosis Sv 1921 4 2; obstruction of the veins (blood vessels) Sv 1910 4 4. The qualifying component of one name has a compound, two-word synonym: inflammation of the pleura (lung membrane) Sv 1920 5–6 4. 86 Less common cases of synonymy. A case occurred in which both the main and modifying elements of a two-word disease name have synonyms: stomach cold Sv 1912 4 15 / stomach cold Sv 1913 9 34, stomach (membrane) cold or catarrh Sv 1913 6 24, stomach cold (catarrh) Sv 1921 3 3. One compound name has a one-word synonym and three compound synonyms; two of these consist of Lithuanian elements, while one combines a Lithuanian and an international element: stomach cold Sv 1912 4 15, lump, abdominal pain, rise of worms, stomach catarrh Sv 1912 4 16. Another compound name, consisting of an international and a Lithuanian element, has several kinds of synonyms—one-word and compound. The one-word synonyms are loanwords; the elements of the compound synonyms are Lithuanian, international and Lithuanian, international and loanword, or both loanwords: Siberian plague (a disease otherwise called carbuncle and hell’s scab) Sv 1910 2 2, Siberian plague – carbuncle Sv 1910 2 3, hell’s scabs (Siberian pimple) Sv 1924 2 2, hell’s scab otherwise blue pimple, carbuncle, or sibirska jazva Sv 1925 4 2 / “Sibiro jazva” Sv 1925 4 3. A compound name was also found that has one-word, two-word, and three-word synonyms. All the one-word synonyms are loanwords; the two-word synonym combines a Lithuanian element and a loanword, while the three-word synonym combines two Lithuanian elements and a loanword: brown scales Sv 1912 7 28 / brown body spots Sv 1922 2 2 / padlicas Sv 1925 10–12 6 / brown spots Sv 1926 7–8 3 / padlaša Sv 1926 9–10 3. In several cases, a disease is called by two or three synonymous compound two-word names, for example: bloody diarrhea Sv 1910 4 3 / diarrhea with blood Sv 1920 4 1 / bloody disease Sv 1924 2 1; fish-catching Sv 1913 11 44 / night fish Sv 1925 10–12 7. 1. 1. 2. Variants Sometimes several variants are used for certain two-word disease names; at times, only individual elements of compound names vary, for example: ringing in the ears Sv 1912 10 39 / ringing in the ear Sv 1927 2–3 4, head dandruff Sv 1910 9 6 / dandruff of the head Sv 1925 3 3, hard chancre Sv 1911 1 3 / chancre hard Sv 1923 2–3 4, pinworms Sv 1923 4 3 / worms pinworms Sv 1924 2 4, pubic lice Sv 1920 87 4 4 / lice of the groin Sv 1921 2 3, inflammation of the kidneys Sv 1910 4 4 / kidney inflammation Sv 1913 9 34, inflammation of the lungs Sv 1910 4 4 / lung inflammation Sv 1910 8 2, ear inflammation Sv 1910 11 3 / inflammation of the ear Sv 1923 1 1, inflammation of the nerves Sv 1909 6 4 / nerve inflammation Sv 1925 6 4, inflammation of the joints Sv 1911 3 5 / joint inflammation Sv 1925 8–9 4, inflammation of the brain Sv 1911 8 5 / brain inflammation Sv 1923 1 1, clothes lice Sv 1915 1 2 / lice of clothes Sv 1921 2 2, head louse Sv 1915 1 2 / head louse Sv 1921 3 4, epileptic seizure Sv 1910 1 4 / epileptic seizure Sv 1910 1 4, lice of the groin Sv 1921 2 3 / pubic lice Sv 1921 4 4, incarcerated hernia Sv 1911 1 4 / incarcerated hernia Sv 1911 11 4, inflammation of the bladder Sv 1911 3 2 / bladder inflammation Sv 1921 1 1, Siberian plague Sv 1910 2 2 / Siberian plague Sv 1910 2 3, true epilepsy Sv 1910 1 1 / genuine epilepsy Sv 1912 4 16, chronic rheumatism Sv 1920 2 2 / chronic rheumatism Sv 1925 4 3, acute rheumatism Sv 1910 5 2 / acute rheumatism Sv 1921 1 4, true rheumatism Sv 1910 5 5 / true rheumatism Sv 1911 3 3, nasal catarrh Sv 1912 6 24 / nasal catarrh Sv 1921 5 3, pharyngeal catarrh Sv 1912 6 24 / pharyngeal catarrh Sv 1912 6 24, lice in the armpits Sv 1924 4 3 / armpit lice Sv 1924 4 3, lice in the groin Sv 1924 4 3 / groin lice Sv 1924 4 3. 2. Three-word names Other compound disease names that are likewise notable for their abundance are three-word names. With three Lithuanian constituents, e.g.: inflammation – inflammation of parts of the eye Sv 1913 11 44, inflammation inside the ear Sv 1923 1 1, inflammation of the inner ear Sv 1921 1 4, inflammation of the shinbone Sv 1926 9–10 1, inflammation inside the mouth Sv 1914 3 11, inflammation of the gums Sv 1913 9 36, inflammation of the brain Sv 1922 3 1, chronic bone inflammation Sv 1927 1 3, inflammation inside the nose Sv 1925 3 4, inflammation of the pleura Sv 1920 5–6 4, inflammation of the peritoneum Sv 1921 1 3, purulent inflammation of the gums Sv 1921 3 1, inflammation of salivation and gums Sv 1921 2 3, brain soft- 88 inflammation of the brain Sv 1923 1 1, inflammation of the meninges Sv 1923 1 1, severe ear inflammation Sv 1921 5 1, acute muscle inflammation Sv 1910 5 7–8, inflammation of the urinary tract Sv 1927 6 3, inflammation of the inner ear Sv 1920 5–6 1, inflammation of the inner kidneys Sv 1921 5 2, inflammations of the middle ear Sv 1921 5 1, inflammation of the middle kidneys Sv 1909 4 3, wound inflammation of the intestines Sv 1921 3 1; catarrh – acute stomach catarrh Sv 1912 4 15, chronic nasal catarrh Sv 1922 2 4, chronic stomach catarrh Sv 1912 4 15, bronchial catarrh Sv 1910 11 2, middle-ear catarrh Sv 1921 5 2; consumption – consumption of the arm joint Sv 1927 6 3, consumption of the meninges Sv 1927 4 3; decay / deterioration / corruption – decay inside the mouth Sv 1920 5–6 2, decay of the leg bone Sv 1927 6 4, fatal corruption of the blood Sv 1924 2 2; rotting / decay – rot of the thigh bone Sv 1924 4 1, decay of the internal organs of the nose Sv 1909 6 4; blockage of the ear canal Sv 1911 8 2, perforation of the eardrum Sv 1925 10–12 3, fractures of the skull bones Sv 1913 12 45, head lice Sv 1924 4 3, whites of the genital tract Sv 1922 4–5 1, bleeding in the brain Sv 1927 1 3, spitting or coughing up blood Sv 1921 1 1, loss of body parts Sv 1910 7 5, mild true smallpox Sv 1910 8 3, monthly red rings Sv 1925 4 1, persistent urinary incontinence Sv 1925 3 3, bites from a rabid dog Sv 1922 4–5 2, excessively frequent discharge of urine Sv 1925 10–12 7, adhesion of the meninges Sv 1923 1 4, enlargement of the heart – elongation Sv 1927 6 4, intestinal worms in humans Sv 1920 4 3; with the conjunction and – beard ringworm and pimples Sv 1927 6 4, a spotty face and hands Sv 1921 1 1, wasting of the shoulder and arm Sv 1925 6 4, hair loss and baldness Sv 1921 1 3, lumbago and thigh sciatica Sv 1921 2 1; with the preposition from – flow of blood from the nose Sv 1920 5–6 4, bleeding from the genital tract Sv 1920 5–6 4, flow of blood from the mouth Sv 1913 10 37. Several names have the constituent elements in reverse order, e.g.: consumption of the lung glands Sv 1925 2 4, difficult passage of urine Sv 1921 6 4, inflammation of the gallbladder Sv 1920 5–6 4. 89 With two Lithuanian elements and one of foreign origin. In other three-word disease names, two elements are Lithuanian and one is international, but a couple of names also occur in which one element is a foreign borrowing, for example: c a t a r r h – prolonged nasal catarrh Sv 1920 5–6 3, catarrh of the small intestine Sv 1925 4 3, gastric and intestinal catarrh Sv 1924 3 2, acute nasal catarrh Sv 1924 4 2, catarrh of the large intestine Sv 1925 1 3, inner-ear catarrh Sv 1924 2 3, intranasal catarrh Sv 1924 2 4; r h e u m a – t i s m / r h e u m a t i s m – acute articular rheumatism Sv 1922 3 3, chronic muscular rheumatism Sv 1910 5 1–2, chronic articular rheumatism Sv 1910 5 6, acute articular rheumatism Sv 1910 5 2; p a r a l y s i s – paralysis of the eye muscles Sv 1925 3 4, paralysis of body parts Sv 1910 7 5; o s t e o m y e l i t i s – osteomyelitis of the shin bones Sv 1928 1 3, osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones Sv 1928 1 3; narrowing of the tear duct Sv 1928 4 3, open pulmonary tuberculosis Sv 1925 6 1, severe nervous exhaustion Sv 1926 9–10 2, hemorrhoidal bleeding Sv 1913 10 38, Eustachian tube catarrh Sv 1912 6 24, eczema of the scalp Sv 1913 2 8, inflammation of the sciatic nerve Sv 1921 2 1, severe nervous exhaustion Sv 1926 1–4 3, intranasal polyps Sv 1922 1 4; with the conjunction and – whooping cough with “whoops” and vomiting Sv 1910 7 2, gastric and intestinal influenza Sv 1910 11 2; generally bloody diarrhea Sv 1910 4 3, felons on the fingers Sv 1927 2–3 3, etc. In one three-word name, the head element precedes the complex modifier: covering of the hernia of the chest Sv 1911 1 1. With two Lithuanian elements and one hybrid element, for example: chronic nasal catarrh Sv 1928 4 3, chronic inflammation of the eyes Sv 1927 5 3, epidemic brain inflammation Sv 1925 10–12 3 / epidemic inflammation of the brain Sv 1925 10–12 1, epidemic swelling of the parotid glands Sv 1925 10–12 1. With a Lithuanian, an international, and a hybrid element, for example: chronic articular rheumatism Sv 1910 5 6 / rheumatism articular chronic Sv 1921 1 4 / chronic articular rheumatism Sv 1922 3 3, chronic muscular rheumatism Sv 1910 5 1–2. With one Lithuanian and two international elements: paralysis of the swallowing center Sv 1924 1 1. 90 Synonyms. Only some components of a few three-word disease names have synonyms. Some are Lithuanian, for example: acute stomach catarrh or cold Sv 1912 4 15; chronic inflammation of the uterus (womb) Sv 1922 4–5 1; chronic womb catarrh (cold) Sv 1912 7 29; enlargement of the third or upper tonsil Sv 1923 5–6 2; rupture of the abdominal membrane Sv 1925 3 4 / rupture of the abdominal membranes Sv 1928 1 3; others are international, for example: of bones and glands (tonsils)5 tuberculosis Sv 1924 3 3; simple inflammation of the tonsils Sv 1909 6 5; one name has both a Lithuanian and an international synonym: acute nasal cold (runny nose, catarrh) Sv 1921 1 2. Two three-word disease names have one-word international synonyms, for example: summer diarrhea or cholera Sv 1912 6 21; inflammation of the middle kidneys or nephritis Sv 1921 2 3. Three three-word synonyms are used to name one disease: night fishing Sv 1910 4 5 / fishing in bed Sv 1913 11 44 / fishing at night Sv 1925 3 4. In addition, this disease is also referred to by two-word names (cf. fishing Sv 1913 11 44 / night fish Sv 1925 10–12 7). Variants. Most often, variants are names with reversed word order, for example: rheumatism of joints chronic Sv 1921 1 4 / chronic joint rheumatism Sv 1922 3 3, rheumatism of joints chronic Sv 1921 1 4 / chronic joint rheumatism Sv 1922 3 3, epidemic inflammation of the brain Sv 1925 10–12 1 / epidemic brain inflammation Sv 1925 10–12 3; inflammation of the parotid glands Sv 1910 4 3 / inflammation of the parotid glands Sv 1910 4 7; inflammation of the middle kidneys Sv 1925 5 3 / inflammation of the middle kidneys Sv 1925 10–12 3. 3. Multiword names Four-word disease names whose components are all Lithuanian predominate, for example: chronic scabs of the scalp Sv 1925 3 3, excessive 5The word contains a typographical error. It should read glands (cf. glanda anatomical term, “tonsillar gland in the throat near the pharynx” LKŽ III 1956, gilė 3. “gland” LKŽ III 1956). 91 severe stomach acidity Sv 1922 4–5 4, scaling of hairy parts of the body Sv 1913 2 7, severe catarrh of the bronchial tubes Sv 1910 7 4, true inflammation of the lungs Sv 1910 4 4, itching and soreness of the anal opening Sv 1913 2 7, inflammation of the inner eyelid membranes Sv 1924 4 2, etc. Names with three Lithuanian components and one international component are not uncommon, for example: catarrh – chronic catarrh of the middle ear Sv 1912 10 39, chronic catarrh of the nasal cavities Sv 1912 10 38, catarrh of the inside of the nose and the pharynx Sv 1921 6 3, catarrh of the inner eyelids Sv 1924 4 2; chronic bronchitis with a prolonged cough Sv 1920 5–6 2, purulent inflammation of the lymph glands Sv 1913 1 3, etc. Only a few four-word disease names composed of two Lithuanian and two international components occur, for example: rheumatism of the head muscles and nerves Sv 1926 7–82, chronic catarrh of the lung apices Sv 1914 1 3, and an equal number of names with two Lithuanian, one international, and one hybrid component, for example: chronic catarrh of the nasal passages Sv 1925 4 1, diphtheritic inflammation of the middle kidneys Sv 1909 6 3. Two four-word names were found in which one component has a synonym: acute diarrhea with manifestations of poisoning or intoxication Sv 1928 3 1; growths inside the nose or pharynx (overgrowths) Sv 1921 6 3. Two five-word disease names were found, composed entirely of Lithuanian-origin components, for example: bleeding from the blue lumps on the legs Sv 1913 10 37, inflammation of the middle kidneys and urinary bladder Sv 1924 4 2, and one six-word name, also with all components of Lithuanian origin and with reversed word order: inflammation of the intestinal appendage and the entire abdominal membrane Sv 1910 4 3. 4. Names containing the nomenclatural word disease Two-word disease names. They are of two kinds: depending on whether the word disease is necessary – fever disease Sv 1911 2 1 (cf. fever Sv 1910 2 3), bloody disease Sv 1924 2 1 (cf. bloody Sv 1910 2 1), sleeping disease Sv 1914 6 24 (cf. sleep sickness Sv 1924 1 4), scabies disease Sv 1913 1 4 (cf. scabies Sv 1911 2 6), obesity disease Sv 1914 6 22 (cf. obesity Sv 1914 6 22), scaling disease Sv 1920 4 2 (cf. scaling Sv 1910 9 6), smallpox disease Sv 1914 4 13 (cf. smallpox Sv 1910 2 1), erysipelas disease Sv 1912 5 17 (cf. erysipelas Sv 1922 4–5 3), louse disease Sv 1924 5–6 2 (cf. lice Sv 1920 1 1), vomiting disease Sv 1924 2 3, cancer disease Sv 92 1912 10 37 (cf. vēžys Sv 1912 10 37), chickenpox Sv 1921 6 4 (cf. vištalakis Sv 1920 3 4); diabetes Sv 1925 2 2, eczema Sv 1912 7 31 (cf. eczema Sv 1920 5–6 3), hysteria Sv 1912 5 19 (cf. hysteria Sv 1910 1 4), neurasthenia Sv 1921 3 2 (cf. neurasthenia Sv 1912 11–12 41), osteomyelitis Sv 1928 1 3 (cf. osteomyelitis Sv 1913 2 7), syphilis Sv 1914 5 19 (cf. syphilis Sv 1912 7 26), trachoma Sv 1921 4 1 (cf. trachoma Sv 1920 3 3), tripper Sv 1925 2 1 (cf. tripper Sv 1913 8 32); kaltūno disease Sv 1921 3 3 (cf. kaltūnas Sv 1912 7 25); given the necessity of the word disease – lump disease Sv 1913 7 28 (although cf. lump Sv 1910 5 1), growth disease Sv 1925 1 3, bone disease Sv 1926 9–10 1, blood disease Sv 1922 4–5 4, hereditary disease Sv 1927 5 2, seizure disease Sv 1913 4 13, blister disease Sv 1928 3 3, ergot disease Sv 1912 7 31, neck disease Sv 1914 2 6; American disease Sv 1923 1 1, English disease Sv 1920 5–6 1, Spanish disease Sv 1920 2 4, prurigo disease Sv 1926 9–10 4 (cf. itching Sv 1925 8–9 3), purpura disease Sv 1921 3 1, St. Valentine's disease Sv 1925 10–12 8. Some names have synonymous specific components, for example: pasyri-mo disease or tetanus (tensing disease) Sv 1915 1 1; dandruff (eczema) disease Sv 1912 7 31; sugar disease Sv 1912 3 12 / sugar disease Sv 1925 2 2 (cf. sweet disease Sv 1913 2 7); consumption disease Sv 1914 5 20 (cf. consumption Sv 1910 8 6) / tuberculosis disease Sv 1923 5–6 4 (cf. tuberculosis Sv 1924 3 2); dizziness disease Sv 1920 3 4 (cf. dizziness Sv 1921 6 3) / nausea disease Sv 1921 5 4 (cf. nausea Sv 1913 3 9); watery disease Sv 1921 2 2 / water disease Sv 1925 10–12 8. In two names, the principal components precede the specific ones, for example: diseases of the kidneys Sv 1927 4 2, diseases of the muscles Sv 1927 4 2. As can be seen from the examples given, most names have one-word equivalents. Two-word names of disease groups. It should be emphasized that the plural diseases is an essential nomenclatural word here, for example: pagal organus – akių ligos Sv 1912 3 11, ausų ligos Sv 1921 5 2, dantų ligos Sv 1922 3 4, gerklės ligos Sv 1922 1 4, gimtinės ligos Sv 1912 7 29, gomurio ligos Sv 1913 11 43, krūčių ligos Sv 1928 5 4, nosies ligos Sv 1913 11 44, plaučių ligos Sv 1920 5–6 4, skilvio ligos 93 1927 4 3, lower-back disorders Sv 1922 3 3, intestinal disorders Sv 1921 4 3, bowel disorders Sv 1913 1 3; according to the patient – women's diseases Sv 1912 7 29, potter's diseases Sv 1924 4 2; spiritual diseases Sv 1928 5 1, war diseases Sv 1915 1 1, fever diseases Sv 1912 4 13, vascular diseases Sv 1913 10 40, nail diseases Sv 1913 4 16, skin diseases Sv 1913 1 4, hair diseases Sv 1913 4 16, mental diseases Sv 1913 1 2, suppurative diseases Sv 1927 2–3 1, brain diseases Sv 1921 1 4, facial diseases Sv 1913 2 8, internal diseases Sv 1921 5 3; nerve diseases Sv 1914 1 4, venereal diseases Sv 1924 1 4; epidemic diseases Sv 1924 1 4. Lithuanian specific components in the names of several disease groups have Lithuanian synonyms, e.g.: liver diseases Sv 1913 1 4 / liver diseases Sv 1913 4 16; pharyngeal (tonsil) diseases Sv 1912 7 31, pharyngeal diseases Sv 1913 11 43, tonsil (adenoid) diseases Sv 1922 3 4, tonsil diseases Sv 1923 5–6 2. Three-word disease names were found in only a few instances, and they are varied, e.g.: large-vessel disease Sv 1921 5 1, large-intestine disease Sv 1911 12 5, facial skin disease Sv 1921 2 3; nerve-fibre disease Sv 1921 1 2, joint tuberculosis disease Sv 1925 3 1; microbial infectious disease Sv 1915 1 1. Two names have two-word equivalents, e.g.: spotted typhus disease Sv 1927 4 2 (cf. spotted typhus Sv 1921 2 2), pulmonary consumption disease Sv 1920 3 1 (cf. pulmonary consumption Sv 1924 1 3). Three-word disease-group names. A few three-word disease-group names were also found, e.g.: according to organs – ear fungal diseases Sv 1911 8 2, uterine organ diseases Sv 1921 6 2, hearing apparatus diseases Sv 1911 8 2, internal nasal diseases Sv 1923 1 3, severe kidney diseases Sv 1925 5 2, severe lung diseases Sv 1925 5 2, severe heart diseases Sv 1925 5 2, urinary tract diseases Sv 1926 9–10 1, rectal diseases Sv 1913 8 32, internal nasal diseases Sv 1925 2 4, middle kidney diseases Sv 1913 1 4; according to the patient – diseases of the female organs Sv 1922 1 4, contagious diseases of children Sv 1928 4 1; diseases of the sexual organs Sv 1914 3 10, scalp diseases Sv 1914 1 4, brain diseases of the head Sv 1922 3 3, hair-root diseases Sv 1925 1 3. One component in a disease-group name is used both in the simple and the pronominal form, which theoretically can be regarded as pseudo-variants: acute contagious diseases Sv 1924 5–6 1 / acute contagious diseases Sv 1924 5–6 1. 94 One name has synonymous two-word equivalents: sexual apparatus diseases Sv 1912 11–12 42 / diseases of the sexual organs Sv 1924 2 4 (cf. venereal diseases Sv 1911 3 5 / sexual diseases Sv 1914 6 24 / sexual diseases Sv 1921 3 3). One disease group is named by three-word and four-word names that are synonymous: heart and vascular diseases Sv 1921 1 4 / heart and blood-vessel diseases Sv 1914 1 3. Only one four-word disease-group name was found: chronic diseases of the urinary canal Sv 1912 11–12 42. 5. Names with Latin and other-language equivalents Alongside some one-word and compound disease names, their Latin equivalents are (usually) given in parentheses, since this is customary and often necessary for physicians, e.g.: insomnia (agrypnia) Sv 1921 1 1, rubella (Latin Rubeola) Sv 1909 5 5, heartburn (pyrosis) Sv 1921 1 4, etc.; strangulation of the glans (paraphymosis) Sv 1920 5–6 1, ulceration of the shins (ulcera cruris) Sv 1920 5–6 2, postpartum fever (febris puerperalis) Sv 1920 4–5 4, etc.; foul-smelling nasal discharge (ozaena) Sv 1920 5–6 3, etc.; inflammation of the eardrum and middle ear (otitis media et interna) Sv 1920 5–6 1, inflammation of the external auditory canal (otitis externa) Sv 1920 5–6 2. There was a case in which the same disease was named in Latin in one article, vitiligo Sv 1924 2 2, while in another it was given a Lithuanian compound name, white spots Sv 1924 5–6 4; and another instance where the name in parentheses is not Latin but, conversely, Lithuanian: delirium tremens (shaking madness) Sv 1924 1 1. Only Latin names are given for several diseases; perhaps the authors could not find Lithuanian equivalents for them, e.g.: anthrax Sv 1924 1 4 (cf. anthrax – 1. anthrax, 3. see carbunculus MTŽ 1980, carbunculus – carbuncle, pikšvotė MTŽ 1980), gonorea Sv 1925 2 2 / gonorrhea Sv 1924 1 4 (cf. gonorrhoea – gonorrhea MTŽ 1980), mania Sv 1925 6 2 (cf. mania – mania MTŽ 1980), melancholia Sv 1925 6 2 (cf. melancholia – melancholia MTŽ 1980), gastritis hyperacidosa Sv 1925 2 1, neurosis cordis Sv 1914 6 24 (cf. neurosis cordis – heart neurosis, nervous disorder of cardiac function MTŽ 1980), ozaena foetida Sv 1912 5 20. 95 Some one-word Lithuanian disease names have equivalents not only in Latin but also in various other languages, e.g.: glanders (Latin malleus humidus, Russian sap) Sv 1920 5–6 3, true scurvy (Latin scorbutus, Russian cinga) Sv 1921 3 1; spotted typhus (Russian sypnoj tif, Polish tyfus plamisty) Sv 1915 1 1; leprosy, in Latin lepra, in Polish trąd, in Russian prokaza Sv 1910 9 7, smallpox (Latin variola vera), Russian and Polish ospa Sv 1910 9 7; rabies (Latin Lyssa, Rabies, Hydrophobia. German – Wutkrankheit, Tollwut, H स्व? Incidentally, instances were found in which the specific component of the same disease name is expressed either by the simple or by the definite form of an adjective or participle, e.g.: hard chancre Sv 1911 1 3 / hard chancre Sv 1922 3 3, irreducible hernias Sv 1911 11 3 / irreducible hernias Sv 1911 11 5, ordinary scabies Sv 1925 3 2 / ordinary scabies Sv 1925 3 2, true smallpox Sv 1910 8 3 / true smallpox Sv 1910 8 3, dry ringworm Sv 1921 1 4 / dry ringworm Sv 1924 4 2, severe whooping cough Sv 1910 7 3 / severe whooping cough Sv 1925 4 4, contagious dandruff Sv 1910 9 6 / contagious dandruff Sv 1910 9 6. The two forms of the specific components in the disease names listed can theoretically be regarded as pseudo-variants. The examples given for this group clearly show that in several cases the specific component is used side by side in both forms—simple and definite—in the same article; in a few cases, usage has regressed, that is, definite forms were used in earlier articles, while simple forms appeared in later ones. Summary conclusions 1. Lithuanian Farmer supplement Health not only continued the work of disseminating medical knowledge and popularizing it among the people, begun at least a century and a half earlier, but undoubtedly also expanded and improved it. This is very clearly reflected in the terminology as well. There are indeed many disease names, and they are of varied origins and structures. 2. One-word disease names consist mostly of purely Lithuanian words. Although there are also many international words, most have Lithuanian equivalents. Compound names, too, are usually made up of Lithuanian words. Thus, Lithuanian vocabulary predominates, but the purity of medical terminology is still diminished by frequent foreignisms, e.g.: brantai, džuma, išpanka, kaltūnas, karbunka, kyla, mozoliai, padlicas, parušenija, pavieirė, plėmai (rudi kūno plėmai), prancai, sibirska jazva, škru-pai, valasnykas, zubiščiai (paausinių zubiščių uždegimas). 3. In Health, compound disease names—two-word and three-word ones—predominate; most are formed from Lithuanian components, although many are also formed from components of mixed origins (most often one component is international, more rarely a foreignism). A distinct group consists of compound names of diseases and disease groups with the nomenclatural word disease, 97 but there are also redundant names, e.g.: drugio liga, rožės liga [fever disease, erysipelas] and others. The abundance of two-word and three-word disease names indicates the development of terminology and the improvement of medical terminology during the period under discussion. 4. Although cases of spelling variation and unsettled matters of phonetics, grammar, and so on occur, in general most disease names in Sveikatos are fairly regular. Many compound names are characterized by the modifier–head word order customary in contemporary standard language. 5. One-word and compound disease names (most often two-word, and frequently only individual components of them) stand out in particular for their abundance of synonyms and variants. Since the supplement was published to popularize medical knowledge and was intended for the general public, the authors may not have tried very hard—and often were not even able—to avoid synonyms: this was not only a period in which medical terminology was taking shape, but the lexicon of the standard language itself had not yet become settled. 6. The disease names used in Sveikatoje already display characteristic features of scientific terminology: alongside many one-word and compound disease names, their Latin equivalents are given; sometimes an international term is justified as being “medically named”; and definite forms are used to designate specific concepts. 7. Over nearly twenty years of the supplement’s publication, Lithuanian medical terminology became purer, more regular, and more scientific, but it remained considerably variable. SOURCES AND LITERATURE Bibliografija 1969: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija (1547–1861) 1, Vilnius. Biržiška V. 1929: Lietuvių bibliografija 3. Spaudos uždraudimo laikas (1865–1904 m.), Kaunas. Biržiška V. 1935: Lietuvių bibliografija 4. (1905–1914 m.) 1 (1905–1909 m.), Kaunas. Biržiška V. 1939: Lietuvių bibliografija 4. (1905–1914 m.) 2 (1910–1914 m.) 1, Kaunas. Grinius K. 1922: Medicinos žinių popularizacija ir lietuvių medicinos knygų sąrašas, Kaunas. LKŽ III 1956: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3, Vilnius. LTE VII 1981: Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 7, Vilnius. 98 ME I 1991: Medicinos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius. MTŽ 1980: Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius. Sv – Sveikata, 1909–1928. THE NAMES OF DISEASES IN LIETUVOS ŪKININKAS SUPPLEMENT SVEIKATA (1909–1928) Summary This article deals with the names of diseases in Lietuvos ūkininkas supplement Sveikata, which was published between 1909–1928. In respect of structure, one-word and complex names of diseases could be differentiated. Complex names are two-word, three-word or multi-word names. In respect of origin, names of diseases can be Lithuanian, of foreign origin or hybrid. One-word names most often are Lithuanian. There are quite a lot of international words, many of them have Lithuanian equivalents. The purity of the medical terminology is diminished by frequent barbarisms. Most of terms in Sveikata are two-word or three-word names of diseases, most of which are made from Lithuanian elements. There are also quite a lot of names of mixed origin when one element (or two) is Lithuanian and another one – foreign (more often it is an international word, less frequently - barbarism). The names of diseases and names of their groups with the word liga (disease) are discussed separately. The abundance of two-word and three-word names of diseases reflects the development of terminology during the period examined. Despite some cases of the orthographic variations, unsettled phonetics, grammar and other things, most of the names of diseases in Sveikata are quite regular. Names of diseases (especially two-word terms and most often only their elements) have plentiful synonyms and variants. Since the supplement Sveikata was published with the objective of popularising medical knowledge and was aimed at the general public, the authors of it did not make a special effort to avoid synonyms and sometimes were even not able to try – this was the stage when not only medical terminology was developing, but also common language was not fully settled. The names of diseases in Sveikata already have the characteristic features of scientific terminology – most names are given with their Latin equivalents, specific concepts are named using pronominal forms of adjectives and participles. The names of diseases in Sveikata are an interesting and valuable material in a historical respect. Sveikata not only continued the job of popularisation of medical knowledge, which was started about one hundred and fifty years ago, but undoubtedly developed and improved it, therefore during about twenty years when this supplement was being published the medical terminology became more pure, precise and scientific, though still quite variable. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Received 2004-10-27 99