Lietuvių ir latvių kalbų ekonomikos terminijos anglybės

Regina KVAŠYTĖ Šiauliai University LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN LANGUAGES | ECONOMIC TERMS IN ENGLISH 1. The terminology of the present language, as a part of the lexicon of the national language, reflecting the changes in social life, is of varying origins: alongside the words of the own language, a number of terms borrowed in different periods are used, which according to the degree of assimilation are usually divided into old real borrowings, international words and foreign words, or barbarisms (Gaivenis 2002: 58). In Lithuanian and the related Latvian language, most international terms are of Greek or Latin origin. However, a number of words from other languages, including English, have become international (Jakaitienė 1980: 60; LK I 1995: 36; Laua 1981: 116). The linguist Juris Baldunčiks, who has studied English borrowings in Latvian in detail, admits that English is often perceived as international vocabulary, and therefore there is not too much resistance to their entry into the common language in general and into the professional vocabulary. Their belonging to the international vocabulary, which is common to many languages, is one of the main reasons for borrowing. This is especially true of languages that do not belong to the so-called big languages — Latvian, Lithuanian, Czech, Finnish, etc. The fact that such words are found in the major languages (Russian, German) also encourages the entry of such words into our languages (A 1989: 11). Similarly, the spread of anglicisms is based on Lithuanian terminologists: "they come along with new savokomis'- Latvian linguists disagree about the term itself — there is competition between the forms anglicisms (A 1989) and anglisms (Skujina 1993). “The letter combination (suffix) ic of the term anglicisms has no semantic load, therefore, based on the requirements of terms and rejecting unmotivated influence of other languages, preference is given to the shorter form anglismsTM (NA 2002: 113). In Lithuanian linguistic terminology, the terms anglicism, anglism (KTZ 1990) and anglybė (Drotvinas 1988: 50) are used synonymously. and some are very similar to international words” (Gaivenis 2002: 58). Recently, in the market economy and with the development of business in English, English is increasingly penetrating into national languages. English words — international words, and non-normative use and foreign words of English origin — entered the Lithuanian and Latvian languages at different times and for different reasons, so their evaluation in the terminology of economics and related fields cannot be the same. The Latvian terminologist Valentina Skujina emphasizes that due to national specificity, borrowed i$ from the English language (especially terms of English origin) in the Latvian language do not fall under 1 internacionalizmy’, but into the category of borrowed words from another specific language, as well as borrowed words from Russian, German or any other national language. Such words are usually translated in Latvian if there are no special additional reasons for their borrowing (Skujina 1997: 241). It is noted that in the system of language betterThese international words of English origin, whose pronunciation is closer to their spelling, are strongly acquired, in turn, those English, whose pronunciation is very different from the writing, only conditionally perform the functions of international words. This applies not only to the vocabulary of common language, but also to terminology. The spread of English terms in the economic terminology of both Lithuanian and Latvian languages took place in the past and is still happening quite rapidly, especially in the case of the use of borrowed words in the oral language. 2. International terms that came through English There are instances where English has been involved in the borrowing process as an intermediary – such examples can also be found in economic terminology. To the earlier borrowed from English, fully assimilated and internationalized terms in both Lithuanian and Latvian * Hereinafter referred to as economic terminology. * The term internaciondlisms is widely used in Latvian linguistics. and in Lithuanian the terms internacionalizmas and internacionalybė are synonyms of the Lithuanian word tarptautinis (KTŽ 1990). Incidentally, it is stated that in Lithuanian the term infernationalisms “had already begun to push the usual term tarptautiniai 2001: 16). 32 žodžiai” (Klimavičius attributes it primarily to economic terms of Latin or Greek origin that entered through English (though some sources treat them as directly borrowed from classical languages): lietuv. kapitalas (angl. capital < lat. capitalis “main”) TZZ 2001 —„indėlis į gamybą, investuojant | material capital (e.g., įmonės, įstaigos, įranga, Įrankiai) and intelektinį kapitala (e.g., general education, professional training) — “ AĮVTŽ 2000 [older dictionaries of international words, for example, SNŽŽ 1907, STŽŽ 1923, indicate that it is a word of Latin origin; By the way, often the mentioned term is interpreted by the Lithuanian equivalent turtas (L 1915; LL 1922)] —latv. kapitals (German: Kapital, English: capital < Latin: capitale "property"), and the homonym adjective kapitals from Latin: capitalis "main" (SV 1999); 2001. "Export of goods, services and fixed capital to foreign countries" (PDF). In Lithuanian, this word appears in various dictionaries of the early 20th century, but in some lexicographic sources it corresponds to the Lithuanian Vedic words išvežimas (L 1915) or išvežimas (SNZZ 1907). Give up this international word and engage in descriptive constructions export of goods abroad; Pranas Skardžius (LTZA 1973) has proposed the lead export of goods or limbs exported abroad. The Latvian English Dictionary (SV 1999) mentions the term latv for the first time. eksports was included in the 1891 edition of the encyclopedic dictionary*, but it was used much earlier, as illustrative examples show (A 1989); 2001. "Introduction to the International Trade and Investment Act of 1999" (PDF). "International Trade and Investment Act of 1999" (PDF). "International Trade and Investment Act of 1999" (PDF). In the Lithuanian language, this international word, by the way, is considered simply of Latin origin, the word was already included in the 1907 dictionary of international words (SNŽŽ 1907) and other dictionaries of later years (STŽŽ 1923; TŽŽ 1936). However, in 1938, the *Enciklopedinis žodynas Konversacijas vardnica began to be published in separate notebooks. The first publisher —J. Dravnicks. From 1891 to 1898, 27 notebooks were published in Jelgava; from 1904 the dictionary is published in Riga: Konversacijas vardnica 1-99, 1904— 1921; Latviešu konversūcijas vardnica 1-21, 1921-1940. |as on in the dictionary of commercial correspondence this term does not exist — it is replaced by Lithuanian importation (PKŽ 1938). In the opinion of Mr. Skardzis, It could also be expressed by its own word combinations importation of goods from other countries, importation of goods or derivative importation of the limb (LTŽA 1973). Latv. imports (SV 1999), as well as the antonym exports, entered the 1891 dictionary (A 1989). These international words of Jotyn origin, which came through the English language, have their own language equivalents in Latvian: eksports —izvedums "export- "., imports —ievedums 'export'. The dictionaries of terms of the last decade show that Latvian equivalents are also used as terms or as elements of compound terms: ievedums; import duty ‘import duty’, export; izvedmuita ‘iSvezimo muitas’ (ELDO 1995; ESV 2000). Also, new compound terms are spreading in Latvian economic terminology: ieveduma ierobežošana “import restriction”, ieveduma kvota “import quota”, ieveduma pievienotas vērtibas nodoklis “import value added tax”, izvedsubsidija “export subsidy”, izveduma kvota “export quota”, izveduma un ieveduma cenu attieciba “the ratio of export and entry prices” (ESV 2000). In the latest Latvian economic dictionary, a tendency to abandon foreign-origin terms is even noted: eksports see izvedums and imports see ievedums (ESV 2000). Similar processes take place in Lithuanian terminology —alongside the terms export, net export, import (RETŽ 1994; BBBTŽŽ 1994; MTŽ 2002), import duty (ETZ 1994), export | import quota, export / import license AIV TŽ. 2000, although much less frequently, Lithuanian equivalents įvežimas, išvežimas are used (BBBTŽZ 1994). The terms of Lithuanian origin import and export or the corresponding verbs import, export Torms also occur in the interpretation of some concepts of laws (2000). The role of mediator is also played in English when some terms originating from classical languages are updated, for example, audit (Latin auditus "hearing- ") TŽZ 2001 — "official audit of the accounting and financial reporting of an independent company * Literal translations of terms in Latvian are marked with double quotes. 34 The main objective of the audit is to assess whether the financial statements show the true state of the enterprise’s activities, whether the financial statements were prepared in accordance with the applicable accounting regulations. The audit is carried out in accordance with the agreement between the audit firm and the economic entity (client). The results of the audit are documented in the audit report, which also contains a conclusion on the correctness of the financial reporting” AĮVTŽ 2000, auditor “a person who has the qualification of an auditor, the permission and the right to conduct an audit and who works in an audit firm registered in the Republic of Lithuania- ’s register of companies” AĮVTŽ 2000. In the early 20th century, these words were characterized by a certain variety of Lithuanian equivalents: audit —peržiūrėjimas, peršaudymas rokundų, auditor —revizorius, peržiūrėtojas rokundų L 1915; auditorius 1. “interrogator and prosecutor in Lithuanian military courts until the end of the 18th century”; 2. “in old schools, the senior student”; 3. "in canon law, an instructor judge who conducts the examination in the proceedings, but does not judge himself" TŽZ 1936. In the current language audit buh. —inspection, audit, audit DALKŽ 2000; audit of terms in Zodynuose audit —revision ETZ 1994, audit (e.g. accounting verification | control | audit) (BBBTZZ 1994). The Latvian language economics specialists do not have a common opinion on the need to borrow this term — some of them are inclined to allow English into their language, others in turn propose to use only the long-known, also Latin-origin term audit, arguing that it is the same phenomenon: audits sk. audita; auditor, see auditor; auditing firm including ESV 2000. In the English-Latvian dictionary the equivalents of this word are (norēkinu, parskatu) parbaude; auditing (checks, reports) verification; revizija' ALV 1997. The Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences has provided an official interpretation of the differences between these terms, stating that the terms audit and revidents in Latvian are used in their traditional meaning, while the terms audits and auditors are borrowed from English. In the 1990s, the terms audit and auditor were used to refer to different, albeit partly related, processes and actors: Audit — is “a process initiated by an Institution, Company or natural person by inviting a competent specialist (auditor) to determine the state of economic activity of the institution, company or natural person, possible shortcomings, etc., and to receive advice on improving the state; the audit is carried out by listening to the necessary information or collecting it from documents, etc. ; purpose of the audit 3 tn —prevent bankruptcy of an institution, enterprise or natural person, decline of economic activity, etc., timely elimination of possible obstacles” (TJ 3, 21—22), 0 auditor —“a person who is invited as a highly competent specialist to inspect the activities of a certain Institution or official in order to establish the situation or to correct the immediate activity program” (Kirite 1995). Raita Karnite, Director of the Institute of Economics and Chairman of the Subcommission on Economic Terminology of the Latvian Terminology Commission, sees the needlessness of English and its equivalence with the term audit: “there is no reason to translate and interpret these terms differently, audit and audits are synonyms, equally suitable for describing the same process —. Accordingly, auditor is translated as revidents jeb® auditors and this is a person who has the right to perform an audit or audit” (TJ 8, 20). It should be noted that in Russian this term was first recorded in the explanatory dictionary of the lexicon of the end of the 20th century in the meaning of "independent expertise of the financial statements of the company, carried out by qualified specialists (auditors)- ", in turn, the term naming the actor auditor already existed in other dictionaries of the Russian language of the last decade (TCP 2000). Through the English language as a mediator, both Lithuanian and Latvian economic terminology has developed terms of classical language origin — some of them are already established and there is no doubt about them, while the usage of others is still being refined. 3. International terms of English origin Some widely known and used internationally recognized economic terms are directly borrowed from the English language and Lithuanianized or assimilated, i.e. correspond to the norms of Lithuanian or Latvian languages: lietuvių boykotas (angl. boycott) TŽZ 2001 —„total or partial interruption of economic relations with a partner (state, firm, organization, person), refusal to buy certain goods and work with a certain part of his ¢ In Latvian, jeb always combines only equivalent words, i.e. absolute synonyms. 36 production, participate in events, communicate" AIVTŽ 2000 (discovered SNŽŽ 1907; STZZ 1923; SNŽŽ 1924; TŽŽ 1936) —latv. boikots SV 1999 is recorded in the Latvian encyclopedic dictionary of 1904, and in texts S10 the word derivatives —already in the late 19th century (A 1989): čekis (check) TZZ.2001 —“monetary document, according to which the bank must issue money From a person’s current account, and a receipt confirming that the client has received them; document of turnover and contributions, credit, as well as non-cash settlements, that cheque claims are offset and settled, “ AĪVTZ 2000 (see 1. ‘a written order in the form prescribed by law to a bank to issue or transfer to another account a certain amount of money from the current account of the person signing the cheque’; 2. ‘cash receipt showing the amount received for goods or paid to the cash register’ (TSZ 2001). In older sources the form of this word was čěkas "a note issued by a bank with which a person can withdraw from another bank money deposited in the first bank". SNŽŽ 1907 or Czech SNŽŽ 1924, and Czech —L. 1936, pp. 15. 1938 - Lt. Col. check (SV 1999). J. Baldunčiks has stated that the first meaning of this term in the Latvian dictionary of international words is already in 1886, 0 the second one was fixed in 1934 (A 1989); T 77.2001 —“in international trade, in order to gain a better chance on the markets of other countries, the prices of goods sold abroad are lower than those of goods sold in the country, although such a price policy is prohibited” AIPZ 2000. Dumping is also used in the meaning of "the realization of currency or securities at a lower rate than the market rate, usually in order to bring down the price" TZZ 2001 —latv. dempings —only for the description of the sale of goods (SV 1999; A 1989). Some Old English words in Lithuanian and Latvian have different grammatical categories, for example, their genus differs: lietuv. banknotas (bank-note) TZZ 2001 —„šalies išmisinio atstojantys metalinius pinigus kaip cirkuliacijos ir mokėjimo priemones“ AĮVTŽ 2000 —latv. banknote (angl. bank note) SV 1999. In Lithuanian, the term is recorded in dictionaries of the early 20th century — STŽŽ 1923, TŽŽ 1936, but it also existed in the feminine form — banknote L 1915, LL 1922. The word has been in the Latvian International Dictionary since 1878, and was first recorded in 1850 (A 1989). 37 The economic terminology of both Lithuanian and Latvian languages contains names of realities borrowed directly from the English language, which have long since become an integral part of the lexicon — these are Lithuanianized or assimilated and widely used international terms that do not have their own language equivalents. 4. English-origin foreign ir words in Lithuanian and Latvian economic terminology, especially new names of phenomena and realities, have been increasing in recent times. English words designating new things, if they are not international words, are treated with caution in both Lithuanian and Latvian terminology. When the new names are recognized as foreign (the attitude toward foreign is basically the same in both languages), the appropriate equivalents are sought — firstly in the lexicon of the native language, because the thing named by the new loanword is not always truly new — sometimes no new word is needed to name it. “In the decade of independence, the State Lithuanian Language Commission made such a barrier to new international words – real, more frequently pronounced – by Decision No. 42 “On the List of Unused New Foreign Words”, which was later included in the general list of major language errors (LKKN 1998: 130-132); One special work—VKNS 1998, as well as extensive terminology, numerous articles” (Klimavičius 2001: 16). Some of the phenomena related to the effects of language contact in both related languages have been described earlier (Kvašytė 1996). Many of the English words for which Lithuanian or Latvian substitutes are proposed are names of characters. However, not all of them can be evaluated unequivocally negatively. 2001 - "The Man Who Wasn't There" for the 2001 film The Man Who Wasn't There. Its main function is to bring together the buyer and the seller, to help them to reach an agreement“ AĮVTŽ 2000, cf. „exchange broker (agent), mediating between the buyer and the seller, the insured (insurer) and the insurer, the shipowner and the frachthaul. 38 2001 TŽŽ. The term is often used as an English equivalent of the German word makler (German: Makler) SETEZ 1991, "bursa urzędnik — burza transakcji pośredników" MTZ 2002. The word broker could rather be considered an activated, rather than a new loan, because it is recorded in much older sources, but interpreted as an intermediary, broker in TZŽ 1936. In some sources, the broker is equated with the word agent. And the definitions say that it is “a participant in the commodity exchange, intermediating in establishing contact between the seller and the buyer. Unlike an agent, a broker does not participate in long-term commercial relationships with buyers and sellers and works according to commitments” RETŽ 1994. This is also briefly explained in the current Lithuanian language dictionary: brokeris "exchange employee — intermediary between buyer and seller", makleris — "intermediary of exchange transactions" DŽ 2000. However, the use of the names of the actors spoken in the various sources of terminology is not consistent: broker — "exchange agent", and securities | funds / capital exchange broker see financial broker; broker —broker (exchange) in the USA; dealer; snail. jobber; stock jobber (i.e. performing operations at his own risk): financial broker — stock(-)broker; floor trader BBBTŽŽ 1994. In other dictionaries the term makleris is not always equivalent to broker, 0, for example, jobber ETZ 1994. It is remarkable that already in 1915. in the dictionary as broker equivalents mention meklerius; faktorius, or worker — mekleris; repirklis 1. 1915. Latv. brokers first example of the word —from 1908 source, 0 economic terms dictionary it was recorded in 1975 (A 1989). According to the definition of the term used in the law, this is a “licensed natural person who performs brokerage transactions on the securities market” LTV 1999. However, the term broker SV 1999 is also known in Latvian. The form maklers in Latvian is already recorded in Georg Mancelis’ 1789 dictionary, in the 1935 dictionary of trading terms the German equivalent of the term Broker is maklers, and Makler —maklers, starpnieks ‘intermediary’ VLTT 1935. Word maklers with mark kap. (i.e. “related to the capitalist order, capitalist society”) is also given in the general Latvian dictionary with the meaning “a broker of trade and exchange transactions” LieLaKŽ 1995. In recent dictionaries, a number of sudétiniy terms have been found, the main focus of which is the aforementioned English: apdrošinūšaiki pareikalaujuma" 39 ESV 2000; plg. pieprasijuma konts "pareikalaujuma konta (banke)' ELDO 1995. Data from the Latvian English dictionary confirm that this is not a new word —onkolkonts ‘onkoliné sąskaita (banke), onkolrėkins 'onkolinė sąskaita (dokumentas) is already in the 1911 dictionary of international words (A 1989), as well as in the dictionaries of economic terms and other dictionaries (ET 1975; PV 1995; SV 1999), The attitude to foreign words of English origin spreading in the field of economy is similar in Lithuanian and Latvian —they try to find substitutes for those already established in the language or to make new ones with the means of their own language. This process takes place constantly. By the way, some proposals are replaced over time by better ones, if any. 5.Semantinial and stylistic differences in English Terms are usually stylistically neutral, stylistic nuances are not typical of international words. And some English words used in the field of economics, claiming the status of international terms, are characterized by additional expressive components, for example, the word bizness has a colloquial connotation [it is also presented in the Latvian language dictionary with the appropriate reference sar. (colloquial language)] (Laua 1981: 118). These differences also lead to an insufficiently accurate use of one or another English. As Latvian terminologist V. Skujina notes, “disorienting differences in the semantics of internationalisms in different languages are a common phenomenon in translations of texts, for example, English business —1) occupation, profession; 2) the case; 3) trade, commerce, business; 4) trading company, firm; 5) duty, right, etc. In turn, in Latvian, the word bizness means “profitable transaction” (LLVV 2), when profit is sought by any means. Accordingly, the incompatibility of the English and Latvian word (business —bizness) distorts the content of the translation, if English business is always translated as bizness in Latvian, i.e. And "occupation", and "deal", in general, "company" And so on. It is for these reasons that when borrowing an English term, it is necessary to think seriously about the motivation of borrowing, especially in the semantic aspect, so that the use of Englishness does not change the content” (Skujina 1997: 241-242). The opinion of the Lithuanian lexicologist Evalda Jakaitienė on the relative importance of international words 46 semantic commonality (Jakaitienė 1980: 60). The term business is replaced by its derivative business, and businessman — businessman ETŽZ 1994. Their definitions correspond to only one of the English meaning of the word: “activity related to the production, trade and provision of goods and services for the purpose of profit”, and the term that names the actor is “a person who organizes a business enterprise (producing products or providing services) on his own expenses and for the purpose of profit” AĮVTŽ 2000. This loan is also included in the IAS 1998, although in the DZ 2000 both words are recorded without any additional comments: biznis „profit-making activity, business” and bizniserius „who does business, businessman”. It must be assumed that in the 2000s they were not understood as terms, but as ordinary words, in addition to a wider than today's time of use. Attempts to interpret or change this word of English origin have been made already much earlier, e.g.: business —obsession; work; craft; astigmatism; item 1. 1915; biznis "clever translation of something, profitable occupation" SNŽZ 1924, prekyba, verslas TŽZ 1936. Latv. bizness and biznesmenis are also replaced by derivatives of similar meaning — the derivative uznėmėjdarbiba ‘businessmanship’ and the derivative uznėmėjs ‘businessman’ in ESV 2000, although the forms bizness, biznesmenis BTV 1999, ETVU 1997 are also fixed in Latvian dictionaries. It should be noted that the newsletter provides more equivalents to be used instead of the English foreignness: business —komercdarbiba ‘commercial activity'; uznémeéjdarbiba ‘verslinkysté’; darijumdarbiba ‘sandoriy veikla’; darijumi ‘deals’, o businessman —komersants TJ 2, 24. In the most recent Russian general dictionary, the word 6u3nec men is marked as returning to active use, having two meanings, the second of which is the colloquial “about fraudsters”, and the first has a neutral meaning “business organizer; entrepreneur, merchant” TCP 2000. In some cases, semantic and/or stylistic differences can be observed between English words and those of borrowing languages — this is an additional factor determining the choice of native or foreign words (and also normative terms). 6. The article reviews an important part of the terminology of economics in Lithuanian and Latvian languages — their spread, change of forms, leksikology and the attitude of terminologists to the terminology. It is clear that, especially in recent times, they are really abundant in both languages, and the attitude towards English in both Lithuanian and 47 Latvian languages is basically almost identical. The English language has also been used as an intermediary in the terminology of economics. Some are already established and there is no doubt about them, while others are still being clarified, such as the Latvian term audits. In both languages, there are also direct borrowings from English. The correspondingly lithuanized or lithuanized and widely used international terms, which do not have a corresponding term of their own origin, have long since become a constituent part of the language (boycott, check, banknote). Both Lithuanian and Latvian try to find substitutes for foreign words of English origin that are already established in the language, or to create new terms with the means of their own language. These can be true constructive new forms (vedic, punctual — monosyllabic terms), often compounds (composite terms). This is a continuous process — some suggestions are replaced with better ones as they emerge. In some cases, semantic and/or stylistic differences can be observed between English and the languages borrowed from it, for example, business /liet. business /latv. bizness use, especially in verbal language. SOURCES A 1989 -Baldunčiks J. Anglicismi latviešu valoda, Riga. AĮVTZ 2000 -—Martinkus B., Neverauskas B., Sakalas A., Venskus R., Žilinskas V. Explanatory dictionary of enterprise management terms, Kaunas. ALV 1997 —English-- Latvian noun dictionary, Riga. BBBTŽZ 1994 -—Buračas A., Svecevičius B. Lithuanian-English- -Lithuanian Business, Banking, Stock Exchange Terms Dictionary-Guide, Vilnius. BTV 1999 -Agamdžanova V., Laurenoviča E., Keviša I, Kraze S., Pavlovska A. English-Latvian-Russian Business Terms Dictionary, Riga. DALKŽ 2000 -Piesarskas B. The Great English-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius. 1998 - For the list of major language errors. —Decisions of the Lithuanian Language Commission 1977-1998, Vilnius, 124-176. DZ 2000 —Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language. 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ANGLICISMS IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY Summary As business increasingly integrates into the world economy, in Lithuanian and Latvian terminology the English language gains supremacy, therefore the majority of economic terms are borrowed from English. In this article, economic terms of both the cognate languages —Lithuanian and Latvian —are compared as to their origin, form and meanings. Terms borrowed from the English language carlier, i. e. fully assimilated terms whose origin of borrowing is Latin or Greek and the source of borrowing 50 is English such as kapitalas, eksportas, importas arc analysed as well terms as borrowed from English directly, e. g. boikotas, dempingas, banknotas, Alongside with established and recognized terms the contemporary in Lithuanian and Latvian economic terminology many foreign words are being used. In standard terminology it has been proposed replace to them analogues by already known earlier. e.g. broker — broker as well as neologisms (marketing — marketing). Nevertheless in the practical usage the of Lithuanian and Latvian languages anglicisms are quite often perceived international as lexis and therefore they are acceptable. Regina KVASYTE Gauta Šiauliai 2004-10-25 University P. Vishinsky g. 38, LT-76352 Šiauliai post office E. rekva(tdtakas.lt A Įm