Statybos terminijos sinonimija

Robertas STUNŽINAS Institute of Lithuanian Language CONSTRUCTION TERMS SYNONYMS Construction terminology began to form in the middle of the 19th century: Keleivio (1849—1880) and Aušros (1883-1886) articles popularizing science were written about construction, building materials and their types. In the interwar period, Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas collected, created and systematized terms in construction and other fields. Later construction terms began to appear in translated and original construction textbooks, scientific articles, monographs. A large part of the current construction terminology can be found in the general dictionaries of technical, chemical and physical terms of the mid-20th century. During the period of independence, three large dictionaries of construction terms were published: in 1992 and 1993, a bilingual Russian—Lithuanian dictionary of construction terms (J. Kivilša, A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, ed. akad. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 1992, 560 p., about 21 000 terms, hereinafter —RLSTŽ) and an English-Lithuanian dictionary of construction terms (A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, B. Kudzienė, ed. akad. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 1993, 437 p., about 21 000 terms, hereinafter — ALSTŽ), in 2002 — a five-language Construction Terms Dictionary (A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, B. Kudzienė, scientific editor akad. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 2002, 879 p., about 23 000 terms, hereinafter — STŽ). This article analyzes the synonymy of these dictionaries in terms of structure, origin, meaning and development. The sources are selected for several reasons. First of all, we wanted to cover the facts of synonymy in more than one field —the dictionaries of construction terms include the most commonly used terms in architecture, mechanics, geotechnics, hydrotechnics, civil, industrial and transport construction, water management. Since the above mentioned dictionaries are separated by a decade, we wanted to look at the change in synonymy. This time we have distanced ourselves from the few groups of synonymous borrowed terms, i.e. lines of borrowed synonyms and lines of synonyms of borrowed and hybrid (terms from an international or borrowed root and Lithuanian affix) terms. In total, 1858' synonym lines are examined, of which 1653 are different. Synonymy arises from different usage of the authors of dictionaries, new creations, uneven knowledge of their own language; the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms often depends on language policy or the preference of individual authors?. In terminology, synonyms are associated with the same concept or object, but they do not describe its different characteristics. Synonymy is particularly characteristic of the initial stages of terminology formation, when the best term for a concept has not yet been chosen and several terms or variants exist at the same time (Gaivenis 2002: 125). In terms of the origin of synonymous terms or their synonymous elements, two types of synonymy are distinguished in construction term dictionaries — monophyletic, i.e. synonymy of purely Lithuanian terms, and polyphyletic, i.e. synonymy of Lithuanian and borrowed terms. 51.2% of the research material consists of* synonym strings of purely Lithuanian terms, slightly fewer are the cases of synonyms of various origins. Synonym strings of single-word terms dominated — 53.4% of all synonym strings examined. There are slightly fewer rows of compound terms — 24.7% and rows of mixed structure (mixed) terms — 21.9%. The data of the types in question are presented in the table. The table shows that most of the synonyms lines are found in previous dictionaries of construction terms. The relatively small number of synonyms lines in the new STZ suggests that construction terminology has become well established over the past decade. It is also possible to see an almost equal distribution of synonym types: the single-word terms and the mixed synonym lines are mainly found in previous dictionaries. Most of the synonym strings for compound terms are presented in STŽ, the least in RLSTŽ. Although the new STD contains the largest number of synonym lines for compound terms, the variety of synonyms is not typical for this dictionary — most synonym elements are repeated. It should also be said that the synonymy of the dictionaries of different times is not uniform — only 2.6% of all the analyzed synonyms can be found in the dictionaries of different times. Part of the Russian-Lithuanian Construction Terms Dictionary and the English-Lithuanian Construction Terms Dictionary synonymy terms are debatable (see Kaulakienė 1994: 100). ? For more information on synonyms, see synonyms. Keinys 1980, * The figures are rounded. detected in the previous RLSTŽ, ALSTŽ and the new STŽ (the development of synonyms will be discussed later). Table Structural terminology synonyms strings by origin and number of elements Synonyms strings Synonyms strings by structure vi by sinoniminiy| Dictionary --——* total parts origin Single words Composite Mixed terms strings | term strings strings Co RLSTZ 212 38 111 361 Lithuanian and borintiniy terminy - STZ 75 114 62 251 Co „| RLSTZ 287 91 59 437 ALSTZ 167 66 44 277 STZ 105 76 56 237 Total 993 460 405 1858 1. Synonymy of Lithuanian and borrowed terms The analysis of the synonyms lines of construction terms dictionaries is best to start with the least controversial synonym group — synonyms of various origins. Some linguists do not consider such synonymous terms as synonyms at all, for example, the Polish terminologist E. Grodzinski calls unambiguous terms of different origin heteronyms (see Cynepanckras 2003: 48). In construction terminology, the multi-origin synonymy is the least modified layer of synonymy, the synonyms of this group have the least differences in lexical meaning. The synonymy of Lithuanian and borrowed terms in relation to the contract is heterogeneous — nine smaller groups can be distinguished. The largest group consists of synonym strings for single-word terms — out of 783 different synonym strings in this group, 332 are synonym strings for single-word terms. Here are the most common (found 272) strings with Lithuanian and international terms, 9 e.g.: adsorption, absorb STŽ 13, aerator, fan ALSTŽ 8, damping, wear STŽ 19, apparatus, device ALSTŽ 14, upholstery, wallpaper ALSTŽ 238, upgrading, renovation STŽ 50, tester STŽ 66, base, support STZ 72, dam, embankment ALSTZ 94, defect, defect ALSTZ 98, deflector, guide RLSTZ 241, dynamometer, jégometras STZ 121, dump truck, dump truck STZ 131, excavator, excavator STZ 138, equivalent, equivalent STZ 140, sketch, workmanship STZ 146, fubrikas, factory ALSTZ 137, gembé, console RLSTZ 144, ditch, niche ALSTZ 10, flooding, erosion ALSTZ 293, resources, resources ALSTZ 281, iteration, repetition ALSTZ 188, cohesion, sankiba ALSTZ 66, collector, collector ALSTZ 186. In the group of synonyms of single-word terms, preference is usually given to international terms*, this is typical for all the dictionaries examined, e.g.: disintegrator, shredder ALSTŽ 108, disk, flyer RLSTŽ 75, expert, expert RLSTŽ 482, kiosk, shop RLSTŽ 164, column, pillar ALSTŽ. 67, constant, constant STZ 275, mark, mark RLSTŽ 173, ramp, rises RLSTŽ 333, hinge, hinge ALSTŽ 189. There are three times fewer pairs of synonyms with the main Lithuanian terms, e.g.: torch, Jackal RLSTŽ 450, ditch, trench ALSTŽ 110, photo, photography RLSTŽ 376, receiver, receiver ALSTŽ 274, rod, rod ALSTŽ The primacy of international terms should be explained primarily by the structure of the dictionaries (RLSTŽ and ALSTŽ Lithuanian language is second), in addition, the authors of the dictionaries relied heavily on foreign literature. The emergence of Lithuanian terms (especially in earlier dictionaries) was caused by the search for substitutes for international terms. The synonyms of Lithuanian and borrowed terms also include synonym lines with Lithuanian and hybrid terms (60 lines were detected). Most often in such pairs of synonyms the main terms are hybrid terms, e.g.: adequacy, conformity ALSTŽ 6, discretion, inconsistency STŽ 122, duality, duplicity RLSTŽ 71, efficiency, effectiveness ALSTŽ 123, homogeneity, homogeneity RLSTŽ 61, monolithic, uniformity RLSTŽ 462, sander, ironer STŽ 616, uni- * True, in the dictionaries examined there are such pairs of synonyms, in which in one case the main term is an international term, in another case — Lithuanian. This is mainly typical of earlier bilingual dictionaries in which Lithuanian is the second language, e.g.: oranžerija, šilmamis ALSTŽ 82, šiltnamis, oranžerija ALSTZ 179. 10 fixation, (with) uniformity® RLSTŽ 437. In all sources the synonym lines with the main Lithuanian terms are half less, e.g.: (is)taisymas, koregavimas RLSTŽ 115, apipavidalinimas, įforminimas RLSTŽ 246, piešimas, konstruavimas ALSTŽ 115, gabenimas, transportavimas ALSTŽ 347, įmirkymas, impregnavimas RLSTŽ 314, rūšiavimas, klasifikavimas ALSTZ 311, sukimas, pumpavimas STZ 524, elastingumas, elastingumas ALSTŽ 123, ženklintuvas, marker RLSTŽ 174. Synonymic strings of compound terms account for 27.4% (215 found) of all synonyms strings in this group. In this group there are mostly synonym lines with synonym dependent démens, e.g.: aerial railway ALSTŽ 270, circulation pump STŽ 525, duality principle ALSTŽ 263, equivalent. [equivalent] load RLSTŽ 200, equivalent [equivalent] thickness STZ 586, fixed [set] effect STZ 440, selective [selective] heating STZ 609. The most useful expression of borrowed terms — hybrid terms, synonym lines with Lithuanian and international terms are twice as few, e.g.: effective value STZ 473, possible work STZ 105, repairable part STZ 97, reverse fan ALSTŽ 138, spare equipment STZ 200, sealed layer ALSTZ 196, self-flow [gravity] supply STŽ 642, systemic [continuous] error ALSTŽ 131, main [dimensional] dimensions ALSTŽ 107. Looking at the main terms of the synonyms rows, it is possible to see a slight discrepancy — in the previous dictionaries of terms there is no rule of priority of terms, and STZ gives preference to terms with borrowed elements, e.g.: effective value STZ 473, nominal capacity STZ 624, nominal probability STZ 645, design water capacity STZ 692. As already mentioned, this dictionary is not characterized by the variety of synonyms of compound terms, because most of the synonymous elements are repeated, e.g.: monolithic [solid] construction STZ 571, monolithic [solid] floor STŽ 178; nominal [nominal] height STŽ 60, nominal [nominal] size STŽ 120, nominal [nominal] diameter * Brackets in dictionaries indicate optional parts of terms. When analyzing synonymous terms, the terms with optional parts were taken into account. ¢ Synonymous elements of terms are presented in square brackets. STZ 532; design power STZ. 158, design [calculated] situation STŽ 522, design [calculated] speed STŽ 175. Synonymy of compound terms is not characterized by differences in the main elements (13 lines were detected), e.g.: lighting equipment [aparatūra] ALSTŽ 130, paint primer [sublayer] ALSTŽ 298, gas separator [separator] RLSTŽ 55, ground reinforcement [stabilization] ALSTŽ 315, equipment rearrangement [reconstruction] RLSTŽ 261, column base [base] STZ 376, building part [section] ALSTŽ 239, ball joint [sliding] ALSTŽ 20, construction method [method] ALSTZ 220, absorbent coating [insulating] ALSTŽ 63. There are few synonyms of terms that differ in all terms (found 15), e.g.: high water level, upper dam ALSTŽ 365, hydraulic shock absorber, hydraulic shock absorber ALSTŽ 96, calcium oxide, unquenched lime ALSTŽ 235, retaining element, structural part ALSTŽ 124, drainage passage, drainage gallery ALSTŽ 91, flat arch, flat vault ALSTŽ 16, impact perforator, drill ALSTŽ 169, heat channel, heating tunnel ALSTŽ 119, saving pool, water saving STŽ 12, technical resources, service life ALSTŽ 199, triumphal arch, gate of honor RLSTŽ 12, low water level, lower dam ALSTŽ 365. In spoken dictionaries there are a lot of mixed strings — single-word and double-word, double-word and triple-word (and other) synonymous terms strings make up 30.2% of all different synonymous strings of various origins. There are mainly synonymous pairs with monosyllabic and bisyllabic terms. Here the most common are synonym strings with various origins or Lithuanian compound terms and single-word borrowed terms (found 155 strings), e.g.: abrasives, abrasive material RLSTŽ 177, adsorption, surface absorption RLSTŽ 8, hydrant, water column RLSTŽ 57, hydroelectric, water power plant RLSTŽ 58, inclinometer, angle gauge RLSTŽ 113, injector, current pump ALSTŽ 183, insulating material, isolated! RLSTŽ 177, power drive, transmission RLSTŽ 257, 7 This term can still be considered as a short version of the compound term. 12 cube sample, cube STŽ 69, shed, saw-roof RLSTŽ 471, telemetry, distance measurement ALSTŽ 217. Looking at the key terms in the synonyms rows, there is a slight discrepancy. In previous dictionaries the synonyms lines with the main compound terms and the main single-word terms are equal, e.g.: open excavation, quarry ALSTŽ 93, drainage pipe, drain ALSTŽ 246, van, covered carriage RLSTŽ 458, first wetness, primer ALSTŽ 63, terracotta, burnt clay ALSTŽ 338, viaduct, road crossing ALSTZ 235, RLSTZ 321. In the new dictionary, preference is given to compound terms — the number of synonyms with basic single-word terms is three times less, e.g.: ballast laying, ballasting STZ. 259, dragline, rope excavator STŽ 125, chip concrete, fibrolite STŽ 74, filtration, filtration flow STŽ 150, writing cabinet, secretary STŽ 561, dry residue, radical STZ, 312. Apparently, the authors of the dictionary followed the principle of clarity of terms, because often composite terms identify the concept more accurately, e.g.: rangos sutartis, kontraktas ALSTŽ 80, valma, trikampis šlaitas RLSTŽ 34. In the group of mixed lines, synonyms lines with various multilingual compound terms and single-word Lithuanian terms are less common (61 lines were found), e.g.: analytical sample, study STŽ 655, dust fraction, dust STŽ 154, smoke duct, chimney ALSTŽ 149, sensitivity factor, sensitive STŽ 148, cargo lift, lift ALSTŽ 125, nozzle, shear element ALSTŽ 78, welding machine, welder RLSTŽ 6, 11, refrigerator, refrigeration chamber ALSTŽ 82, insulating insulation, thermal insulation STZ 222. Here, preference is given to compound terms, synonym lines with basic single-word terms are four times fewer, e.g.: gas pipeline, gas pipeline ALSTŽ 149, steam locomotive, steam locomotive depot RLSTŽ 73, siding, siding ALSTŽ 165, fine soil, dust STŽ 182. In the group of mixed lines there are few synonym pairs with synonymous dependent elements (20 lines were found), e.g.: automobile [pneumatic] crane ALSTŽ 87, head of a drawing [construction] office STZ 699, sound insulating [acoustic] panel RLSTŽ 270, hydrophobic [water-repellent] cement ALSTŽ 55, complex cross-sectional [complex] beam RLSTŽ 19, water-resistant [hydrophobic] plaster STŽ 650, reactive [reactive] filler STŽ 677, supposedly static [quasi-static] effect STŽ 440, water supply and sewerage [water manageme13 nt] works RLSTZ 324. In the previous dictionaries there is no priority of terms, in the new STŽ there are almost three times more synonym lines with the main three-word terms. Although synonymous terms must denote one concept, from a linguistic point of view, some synonyms of different origins are not identical in terms of lexical meaning. Terminų reikšmės yra netapačios, kai vieno iš sinonimų reikšmė platesnė arba siauresnė (šį santykį galima pavaizduoti A>B arba A<B), pvz.: angl. freight elevator —krovininis liftas, keltuvas ALSTŽ 125, rus. ynnomnenue eubpuposaruerm —vibruojamasis tankinimas, vibravimas RLSTŽ 437, rus. kpyensuii seman —apvalusis metalas, strypai RLSTZ 184, lengvasis [maZagabaritis| kranas —angl. midget construction crane, vok. 1998. pp. 284. "Ross, R.A. (1874) The Plant List". Some terms differ not only in scope of meaning, but also in conceptual content (A#B), e.g.: sanding, polishing, waugposanue, nonuposanue STZ 615. It is apparent that Lithuanian synonyms have mostly appeared in bilingual dictionaries, in which Lithuanian is the second language. The breadth of the foreign term’s concept, covered by several Lithuanian synonyms, e.g.: draughting —drawing, construction ALSTZ 115, coolhouse —orangery, greenhouse ALSTZ 82 or “synonymous” possibilities of naming, e.g.: pyonuunas Jtamna —miner’s [mine] lamp RLSTŽ 164. From a linguistic point of view, such synonymous lines should be classified as cases of adverbial synonymy, and from a terminological point of view, there are no synonyms at all. Over the decade, the synonymy of Lithuanian and foreign terms has changed considerably. In the previous dictionaries there are synonyms lines with correctable and unusable borrowings, e.g.: kitas, minklė RLSTŽ 93, spinindelis, suklys ALSTŽ 313, įlaidas, špuntas ALSTZ 269, antrūzdis, stuceris ALSTZ 246. There are fewer non-presentable debts in the new STŽ, e.g.: spline, single-layer plywood STŽ 617. If we take 530 synonym lines of the previous construction terms dictionaries separately and compare them with the terminology of the new STŽ, it becomes clear that most often STŽ uses only one member of the RLSTŽ and ALSTŽ synonym lines, e.g.: farwater, boat 14 ALSTŽ 61 —boat STŽ 300; filing, anchorage RLSTŽ 452 —anchorage STŽ 204; photography, photograph RLSTŽ 376 —photo STZ 367; console, bridge RLSTŽ 144 —bridge STZ 166; visor, sight ALSTŽ 142 —sight STŽ 622. In the synonyms of single-word terms of previous dictionaries such cases account for 38%, in synonyms of compound terms — 39%, in mixed synonyms — 32%. While in previous dictionaries preference was given to borrowed terms, the new dictionary focuses more on its own — Lithuanian terms are presented three times more than borrowed ones. All this shows the strengthening of Lithuanian terminology. This is similar to the syntax of the synchronous sequence. In previous dictionaries, preference was given to longer terms (compound and three-word terms often describe the concept more accurately), while STZ now looks at the shortness of terms, convenience and more frequently shorter terms are presented, e.g.: asignavimas, lėšų skyrimas RLSTŽ 16 —asignavimas STZ 47; toreninė talpykla, silosas ALSTZ 46 —silosas STZ 516; kempingas, automobilių turistų stovykla RLSTŽ 129 —kempingas STŽ 251; klijuota plytelė, klijuotė RLSTŽ 75 —klijuotė STZ 258; valma, triangular slope RLSTŽ 34 —valma STZ 687. In the new dictionary there are frequent cases of synonyms not connected, i.e. many members of the RLSTŽ and ALSTZ synonym strings are presented as separate terms in the new STZ, e.g.: damba, pylimas ALSTZ 94 —damba STZ 98, pylimas STZ 409; disk, rocket RLSTŽ 75 —disk STZ 122, rocket STZ 543; experiment, test RLSTŽ 482 —experiment STŽ 139, test STŽ 66; set, set RLSTŽ 56 —set STŽ 271, set STZ 481. In the RLSTŽ and ALSTŽ synonyms of single-word terms such cases of separation amount to 3494, in the synonyms of compound terms — 2294, in the mixed synonyms — 3294. Only 5.2% of the previous dictionary thesaurus lines can be detected in STZ. Absoliuti tokių sinonimų eilučių dauguma yra vienažodžių terminų sinonimų eilutės, pvz.: altimetras, aukščiamatis RLSTZ 52, STZ 59; eskizas, apmatai ALSTŽ I 16, STZ 146; bandiklis, testeris RLSTZ 300, STZ 66, bendros sudėtinių terminų ir mišrios sinonimų eilutės yra pavienės, pvz.: gamtinė medžiaga, natūralioji medžiaga ALSTŽ 216, STŽ 332; vienasluoksnė fanera, šponas RLSTZ 476, šponas, viensluoksnė Janera traukimas, ilginimas —angl. stretch(- ing), lengthening, rus. esimscusanue, ydnunenSTZ 617. 15 ue STZ 659. The synonymy of purely Lithuanian terms, as well as the synonymy of Lithuanian and borrowed terms, has changed considerably over the past decade. Of the 660 synonym lines in the RLSTŽ and ALSTŽ, only 3.4% are included in the new STŽ. A considerable change in the synonymy of monosynonyms is shown by the fact that even a quarter of the previous dictionaries synonyms lines and their two members in the new There is no SST at all. Most often in the STŽ one can find only one of the members of the synonym strings of the previous dictionaries, e.g.: iškyšulys, ragas ALSTZ 152 —iškyšulys STZ 207; spyna, užraktas RLSTŽ 94 —spyna STŽ 560; tvoklė, beška RLSTŽ 17 —tvoklė STŽ 669; uždarymas, užblokavimas RLSTŽ 95 —uždarymas STŽ 673; virbas, rodelis RLSTŽ 320 —virbas STŽ 713. In the RLSTŽ and ALSTŽ synonyms of single-word terms such cases account for 3494, in the synonyms of compound terms — 35%, in the Egyptian synonyms — 44%. It has been noted that the STŽ most often gives shorter terms, e.g.: elbow pipe, elbow RLSTŽ 428 —elbow STŽ 18; soft reinforcement, soft steel reinforcement ALSTŽ 277 —soft reinforcement STZ 44; forest material, wood RLSTŽ 165 —wood STŽ 330; dump, unloading place ALSTZ 33 —dump STZ 502; luminous concrete, light reflecting concrete ALSTŽ 74 —luminous concrete STZ 76; floodwater, flood ALSTŽ 365 —flood STZ 395; boiling boiler, welding machine RLSTZ 150 —welding machine STZ 714. It is not uncommon to find cases of separation of members of the RLSTZ and ALSTZ synonym strings, e.g.: atkričiai, atliekos ALSTŽ 232 —atkričiai STŽ 49, atliekos STŽ 50; aušinimas, šaldymas RLSTŽ 246 —aušinimas STZ 61, šaldymas, STZ 605; šildytuvas, šildytuvas ALSTŽ 38 —šildytuvas STŽ 232, šildytuvas STZ 610; apvalkalas, apvalkalas RLSTŽ 217 —kevalas STZ 252, apvalkalas STŽ 41; rąstas, sienotojas ALSTŽ 23 —rąstas STŽ 468, sienotojas STŽ 511; džiovintuvas, džiovintuvas RLSTZ 237 —džiovintuvas STZ 502, džiovintuvas STZ 135; luminaire, lamp ALSTZ 195 — luminaire STZ. 620, lamp STZ 725. In the RLSTZ and ALSTZ one-word synonyms, the cases of separation amount to 37%, in the synonyms of compound terms — 17%, in the egyptian synonyms — 36%. 22 Conclusions 1. Construction terminology is characterized by a variety of synonyms — 1858 synonyms lines were collected from three dictionaries of construction terms from 1992-2002. Most of the synonym lines are found in earlier dictionaries, which indicates that the terminology was not yet established. The new dictionary has significantly fewer synonym lines. With regard to the origin of synonymous terms or synonymous elements, two large groups are distinguished: synonyms of various-language terms and synonyms of purely Lithuanian terms. According to the structure of the synonymic lines and the origin of the synonymic members, these groups can be further divided into 18 smaller groups. 3.The majority of the synonym strings of different origins consists of three groups: synonym strings of single-word Lithuanian and international terms, strings of compound terms with Lithuanian and hybrid dependent elements, mixed synonym strings — with various-language compound and single-word borrowed terms. The structure of the dictionaries analyzed and the dictionaries authors’ legacy led to the priority of borrowed terms — in the previous and new dictionary synonyms lines, preference is usually given to borrowed terms. Less than a third of the synonym lines contain the main Lithuanian terms. The authors of the dictionaries adhered to the principle of clarity of terms — in groups of mixed lines, preference is given to longer — complex terms. 3.2. Linguistically, some synonyms of different origins are characterized by non-identity of meanings. The appearance of different synonyms may have been caused by the breadth of foreign-language terms and various possibilities of naming Lithuanian terms. 3.3. Synonymy of Lithuanian and borrowed terms has changed considerably over the past decade. Most of the synonymous terms in the previous dictionaries of construction terms are not synonyms in the new dictionary. The consolidation of synonymy is indicated by the fact that in the new dictionary only one member of the previous dictionary synonyms can be found. Lithuanian terminology became stronger as well — in many cases Lithuanian terms were used instead of borrowed ones. The new dictionary already follows the principle of terms economy — shorter terms are presented from mixed lines. 23 4.The group of synonym strings of purely Lithuanian terms is divided into three groups: single-word synonym strings, synonym strings of compound terms with synonymous dependent elements, mixed strings with single-word and two-word terms. 4.1. In the group of single-letter synonyms, the most common are lexical synonyms. In the groups of synonymous single words and compound terms, the cases of adjective and grammatical synonymy are four times fewer than those of lexical synonymy. 4.2 In the synonymy of purely Lithuanian terms, the non-identity of lexical meanings may have arisen from the breadth of concepts covered by foreign terms and the synonymy of foreign terms, 4.3. Over the past decade, the single-term synonymy has changed more than the double-term. Many synonyms of previous dictionaries are presented separately in the new dictionary, and even more synonyms are missing. ALSTZ 1993: English-Lithuanian Dictionary of Construction Terms, Spec. ed. A. Kudzys, Vilnius. RLSTŽ 1992: Russian-Lithuanian Construction Terms Dictionary. Spec. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius. 2002. Dictionary of English Terms. Moksl. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius. LITERATURE DLKG 1997: Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 2003: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius (e. edition). Gaivenis K. 2002: Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Structure, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 1978: Assessment of the synonymy of terms in physics and technology. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 19, 51-55. Kaulakienė A. 1994; Dictionary of Construction Terms. —Kalbotyra 43 (1), 96-100. Kaulakienė A. 2000: Synonymy of computer terminology: a flaw or a necessity. — Terminologija 6, 23-28 Keinys St. 1974: On the question of synonymy of terms. 1980: 44-51. Terminology alphabet, Vilnius. 24 Klimavičius J. 1975: Synonymy of International and Lithuanian Terms in Terminology. —Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 16. 121–123. (in Lithuanian). Kniūkšta P. 1976: Priežodžio -inis adjectives. Darvba, meanings, grammatical synonyms, Vilnius. KTŽ 1990: Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas. LKE 1999: Lietuvos kalbos enciklopedija, Vilnius, Mitkevičienė A. 2004: V. Dubo universal literature textbook variants of terms —Terminologija 11, 119—144. 1969: Lexical and Grammatical Synonymy, Kaunas. Pupkis A. 2005: Language Culture Studies, Vilnius. 2001: International Dictionary of Languages. Ats. red. A. Kinderys, Vilnius. Umbrasas A. 2004: Common root synonyms and variants of two-word legal terms in Lithuanian Codes of 1918-1940. —Terminologija 11, 100–118. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius. 2000: A Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2000. Cynepanckas A. B. 2003: Cynepancras A. B., Mojnonsexasa H. B., Bacunbesa H. B. Ob6was mepsunonozus, Bonpochbi meopuu, MockBa. SYNONYMY OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING TERMINOLOGY Summary This paper analyzes in structure, derivation, meaning and development aspects 1653 different lines of synonyms presented in three term dictionaries of building and civil engineering: 1992 Russian-Lithuanian term dictionary of building and civil engineering, 1993 English-Lithuanian term dictionary of building and civil engineering, 2002 Term dictionary of construction. Considering facts building and civil engineering terminology is characterized by a variety of synonymy. A small number of lines of synonyms in new term dictionary shows steadied synonymy. In respect of derivation of synonymous terms or synonymous components two big groups can be distinguished: heterogeneous synonymy, i. e. lines of synonyms of Lithuanian and borrowed terms and homogeneous synonymy, i. e. lines of synonyms of pure Lithuanian terms. According to structure, derivation and types of synonymy these two groups could be divided into 18 smaller groups. In heterogeneous synonymy three smaller groups dominate: lines of synonyms of single-word Lithuanian and international terms [en aerator aeratorius, védintuvas ALSTŽ 8], lines of synonyms of complex terms with Lithuanian and hybrid components [ekvivalentinis storis, lygiavertis storis en reduced thickness STZ 586], mixed lines of heterogeneous complex terms and borrowed single-word terms [hidrantas, vandens kolonėlė en hydrant RLSTZ 57]. In lines of synonyms of single-word terms and complex terms borrowed terms are preferred [monolithic, solidity (en solidity) RLSTŽ 462; nominal diameter, nominal diameter en nominal diameter STZ 532]. In mixed lines of synonyms complex terms are preferred [drozliy betonas, fibrolitas en wood fiber concrete STZ 74]. Linguistically some synonyms are not equivalent [vibruojamasis taninimas, vibravimas (en compaction by vibration) RLSTZ 437]. Non-equivalence of synonyms could come from the broadness of borrowed terms, which can be covered by a few Lithuanian terms, and various possibilities of “synonymous” nomination [en freight elevator krovininis liftas, keltuvas ALSTZ 125]. During ten years heterogeneous synonymy of building and civil engineering has changed: in many cases in the new term dictionary it is possible to find only one synonym of earlier lines of synonyms [farvateris, laivakelis (en clearway) ALSTZ 61 laivakelis STZ 300]. Furthermore, Lithuanian synonymy strengthened considerably and in many cases in the new term dictionary Lithuanian terms are preferred [konsolė, gembė (en cantilever) RLSTZ 144 gembė STZ 166]. Many synonymous terms in the new dictionary are presented as separate terms [diskas, skridinys (en disc) RLSTZ 75 diskas STZ 122, skridinys STZ 543). In homogeneous synonymy three smaller 25 groups dominate: lines of synonyms of single-word terms [aidas, atgarsis en echo STZ 14], lines of synonyms of complex terms with synonymous subordinate components [pakopos plotis, laiptelio plotis en tread width STZ 430], mixed lines of synonyms of single-word and complex terms [kreivių braiziklis, braiZytuvas en plotter STZ 81]. In single-word and complex term synonymy lexical synonyms dominate [en blister burbulas, pūslė ALSTZ 34], whereas derivative [greitintuvas, greitiklis (en accelerator) RLSTZ 441] and grammatical synonyms [pramoniné statyba, pramonės statyba (en industrialized construction) RLSTZ 405] are rather rare. Some derivative synonyms must be eliminated because of categorial polysemy [sunkimasis, sunktis en percolation STZ 596]. Typical grammatical synonyms are derivates with the suffix -tinis and the participle [klijuotoji sija, klijuotiné sija (en glueed girder) RLSTZ 19]. Linguistically some homogeneous synonyms are not equivalent [en cooler ausykla, aušinimo bokštas AL STZ 82]. Non equivalence of synonyms could come from the broadness of borrowed terms, which can be covered by several Lithuanian terms, and synonymy of other language equivalents [aukstuma, pakiluma en hill, eminence STZ 60]. During ten years homogeneous synonymy has changed: most synonyms of the earlier term dictionaries are absent in the new dictionary and in many cases the new term dictionary prefers only one term [en foreland iškyšulys, ragas ALSTZ 152 iškyšulys STZ 207]. Robertas STUNZINAS Received 2005-10-24 Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 E-mail robertasst(2lki.lt 26