Iš etnonimų istorijos

From the history of ethnonyms VINCENTAS DROTVINAS Vilnius Pedagogical University tnonimas (Greek ethnos —nation, tribe and onyma —name), as well as ethnonym —the name of a nation, ethnicity, tribe, family, etc. Ethnonyms (ethnonymia), their structure, origin, types, distribution and functioning are studied by the branch of onomastics ethnonymics. Ethnonyms are distinguished by how the people of a nation call themselves (autoethnonyms) and how a nation is called by its neighbors (aloethnonyms). The relationship of the ethnonym with the country name is twofold. In some cases, the ethnonym is primary and dictates the name of the country, for example: Greeks — Greece, in other cases, the name of the country is the basis of the ethnonym, for example. : Rome—Romans, Egypt—Egyptians. In ancient times, Lithuanians knew only the names of the nearest neighbors, with whom — they had economical and cultural relations, and often even fought. Ethnonyms have been increasing all the time, as the Lithuanian nation and state expanded its relations with European countries, especially after Lithuania was baptized, the Lithuanian Rastija was established, etc. In the old dictionaries there are a number of names of nearer and further ethnic communities. Therefore, ethnonyms are part of the inventory (register) of Lithuanian dictionaries, reflecting the vocabulary of a certain period. In dictionaries, ethnonyms are usually used alongside toponyms, and often accompanied by an adjective derived from an ethnonym. The article reviews the more characteristic ethnonyms of the ancient written monuments*, from Martynas Mažvydas to Kristijonas Donelaitis, especially the 17th-18th century manuscript and printed dictionaries of Lithuanian language, their origin, localization and survival in common language. Armenian Found only in K. Sirvydo dictionary: Ormianin /Armenius, armenus, Armenas SD”. The biblical ethnonyms, which appear in the ancient writings, are not touched here, e.g.: Agarians, Ebionites, Ephesians, Galatians, Galileans (and Galileans), Jerusalemites, Corinthians, Samaritans, etc. 160 Vincentas Drotvinas | From the history of ethnonymy czech Ethnonym found only in K. Sirvydo dictionary: Czech /Bohemus. Chickpea SD!, SD’. Gypsies originating from India appeared in Europe in the 13th-14th centuries, in Eastern Europe, first in Slovakia, Hungary (cf. Hungarian cigany of the 14th century), later they began to be found in Poland and Lithuania. According to A. Salis, gypsies may have appeared in south-eastern Lithuania around the middle of the 15th century, and after a century they could have reached the west of Lithuania (Salys 1985: 499). The form gigonas is found in K. Sirvydas's dictionary: Cygan. Cyngarus, Cygonas SD*. In the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania we find the current gypsy: Cigeuner. Cigonas, 0. M. C IV; Gypsy. Gypsy, os. F. C IV; Scythe. Gypsy. Cigeunerin, Cziganka Kr. The name comes from the New. Article 10 Atsinganoi (Salys 1985: 497). The second name of the gypsies — Egyptians — engl. Gypsies, esp. ir port. gitanos et al. (Salys 1985: 497). In France, gypsies are called Bohémien. The first World Gypsy Congress in 2001 legalized the name Romai (rom "man, man"). This is perhaps the most inhabited nation in the world and has probably the most alloethnonyms. egipténas „egiptietis“ Kilęs iš kraštovardžio Egiptas. This form is found in the 17th-century dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Apkasse Egyptena į Smiltį C 1, as well as C II and others. We also find other variants: egipcionas DP; Aegypter Egipcionas B. dunčikas "danas" Found in M. Daukša's Postila (< Polish Dunczik,,danasTM). Greek Ancient Greeks were called Hellenes (Hellénes), and their country was called Hellas (Hellas). The later name Greek (Greek) spread through Latin graecus. The oldest form in Lithuanian is grakas: Greczyn /Graecus, Grakas SD* (cf. Greek. Graecus, Graecanicus. GrakiBkas; Grecya /Graecia (without Lithuanian equivalent)). The form griekas, determined by German phonetics, is found in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, e.g. : Greeks, Grykas, o. M. C II (plg. Greeks= Land. GrykiBka Zeme). 2006: 13,161 gudas The term gudas is known from M. Daukša Postila. In the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor we find: Reuf gudas, o. M. C III; Resentment. Godda. Guddu Zeme C III: Guddas, do —eine Gudde, Gothe R, MZ. In J. Brodovski's dictionary we also find the equivalent maskolius: Reuf Mofcovita Guddas, Mafkolos. The significance of the etymology has historically varied considerably. In the dictionary of G. H. F. Nesselmann, Guddas, o. M. is translated as ein Pole. In K. G. Milkaus dictionary we also find derivatives: Gudduk's, ko, m., which are interpreted more broadly as ein junger Gudde, schlechter polnischer Kerl M, as well as Paguddoju, ojau, osu, oti I speak with a Polish accent, speak bad Lithuanian. Originated from the real name Israel: Israel, Israélas, 0. M. C 11, Israel (Gottes Fūrst, nom viri. Izrael) In B. M. Daukša's Postila, we find the ethnonym form izraelionis, as well as Israeliter, Israelitas, Israelitėnas B, Izraelitas, ta, Izraelieten, ene R, MZ. kursis Found in 17th-century dictionaries, this indicates that Kurians were still well known to other Balts. The form varies considerably: Chure Kurflys Lex, Cure Kurfiis, io. M. C, Cure Kurszys Kr, plg. Churland Courland, Churlander Kurlendikas (?) Richt. In K. G. Milkaus dictionary Kurfiis, Pio, m. ein Kur is interpreted as a resident of Klaipėda County ein Einwohner im Memelschen Hauptamt (also adding the verb pakuršiuoti, cf. pakurf3oju, ojau, awau, osu, oti —to speak Lithuanian with the Klaipėda accent I speak after the Memel accent Littauisch). latvis It is found in the 17th-18th century dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Liefland Latvija, Lieflander latwys Lex, Lieffldnder Latwys Kr, Liefland Latwya, os. F., Lieflander, Latvian, yes. M. C 11. Terra Letthorum is mentioned in historical documents from the 11th-13th centuries, the name of the country Latvia appears only in writings from the 19th century, and the word latvis was first mentioned in 1648 (Sabaliauskas 1990: 352). According to old dictionaries, the name Latvia can be dated back about 200 years. 162 Vincentas Drotvinas | From the History of Ethnonyms The etymology of the Polish is one of the oldest borrowings from the Old Russian language, which until the middle of the 10th century had nasal vowels, which later evolved into the diphthong en. It is recorded in the dictionaries of both Greater and Lesser Lithuania: Pohle Polish Lex; Pole in the direction; Polak/Polonus Sarmata. tynkas SD'. If we had received this loanword after the 10th century, it would have taken a different form, cf. the Polish pronoun polak, Russian nossx (Būga 1961: 756; Sabaliauskas 1990: 228). This ethnic root is preserved in the name of the country, Poland. The oldest tribes of our ancestors, who lived on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, were called Estonians. This is evidenced by the name Aestiorum gentes in the work of the Roman historian Tacitus, Germania (c. The term "Baltic" was first used in 1845 by the German linguist G. H. F. Nesselmann in his work Die Sprache der alten Preussen (Berlin). The name Lithuania was first mentioned in the Quedlinburg annals in 1009, but the name of the people must have been known much earlier. Because of the relatively late appearance of the Lithuanian script, Lithuanian names (known in Latin, Old Russian) were not written in Lithuanian for a long time. Lietuvininkas —the old name of Lithuanian is found not only in the 17th-18th century dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania: Littauer lietuwinink's Lex; Littauer Lietuwininkas, o. M. ka, os. F. et [Lietuwinin]ke, es C Il; Lithuanians Lietuwninkas Kr and others, but also in K. Sirvydo dictionaries: Litwin /Lithuanus, Lietuwnikas SD', Litwin. Lituanus. Lietuwnikas SD? (ir Litwa /Lithuania, lietuwa; litewfki /Lithuanicus: lietuviszkas SD", Litwa /Lithuania. Lietuwa; Litewfki /Lituanicus. Lietuwifskas SD*). "Lithuanian Ethnologue". lithuanian- .lt. Litwin, today preserved in names. Simonas Daukantas was probably the first Lithuanian to use the current ethnonym (Daukantas 1993: 340). The older ethnonym lietuvininkas has now a specialized meaning—it is used to refer to the Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania. maskolius Forms found in the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Mufkowiter, Maskolus (cf. it Muficou, Makswa) Kr, Mascowiter, Mazkolus (cf. and Mascau, Makswa) Richt. In the dictionary of K. Sirvydas we find more latinized names of moskva: Mofkwa / Mofcouia. Mafkwiciey /Mafkwičiu 3ieme, Mofkwicin / Mofchus. Mafkwitis SD*. The most recent variant of the ethnonym is moskva, plg. Terminology | 2006 | 13 163 Mykolas Lietuvis "Apie lietuvių, tatarų ir moskvėnų papročius" (Vilnius, pinas 1988). "suomis") Found in 17th-century dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, e.g. : Finnen, Pinna, u. M. pl. Finland Pinnu Earth C II. Also, see. Finne, Angl. Finn, pranc. Finnos, left. Fine, rus. gun. The Finnish name is Suomi. "Finnish national anthem" (in Finnish). suomi.fi. somnium (wind); The name "Finland" was introduced only in the late 19th century (see also Latvian soms, somiete). The name is derived from the French name Francois, which is derived from the German Francois. Avg. height Franzois, Franzeis acquired its present form in Frantzose, and through the Polish. franzuz, rus. ¢spanyys came to Lithuanian language. Known from the 17th-18th century dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Frantzos Prancusas C II, Frantzose Prancuzas Kr. prūsas The ethnonym of Prussia (Bruzi) was first mentioned in the 9th century. The Bavarian Geographer's Writings (LKE 1999: 514). This Western Baltic name is common to both the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas and of Lithuania Minor: profak /Boruffus. Prutenus, probas SD'; Preufl prusas Lex: Preup Prusas, o. M. C III; also and later prusokas, prusoke, pruselka N. rymionis, rymionas „romietis“ This is perhaps the ethnonym with the most variants in the old writings: M. Mažvydo rymionys; M. Daukšos Postilėje Rimionis (Polish: Rzymianin, Rimionka, Rzymianka); "Rzymianin /Romanus, Rimionis SD'". Also Rémer Rymionis, nio. M. C III, the rhyme is in the Lex and Milkus dictionaries. What. In Krauzés dictionary Romer, Rimienas, cf. also rymianas (see Palionis 2004: 395). This can be explained by the variation of the base word: Rhyme in M. Daukša's Catechism, Rhyme (in Polish Rzym) in M. Daukša's Postilla, Rzym /Roma, Rhyme SD', Rom, Rimija, Rimas Lex, as well as Rom, Rimija Kr., Rhyme R and MŽ. Until the last decades, the ethnonym form romani was common, but now, mostly in Catholic texts, the most widely used is romaniet. 164 Vincentas Drotvinas | From the History of Ethnonyms satas “scotch” Found in K. Sirvydo dictionary: S30t /Scotus, S3atas SD* and in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania: Schott Szatas Lex, Schott, Szatas, o. M. C 111, Schotte Szatas Richt. found in M. Daukšos Postilae (Svedai) and in the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Schwede Svėdas, o Lex, Schwed Svėdas, o Richt, M, C III and others. S. Daukantas used the self-motivated form of this etymology, žuvėdas (fish + eat), but it did not survive. Schweitzer Sweiczorus Kr., Schweizar C HI —without Lithuanian equivalent. He was also a member of the French Legion and served with the French and Italian armies. You, French stupid, with a thick mop And what's more, you've fucked up Lithuania to trouble. švobas ‘schwabas’ Szwab /Sueuus, Pwobas SD’, cf. also fwobu winter, ibid. Vok. Schwabe C III —without Lithuanian equivalent. The first Tatars (Crimean) settled in Lithuania during the reign of Vytautas the Great. The ethnonym Tatar is recorded in M. Daukša's Postila (Totorei) and in 17th-century sources: Tatarzyn /Tartarus, Scytba. Tatoris SD'; Horde of Tatarfka. Tartarorū caetas, ciuitas, Refpublica. Sueyga /wisotine Totoriu SD*. In the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor we find Tartar Totorus Lex; Tartar, Totorus. aus, M. | Toto]rene, es, F. C IV; Tartar Totorus R and others turk Finds in M. Mažvydas' writings, M. Daukša's Postila, later in 17th-century dictionaries: Turczyn /turca. Turkas SD’; "Turke turkas Lex, plg. Turckey Turku land; Turkey. Turkas, o. M. C IV and others. ulendras "Dutch" Found in F. Pretoria- 's dictionary: Holldnder. Ullendras, o. M. C II, pg. "Nederlands" (in Dutch). The present form of the language is Dutch. Terminology | 2006 | 13 165 ungur see hungar hungar, vingris Ethnonym known in Lithuanian language in two forms: old ungur and current vengras. Angur is a loanword from Old Russian of the same age as Polish: after the 10th century the nasal vowel ų became a diphthong un, cf. German. "Hungary" also refers to Hungary. "Hungarian language and culture". The Yugra River in the northern Urals. Magyar Szemle. The common form of Hungarian is an example of secondary, later borrowing, cf. Polish. "Hungary" (Būga 1961: 757). In the postmodernist period, there is a new form of sculpture. The current form hungar is found in 17th-century dictionaries: Ungar Wengras, o. M. C IV and K. Sirvydas dictionary Wegrzyn /Pannonius, Hungarus, Wingris SD* and Wegierfka 3iemia /Panonia inferior, vngaria vel hungaria, Wingriu 3ieme SD". The form valakas is found in K. Sirvydo dictionaries: Wfoch /Italus, Watakas SD!, wloch /Italus, watakas SD*, cf. wlachas (Palionis 2004: 548). The name "Italy" is derived from the Italian word "Italia" (Italian for "Italy"). German This is one of the most unclear etymologies, unrelated to the German self-name Deutscher. The German origin of the etymology is explained by Kazimieras Būga in Article 93. "Silver, Gold, and Platinum (1959-1962- )". From the name of the country Vokia (Lat. Vaca, whose * Vakja means "the land of the Vikings", see also Mažiulis 1996: 144-145) we have the old ethnonym *vakis "viking", obtained through the Kurian language, found in Jono Bretkūno Postila: Tassai szodis Jesus ne lietuwniku, ne Lenku, nei woku szodis ira. From the name Vokia we have made a German name, first mentioned in the Lithuanian Metrics document of 1498 (see also Vokia „Deutschland“ Būga 1961: 550-552). At the same time, Būga warns that the pronunciation German is antiquated, found in the writings of M. Daukša in Postila, P. Ruigis, K. G. Milkas and others. The ethnonym German is found in M. Daukša's Postila, K. Sirvydas- 's dictionary Niemiecka ziemia /or r3ef3a niemiecka /Alemania, germania, teutonia. Wokia /wokieciu in this SD!, German /Germanus, teutono, Alemanus. 'wokiet SD', as well as Niemka /Germana, alemana, teutona, wokiet SD; also in the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: Deutscher Woketis Lex; 166 Vincentas Drotvinas | IS etnonimy stories Deutscher Woketis, czio C 1; Deutscher Woketis Kr. Germany tauta Woke Lex, Germany Wokie, es. People, os F. C I; plg. Deutschland Woke Volk Kr, also in the dictionary of Rugi, Milkus. The name "Germany" is derived from the German word "Deutschland", which was first found in the 1870 dictionary by Friedrich Kuršaitis. "Richter- 's dictionary manuscript: Sachse". Zaks. In F. Pretoriaus dictionary Sachse and Sachsen C III —without Lithuanian equivalents. Jewish The ethnonym Jew is derived from the ancient Judeans, i.e. The name of the descendants of Judah, see also the local name Judah. In 1492, the Spanish Grand Inquisitor Torquemada issued the Torquemada Edict, forcing the Jews to convert to Christianity or flee the country. The expelled Jews spread to Portugal, England, Germany, where they lived on both sides of the Rhine, and later reached Eastern Europe. In addition to the common ethnonym Hebrew (Semitic people branch, Israelites), derived from the Greek. Jews have been given separate names according to the country of residence, for example, Portuguese Jews are called Marranos, Spanish and Portuguese — Sephardic (Sefardini), German — Ashkenazi (from the Hebrew name of Germany Ashkenazi), Lithuanian, Polish and Belarusian Jews — Litvaks, etc. From the lot. Jews per vok. Avg. height Jude is the name of the Ashkenazi Jewish language judisch —(j)iddisch. The Bible Hebrew was adapted for the 20th century by the Odessa Jew Eleazar Ben Yehuda (1858-1922- ), who published Thesaurus totius Hebraitatis (1908). The ethnonym is found in the writings of M. Mažvydas (Mažiulis 1996: 438), in 17th-century dictionaries: 3yd /Judaeus, hebraeus, židas SD? Jude Zydas, Judin Zydelka Lex; Jude Zydas, o. M. Judin, Zydelka, os. F. C. et al. The origin of Priebalsio 2 is explained (Ilpeo6paxencruū 1959: 211) by the fact that the Slavic languages received this word from germany, and Sie from the Romans who lived north of the Alps, cf. Judaeus, fr. juif, it. giudeo, czech. Zid, Zidovka, left. A Jew, a Jewess. CONCLUSIONS The article is dedicated to a group of ethnonyms of the semantic field “person names by nationality”, selected from ancient (XVI-XVIII c.) Lithuanian scripts. The origin, localization and survival of ethnonyms in common language are discussed. Terminology | 2006 | 13 167 In terms of content, the ethnonyms in question are the names of European peoples closer to Lithuanians. Ethnonyms (except the Lithuanian self-name) are part of the borrowed vocabulary of the Lithuanian language. Ethnonyms have different origins: Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian, Prussian- ), borrowed from Old Russian (Polish, Hungarian), from German (Lithuanian German, Latin Vūcietis), newer ones acquired through language intermediaries. Most of the old ethnonyms have been preserved in the present Lithuanian language. Some old borrowed ethnonyms have become archaisms and are now replaced by newer ones (hungar — ungur, finn — fin, skot — skot). The traditional inventory of old ethnonyms is constantly supplemented with new ethnonyms. This is determined by Lithuania’s economic and cultural relations with the nations of Europe and the world. ŠALTINIAI B — Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicom et Lithvanico--Germanicom... von lacobo Brodowskij (~ 1740, rankraštis Lietuvos mokslų akademijos bibliotekoje). C = Cluvis Germanico-Lithvana (fotografuotinis leidimas). Rankrastinis XVII a. vokiediy-lietuviy kalbų žodynas, I-IV. Parengė Vincentas Drotvinas, Vilnius, 1995-1997, Daukantas - Simonas Daukantas. Didysis lenky—lietuviy kalbų žodynas. | t. Parengė Giedrius Subačius, Vilnius, 1993; III t. Parengė Giedrius Subačius. Vilnius, 1906, DK — — Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų Katekizmas. Parengė Vida Jakštienė ir Jonas Palionis. Vilnius, 1995. DP — — Indeks-stownik do „Daukšos Postilė“. T. Il. Opracowat Czestaw Kudzinowski, Poznan, 1977, Kr — [Andrejus Krauzė?| Vokiečių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas (XVIII a., rankraštis Lietuvių kalbos instituto bibliotekoje). Lex — Lexicon Lithuanicum (fotografuotinis leidimas). Rankraštinis XVII a. vokiečių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Parengė Vincentas Drotvinas, Vilnius, 1987. M — Littauifch=deutfches und Deutfch=lIittauifches Worter= Buch... von Chriltian Gottlieb Mielcke... Kėnigsberg, 1800. MR ~ Dominykas Urbas. Martyno Mažvydo raštų Zodvnas, Vilnius, 1997. N = Nesselmann G. H. F. Worterbuch der Littauischen Sprache, Xonigsberg, 1851. R ~ Littauifch = Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Lexicon... von Philipp Ruhig... Kdnigsherg, 1747. Richt — — [Johannas Richteris?] Vokieciy-lietuviy kalbų žodynas, Halle, 1728 (rankraštis Hallės-Wittenbergo Martino Lutherio universiteto Frankės fundacijos bibliotekoje). SD! — Senasis Konstantino Sirvydo žodynas (fotografuotinis leidimas), Parengė Kazys Pakalka, Vilnius, 1997. Sp? = Pirmasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas: Konstantinas Širvydas. Dictionarium trium linguarum (fotografuotinis leidimas). Parengė Kazys Pakalka, Vilnius, 1979, LITERATŪRA Būga K. 1959: Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius. Būga K. 1961: Rinktiniai raštai 3. Vilnius. UKE: Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija. Parengė Kazys Morkūnas, redagavo Vytautas Ambrazas, Vilnius, 1999. Mažiulis V. 1996: Prūsų kalbos etimologinis žodynas 3, L-P. Vilnius. 168 Vincentas Drotvinas | From the history of ethnonymy