XIX a. pabaigos lietuvių medicinos terminijos šaltinių ir jų terminų apžvalga

An overview of Lithuanian medical terminology sources and their terms in the late 19th century PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lithuanian Language Institute 1. INTRODUCTION The last two decades of the 19th century were important in the history of the Lithuanian nation: the movement of national revival grew and strengthened, the creation of a common written Lithuanian language was started, and popular education arose. A particularly significant role was played by the national revival movement, which was initiated by “the intelligentsia, who came from the Lithuanian nation’s roots — the peasants” (Palionis 1995: 224). The participants of the Sąjūdis fought for Lithuanian schools, the lifting of the ban on the press and the rights of the mother tongue in public life (ibid., 225). This movement greatly contributed to the growth of the Lithuanian press. Although printing in Latin script was banned in 1864, the publishing and distribution of Lithuanian non-periodical and periodical printed materials was revived (ibid., 225). Kazys Grinius (1866-1950) wrote in an article about the popularization of medical knowledge in Lithuania that “it was only since the times of “Aušra” that a greater movement appeared in the field of [medicine]” (Grinius 1922: 4). The number of various medical prints increased considerably: Lithuanian medical booklets were published, newspapers and calendars were written on medical issues. It was mainly popularizing, educational prints. They are important not only as collections of health and treatment knowledge and advice useful to people of the time, but also as sources of Lithuanian medical terminology. The article covers a period of seventeen years (from 1883 to 1899). Sources collected from the bibliography of Václav Biržiška and the bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR. In addition, the lists of Lithuanian medical and hygiene books compiled by Kazis Grinius and Petras Avižonis were used. 2. At the end of the 19th century, 25 Lithuanian medical booklets of various volumes were published (6 were reprinted- ). Most of them were published in Lesser Lithuania. Most of them (17 booklets) were published in the most important book of the time, the... in the publishing centre in Tilžė. There were also several in other towns of Lesser Lithuania (in Bitėnai, Priekulė). The booklets were also printed outside the borders of Lesser Lithuania (in Krakow, Leipzig), three of them were printed in America (Shenandoah, New York, Chicago). The books were published in different styles. Writings for Greater Lithuania were printed in Latin script, because Polish had a greater influence here. In Lithuania Minor, German was more influential, so texts dedicated to it were printed in Gothic script. As Jonas Palionis has noted, in Lesser Lithuania these characters “were used in Lithuanian prints almost all the time (even until the Second World War)” (ibid., 24). Most of the medical textbooks of the period under review were printed in Latin script, and only three were published in Gothic script. All books can be divided into two groups. Some were original, i.e. written by Lithuanian authors, and others were translations. Most of the books were translated from Russian, Polish and German. Who wrote the medical books? First of all, of course, Lithuanian doctors. At the end of the 19th century, original books were published by Jonas Šliūpas (1861—1944) (Keli žodžiai apie auginima [vaikų], 1886), Adamas Sketėris (1859—1916) with Stasys Matulaitis (1866—1956) (Kaip atsiginti nu choleros ir kiti naudingi skaitymai, 1893). In 1893, Sketer translated the booklet Pamokinimas, kaip nūg cholieros gintiesi from Russian. In 1895, Antanas Vileišis (1856-1919) published his first booklet translated from Polish, What to do to be healthy and live long, and in 1899 — the translated booklet Advice for women who want to be healthy. Jonas Basanavičius (1851—1927) paved the way for Lithuanian medical terminology. In 1898, his dictionary of folk medicine terms Medega mūsų tautinei farmacijai was published in Šenandoa. Medical books were written not only by doctors, but also by other Lithuanian intellectuals. Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (1869—1933) wrote two books, which were published in 1898. One of them is the original Gydymas nuo trakimo ir nuo lepra įcziepimo, and the other is translated from German —What do L. N. Tolstoy and German professors say about sobriety- ?. Petras Vileišis (1851—1926- ), an engineer by profession and a zealous book publisher and sponsor, was also active in the field of medicine. His feathers belong to even 4 (mostly obscure) medical booklets. In 1886 P. Vileišis published the booklet Svarbiausios žmonių ligos (Reprinted in 1899). In 1898 he published his translated booklet Pirmutinė pašalpa umai susirgus teipogi Geralai alkoholiniai ir taboka, Terminologija | 2006 | 13 117 In 1899 he translated from Polish the booklet Zhiva and how to protect oneself from the disease and in the same year he prepared the Instruction on how to protect people who have suffered from Suny from the disease. Based on the works of non-Lithuanian authors, the publicist and cultural figure Juozas Adomaitis- -Šernas (1859—1922) prepared a large (132 pages) booklet Hygiene or Science about the Retention of Health, which was published in Chicago in 1897. Martynas Jankus (1858-1946), a prominent member of the Lesser Lithuania society, organizer and distributor of press publications, and publicist (see Zinkevičius 1992: 25), published the booklet Apfwaiginantis Gerimas wifu bedu priezaftis in Bitėnai in 1899. At the time, there were also such books that received criticism from doctors in the press. These were books by Antanas Skinder. In 1895, his Buddhas for the treatment of some diseases appeared. For example, P. Avižonis wrote: “As in other fields of literature, so in the part of medicine there are good works, worth presenting, and all kinds of junk” (Avižonis 1909: 14). This booklet, according to the author, is just “adding to such garbage thrown out” (ibid., 14). K. Grinius wrote about this, according to him, doctor's book: "those who, according to their knowledge, never having studied medicine, and knowing nothing about it, attack either to heal or to write books about healing, commit such a serious offence, do ungodly work, because only delusion and unnecessary suffering can do to a man" (Grinius 1895: 117). According to St. Matulaitis, the harm of this booklet is “purely priestly, physical” (Maurice 1895: 162). It is obvious that both P. Avižonis and K. Grinius and St. Matulaitis, experts in medical science, defamed this book from the practical side, because its author, being a priest, could not write competently on medical issues. On the other hand, if we evaluate the booklet purely in terms of terminology, it can be observed that the author used such medical terms as are used in the writings of the mentioned doctors. During this period, six books about alcohol were published in Tilžė (two of them were reprinted). There have been various opinions as to whether they can be classified as medical publications. Avižonis had included the booklets on alcohol and tobacco in his list of medical and hygiene books, while Grinius, on the contrary, did not consider them medical booklets: “anti-alcoholic and anti-tobacco brochures were intentionally not included, because they have more moral than medical content” (Grinius 1922: 6). If you look at these books, you can agree with K. Grinius. In fact, they promoted the idea of sobriety, so drunkenness was written about more in moral terms and treated as a sin than as a disease. However, there is a little touch of medical matters in these books. For example, the booklet Girtybe, baisybe ir sunkybe to grieko (author nenu118 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lithuanian medical terminology of the late 19th century.- .. rodytas, 1891) one section is devoted to medicine —What the doctors say about drunkenness, and G. Tiumela's booklet Arielka is poison, coming from drunkenness. and how to cure drunkenness for everyone (1893) in the first part about alcohol is written from a medical point of view. This article is based on the opinion of P. Avižonis. At that time, the booklet Ligonitū Prieteliai by the German author Adolfas Richteris was very popular and in demand. Kelrodys wifiems those, who at atfirandancziū Ligū themselves faw first Aid prifiteikti nor and this Opgai good Nami Pryprowas ifitiekti welyjas. It contains descriptions of medicines with patient feedback, from what diseases or ailments which drugs have helped them. According to bibliographical data, this booklet, translated from German and published in Gothic script, was published in 21 editions between 1878 and 1898. It is assumed that the first edition was translated by Aleksandras Kuršaitis and appeared in Leipzig around 1878. : Petras Neris, Vaistininkas, F. Antaniukas, Sveiklinkis, L., A. V., and the authors or compilers of some books were not mentioned at all. By the way, the release data was also hidden. The title page often contained the wrong place of publication (mostly Vilnius, Juozas Zavadskis printing house) and year. These are counterfeit prints. Figure 1. Instructions on how to protect against the dust Fig. 2. What to do to be healthy and people who have suffered from dog bites. 1899 we would live long, 1895 Terminology | 2006 | 13 119 Figure 3. How to Protect Yourself from the Disease, 1899 Fig. 4. How to Defend Yourself from Cholera and Other Useful Readings. 1893 A tte A. sai How to defend yourself wh Ar other 4... 3. MEDICAL ARTICLES IN PRESS In the late 19th century, a large number of medical articles and articles were published in newspapers. More than one and a half hundred articles on medical and related sciences were found in fifteen newspapers published in Lithuania and America. Some articles were continuing and published in separate books. Aušra (1883, 1885-1886), Varpas (1889—1891, 1895-1897) and Ūkininkas (1890—1893, 1895-1899), newspapers published in Tilžė in 1883—1899, published medical articles by prominent Lithuanian physicians and public figures — Jonas Basanavičius, Vincas Kudirka, Adomas Sketeris, Stasys Matulaitis, Kazys Grinius, Antanas Vileišis, Petras Avižonis. In the first year of the publication of Aušra, J. Basanavičius published a medical article. In 1889 and 1895, long continuing articles were printed in Varpe V. Kudirka. Attention should be drawn to the article Lietuviški ligų pavadinimai (Lithuanian names of diseases) by Mikalojus Kuprevičius (1864-1932- ), which appeared in Varpa in 1897. This article stands out from all the others because it talks about the Lithuanianness of medical terms. Its author urged doctors to use Lithuanian names of diseases instead of borrowed ones: “for sure this list will be useful to those doctors who do not want to give a place in the science of medicine to tuber, nickel, etc. 120 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lithuanian medical terminology of the late 19th... on tradition destroy Lithuanian disease names, persuading people, but there is no gumbo, there is no nicculus, and there are only catars, zapalenija, parkos, and other Slavisms® (Kuprevičius 1897: 41), and he himself presented about 60 Lithuanian disease names with Latin or Greek equivalents. The number of articles and the variety of topics were particularly notable in the newspaper Ukininkas, published by the bellmen in Tilžė. During the first ten years of its publication (1890-1899- ), it published over 50 medical articles, for example, with the following headings: About worms in children; About the nestlers; About rabies; About smallpox; About the treatment of seals (ulcers); About tobacco; Is there a disease culprit? ; Do I need to give blood? ; Yellowing; What to do when the finger turns; What to do after sunburn; How to get rid of eye diseases: How to get rid of cold sores? ; How to revive a drunk; How to treat diseases of the ventricles (abdomen) and intestines: How to stop the flow of blood; What is needed for health? ; What is this disease tuber? ; Forest and health; A new drug against diphtheria; Rheumatism is severe. A pinch of medical articles were found in the newspapers Šviesos (1887—1888, 1890), Žemaičių ir Lietuvos Apžvalga (1890—1891, 1894) and Tėvynės Sargas (1897-1898) published in Tilžė. The newspaper Kaimynas (1896-1899), printed in Gothic letters, stands out. It published brief (sometimes only one sentence) medical advice in the Useful Advice section (printed over 100 different advice). Medical articles were also published in the American newspapers Lietuviškojo Balso (1882, 1885), Vienybės Lietuvninkų (1890—1891, 1894—1895, 1897), Naujos Gadynės (1894—1895), Ryto (1896—1897), Lietuvos (1896—1897) and Tėvynės (1896). In 1890, in the journal Vienybė Lietuvninkų, the author published a long continuation article Medicine and State with the subtitle Women and Diseases, Children, Disease and Wickedness. All the articles had a common feature — they, like the booklets, were signed by pseudonyms, e.g. : Hygiene servant, refresher, friend, pharmacist, companion, doctor, whip. Doctor, or aliases, e.g. : A. D., K. Gr.. G. K., B., SI., D., P. A., A. V., and some without a signature at all. 4. MEDICAL ITEMS IN CALENDARS During the period of the press ban, calendars occupied an important place alongside Lithuanian books and newspapers published in Lithuania Minor. Most of them were printed in Tilžė. The Lithuanian Ausro Calendar (1884—1885- ), Terminology | 2006 | 13 121 LietuwifPkos Kalendros (1884, 1892, 1894, 1896-1898), Lietuviszkas Kalendorius (1885, 1890—1891, 1893), Lietuvos Ukinjku Kalendorius (1886—1887), „Tilžės Keleivjo“ Kalendoris (1886-1887, 1889, 1893—1894), Kalendorius, or Metskajtlus, ukiskasis (1887), Lietuviškos kalendros su abrozais (1890, 1895-1899), Tikras tėvyniškas kalendorius (1896—1897), Ukiszkasis Kalendorius (1897, 1899). Calendars were also published in Priekulė (Evangeliškos Kalendros, 1890, 1895, 1898), Klaipėda (Lietuviszkos Kalendros, 1884—1887, 1891, 1897; Lietuwifikofios kalendros, 1887—1888, 1899; Did3iofios lietuwifikos kadagio kalendros, 1899) and Bitėnai (Kalendros, 1898). The Calendar of Lithuanians in America (1898-1899) was published in America. Of the 15 calendars mentioned, even 8 were printed in Gothic script. Censorship often led to the forgery of their publication data, with the wrong place and year of publication on the cover page. In addition to fiction, the calendars contained various scientific knowledge and useful advice for everyday life, as well as information on health and treatment. In the calendars published between 1884 and 1899, medical advice was mainly printed in certain sections, such as: All Useful Instructions; Tutorials: Useful tutorials; Homemade licorice; Health exhibitions; The Home Approaches. There are also medical articles in several calendars. In 1885, J. Šliūpas published two articles in the Lithuanian Auszra calendar, and in 1890, the Lithuanian calendar described 13 diseases and their treatment. 5. MEDICAL PROBLEMATIC Lithuanian medical books and newspaper articles of the late 19th century mainly wrote about the most acute problems of human health at the time — infectious diseases, their causes, most characteristic signs, treatment and prevention. There is also a lot written about women's diseases, health care and measures to support it, raising and caring for babies, nursing the sick, alcohol, tobacco and their harm, how to treat yourself if you get sick, what medicines to take, how to give first aid to an injured person until the doctor arrives, etc. It should be noted that the Neighbor newspaper, both in medical matters and their presentation form, is more close to calendars. By the way, there are also cases of overlap, i.e., when the same tips are printed both in the newspaper in question and in one of the calendars. Thus, the newspaper wrote quite concisely about homemade "priprovas", medicinal plants for all kinds of diseases and ailments. In addition, 122 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Late 19th century Lithuanian medical terminology... some of them have been mentioned in more than one issue of the newspaper. However, in such cases to fight from them offered different treatments. Neighbor readers were able to learn how to treat, for example, bladder feces, water sickness, bed urination, bleeding. headaches, atrial fibrillation, itching of the skin, unwillingness to eat, how to stop hiccups, strengthen weak eyes and make eye drops, from what diseases cranberries, alder leaves, bean blossoms, ivy bark, honey, rabbit or sheep fat save. The calendars were shorter and simpler about medical subjects. They published many practical advice on what home remedies and how they should be used against various diseases and ailments, such as: bone and tooth biting, bloody diarrhea, leg swelling, hair loss, burns, blood deficiency, bee depth, as well as how to make such medicines. 6. MEDICAL TERMS The article does not aim to examine in more detail the medical terms reviewed, we will only provide more general observations. By survival to our day, the establishment in current medical terminology, they are divided into 2 groups. The first group consists of terms that have survived and are now used as official medical terms. Terms that are no longer used as official terms, although they may still be used in conversation, form the second group. 6. 1. To this day, Lithuanian names of parts of the human body and organs, the fluids produced by them, have survived, e.g.: akys' LietB 1885 5 19, elbow Szv 1890 8 268, antakis V 1890 9 138, aszaros V 1889 4 60, ausys LietB 1885 5 19, barzda TS 1898 2 4, blakstienos Sz 1886 32, kauls Grm 1893 9, spleen LAK 1885 53, žodis Mtv 1898 7, dantys U 1895 6 45, galva Kd I 1895 1, gerklė U 1895 6 45, utero V 1897 1 9, palato Sz1 1886 17, gyslos Tvn 1896 1 8, inkstai A 1885 9/10 157, kaklas Sžl 1886 18, kakta V 1889 3 41, pankreas V 1889 8 120, kaulai U 1898 3 39, kepenys A 1885 9/10 156, kirksznys U 1892 6/7 233, kojos Kd I 1895 3, kraujagyslė Kak 1893 26, kraujas Szv 1887 1 32, kremzlės U 1898 3 41, krutinė Kd I 1895 10, krutis Grm 1893 13, kvėpavimo takai V 1889 11 52, liežuvis A 1883 5 139, lupos Kd I 1895 10, nagas U 1898 3 39, nugaras U 1898 3 39, slankstelis A 1885 10/11 320, pakausis A 1885 10/11 322, pecziai Szv 1890 8 267, pilvas Kd | Terms are given in their authentic form. Some of the jy terms differ in spelling from the ones used today. Terminology | 2006 | 13 123 I 1895 11, finger U 1898 3 40, small intestine U 1897 12 183, ptaucziai A 1883 4 113, sweat V 1889 12 184, hands V 1889 1 9, muscle VienL 1890 24 5, joints U 1898 3 39, saliva U 1895 21 166, chin Mtv 1898 7, brain Hyg 1897 92, temples TS 1898 2 3, neck TS 1898 2 5, esophagus U 1890 3 39, large intestine Tvn 1896 1 7, sternum U 1897 12 182, heart Kd I 1895 10, sinovium Sz1 1896 22, foot A 1883 4 113, gallbladder U 1897 12 183, intestines Kd I 1895 11, zastas A 1885 10/11 323, ring U 1892 4/5 141 (*Ziedas 4. Most of these names were already used in Lithuanian writing in the 16th and 17th centuries. There are also a number of surviving and still used Lithuanian names of diseases or ailments, e.g.: dedervinė V 1890 7 106, dieglys U 1892 1 18, drebulys V 1889 3 41, drugys Szl 1899 22, dusulys LietB 1885 2 6, geltonasis drugys U 1895 15 117, jautra V 1897 1 10, Juriū liga LigPr 1883 25, warpa Kaim 1897 39 312, karsztlige Mtv 1898 11, kosulys U 1896 20 154, mėšlungis Pm I 1899 15, barley V 1897 3 42, insomnia LietB 1885 2 6, niezai Szv 1888 3 78, opa U 1896 13 100, plauciy uzdegimas V 1890 7 106, priepuolis Dzla 1899 8, prievartas V 1897 1 10, puliai U 1896 4 30, demencija V 1895 9/10 157, stogas LKa 1890 28, Sasai Rodm 1895 6, szunvotés Szl 1886 12, vėmimas Szv 1890 5 134, vezys V 1889 4 60, Widuriawimas LigPr 1883 36, constipation V 1889 12 184, wolf V 1891 4 56, wifstakis TKK 1887 90, votis U 1895 13 99, and other medical terms jvardijanciy terms, e.g.: childbirth U 1892 4/5 140, breathing VienL 1894 46 554, disease A 1883 4 110, sick TKK 1887 92, pregnancy Sz1 1886 54, infertility Vienl. 1890 24 5, scar U 1896 17 131, vaccination V 1890 9 138, health Hyg 1897 1, fertility VienL 1890 24 4, fetus U 1892 4/5 136, cord U 1892 4/5 140. The printed material abounds with the international medical term?. These are the names of the branches of medical science, e.g.: obstetrics V 1896 2 24, surgery V 1890 8 123, hygiene V 1889 1 8, pathology VienL 1890 36 7, psychiatry V 1895 9/10 155; the names of human body organs and fluids, e.g.: arteries LietB 1885 6 22, capillaries A 1885 10/11 321, lymph Gpri 1898 11, nerve VienL 1890 24 5, vein U 1891 9 417; the names of diseases, e.g.: alcoholism VienL 1890 38 9, anaemia VienL 1890 28 5, apoplexy VienL 1890 28 5, cholera ŽLA 1894 11 82, dysentery U 1897 9 131, epilepsy U 1897 12 * Some international terms now have Lithuanian equivalents. 124 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lithuanian medical terminology of the late 19th century... medical articles, calendars — practical medical advice. These popularization publications led to the proliferation of medical terms. 2. Lithuanian doctors (P. Avižonis, J. Basanavičius, K. Grinius, V. Kudirka, St. Matulaitis, A. Sketeris, J. Šliūpas, A. Vileišis) and other intellectuals (J. Adomaitis-Šernas, M. Jankus, J. Tumas-Vaižgantas) began to write on medical issues. Therefore, Lithuanian medical terms were used more in the printed material. 3. The problem of Lithuanian medical prints was wide and diverse. He wrote on many medical disciplines, as well as sciences close to medicine — obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics, epidemiology, etiology, hygiene, sanitation, surgery. traumatology, venereology; anatomy, bacteriology, physiology, pharmacology. 4. The printed works discussed were rich in terms of various branches of medicine and related sciences. Most of these are still used today as official medical terms. These are hereditary and international words that are used universally in the living language. However, a large number of medical terms have not survived in written usage. These include rare dialects, words that have been displaced from active use by their substitutes, as well as archaic or derogative words and words of undefined and vague meaning. There are many words that are not used today, but are still used in their original meaning. Of course, barbarisms did not survive. MAIN SOURCES A —-Auszra, 1883, 1885, 1886. Dla —Džova and how to protect against these diseases, Tilžė, 1899. Gpri —-—Treatment of Attraction and Leprosy, Tilžė, 1898, Grm | —Unheard Thing and Good Looks for the Females of the Flies, Tilžė, 1893, Hyg —Hygiene or Science of Retention of Health, Chicago, 1897. 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899. How to Defend Yourself from Cholera and Other Useful Readings, Tilsit, 1893. Kdl -—What to do to be healthy and live long, Tilžė, 1895. LAK | -—Lietuviškas Auszros Calendar, 1885. Lietb — Lietuviszkasis Batz, 1885, LigPr —Ligoniū Prietelius, Leipzig, 1883. LKa -—Lietuviškas Kalendorius, 1890. LKal —Lietuwikikos Kalendros, 1892, 1896, 1898. LUK —Lithuanian Ukinjku Calendar, 1886. LwKal —Lietuwikofios Kalendros, 1887. Mtv ~ Medega mūsų tautinei farmacijai, Senandoras, 1898. NGad - New Gadyne, 1894. Pehg —Pamokymas kaip nūg cholieros gintiesi, Tilžė, 1893. Pm 1 ~ Advice for women who want to be healthy, Bitėnai. 1899. Terminology | 2006 | 13 131 Ppaž -Instructions on how to protect people from the disease after being attacked by diseased dogs, Tilžė, 1899, from g 4 {ap Rodm —Rod mothers about raising 2indomy kudikiy, Vilže, 1895. "Szoiesa, 1887". 1888, 1890. The most important human diseases, Tilžė, 1886. The New York Times, 1896. 1887: Tilžės Keleivjo Kalendorius. The Guardian, 1897, pp. 188. U-Ukinikas, 1890. 1891, 1892, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, UK —Ukiszkasis Kalendorius, 1897. V = Varpas, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1895, 1896, 1897. Vienl. -Vienvbe Lietuvninkų, 1890, 1891, 1894. Zglkd -—Zinia ape gidima ligu kuno i duszes, Krakow, 1885. A History of the United States, 1891, 1894. LKZ ~~ Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 2005. www.lkz.lt MTZ ~ Dictionary of Medical Terms. Vilnius, 1980. LITTERACY Avižonis P. 1909: Lithuanian Medical and Hygiene Books, Vilnius. V. Bibliography of Lithuanians. 111 d. Press Ban Period (1865-1904), Kaunas, 1929. 1895. pp. 1895. "About the book". —Ukingkas 25, 116–117. Grinius K. 1922: Popularization of Medical Knowledge and List of Lithuanian Medical Books, Kaunas. Kuprevičius M. 1897: Lithuanian names of diseases. —Varpas 3, 41-42. Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR: Books in Lithuanian |1862—1904] 2 (1), Vilnius, 1985: [1862-1904] 2 (2), Vilnius. 1988. Matulaitis St. 1895: Methods of treatment of some diseases [review]. —Varpas 9/10, 162-—163. Palionis J. 1995: History of Lithuanian Written Language, Vilnius. Zinkevičius Z. 1992: History of Lithuanian Language 5: The Rise of the Common Language, Vilnius. REVIEW OF THE SOURCES OF LITHUANIAN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR TERMS AT THE END OF 19TH CENTURY Although at the end of the 19th century it was forbidden to print using Latin script, there was nevertheless a growth in the publishing and distribution of Lithuanian periodical and non periodical publications. Typical of this type of publishing was medical booklets. newspapers and calendars addressing medical questions. At the end of the 19th century 25 medical booklets were published in Lithuanian. Most of them were published in Lithuania Minor (in Tilžė). A few books were published in other towns in Lithuania Minor (Biténai, Prickulé) and also in America (Shenandoah, New York, Chicago). These booklets were published in two different types of script: Latin (designed for Lithuania Major) and Gothic (designed for Lithuania Minor). The majority of the books were in Latin script. Some of the books were original. others were translations (the majority). The translations were made from Russian, Polish and German languages. Booklets were written by Lithuanian doctors (Jonas Basanavičius, Stasys Matulaitis, Adomas Sketeris, Jonas Šliūpas, Antanas Vileišis) and other Lithuanian intellectuals (Juozas Adomaitis-Šernas, Martynas Jankus, Juozas Tu132 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | late 19th century Lithuanian medical terminology... mas-Vaižgantas, Petras Vileišis). Adolf Richter's booklet Der Kranken-Freund (Ligonių prietelius) was very popular. This booklet was translated from German between 1878 and 1898 and went through 21 editions. Fifteen newspapers published during the period 1883–1899 in Lithuania Minor and America (Ausra, Lietuviškasis Balsas, Tėvynės Sargas, Ūkininkas, Varpas, Vienybė Lietuvninkų, Žemaičių ir Lietuvos Apžvalga and others) contained more than 150 articles on the subject of medicine and related subjects. Articles were written by well-known medical doctors and Lithuanian community leaders Petras Avižonis, Jonas Basanavičius, Kazys Grinius, Vincas Kudirka, Stasys Matulaitis, Adomas Sketeris, Jonas Šliūpas, Antanas Vileišis and others. Fifteen almanacs published during the period 1883—1899 in Lithuanian Minor contained much about health and treatments. Lithuanian medical publications covered a wide and varying range of topics. They explained in a popular way various issues of various fields of medical science (obstetrics, gynaecology, paediatrics, epidemiology, aetiology, hygiene, sanitation, surgery, traumatology and venereology) and related sciences (anatomy, bacteriology, physiology, pharmacology). Medical terminology and terminology related to medicine was abundant in these publications. The majority of those terms are still used as official medical terms. They are inheritances universally used in the common language and international terms. Certain medical terms of this period —rare dialectisms and barbarisms —did not survive in written usage. Retrieved 2006-11-13. Palmira Zemlevicitte Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E. mails [email protected] Terminology | 2006 | 13 133