Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos atvejai katekizmuose (XVI a. ir XIX a. galas – XX a. pradžia)

Some Cases of the Use of Synonymous Religious Terms in Catechisms (the 16th century and the late 19th–early 20th century) AUŠRA RIMKUTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Synonymy is particularly characteristic of the initial stage of terminology development, when the most suitable term for naming a concept has not yet been selected and several terms (synonyms1) and/or variants, one of which is usually a foreignism, are used at the same time. The aim of this article is to discuss the use in catechisms of synonymous religious terms presented alongside one another in the initial stage of the development of written religious terminology (the 16th century)2 and in the period when the present-day standard Lithuanian language was taking shape (the late 19th–early 20th century). Synonymous religious terms used in various parts of the catechisms are not examined. Because religious writings from around the mid-17th century onward were more heavily contaminated with foreignisms, especially Polonisms (see Palionis 1979: 106 for further discussion), religious terms in catechisms from the 17th to the early and mid-19th centuries are not discussed. 1. OVERVIEW OF SOURCES The sources for this article are three 16th-century catechisms: Martynas Mažvydas’s Katechismusa Prâty Szadei, Makslas skaitima râfta yr gieſmes del krikſczianiſtes bei del berneliu jaunu naujey ſuguldytas (1547), Mikalojus Daukša’s Katechismas arba mokslas kiekwienam krikszczioniui priwalus. Paraſzitas per D. Iakuba Ledesma... Iſzgulditas iſz Lieźuvio Ląnkiſhko ing Lietuwiſhka per Kuniga Mikaloiu Daugſha Kanonika ſemaicziu (1595), Merkelis Petkevičius’s Katekizmas (1598)3 and three Catholic catechisms published in the late 19th–early 20th century 1 Apie terminų sinonimiją plačiau žr. Keinys 1980: 97–104; Gaivenis 2002: 33–36; apie atskirų sričių terminijos sinonimiją žr. Kaulakienė 2000: 23–28; Kazlauskaitė 2000: 25–31; Žemlevičiūtė 2001: 34–49; Umbrasas 2004: 100–118; Stunžinas 2005: 7–26 ir kt. 2 There is no doubt that religious terms were used much earlier. Moreover, the oldest surviving prayer texts from the early 16th century confirm that religious texts existed much earlier—at the end of the 14th century or the beginning of the 15th century—but have not survived. According to J. Lebedys and J. Palionis, “By the end of the 14th century, or at least the beginning of the 15th century, rudimentary Lithuanian religious texts already existed. Naturally, there were few of them, since very little attention was in fact devoted to spreading Christianity at that time” (Lebedys, Palionis 1964: 110). 3 No instances of the use of the synonymous religious terms discussed in this article were found in M. Petkevičius’s Catechism. Terminologija | 2007 | 14 135 katekizmai: Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (1879), Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszkie. Visureikalingiausi dėl vaikų ir žmonių praszcziokų su Lementoriu ir Ministranturu (1903). Medžiaga rinkta tik iš katekizmų, atsiribota nuo giesmių, apeigų, suplikacijų ir kitų tekstų. XVI a. išleistus pirmuosius trijų Vakarų krikščionybės šakų katekizmus (evangelikų liuteronų, evangelikų reformatų ir katalikų), nors jie verstiniai, galima laikyti labai svarbiais rašytinės religijos terminijos šaltiniais. XIX a. galo – XX a. pradžios katalikų katekizmai yra išleisti spaudos draudimo laikotarpiu. Tuo metu iš kalbos nuosekliai imtos guiti svetimybės. Kadangi minėtus katekizmus skiria bemaž trys šimtmečiai, straipsnyje norėta panagrinėti ir palyginti dviejų tolimų ir skirtingų laikotarpių sinoniminių religijos terminų pateikimą, išsiaiškinti, kuriems sinonimams teikiama pirmenybė ir kodėl. Aptariant greta vartojamus sinoniminius religijos terminus paliečiami kilmės (lietuviškas ar nelietuviškas terminas) ir kiti svarbesni kalbos dalykai. Be to, vertinant nagrinėjamus religijos terminų sinonimus, atsižvelgiama į jų vartosenos aplinkybes. 2. SINGLE-WORD SYNONYMOUS RELIGIOUS TERMS In catechisms from the sixteenth century and from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century, single-word synonymous religious terms are presented in quite varied ways: they are written in parentheses or in a footnote, joined by the conjunction or, and also separated by a comma. 2.1. In all the sixteenth-century and late-nineteenth- to early-twentieth-century catechisms examined, adjacent synonymous single-word religious terms are joined by the conjunction or. 2.1.1. One term is Lithuanian4, the other borrowed5 (or a hybrid): It differs from the other sixteenth-century catechisms examined in that it uses considerably more foreignisms resulting from literal translations from Polish. 4 Since the catechisms are translations, they also contain borrowings that are quite difficult to recognize, which, according to K. Gaivenis, are “hidden borrowings,” or calques (Gaivenis 2002: 58). Most often, either the meaning of a word (semantic borrowings) or its structure was borrowed—that is, it was translated morpheme by morpheme (calques) (cf. KTŽ 1990: 228–229; see also LKE 1999: 700). St. Keinys calls formations modeled on equivalents in another language calques (Keinys 1999: 113). Calques occur in all the catechisms discussed, especially those from the sixteenth century, but today it is difficult to say (only language historians could determine this) whether the catechism’s author coined the calque himself and was the first to use it. When discussing sixteenth-century catechisms, it is possible that a calque was taken from writings that remained unpublished (e.g., those of St. Rapolionis, A. Kulvietis, and others). Or perhaps the word was taken from spoken religious language. Therefore, in this article calques, as well as neologisms, are assessed with great caution. 5 In this article, borrowed religious terms are understood to include old loans and necessary words of foreign origin—the so-called international words—as well as superfluous, imposed forms—foreignisms. Old loans have become adapted to the Lithuanian language system and are standard. Most of them make up the oldest layer of religious terminology. 136 Aušra Rimkutė | Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos... faith or viera6 MK 28, lord or master MK 36; teacher or mistras DK 235; heretic7 or heretic MRK 181, greed or covetousness MRK 430, bewitchment or čėras MRK 174; indulgences or atpuskai KK 38, virtue or cnata KK 40, humility or pakara KK 49, faith or viera KK 48; communion (or participation) TFK 36, communion or union TFK 62. This may be called mixed-origin synonymy. Most often (except for greed or covetousness and communion (or participation), communion or union), the native term is used first, followed after the conjunction or by a foreignism, less often an old loan. Perhaps this was an attempt to purify the language of the Church, especially in catechisms from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. 2.1.2. Both terms are Lithuanian: savior or deliverer DK 97, paduksis or hope DK 159, will or desire DK 125. The term savior used in Daukša’s Catechism is a semantic borrowing; cf. Polish zbawiciel “deliverer.” Meanwhile, paduksis is a neologism (cf. Polish nadzieja, ufność, dufność Palionis 2004: 291), derived from the semantic borrowing duksėti, sense 4, “to expect, to have hope, to hope” (LKŽe pasiduksėti—only A. Baran). Synonymous single-word religious terms joined by the conjunction or were found in all the catechisms examined. It can also join non-synonyms, for example: threatening or taking revenge MK 36, anointing or furrowing MK 33, and so on. 2.2 Daukša’s Catechism presents synonymous religious terms in footnotes8. The following cases can be discussed: 2.2.1. One term is Lithuanian (possibly a neologism coined by Daukša), the other borrowed (or a hybrid): nature9 – cnata DK 263, honor – čėstis DK 397, womb – žyvatas DK 105, confession – spaviedis DK 309, world – svietas DK 177, image – abroz as DK 191, hell – pekla DK 399, opponent – neprietelius DK 177, faith – viera DK 103, wound – rona DK 351. The origins of the terms are not explained in greater detail in the article. The origins of almost all one-word religious terms, which often occur as constituents of compound terms, are discussed in the article Non-Lithuanian Terms in Catholic Catechisms from the Late 19th to the Early 20th Century (see Rimkutė 2005: 42–66).6 Probably a calque from Polish krzywowierny.7 In the article, it is given with a hyphen.8 9 LKŽe nature – 3. S. Dauk “virtue”. Terminologija │ 2007 │ 14 1 3 7 According to J. Kruopas, Daukša used borrowed and Lithuanian names for the same referent alongside one another more often than Mažvydas did (Kruopas 1998: 245–252). It may be assumed that Daukša consciously explained Lithuanian words from the living language using loanwords, so that clergy who did not know Lithuanian well would understand them. In Daukša’s Catechism, loanwords used with the meanings of other words, for example: confession (“confession,” cf. Polish wyznanie, spowiedź), nature (“virtue,” cf. Polish virtue Palionis 2004: 115), are used synonymously with foreignisms (spaviedis, cnata). 2.2.2. Both terms are Lithuanian: pride – fullness10 DK 253, death – the Grim Reaper DK 355, sin – sinning DK 183, despondency – doubt DK 28511, strengthening – reinforcement DK 259, expectation – anticipation DK 377, temptation – tempting DK 409, custom – subjection DK 317, scandalizing – ruin DK 141, alms – assistance DK 199, conscience – soul DK 271, soul – conscience DK 321, grief – vexation DK 315, creator12 – maker DK 335. A considerable proportion of the Lithuanian-origin religious terms under discussion can be considered contextual synonyms, since ordinary-language words are often assigned a new meaning. Moreover, the examples reveal Daukša’s strenuous efforts (in this case, in a footnote) to translate the catechism text as accurately and simply as possible: instead of borrowing words for the meanings, e.g., priejauta ‘conscience’, cf. Polish sumnienie Palionis 2004: 365, priežinė ‘conscience’, cf. Polish sumnienie Palionis 2004: 371, sutvėrėjas, cf. Polish Stworzyciel, it is proposed that ordinary-language words be used. 2.2.3. Both terms are borrowed: abyda – krivda DK 181 (Belarusian abida and Belarusian kpuoda, Polish krzywda). This suggests that both words were used quite widely, although the Lithuanian word skriauda was also in use. 2.3. In catechisms from the late 19th to the early 20th century, synonymous religious terms are written in parentheses. The following cases are noteworthy: 2.3.1. One term is Lithuanian, the other borrowed (or a hybrid): bread (host) MRK 322, greed (lokamstva) MRK 234, suffering (mūka) MRK 88, humility (pakara) MRK 432, secret (tajemnyčia) MRK 10 Anot K. Būgos, tai Daukšos naujadaras, plg. putlus (Būga III 1961: 77). 11 Contextual synonym. 12 This is a semantic loan, cf. Polish Stworzyciel. According to K. Būga, “our tverti ‘tworzyć, schaffen’ is a native word by origin. <…>; when tverti is used with the meaning of the Polish word ‘tworzyć’, then sutvėrėjas, rather than sutvėrėtojas, is used” (Būga II 1959: 132). In Z. Zinkevičius’s view, sutvėrtojas “was not a neologism coined by Mažvydas. Apparently, it was a word long used by Lithuanians” (Zinkevičius 2000: 76, 123), but LKŽ XVII does not confirm this: it cites neither sutvėrtojo nor sutvėrėjo from living speech (dialects). 138 Aušra Rimkutė | Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos... 35, sanctification (consecration) MRK 322, blasphemy (ravings) MRK 185, hell (inferno) MRK 144, reason (understanding) MRK 240, throne (throne) MRK 101, idolater (pagan) MRK 173, miracle (wonder) MRK 81, perfection (perfection) MRK 281, hope (hope) MRK 170, sign (wonder) MRK 2313; greed (covetousness) KK 47, death (dying) KK 16; indulgences (indulgences) TFK 6, virtue (virtue) TFK 70, greed (covetousness) TFK 26, alms (alms) TFK 27, grace (grace) TFK 47, humility (submission) TFK 26, duty (obligation) TFK 69, hell (inferno) TFK 28, conscience (conscience) TFK 54, idolater (pagan) TFK 39. It should be assumed that in the catechisms mentioned, preference is given to a term of native origin, even when international words (host, consecration) and older borrowings (pagan) are written in parentheses. As the examples show, the foreign words (and hybrid terms) given in parentheses in Moksle Rimo Kataliku and Trumpajame Kun. Filochowskio katekizme are, from the perspective of present-day standard language, considered inadmissible, having come from Polish, Belarusian, and other languages. Religious terms of non-Lithuanian origin were widely used and familiar, so apparently the intention was that the proposed Lithuanian equivalents be understandable to everyone. In Katekizmuose katalikiškuose, a Lithuanian term is given in parentheses, but there are only a couple of such instances. Moksle Rimo Kataliku ir Katekizmuose katalikiškuose show inconsistencies in presentation, e.g.: virtue (cnata) MRK 17 and cnata (virtue) MRK 168, despondency (desperation) MRK 169 and desperation (despondency) MRK 431; love (grace) KK 10 and grace (love) KK 12. This would suggest that the alternation was not always well considered or clear. 2.3.2. Both terms are foreign: penance (confession) MRK 303, TFK 25. These are contextual synonyms (Polish pokuta and spowiedź), so it is not even possible to speak of standardization and alternation. 2.4. In the catechism Mokslas Rimo Kataliku one instance was found in which the synonym is separated by a comma, e.g., tajemnyčia, paslaptis MRK 86. Preference is still given to the Polish form (Polish tajemnica). Concluding remarks. In the material examined, cases of synonymy between purely Lithuanian terms occur only in the catechisms of Mažvydas and Daukša. This may be associated with the authors’ efforts to seek a more precise equivalent when translating catechisms. Synonymous single-word religious terms used alongside one another 13 Contextual synonym. Terminologija | 2007 | 14 139 joined by the conjunction or (Mažvydas’s and Daukša’s Catechisms, The Science of the Roman Catholic Faith, Catholic Catechisms), presented in a footnote (Daukša’s Catechism), in parentheses (The Science of the Roman Catholic Faith, A Short Catechism by Rev. Filochowski, Catholic Catechisms), or separated by a comma (The Science of the Roman Catholic Faith). In catechisms from the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, synonyms of different origins predominate (one term is Lithuanian, the other borrowed or a hybrid). Instances of this kind of synonym use also occur in sixteenth-century catechisms, but are considerably fewer (of course, the difference in the size of the sources must be borne in mind). The catechisms under discussion exhibit a tendency to give precedence to the use of a single-word Lithuanian religious term. This reflects an effort to purify the language. 3. SYNONYMOUS COMPONENTS OF COMPLEX RELIGIOUS TERMS Catechisms also use concepts designated by two complex terms. One (or more than one) of the components of a complex term may be synonymous. Synonymous components of complex religious terms are also presented in various ways. 3.1. Synonymous components of complex religious terms are joined by the conjunction or. 3.1.1. Components of different origins: a) synonymous head component: a holy image or picture MRK 181, the holy rites or ceremonies of the church MRK 419, a picture or image of the Lord Jesus MRK 181; virtue or divine grace KK 48. b) synonymous dependent component: partial or incomplete indulgences KK 38. In Mažvydas’s Catechism and The Science of the Roman Catholic Faith, as well as in the Catholic Catechisms, borrowed and Lithuanian-origin components are used synonymously. Preference is given to the Lithuanian term. 3.1.2. Components of the same origin: maker or creator of heaven DK 131, cf. creator or maker of earth DK 133, confession or avowal of sins DK 289. As the examples show, this group also includes words such as sutvėrtojas, sutvėrėjas and išpažinimas, whose meaning is borrowed, while their form is Lithuanian. Examples of this type, in which all the components of compound terms are Lithuanian, were found only in Daukša’s Catechism. 140 Aušra Rimkutė │ Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos... 3.2. A synonymous component of a compound term is written in a footnote. 3.2.1. Components of different origins: holiest skomis – table DK 379 (Belarusian dialect скам’я, Russian скамья). 3.2.2. Components of the same origin: the greatest sin – one that brings death DK 331. 3.3. In catechisms from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, synonymous components of compound religious terms are written in parentheses. 3.3.1. Components of the same origin: indelible sign (mark) MRK 314. 3.3.2. Components of different origins: a) synonymous head component: rites (ceremonies) of holy baptism MRK 316, rites (ceremonies) holy MRK 24, rites (ceremonies) of the holy church MRK 185, purest virtue (purity) MRK 325, meditation [of the purest sufferings (torments)] MRK 353, virtue (purity) of chastity MRK 276, Christian virtue (quality) MRK 278, virtue (quality) of penance MRK 342, most famous miracle (wonder) MRK 81, decree (declaration) [of the head of the holy church] MRK 129, decree (declaration) of the Holy Father MRK 129, Christian virtue (quality) MRK 280, Christian perfection (excellence, holiness) MRK 283, bloody suffering (torment) MRK 319, countless (wonderful) miracle MRK 85, appointment (designation) of the church MRK 126, throne of the Most High (throne) MRK 421, throne (throne) of God MRK 281, Christian holiness (perfection) MRK 278, Christian perfection (excellence, holiness) MRK 278; eternal torment (suffering) KK 16, grace (favor) of God KK 12, cf. favor (grace) of God KK 10, reward (payment) after death KK 9; Church rites (ceremonies) TFK 40, divine virtue (quality) TFK 27, greatest virtue (quality) TFK 27, S. Church rites (ceremonies) TFK 70. b) synonymous dependent component: act of hope (expectation) MRK 337, virtuous (chaste) life MRK 275, bestowal of a temporal (transitory) crown MRK 363, spirit [perfect (excellent)] MRK 37, removal of the temporal (transitory) crown MRK 306, free (unrestrained) will of man MRK 292, neglect of the duties (obligations) of the holy faith MRK 34, loss of hope (expectation) MRK 431, perseverance in virtue (goodness) MRK 406, plenary (complete) indulgences MRK 371; plenary (complete) [indulgences] KK 38, plenary (complete) indulgences KK 38; Lady of Justice (Faithful) TFK 18, houses of slavery (servitude) TFK 6, universal (general) indulgences TFK 61. Terminologija | 2007 | 14 141 Most examples were found in the catechism Mokslas Rimo Kataliku. In catechisms from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elements of foreign origin are most often given in parentheses. It may be inferred that this was intended to Lithuanize them. Concluding remarks. Synonymous components of multi-word terms, like synonymous one-word religious terms, are joined by the conjunction or (Mažvydas’s and Daukša’s Catechisms and Mokslas Rimo Kataliku, Katakizmai katalikiški), written in parentheses (Mokslas Rimo Kataliku, Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas, Katakizmai katalikiški). Only a couple of cases were found in which they are given in a footnote (Daukša’s Catechism). Since the components of synonymous multi-word religious terms are mostly of foreign origin, it may be assumed that the catechism authors used this mode of presentation to Lithuanize the language of religion. 4. OTHER CASES OF THE USE OF SYNONYMOUS RELIGIOUS TERMS Catechisms also use religious concepts designated by both one-word and multi-word terms. These synonymous terms are likewise joined by the conjunctions or, or; moreover, one of the synonyms may be written in parentheses or in a footnote. 4.1. Both terms are Lithuanian: eternal death or death DK 97, evil spirits or devils KK 10. 4.2. One term is Lithuanian, the other borrowed: šventastis14 or the sacrament of the Church MK 18, šventastis or the sacrament of the altar MK 25; repentance for sins – penance DK 259, confession of sins – spaviedis DK 349, the teaching of confession – spaviedis DK 309; confirmation or strengthening in the Holy Faith MRK 434; Holy Father or Pope KK 23; confirmation in the faith (Dirmavonė) TFK 25. 4.3. A one-word term is borrowed, while the multi-word term consists of components of varying origins (all components are borrowed; components may be hybrid): creed or assembly of the Apostles DK 115–117, creed or composition of the Apostles DK 119; desperation or loss of hope for salvation KK 48, confirmation or strengthening in Faith KK 47, confession or confession of all sins KK 32; Šventastis, cf. Polish świętość (see LKŽė). The term šventastis is used in the sense of ‘sacrament.’ According to J. Kruopas, it is a calque by Mažvydas (Kruopas 1998: 252). In LKŽė it is marked with an “x,” that is, it is considered a word not used in contemporary language. 142 Aušra Rimkutė | Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos… Permission (dispensation) granted by Church authorities TFK 46. Concluding remarks. The catechisms contain instances in which single-word and compound religious terms are synonymous. In most cases, one term is Lithuanian and the other borrowed. CONCLUSIONS 1. The synonymy of religious terminology both in the 16th century and in the late 19th to early 20th century is a natural feature of its formation and development. 2. In the catechisms of the 16th century and the late 19th to early 20th century, the usage of synonymous religious terms (single-word and compound) presented side by side varies: synonyms are joined by the conjunction or, written in parentheses or footnotes, or separated by a comma. 3. In the catechisms of both the 16th century and the late 19th to early 20th century, the synonymy of religious terms of diverse origin—that is, Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian—is predominant. In many cases it can be considered justified, since the aim is to purify the terminology or eliminate a borrowed term. 4. The presentation of synonymous religious terms in catechisms in this way was apparently due to various reasons: 1) the authors of the catechisms found it difficult to decide which term to prefer: the Lithuanian or the borrowed one (an international term, a foreignism, or a hybrid); 2) they were also concerned with purifying the language—rendering in Lithuanian (and sometimes even reviving) concepts of Christianity that had been used earlier (Daukša in particular endeavoured to do this); 3) an important reason for the use of some religious terms of foreign origin may also have been the long-standing habit of using them. 5. The synonymy of terms used side by side suggests that religious terminology was still being created, organized, and standardized not only in the 16th century but also in the late 19th to early 20th century. ŠALTINIAI DK – Kathechismas arba mokslas kiekwienam krikščioniui privalws. Parasitas per D. Iakuba Ledesma... Įgulditas iš Liežuvio Ląnkiško ing Lietuwišką per Kunigą Mikaloju Daugſa Kanoniką Žemaičių, Vilnius, 1595. – Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų katekizmas. Katechismus von Mikalojaus Daukša vom Jahre 1595. Vilnius, 1995. KK – Katalikizmai katalikiszki. Visureikalingiausi dėl vaikų ir žmonių praszcziokų su Lementoriu ir Ministranturu, Bitėnai, 1903. MK – Mažvydas M. Katechismusa Praſty Szadei, Makſlas skhaitima raſta yr gieſmes del krikſczianistes bei del berneliu jaunu naujey ſuguldytas, 1547. – Guido Michelini. Martyno Mažvydo raštai ir jų šaltiniai. Vilnius, 2000, 61–99. MRK – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku. Naujei perweizetas, pertaisitas ir antra karta atspaustas, Vilnius, 1879 (su pieštuku – 1888). Terminologija | 2007 | 14 143 PK – 1598 metų Merkelio Petkevičiaus Katekizmas. 2-as leidimas (fotografuotinis), Kaunas, 1939. TFK – Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas. Antrą kartą išzleistas, pataisytas, Vilnius, 1863 (su pieštuku – Tilžė, 1901, trečia laida). LITERATŪRA Būga K. 1958–1961: Rinktiniai raštai I–III, Vilnius. Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 2000: Lietuviškosios terminijos šaltinių kaitos tendencijos. – IX tarptautinis baltistų kongresas: Baltų kalbos amžių kaitoje (Pranešimų tezės), Ryga. Kazlauskaitė G. 2000: Lietuviškų ir tarptautinių fonetikos terminų sinonimija. – Terminologija 7, 25–31. Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius. Keinys St. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai. Kruopas J. 1998: Leksiniai paralelizmai Daukšos katekizmo (1595) kalboje. – Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius, 238–271. KTŽ 1990: Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas. Lebedys J., Palionis J. 1964: Seniausias lietuviškas rankraštinis tekstas. – Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos klausimai 3, 109–135. LKE 1999: Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, Vilnius. LKŽe: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. – www.lkz.lt Palionis J. 1979: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos istorija, Vilnius. Palionis J. 2004: XVI–XVII a. lietuviškų raštų atrankinis žodynas, Vilnius. Rimkutė A. 2005: Nelietuviški XIX a. galo – XX a. pradžios katalikų katekizmų terminai. – Terminologija 12, 42–66. Stunžinas R. 2005: Statybos terminijos sinonimija. – Terminologija 12, 7–26. Umbrasas A. 2004: Bendrasąkniai dvižodžių teisės terminų sinonimai ir variantai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose. – Terminologija 11, 100–118. Zemlevičiūtė P. 2001: Sinoniminiai „Medicinos enciklopedijos“ terminai. – Terminologija 8, 34–49. Zinkevičius Z. 2000: Lietuvių poteriai. Kalbos mokslo studija, Vilnius. SOME CASES OF THE USAGE OF SYNONYMOUS TERMS OF RELIGION IN CATECHISMS (16TH CENTURY AND THE END OF 19TH – BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURIES) Synonymy is particularly characteristic to the initial stages of development of terminology, when the most suitable term for naming the concept is not yet chosen and a few terms (synonyms) and (or) variants of terms, one of which frequently is a barbarism, are in use at the same time. The objective of this article is to discuss the usage of synonymous terms of religion used next to each other in catechisms from the initial stage of the development of written terminology of religion (16th century) and the period of formation of modern Lithuanian (end of 19th – beginning of 20th centuries). Synonymous terms of religion used in different places in catechisms were not investigated. This article deals with varying synonymy of terms of religion in catechisms from 16th century – Katechismusa Praf ty Szadei, Makłas Įkaitima raſta yr gieſmes del krikſcžianiſtes bei del berneliu iaunu nauiey ſuguldy tas (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas, Kathechismas arba mokslas kiekwienam krikščionii priwalvs. Paraszi tas per D. Iakuba Ledesma... Įžguldytas iš Liežuvio Ląnkifko ing Lietuwiſka per Kuniga Mikaloiu Daugſa Kánonika ßemaicziu (1595) by Mikalojus Daukša and Katekizmas (1598) by Merkelis Petkevičius and from catechisms published at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (1879), Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas (1901) and Katakizmai 144 Aušra Rimkutė │ Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos... katalikiški. Visureikalingiausi dėl vaikų ir žmonių prasčiokų su Lementoriu ir Ministranturu (1903). Synonymous terms of religion (one-word or word combinations) in catechisms are most frequently given in brackets or as a footnote, sometimes they are connected using the conjunction arba or separated by comma. Frequently the synonym of a term is not of Lithuanian origin, for instance, tikėjimas arba viera (faith) MK 28, lokamstva arba godulystė (greediness) MRK 430; atlaidai arba atpuskai (wakes, feast) KK 38, dorybė arba gnata (virtue) KK 40; apeigos (ceremonijos) bažnyčios šv. (church rituals) MRK 24, kančia (mūka) (Calvary) MRK 301, kruvina kančia (mūka) (Calvary) MRK 319, malonė (mylista) Dievo (grace of God) KK 12, nustojimas vilties (nodiejos) (loss for hope) MRK 431, pragaras (pekla) (hell) MRK 144, stebuklas (čiūdas) (miracle) MRK 81 and others. In some cases the non-Lithuanian word is given first – amžina mūka (kančia) (eternal torment) KK 16, smertis (mirimas) (death) KK 16; desperacija (nusiminimas) (despair) MRK 431, Komunija (arba dalyvavimas) (Communion) TFK 36. The conclusion can be drawn that there were attempts to propose Lithuanian words in catechisms. Synonymy of terms of religion shows that terminology of religion was being created, ordered and normalized not only at the initial stage of its development in the 16th century, but also at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries as well. Gauta 2007-11-05 Aušra Rimkutė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2007 | 14 1 4 5