1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Catechisms of 1883–1916 and their semantic groups of religious terms AUŠRA RIMKUTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas A catechism (Greek katéchēsis—instruction, teaching) is a concise exposition of the foundations of Christianity (VLE IX 2006: 566; see also RŽ 1991: 187; KEŽ 1997: 162; LLE 2001: 224) or, as stated in the priest Kazimieras Skrodzkis’s Trumpame Katekizme arba Vadovėlyje į gerą Spaviednę ir šv. Komuniją (1904), it is “instruction by means of questions and answers on what is owed by a person: 1) to God, 2) to one’s neighbor, and 3) to one’s own happiness, especially that of one’s soul” (TK 9)1. Thus, a catechism usually presents the truths of faith, the sacraments, the profession of Christian faith, the most important prayers, the Ten Commandments of God, and other matters in the form of questions and straightforward answers. Naturally, the content of a catechism depends on the period in which it was published and its intended audience. It may be intended for children, young people, adults—that is, laypeople—as well as priests, bishops, and others (see also VLE IX 2006: 566–567). Catechisms varied in length. Before ordination, priests took—and continue to take—vows to abide by the truths of the catechism. From the very beginnings of Christianity, catechisms were used to teach matters of religion. The first textbook bearing the title catechism was published at the end of the third decade of the sixteenth century (1529). This was Martin Luther’s Protestant Katekizmas (the Large Catechism for clergy and the Small Catechism for parishioners). Martin Mažvydas’s Katekizmas for Evangelical Lutherans (1547) is considered the first catechism in the Lithuanian language (and also the first printed Lithuanian book). The first catechism for Catholics was prepared by Mikalojus Daukša (1595)2, and that for Evangelical Reformers by Merkelis Petkevičius (1598). These are especially valuable monuments to the history of language and religious thought. This article briefly surveys catechisms from an important period in the history of the Lithuanian language—the final two decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century 1 Nothing has been altered in the quotations. 2 It is believed that the first catechism for Catholics in Lithuanian, compiled on the basis of a catechism by the German Jesuit P. Canisius, was published in 1585; however, no copies have survived (LLE 2001: 225). 156 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... years – catechisms. Sources were gathered from the bibliographies of Vaclovas Biržiška, the Lithuanian SSR, and Lithuania, as well as from the electronic catalogue of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. It should be noted that not all catechisms are called by the word katekizmas. The catechisms surveyed in this article were called expositions, teachings, handbooks, catechetical instruction, textbooks, guides, sacred history, elementary instruction in religion or instruction, an explanation of the Catholic faith, and so on. That a publication is a catechism is usually stated in its preface. In addition, there were publications whose title included the word katekizmas, but which were not catechisms at all. They are not discussed in this article; for example, the 1906 Vilnius publication by Rev. Juozas Ambraziejus, Primer with pictures, prayers, Catholic catechisms and altar-serving together or in separate sections, for little children as well as adults wishing to learn to read and write³. Although the title page says “with prayers, Catholic catechisms and altar-serving,” the publication contains none of these (LB I 2006: 115). The article focuses on all catechisms located and accessible through the sources mentioned above. It excludes only publications described in the sources but unavailable, or severely damaged publications, as well as the 1908 Brooklyn publication held at the Lithuanian American Cultural Archive in Putnam, A Short Catechism: approved for the dioceses of Samogitia and Vilnius and for the Mohilev4 Archdiocese. Third printing, with the addition of the eight Beatitudes and altar-serving. All of these are important for studying changes in religious terminology from the end of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. Their value is, of course, not uniform: some contain only a few Lithuanian terms and many foreign ones, while others show the opposite pattern. Moreover, some include definitions of terms, comments on their usage, and the like. The terminological status of most terms is beyond doubt. They are collected to show the state of religious terminology during the period under study, how it changed, and what characterized it. Catechisms also vary in length, from a dozen or so pages to several hundred. They are usually small in format. In addition, drawing on material collected from some catechisms (see the list of sources), this article seeks to present the principal and most frequent semantic groups of religious terms and to define what constitutes a religious term. This genre of ecclesiastical literature is a very important source of terminology (and of language in general— 3 Elementorius buvo dvasinės vyresnybės uždraustas (LB I 2006: 115). 4 Now Mogilev (PV 2006: 281). Terminologija | 2008 | 15 157 —). For the emerging standard Lithuanian language in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, catechisms were exceptionally significant. In them, essential texts concerning the nation’s faith, culture, and life were recorded in Lithuanian (though not always in pure Lithuanian). They reveal precisely how the norms of the standard language were developed, introduced, and even established. Catechism terminology is characterized by both stability and change. And this was probably quite normal for the period. CATECHISMS OF 1883–1916 Over a period of thirty-three years—from 1883 to 1916—86 Catholic and 11 Protestant catechisms of varying lengths were published, along with revised or expanded editions (some reprints). Most catechisms were printed in Lithuania Minor—in Königsberg, Tilsit, Bitėnai, and Klaipėda—as well as in Sejny (43 catechisms), because, after the Russian Empire’s authorities had banned Lithuanian publications in Latin script for forty years, as Vytautas Merkys writes in his book The Path of the Prohibited Lithuanian Press, 1864–1904, “the Vilnius Lithuanian book-publishing centre was dismantled. This publishing activity became concentrated beyond the Russian Empire’s borders, in the Lithuanian-inhabited part of Prussia” (Merkys 1994: 9)5. Lithuania Minor’s favourable geographical location, together with its fairly old traditions of Lithuanian book publishing, evidently created the conditions for it to become a centre for publishing these books. Quite a few were published there even after 1904 (as many as 15). In Lithuania Major—in Vilnius and Kaunas—26 catechisms were published. Nearly all appeared after the press ban was lifted. Although the covers of some counterfeit catechisms state that they were published in Vilnius, they were in fact printed in Lithuania Minor (Fig. 1). A substantial number (17 catechisms) were printed outside Lithuania Minor and Lithuania Major—in Russia (St. Petersburg (then Petrograd) and Moscow) and the United States (Chicago, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and Shenandoah (PV 2008: 399), Waukegan (Illinois)). It is worth noting that these catechisms appeared after 1903. 5 In her book The Lithuanian Book and Society: From the Press Ban to the Restoration of Independence (1864–1990), Vanda Stonienė writes that “Vilnius remained an important publishing centre even during the years of the press ban. According to data from the General Directorate for Press Affairs, 155 publications appeared in Vilnius in 1869, 286 in 1882, 455 in 1900, and 690 in 1903. Most were published in Yiddish, Russian, and Polish; every year a few publications appeared in Latin, German, and French” (Stonienė 2006: 21). 158 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... Fig. 1. A counterfeited catechism, printed in Tilsit in 1901. During the period of the press ban, the catechisms published were counterfeits6. In some, the authors or compilers are not named at all, apparently for reasons of secrecy. Publication details were also concealed. The title page gave a fictitious place and year of publication. The page preceding the title page often bore an imprimatur, for example: Printing permitted. Kaunas. February 8, 1863. Bishop of Samogitia (Fig. 2), or Printing permitted. Vilnius, February 8, 1863. Bishop of Samogitia: Motiejus Valančius, or Permitted by the censor. Vilna, 1864., and so on. The booklets were quite often signed with pseudonyms, for example, the priest Žalvaris (Rev. P. Legeckas), A. Kurietis (Rev. A. Alekna), Petras Gražbylys (Rev. P. Januševičius), Uncle Atanazas (Rev. K. Pakalniškis), Ranka (Rev. P. Statkauskas), and sometimes even with initials, for example, J. D. (Rev. Juozas Danielius), J. K. (Rev. Juozas Katilius), J. P. (Julė Pranaitytė), K. J. (Rev. Kristupas Jurkšaitis). All the catechisms are translations. Most were translated from Polish, but also from Russian, German, French, and English. This article classifies them as Catholic, Evangelical Reformed, and Evangelical Lutheran catechisms. CATHOLIC CATECHISMS Most of the catechisms published in 1883–1916 were Catholic—no fewer than 86. The article discusses all of them according to place and year of publication and intended purpose. Since, after the prohibition of Lithuanian printing in Latin characters, most 6 An exception is D. J. Deharbe’s Larger Roman Catholic Catechism for Lithuanian Schools in America, published in Chicago in 1904. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 159 of the publications were issued abroad, the catechisms printed outside Lithuania proper should be discussed first. Catechisms Published Outside Lithuania Proper More than a third of the Catholic catechisms were printed in Tilsit, an important center for publishing and distributing banned Lithuanian publications (31 catechisms). The catechism by Rev. Roch Filochowski (Roch Filochowski, 1838–1896) was very much in demand and popular—several translations of it appeared during the period under discussion. It was translated from Polish into Lithuanian by Rev. Aleksandras Vytartas (1837–1863?), an active Lithuanian-book publisher of the time. This is Szviesibė tikejimo arba Trumpas iszguldimas reikalingiausiu Rimo-katalikiszkო tikejimo daliku (Tilsit, 1888; it bears Bishop M. Valančius’s imprimatur; the title page also states that it was published in Vilnius in 1860). V. Biržiška considers A. Vytartas’s translation of R. Filochowski’s Trumpą katekizmą (1889, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897) to be another edition of this catechism. However, it contains an elementary reader, altar-server instructions, and other appendices; moreover, the catechism texts differ, so these booklets should be discussed as distinct works. Fig. 2. Imprimatur of a counterfeited catechism Thus, as noted above, A. Vytartas also translated Trumpą katekizmą pagal kunigo Pilakauskio iszguldimo su nekureis naudingais pridėjimais (Tilsit, 1889; it bears Bishop M. Valančius’s imprimatur and states that it was published in Vilnius in 1863). This catechism differs from the one published in 1888 in that it includes the alphabet and syllabification, a brief instruction by St. Francis de Sales on how to pray the holy rosary, altar-server instructions, and other appendices. In 1897 in Tilsit 160 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... published A Short Catechism According to the Explanation of Priest Pilakauskis, with Some Useful Additions (it bears the approval of Bishop M. Valančius and gives 1860 as the year of publication in Vilnius). In the Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR, the 1893 catechism is described on the basis of a defective copy and other sources. It is not examined in this article. The same catechism was printed in Tilsit in 1894 (it bears the approval of Bishop M. Valančius and gives 1860 as the year of publication). In 1895, A Short Catechism According to the Explanation of Priest Filochowskio, with Some Useful Additions was published (Tilsit; approved by Bishop M. Valančius, and stated to have been published in Vilnius in 1860). In the catechisms published in 1889–1897, the ministrant section is in Latin. In 1905, according to Lithuanian bibliographic data, two catechisms were published in Tilsit (they differ in length). Kun. R. Filochovskio katekizmą iš lenkų kalbos išvertė ir Vaižgantas (1869–1933). Pirmasis leidimas išėjo 1897 metais. Lietuvos TSR bibliografijoje jis aprašytas pagal 1898 m. leidimą Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas Vaiszganto verstas (yra Žemaičių vyskupo aprobata, antraštiniame puslapyje nurodyta, kad knygelė išleista Vilniuje) ir šaltinius. 1898 metų katekizmo pratarmėje Vaižgantas rašo, kad „Trumpasis kun. Filochowskio katekizmas bus už kitus panašius geresnis, ką patvirtina ir lenkų balsai, ir didelis jo išsiplatinimas terp lietuvių: pirmos laidos, nors buvo baisiai sudarkyta, jau išsiplatino 20.000“ (TFK 1898 4–5). Be to, šiame leidime išnašose yra pateikti kai kurių žodžių atitikmenys lenkų kalba. Lietuvos TSR bibliografijoje šis 1898 metų katekizmo leidimas laikomas antru (LTSRB 1985: 365). In 1901, 1902, 1905 (this edition is a reprint of the 1901 counterfeit catechism), 1907, and 1913, The Short Catechism of Priest Filochowskio, translated by Vaiszgantas was published. As stated on the title page, this is the second revised and enlarged edition. In the preface, Vaižgantas writes: “Lithuanians, do not be deceived!! This little book is a ‘Catechism,’ not an ‘Elementary Reader’!!” He writes that a catechism is “a short, easily understood teaching of religion” (TFK 1901 3). Vaižgantas made some corrections to the language of the catechism. This can be seen in the footnotes, where he gives equivalents for terms used in prayers up to that time, e.g., the terms grace, faith, protector, world, Last Supper, rather than łoska, viera, apiekūnas, svietas, paskutinioji večerė, and so on. In 1904, The Short Catechism of Priest Filochowskio, translated by Vaiszgantas. Published for the third time, revised. One catechism, as stated on its title page, was printed in Vilnius (it bears the approval of the Bishop of Samogitia and states that it was published in 1863), while another was printed in Tilsit (without approval). However, both were published Terminologija | 2008 | 15 161 in Tilsit. Their footnotes provide Polish equivalents for some words. The Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR states that “the covers of most copies have a blank label pasted over the counterfeit publication details. The title pages have different vignettes and somewhat different fonts” (LTSRB 1985: 366). Far fewer other Catholic catechisms were published during the period 1883–1916. Among the catechisms of that period, The Teaching of the Roman Catholic stands out for its length (332 to 440 pages) (Tilsit, 1888, around 1900 (2 catechisms; they differ only in pages 325–332 and are practically identical editions), and 1905). Although the catechism’s author is not named, it is known to have been prepared by the Bishop of Samogitia, Motiejus Valančius7, edited by Priest A. Vytartas, and had its spelling revised by the poet Maironis (LTSRB 1985: 257). In the preface, the author writes that he sought “so that every Lithuanian and Samogitian could easily read and understand everything written in this little book. I removed various words incomprehensible to most people, and in spelling I followed, as much as I could, the Lithuanian grammar familiar to me” (MRK 1888 5). The 1905 edition is not the 1888 edition revised by A. Vytartas, but an earlier one. Two editions of Catholic Catechisms, Most Necessary for Children and Simple Folk, with an Elementary Reader and a Ministrant Section. Written by Priest Žalvaris, by Peter Legeckas (1844–1934), a priest, author of books, and translator, were printed in Lithuania Minor (1892 (2 catechisms); both were published in Tilsit, although the title page states Vilnius; the catechisms differ slightly in spelling, but this is considered irrelevant for the discussion of religious terminology, so they are treated as a single edition). In 1903, in Bitėnai8, Catholic Catechisms. Most Necessary for Children and Simple Folk, with an Elementary Reader and a Ministrant Section was published. The material was gathered from the catechisms published in Tilsit in 1892 and in Bitėnai in 1903; their contents are identical, but they differ in place of publication and some spelling details. Another catechism from 1892 was published in Vilnius. Its page count and spelling match those of the catechism published in Bitėnai, so it is not examined. Part of the text in all the catechisms is in Latin. In 1898, in Tilsit, a catechism by Priest Martynas Sederavičius (1829–1907) was published9 7 Vysk. M. Valančius (1801–1875) – vienas pirmųjų „nelegalios spaudos organizatorių Mažojoje Lietuvoje <...>. Jau 1867 m., iš savo lėšų sudaręs specialų fondą knygoms spausdinti (8000 rb.), jis per Tilžės katalikų kunigą J. Zabermanną (J. Cabermaną) susisiekė su tenykščiais spaustuvininkais ir pradėjo sistemingai leisti lietuviškas knygas“ (Stonienė 2006: 23). Į knygų leidybą vyskupas įtraukė ir kitus kunigus, ir pasauliečius. 8 Only one catechism was published in Bitėnai. 9 As V. Stonienė writes, Priest M. Sederavičius “took up the work, begun by M. Valančius, of organizing the publication and distribution of illegal Lithuanian print” (Stonienė 2006: 30). In Suvalkija, he recruited a nobleman to this work 162 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... catechism Prayers, Acts, and other most necessary things that a Christian of the Roman Catholic faith must know. Written by the priest M. S. Part of the booklet’s text is in Latin. Synonyms for the terms are provided in footnotes. It is evident that preference is given to Lithuanian religious terms, for example: nuodėmklausys, ypata, kančia, yščius, rather than spaviedninkas, asaba, muka, gyvatas and so on. In 1902, a publication titled Brief Roman Catholic Catechisms. Clearly explained for the instruction of children preparing for their First Confession and Holy Communion (Part One)10 was published in Tilsit. The author is not named on the catechism’s title page. It is a translation of Gracjan Marcin Rzewuski’s (1827–1897) catechism Mały katechizm rzymsko katolicki. The translator is not identified. The preface states that the booklet is intended for children preparing to receive their First Communion, and for young people. In 1903, the catechism by Antanas Alekna (1872–1930), a priest, historian, author of religious writings, and translator, was published in Tilsit: The First Lessons in the Catechism, or a Brief Summary of All the Most Necessary Teachings of the Holy Catholic Faith. Written by A. Kurietis. The booklet is very short—only 16 pages. It has no preface. It presents prayers and the most important questions and answers of the faith. There is also no imprimatur. In 1904, also in Tilsit, the Brief Catechism, or Guide to a Good Confession and Holy Communion by Rev. Kazimieras Skrodzkis was published. K. Skrodzkis (1798–1874) was the parish priest of Kuliai. The first edition of the catechism was written in 1850. This is a second edition, prepared after the priest’s death. At the beginning of the booklet are A Word from the Publisher and the author’s preface, which states that the brief instruction “on the beneficial performance of the most necessary sacrament of penance for the salvation of the soul, and on the worthy reception of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ” is intended “for the young people of Catholic Samogitia” (TK 1904 8). In the same year, J. Schenke’s printing house in Tilsit printed the Brief Handbook for Catechists and Preachers of Homilies. The First and Second Parts of Sacred Oratory: Catechetics and Homiletics. A Gift for Brother Priests and Catechists. by Povilas Januševičius (1866–1948), a linguist, publicist, public figure, and priest. Before the title is the author’s pseudonym—Petras Gražblys. The booklet’s preface states that it is intended for seminary students, parish priests, and all “preachers of catechesis and homilies” (p. 3). S. Kušeliauskas, the garrison J. Antanavičius, and trusted peasants from the surrounding area. “M. Sederavičius’s group published and distributed books of religious content. On dark nights, the priest himself transported printed matter by carriage not only throughout his own parish but also to distant parts of Samogitia and to Sejny, while his helpers distributed it among local residents” (Stonienė 2006: 31). 10There is no bibliographical information about the second part of the catechism. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 163 In 1905, Catechism, or Prayers and Their Explanation, and the Rosary with Morning and Evening Prayers was published in Tilsit. Its author and translator are not identified. Nearly a tenth of Catholic catechisms were published in another major Lithuanian cultural center of the early twentieth century—Sejny (8 catechisms). In 1899, the Catechism from the Decree of the Council of the Church of Trent for Parish Priests, commissioned by Pope Pius V, issued in Rome in 1566, translated from Latin by Antanas Baranauskas (1835–1902), was probably printed in Sejny. A copy of this catechism is held at the A. Baranauskas and A. Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum in Anykščiai; a microfilm is held at the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. In 1908, the catechism A Little Gift for Lithuanian Youth was published in Sejny. It was written by Rev. S. Narkevičius. This is a second edition, which the priest prepared “encouraged by the success, having corrected the printing errors and added many very useful warnings” (p. 9). As stated in the Preface to the Second Edition, the material for the first edition was collected from works by Rev. A. Marcinskis, F. Birkauckis, Chaignon, Krulickis, Arnat, Osmalauckis, and others (p. 9). In 1910, Rev. Jurgis Feliksas Sragis’s Prayers, Commandments, and Catechism According to Roman Catholic Teaching was published in Sejny. According to V. Biržiška, K. Būga edited the language of the publication (Biržiška 1939: 2545). The catechism is intended for those preparing to receive their First Communion. In the preface, the author writes: “Unable to write in the jargon used by the people without becoming guilty of corrupting and ridiculing the Lithuanian language, I had to use many words that people do not understand; but it seems to me that this will not be a great difficulty for readers, because, once the printed work returns, people will quickly recall their forgotten words and become much more easily accustomed to new ones that accord with the spirit of their language than they had to become accustomed to foreign ones, such as ‘ščešlyvas, macnus, loska, prijemnus’ instead of these native words: ‘laimingas, stiprus, malonė, malonus’ [‘happy, strong, grace, pleasant’] (p. 1). So that everyone could understand the words used in the catechism, the author provides a glossary at the end of the publication explaining unfamiliar words.” Also published there in 1911 was A Short Catechism for Children: A Little Gift for House-to-House Christmas Visiting, prepared by Rev. Juozas Širvys; in 1912, Povilas Stakauskas (pseudonym Ranka) published Do You Know the Catechism? A Little Gift for Children, as did Rev. Juozas Danielius11 with Brief Catechism: Intended for Children Preparing⟧ 11 Juozas Danielius (1885–1968) – pedagogas, kunigas, baigiantis Antrajam pasauliniam karui pasitraukęs į Vakarus, vėliau apsigyvenęs Kanadoje. Rašė Lietuvos mokykloje pedagoginiais ir katekhetiniais klausimais (LB I 2006: 269). 164 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... for first confession and Holy Communion. In 1913, a second edition of Fr. J. Danielius’s catechism was published. In 1914, A Second Catechism for Children was published in Sejny, prepared by Fr. Juozapas Lesauskas, as was the Kvėdarna priest Antanas Tirylys’s A New Short Catechism to Help Children Prepare for Their First Holy Communion. In the unofficial capital of Lithuania Minor—Königsberg—in 1913 was printed a religious instruction textbook translated from German by Kristupas Jurkšaitis, Wieros dalykai ant išz galwõs iszsimokinimo sziulems Rytprusu prowincō. The Klaipėda Region also belonged to Lithuania Minor. In 1883, Fr. Augustinas Švarkas (A. Schwark, 1824–after 1886) published in Klaipėda A Catholic Catechism with an Addition of a Brief Summary of the Events of the Old and New Testaments of Holy Scripture and Several Necessary Prayers. This was a second, revised and expanded edition. The first edition appeared in 1863. Also published here in 1903 was the second part of The Catechism of the Roman Catholics, and in 1904 Catechetics, or the Science of Sacred Eloquence. As can be seen from the Catholic catechisms discussed, half of them were published in Lithuania Minor (43 catechisms), and slightly fewer than a quarter (17 catechisms) outside both Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor. As many as seven Catholic catechisms were published in Chicago, United States: D. Josefo Deharbė’s A Larger Roman Catholic Catechism for Lithuanian Schools in America (1904), and Roderick Aloysius Eachen’s Introductory Catechism (1910), translated from English by Mykolas Leonas Krušas. In 1914 a second edition of R. A. Eachen’s Catechism for Young Children was published. That same year, The Catechism of Total Abstinence was printed. A third edition of R. A. Eachen’s Catechism for Young Children appeared in 1915. Fr. F. B. Serafinas translated from English and published in 1915 a two-part Catechism of Christian Doctrine. Arranged and Approved by the Third Council of Baltimore12. In 1916, Fr. Pranciškus Gugis’s catechism, A Brief Explanation of the Truths of the Catholic Faith, was presented to the public in Chicago. The catechism was written “in the form of a story, so that everyone could understand more easily” (p. 1). Three catechisms were printed in Philadelphia: in 1911, Fr. P. Saurusaitis’s A Catechism for Children Making Their First Communion: Excerpts from the Decree of the Sacred Congregation of the S.S. concerning First Communion, and in 1912 and 1913, A Short Catechism: Approved for the Dioceses of Žemaitija and Vilnius and for the Archdiocese of Mohilev (third edition). 12 Although, according to the catalogue of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, both parts of the catechism should be held by the library, only the second was found. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 165 In 1906, A Catechism about Alcohol13 was prepared in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania (USA). It was translated from French by Julė Pranaitytė (1881–1944), a journalist, translator, and book publisher. Also printed there in 1907 and 1910 was A Short Catechism: Approved for the Dioceses of Žemaitija and Vilnius and for the Archdiocese of Mohilev (third edition). In 1908, A Short Catechism: Approved for the Dioceses of Žemaitija and Vilnius and for the Archdiocese of Mohilev (third edition) was published in Brooklyn. It is held in the Lithuanian American Cultural Archives in Putnam. In St. Petersburg (called Petrograd from 1914 to 1924, and still called Petrapilis in prewar Lithuania; Leningrad from 1924 to 1991), in 1916 the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas published 14Religious Instruction (Sacred History and Catechism). The book consists of three parts: I. Prayers; II. Sacred History; III. Catechism. In the Preface, the author writes: “In Religious Instruction, the Catechism is closely connected with Sacred History. The account of Sacred History explains the Catechism, and the Catechism explains what is not set out in full in Sacred History. Therefore, in this Religious Instruction, I have brought both subjects together in one booklet” (p. 3). In 1917, the linguist Jonas Jablonskis criticized Religious Instruction in Santara: “Father Paltarokas’s catechism is entirely unsuitable for today’s and tomorrow’s schools” (Jablonskis 1933: 97–113). Incidentally, the review makes no mention of religious terminology. In A. Jakštas’s opinion, “Father Paltarokas’s Sacred History is by far the best organized. In addition, it is distinguished by truly elegant, clear language. If it is not entirely suitable for elementary schools, that is only for two reasons: first, it is too extensive; second, it is too expensive” (Jakštas 1923: 239). In 1916, a new revised edition of A Short Catechism According to the Exposition of Father Piliakauskis was published in St. Petersburg. It was probably translated by A. Vytartas. Antanas Skinderis also translated R. Filochovskis’s catechism into Lithuanian. The catechism he prepared, A Short Catechism by Father Piliakauskis, was published in Moscow by E. Paukštė in 1916. In all, as many as 60 Catholic catechisms were published outside Lithuania Major between 1883 and 1916, nearly half of them during the period of the press ban. This is clear evidence that the Lithuanian nation resisted the press ban, publishing illegal publications abroad and distributing them in Lithuania Major. Most catechisms were intended for teaching children. Thus, besides their direct purpose—explaining matters of faith—they were also widely used as educational books. 13 Apparently, the temperance movement was being promoted in the United States at that time. A catechism was even printed: after all, drunkenness is a sin. 14 K. Paltarokas (1875–1958) – Lietuvos Katalikų Bažnyčios veikėjas, nuo 1926 metų vyskupas. Parengė ir išleido religijos knygų, tikybos vadovėlių (plačiau žr. LTE 1981). 166 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... Catechisms published in Greater Lithuania Between 1883 and 1916, 26 Catholic catechisms were published in Lithuania—in Vilnius and Kaunas. During the press ban, they were printed in Lithuania Minor. Most of these religious booklets were published in Vilnius, in the Vilniaus žinios, J. Zavadzkis’s, M. Kuka’s, and other printing houses (19 catechisms). Among the catechisms of the public figure, active standardizer of Lithuanian liturgical terminology, and Catholic press contributor Rev. Juozas Laukaitis (1873–1952), those examining religious terminology find particularly important (for more, see VLE XI 2007: 610). The Little Catechism for Children Preparing for Their First Confession and Holy Communion. was published in Vilnius in 1904 (the cover gives 1905). A second edition appeared in Sejny in 1907, and a third there in 1914. The catechisms were approved. The compiler is not identified. At the beginning of the 20th century, Rev. J. Laukaitis was one of the most important advocates of the Lithuanian language in the Church. He was the first to take a serious interest in reforming prayers: in 1909, in Sejny, he formed the so-called Prayer Commission, comprising priests A. Dambrauskas-Jakštas and A. Petrulis, and linguists J. Jablonskis, K. Būga, J. Balčikonis, and J. Šlapelis15. In 1905, the Vilniaus žinios printing house published as many as four works for children and young people by Rev. Dionizy Bączkowski (1868–1953), translated from Polish by Julijonas Jasinskas: Prayers and a Catechism for Young Children, or a Brief Explanation of What a Catholic Child Must Know. A Tool for Basic Instruction in the Faith of the Roman Catholic Church; A Brief Catechism, or Preparation for Making Confession and Receiving Holy Communion. A Handbook Explaining the Faith of the Roman Catholic Church; An Intermediate Dogmatic-Moral Catechism: A Handbook Explaining the Faith of the Roman Catholic Church; and A Handbook for Teaching the Faith in Intermediate Schools. That same year, A Brief Catechism: Approved for the Dioceses of Samogitia and Vilnius and for the Archdiocese of Mohilev. was printed in Vilnius. This catechism was prepared by Antanas Karosas (1849–1947), Bishop of Sejny. Also published in 1905 was the mere 16-page Brief Catechism for Youth. The author and/or translator and compiler are not identified. In 1906, Rev. Juozas Ambraziejus’s (1855–1915) Vilniaus žinios printing house published A Brief Roman Catholic Catechism: for children to prepare for confession. In 1907, in Šaltinis (no. 19), Jurgis Baltrušaitis16 wrote, 15 More about J. Laukaitis and the reform of prayers was written in the article Religijos terminijos tvarkyba in Draugija (Rimkutė 2006: 150). 16 J. Baltrušaitis (1882–1915) – religinių knygų autorius, kunigas, bendradarbiavęs Nedėldienio skaityme, Spindulyje, Vadove, Vilniaus žiniose ir kituose periodiniuose leidiniuose (LB I 2006: 171). Terminologija | 2008 | 15 167 that the catechism had been prohibited by the ecclesiastical authorities. In the same year, J. Ambraziejus published a response in Vienybė of Lithuania (no. 25), stating that it had Roman approval. However, a decree was published in Šaltinis (no. 23) stating that this publication had been “entered in the Index librorum prohibitorum on 1907 IV 12.” In 1906, a very brief Guide to Eternal Salvation by the Path of Faith and Virtue, or a Short Explanatory Catechism (reprinted from the Key to Heaven)⟧, prepared by Jurgis Baltrušaitis, was published in Vilnius. J. Baltrušaitis’s Short Roman Catholic Catechism=Krótki rzymsko-katolicki katechizm appeared in 1907. Its title and text are presented in parallel in Lithuanian and Polish. The first part of Rev. Juozapas Rymeikis’s Catechetical Lessons was published in Vilnius in 1906, and the second in Tilsit in 1907. As the author himself writes in the publication’s preface, this is a more extensive catechism: “In this work I used the well-known Polish manuals by Stagračinskis, Zollner, Možejauskis, and others, taking the catechism of Father Jokūbas Rozvodovskis as the basis throughout” (p. 5). The first part of Catechetical Lessons is devoted to a fuller discussion of the prayers “Our Father,” “Hail Mary,” and “I believe in God the Father.” The second part examines in detail the Ten Commandments of God and the five precepts of the Church, as well as sins: the seven capital sins, six sins against the Holy Spirit, four sins that cry out to Heaven for vengeance, and nine sins of others. In 1909, the children’s textbook Sacred History and Catechism was published in Vilnius. It was translated from Polish by Liudas Gira (1884–1946)17, while the Polish text was by the Mogilev Archbishop, Rev. S. Kozłowski (Szymon Marcin Kozłowski, 1819–1899). In 1915, Catechism on the Sacrament of Confirmation: with Prayers and Rites in Latin and Lithuanian was published at Martynas Kukta’s printing house in Vilnius. It was translated from French by Rev. V. Zacharevyčė. A total of seven Catholic catechisms were published in Kaunas during the period under discussion. Two appeared in 1906: Uncle Atanas’s Little Catechism, or a Short Explanation of the Truths of Faith: Intended for Children Preparing for Their First Holy Communion, and First Confession and First Holy Communion: A Manual for Those Preparing for the First Time, translated from Polish by A. Vytartas. In 1908, the More Extensive Catechism, or an Explanation of the Teaching of the Holy Roman Catholic Church, Approved for the Dioceses of Samogitia and Vilnius, prepared by Rev. Juozas Skvireckas and translated from Polish by Antanas Baranauskas, was printed. A very short work by Rev. Juozapas Lesauskas, For the Little Ones, was published there in 1913. 17 L. Gira was a poet, critic, playwright, publicist, and translator. From 1901 to 1905 he studied at the Vilnius Priest Seminary, but did not become a priest after completing his studies. He contributed to the newspapers Vilniaus žinios, Lietuvos ūkininkas, Viltis (LLE 2001: 155). 168 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... a catechism for children. In 1915, A Primer and Newly Revised Prayers, Approved by the Bishop of Samogitia was published in Kaunas, along with a slightly revised edition of the same booklet for children. In 1916, M. Diršė printed A First Book of Religious Instruction, Approved for the Diocese of Samogitia at Saliamonas Banaitis’s printing house in Kaunas. The catechism’s author is not named. Adomas Jakštas-Dambrauskas18 wrote that although in the second decade of the 20th century catechism was taught in schools using the works of “Bishop Karosas, Pilakauskis, Laukaitis, Sragis, Rankos, Širvys, Lesauskis, Bončkauskas, and others,” unfortunately, there was more than one fault to find with them. The language of A First Book of Religious Instruction is elegant and clear, pure, and the prayers have been revised. “Some, unable to find what new terms and expressions have replaced, may perhaps regret that the old text was not retained. <…>. What is new today will be quite ordinary tomorrow, and old the day after” (Jakštas 1923: 241–242). EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CATECHISMS Between 1883 and 1916, only 9 Evangelical Lutheran (Protestant) catechisms and revised editions of them were published19. None of them appeared in Greater Lithuania. Moreover, in all the catechisms one can observe the fundamental principle of Lutheranism—to spread the truths of the faith in the native language. In 1886 in Tilsit, as stated on the title page, the revised edition of Dr. Mertino Luteraus mažasis katgismas, trumpay išguldytas. Iš wokiškos kalbos lietuviškai perstatytas per K. W. O. Glogau, Tilžės Vyskupą20 was published for the eleventh time (Fig. 3). The twelfth revised edition of this catechism appeared in 1905 and again in 1911. Translated by Karl Wilhelm Otto Glogau (1805–1875), superintendent of the Tilsit diocese, translator, collector of Lithuanian folklore, and collaborator of G. Nesselmann and A. Schleicher, the catechism was reprinted as many as sixteen times between 1855 and 1918 and, according to D. Kaunas, “became established in schools. The print run of the first edition sold out within a couple of months” (Kaunas 1996: 386). Who translated the book Dr. Mertino Luteraus mažasis katgismas draug su trumpu išguldymu21 (1883, 1898, 1913) is still unknown. It is thought that 18 A. Jakštas-Dambrauskas (1860–1938) – kunigas, teologas, mokslininkas, rašytojas, kritikas, spaudos leidėjas, įvairių visuomeninių draugijų narys, „vienas žymiausių XX a. pradžios ir Lietuvos Respublikos tautinės kultūros veikėjų“ (Stonienė 2006: 113). 19 The titles in the article have been transcribed using Lithuanian letters. 20 This is a translation of the catechism prepared by G. B. Weiss, councillor of the Königsberg consistory and court preacher, and an active worker in the German press: Dr. Martyno Lutherio mažasis katekizmas su trumpu komentaru (Dr. Martin Luthers Kleiner Katechismus nebst kurzer Auslegung). This catechism in particular exerted “the greatest influence on textbooks of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries” (Kaunas 1996: 386). 21 This is the second translation of the aforementioned G. B. Weiss catechism. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 169 The translator was F. Kuršaitis, since the language of the catechism is much better than that of the K. W. O. Glogau catechism. Moreover, it was printed in Königsberg. This catechism was published as many as eight times between 1863 and 1917, although the contents of both catechisms are nearly identical (for details, see Kaunas 1996: 387). In 1903, Mažasis katgismas draug su trumpu išguldymu was printed in Bitėnai. In 1899, M. Luther’s Didysis katgismas was published in Lithuanian in Tilsit. It was translated from German by an unknown woman who lived in the Ragainė district. It differs from the Mažojo katgismo in that it was intended for adults to read at home. In addition, matters of faith are presented not in the customary question-and-answer form, but as a logical argument. Worth mentioning separately is the D. Martyno Liuterio Mažas katekizmas ir D. Jono Jokūbo Rambako Pamokslas apie išganymą dadą pirma 24 klausimuose trumpai suglaustas potam 237 klausimuose plačiaus išgul̃dytas., published in Petrograd in 1916. This was “a combined catechism of M. Luther and J. J. Rambach,” distinguished by its popular character (Kaunas 1996: 387). It was removed from schools but circulated among the surinkimininkai—farmers whose homes hosted worship services attended by the entire surrounding area. In 1917, J. Jablonskis wrote in Santaroje (no. 7) that “for school and cultural purposes, a catechism like this is downright harmful: its language and spelling are abominable, the spiritual nourishment it offers a child is very meagre, and its thinking is utterly fanciful!...” (Jablonskis 1933: 68). According to the linguist, the catechism was translated by a narrow-minded German priest who did not know Lithuanian, “and translated it most abominably” (ibid.). In his view, this catechism was wholly unsuitable for schools, since textbooks on religion and moral instruction must be published in beautiful, comprehensible, and accessible language (Jablonskis 1933: 69). Fig. 3. M. Luther’s catechism, 1886 170 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... EVANGELICAL REFORMED CATECHISMS There are only two Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed catechisms published during the period covered in this article. Three were published throughout the nineteenth century (1803, 1857, and 1861). After the press ban was lifted, in 190922, the book Catechism of the Evangelical Reformed Faith for Children was printed in Vilnius, at M. Kukta’s printing house (Fig. 4). It was prepared by the priest Jonas Šepetys23. This is an expanded edition of the Heidelberg Catechism. According to Arūnas Baublys, “this catechism was also the first compactly published textbook of religion and the first catechism prepared by a Lithuanian priest of peasant origin” (Baublys 1998: 35). It is written in relatively beautiful, correct, and pure Lithuanian. There are few barbarisms, for example: kielikas, gercogienė, pėtnyčia, etc. Fig. 4. 1909 Catechism of the Evangelical Reformed Faith for Children In 1916, a second Evangelical Reformed catechism was printed in Petrograd—Catechism of the Evangelical Reformed Faith for Children. This was an official wartime publication, approved by the military censorship authority in Petrograd by a decision dated September 13, 1916. Although no author is named, it is thought to be an edition of J. Šepetys’s catechism. The structure of this booklet differs little from that of the one published in 1910. “The appearance of this catechism was a significant event, showing that even under unfavorable conditions, far from their homeland, Lithuanian Evangelicals Re- 22 The catechism’s cover indicates 1910, while its title page gives 1909 (see Fig. 4). 23 Jonas Šepetys (1867–1941) – evangelikų reformatų kunigas, Vilniaus parapijos superintendentas, aušrininkas, rūpinęsis lietuvių kalbos reikalais, redagavęs ir savo lėšomis leidęs pirmą reformatų religinį laikraštį Pasiuntinys (1907–1913 m.), taip pat reformatų žurnalą Mūsų Žodis (Kregždė 1978: 165, 177–179). Terminologija | 2008 | 15 171 formed did not forget their most important task and allocated funds and time to educate children and young people” (Baublys 1998: 43). It may be noted that in 1936 the catechism written by Rev. J. Šepetys was reissued, and that in 1943 A. Šernas prepared Heidelberg Catechism (excerpt for children’s Evangelical Reformed religious instruction). SEMANTIC GROUPS OF RELIGIOUS TERMS IN CATECHISMS This section discusses religious terms used in catechisms according to their meaning. Examples were collected from the following booklets: Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (1901), Katekizmai katalikiški. Visureikalingiausi dėl vaikų ir žmonių prasczciokų su Lementoriu ir Ministranturu (1903), by Father Kazimieras Skrodzkis, Trumpas Katekizmas arba Vadovėlis į gerą Spaviednę ir šv. Komuniją (1904), by Father J. Laukaitis, Mažasis Katekizmas vaikeliams, prisiruošiantiems į pirmą išpažintį ir šventą Komuniją (1904), Rankvedys Išguldymui Tikėjimo vidutinėse mokyklose (1905)24, by Father J. Šepetys, Katekizmo evangelikų-reformatų tikėjimo vaikams (1909 and 1916), Bishop K. Paltarokas’s Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorija ir Katekizmas) (1916). This article does not seek to offer an exhaustive analysis. Its aim is only to present more general observations and the main semantic groups of terms used in catechisms. It presents single-word and compound terms of various origins: Lithuanian, international, and foreign to the Lithuanian language. The origins of non-Lithuanian terms are indicated in parentheses. For some international terms, the intermediary language is not specified. The origins of older loanwords are likewise not given. In determining etymologies, the author consulted Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, which records almost all the non-Lithuanian religious terms mentioned in the article, except for some international words25, as well as the most recent dictionaries of international words. Thirteen semantic groups of religious terms are distinguished in all. Naturally, each could be discussed in greater detail. Moreover, they are connected in one way or another. The fundamental truths of the Christian faith, for example: eternal life26 KERTV¹ 3, KERTV² 3, TM 6 (cf. life eternal TFK 8); redemption TM 82 (cf. redemption of humankind TM 81); resurrection from the dead 24 This is not an ordinary catechism. As stated in the Preface, it is a handbook from which one should teach “children preparing for their First Communion” (p. 5). 25 Most non-Lithuanian religious terms in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas are marked with an “x” and classified as nonstandard in the common language. 26 Examples are given in their original spelling. Some terms of foreign origin are no longer used. They have Lithuanian equivalents. 172 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... tion TM 85, resurrection TFK 8, Christ’s resurrection from the dead KERTV1 20, resurrection of the bodies from the dead KERTV1 7; the body of Christ KERTV1 26, KERTV2 26 (Greek Christos), the true body of Jesus Christ TM 122 (Greek Iēsous < Hebrew Ješūa < Jehōšūa; Greek Christos), the true [blood] of Jesus Christ TM 122, the Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ TFK 26, [Blood] of Christ TM 122, Most Holy Blood TM 124; forgiveness of sins KERTV1 6, KERTV2 6, TM 6 (also forgiveness of sins KK 28 (Polish grzech, Russian грех)); salvation KERTV1 6, salvation of the soul TFK 11; revelation TM 71, God’s revelation TM 71, God’s manifestation KERTV1 4, KERTV2 4, God’s providence TM 76, God’s grace KERTV1 23, KERTV2 23, God’s wrath KERTV1 14, KERTV2 14, [God’s] punishment KERTV1 14, KERTV2 14; faith TFK 11, KERTV1 6, KERTV2 6, TM 8, devout faith KERTV1 4, KERTV2 4, and so on. Names for religious figures, for example: God27 KERTV¹ 3, KERTV² 3, God the Father TFK 7, TM 5, God the Father Almighty TM 5 (cf. Almighty God the Father KERTV¹ 7, KERTV² 7), Lord God TM 7, Almighty God TM 12, God the Son TFK 11, TM 6, God in the Trinity TM 142; Traicė (Trejybė) KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39 (Polish trójca); shepherd KERTV¹ 3, KERTV² 3, Savior KERTV¹ 17, KERTV² 16, Jesus Christ the Savior KERTV¹ 15, KERTV² 15; Virgin Mary KERTV¹ 7, KERTV² 7, and so on. This group may also include names for believers, those who spread the faith, nonbelievers, and other persons, for example: apostle TFK 42, KK 23, KERTV¹ 27, KERTV² 26, TM 72 (Polish apostol < Greek apostolos), child of God KERTV¹ 3, KERTV² 3, heretic KK 22 (Latin haereticus < Greek hairetikos), cardinal TM 87 (Latin cardinalis), parish priest TFK 24, KK 24 (Polish pleban < Latin plebanus < plebs), cleric TM 135 (Latin clericus), confessor TM 132, pope KK 22 (Polish papież < papa < Greek pappas), prophet KERTV¹ 27, KERTV² 26, Believers KERTV¹ 26, KERTV² 26, Bishop KK 29 (Polish biskup, wiskup < Greek episkopos), and so on. Names for supernatural beings are worth noting separately, for example: God the Holy Spirit TM 6 (cf. God spirit KK 11, God Spirit Holy TFK 11), Holy Spirit KERTV¹ 7, KERTV² 7, angel KERTV¹ 46, KERTV² 45, TM 12 (Old Russian < Greek angelos, also aniotas TFK 15 (Polish 27 The terms God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit may also be included in the group of fundamental truths of the Christian faith, since the first and most important truth of faith that one must know “for the salvation of the soul” is: I believe that there is one God in three Persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (TFK 11). Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 7 3 aniol < Polish. < angelus < Greek angelos), guardian angel TM 77, archangel TM 11 (also arkaniuolas KK 10 (Polish archaniol < Latin archangelus < Greek archangelos), piktasis KERTV1 45, KERTV2 44, devil KERTV1 47, KERTV2 46, etc. Names of religious books and texts, e.g.: Biblia KERTV1 5, KERTV2 5 (Latin biblia < Greek biblion), Breviorius LRKB 12 (Latin breviarium), Gospel KERTV2 18, TM 83 (Polish ewangelia < Greek euangelion), Gospel of Jesus Christ KERTV2 8, catechism KK 7 (Latin catechismus < Greek katēchismos), Missal LRKB 12 (Polish mszał < Latin missale), Book of the New Testament TM 71, Pontifical LRKB 12 (Latin pontificale), Book of the Old Testament TM 71, Holy Scripture KERTV2 5 (cf. Szwentrazstis TFK 16), etc. Names of actions and phenomena associated with faith, e.g.: almužna KK 29 (Polish jałmużna), apleka KK 10 (Belarusian aneka, Polish opieka), repentance TM 10, cf. Penance MKV 7 (Polish pokuta), performing penance TM 133, God's Judgment TFK 17 (Belarusian cyд), to go to confession TK 31 (Polish spowiedź), to repent of sins TFK 29, eradication of original sin KK 28, confession TM 131 (cf. declaration TM 108, also spaviednė KK 25), beating one's breast TM 97, praying TM 97, confession of sins TM 130, transgressing a commandment TM 110, receiving the anointing of the sick TM 134, to recite prayers TK 61 (cf. Polish pacierz), punishment TFK 35 (Polish karanie), careful remembrance of sins TFK 30, receiving a sacrament TM 127, leading a person to salvation TM 86, etc. Names of the sacraments, e.g.: sacrament of penance TM 127, confirmation KK 29 (Polish bierzmowanie; cf. confirmation or strengthening in the holy faith MKV 7), Sacrament of Baptism TFK 28 (Latin sacramentum), Baptism MKV 7, Priesthood KK 27, Sacrament of the Body and Blood TFK 37, Marriage LRKB 99, MKV 7, Sacrament of Penance TFK 31, Extreme Unction KK 38, sacrament of Confirmation KK 29, Sacrament of Extreme Unction KK 38, sacrament of Confession KK 32, sacrament of confirmation TM 120, Szwencziausis Sakramentas TFK 24, Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar TM 11 (Polish ołtarz < Latin altar < altus, also cf. Latin alta ara, altaria), holy baptism KERTV1 30, KERTV2 29, etc. Names of sins and vices, e.g.: deceit KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, gluttony TFK 10, shameful lust KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, greed KERTV1 34, KERTV2 34, MKV 8, original sin KK 12, vengeance KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, hatred KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, impurity MKV 8 (cf. Polish czystota), licentiousness KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, 174 Aušra Rimkutė │ 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų… envy KERTV¹ 34, KERTV² 34, MKV 8, blasphemy KERTV¹ 42, KERTV² 41, anger KERTV¹ 41, KERTV² 40, pride MKV 8, jealousy MKV 8, weakness KERTV¹ 14, KERTV² 13, avarice KERTV¹ 42, KERTV² 41, laziness MKV 8, sloth KERTV¹ 14, KERTV² 13, murder KERTV¹ 41, KERTV² 40, theft KERTV¹ 42, KERTV² 41, homicide KERTV¹ 42, KERTV² 41, etc. Names of virtues, e.g.: virtue (cnata) TFK 11, wisdom TFK 11, faith KERTV¹ 6, KERTV² 6, hope MKV 8, TFK 11, love MKV 8, love of God TFK 11, [chastity of the spirit] TM 117, bodily chastity TM 117, justice TFK 11, fortitude TFK 11, temperance TFK 11, etc. Names of religious rites, e.g.: offering of the Holy Mass KK 24 (Polish ofiera; Polish msza < Latin missa), offering TM 124, Church rites (or ceremonies) TFK 40 (Latin caerimonia), communion KK 30, KERTV¹ 33, KERTV² 32 (Latin communio), sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ KERTV¹ 32, KERTV² 32, Holy Mass KK 24, Mass TM 7, funeral LRKB 41, sermon KK 24, KERTV¹ 5, KERTV² 5, procession LRKB 41 (Latin processio), etc. Names of liturgical objects, e.g.: Lamb of God KERTV¹ 19, KERTV² 19, table of God TM 109, bread TFK 7, KK 30, KERTV¹ 31, KERTV² 31, TM 122, grave KK 15 (Belarusian эпоб, Polish grób), chalice LRKB 48, KERTV¹ 31, KERTV² 31 (cf. Polish kielich, German Kelch), aspergillum LRKB 50 (Polish kropidło, Belarusian крапіло), [consecrated] cross TM 137, cross KERTV¹ 19, KERTV² 19, cup LRKB 49 (hybrid, cf. Belarusian кубок, Polish kubek), monstrance LRKB 49 (Latin monstrantia < monstrare), host KK 30 (Latin hostia), paten LRKB 48 (Latin patena), vessel for holy oils LRKB 51, holy oil TM 134, wine KERTV¹ 33, KERTV² 32, etc. Names of feasts, holy days, and other time concepts associated with religion, e.g.: Advent LRKB 105, KERTV¹ 39, KERTV² 38, TM 109 (Polish adwent, Latin adventus), Ascension Day KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39, Maundy Thursday KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39 (Belarusian чацверг), Good Friday KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39 (Belarusian пятніца), Lent KERTV¹ 39, KERTV² 39 (Belarusian гавенне), Candlemas LRKB 108 (Polish gromnica), Christmas KERTV¹ 39, KERTV² 38, time of confirmation KK 29 (Polish bierzmowanie), Feast of the Immaculate Conception TM 81, Feast of the Dead KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39, Pentecost KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39, Holy Communion Day TM 127 (Latin communio), Easter KK 25, KERTV¹ 40, KERTV² 39 (Belarusian вялік (дзень)), Palm Sunday KERTV¹ 39–40, KERTV² 39 (Belarusian нядзеля), etc. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 7 5 Names of various religious places (including the Church’s administrative divisions), e.g.: atklanė KK 15 (Pol. otchłań), Bazilika LRKB 15 (Lat. basilica < Gr. basilikē), Bažnyčia TFK 25, KK 19, TM 7, čyščius KK 37 (Pol. czyściec), dangus karalystė TFK 12, TM 139, dangus KK 7, KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7, Dievo karalystė KERTV1 12, KERTV2 11, Katedra LRKB 15 (Gr. kathedra), klausykla TM 132, koplyčia LRKB 17 (Pol. kaplica < Lat. capella), pragaras KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7, presbiterija LRKB 18 (Gr. presbyterion), skaistykla TM 92, svietas KERTV1 3, KERTV2 3 (Bel. свет), etc. Names of church vestments and their parts, e.g.: alba LRKB 40 (Lat. alba), arnotas LRKB 41 (Pol. ornat < Lat. ornatus), dalmatika LRKB 42 (Lat. dalmatica (vestis)), humerola arba antpetinė LRKB 40 (Lat. humerale; now humerolas), kapa LRKB 41 (Pol. kapa < Lat. cappa), komža LRKB 41 (Pol. komża < Lat. camisia), stula LRKB 41 (Pol. stula < Lat. stola < Gr. stolē), sutonas LRKB 40 (Fr. soutane < It. sottana; now sutana), tijara LRKB 46 (Lat. tiara < Gr. tiara; now tiara), tunika LRKB 42 (Lat. tunica), etc. Thus, as the examples show, r e l i g i o u s t e r m s are words and phrases denoting the fundamental truths of the Christian faith, religious figures, supernatural beings, religious books and texts, actions and phenomena related to faith, sacraments, sins, vices, virtues, religious rites, liturgical objects, Church (religious) feasts, holy days and other temporal concepts associated with religion, various religious places, the Church’s administrative divisions, and church vestments, their parts, etc. These are concepts related to the spiritual (religious, faith-related) sphere. CONCLUSIONS 1. The catechism is a particularly important genre of Church literature. It teaches an understanding of the foundations of Christianity and its moral and ethical norms, on which Christian life itself is based. Over a period of thirty-three years (1883–1916), 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Evangelical Lutheran and 2 Evangelical Reformed) catechisms were published. During the press-ban period, they were published outside the borders of Greater Lithuania. Most catechisms were intended for children and young people to study. Thus, they played an important role as Lithuanian primers and as cultivators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “almost every prominent catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. In this way the number of catechisms increased every year; a great many were written and published—each with its own method, its own terminology, its own plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). 176 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... Moreover, it is clear that the compilers of catechisms considered it necessary to explain terms of non-Lithuanian origin (especially international words). They most often explained them using a Lithuanian equivalent—sometimes apt, sometimes not. Many terms had variants. 2. Religious terms are words and phrases denoting the fundamental truths of the Christian faith (eternal life, salvation, faith), religious figures (apostle, heretic, savior, pope, bishop), supernatural beings (angel, God, Spirit, devil, etc.), religious books and texts (Bible, Gospel, Holy Scripture), actions and phenomena related to faith (alms, repentance, confession, reciting prayers), sacraments (Baptism, Priesthood, Matrimony, Last Anointing), sins (gluttony, fornication, murder), vices (pride, wrath, sloth), virtues (virtue, wisdom, hope, love), religious rites (offering, Mass, worship service, sermon, procession), liturgical objects (bread, host, censer, wine), Church (religious) feasts, holy days and other temporal concepts associated with religion (Advent, Lent, Pentecost, Easter), various religious places (heaven, purgatory, hell, purgatory), the Church’s administrative divisions (basilica, church), church vestments and their parts (alb, chasuble, cassock, tunic), etc. ŠALTINIAI TFK – Trumpasis Kun. Filochovskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas. Antrą kartą išleistas, pataisytas, Vilnius, 1863 (įrašas pieštuku – Tilžė, 1901, trečia laida). KK – Katekizmai katalikiški. Visureikalingiausi dėl vaikų ir žmonių prasczoių su Lementoriu ir Ministranturu, Bitėnai, 1903. TK – K. Skrodzkis. Trumpas Katekizmas arba Vadovėlis į gerą Spaoviednę ír šv. Komuniją, Tilžė, 1904. MKV – J. Laukaitis. Mažasis Katekizmas vaikeliams, prisiruošiantiems į pirmą išpažintį ir šventą Komuniją, Vilnius, 1904. LRKB – Rankvedys Išguldymui Tikėjimo vidutinėse mokyklose. D. 3: Liturgika arba Išguldymas Apeigų Rymo-Katalikų Bažnyčios. Sudėjo Mag. Šv. Theologijos Kn. D. Bončkovskis. Lietuviškai išvertė Kn. Julijonas Jasienskis, Vilnius, 1905. KERTV¹ – J. Šepetys. Katekizmas evangelikų-reformatų tikėjimo vaikams: su priedais, Vilnius, 1909 (ant viršelio –1910). KERTV² – J. Šepetys. Katekizmas evangelikų-reformatų tikėjimo vaikams, Petrapilis, 1916. TM – K. Paltarokas. Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorija ir Katekizmas), Petrapilis, 1916. LITERATŪRA Baublys A. 1998: XIX–XX a. Lietuvos evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios lietuviški katekizmai. – Renesanso ir reformos įtaka Mažajai Lietuvai, Klaipėda, 24–45. Biržiška V. 1929: Lietuvių bibliografija: Spaudos uždraudimo laikas (1865–1904 m.). D. 3, Kaunas. Biržiška V. 1935: Lietuvių bibliografija. D. 4 (1905–1914 m.). T. 1 (1905–1909 m.), Kaunas. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 7 7 Biržiška V. 1939: Lietuvių bibliografija. D. 4 (1905–1914 m.). T. 2 (1910–1914 m.), 1 sąs. (1910 m. ir I–IV d. papildymai), Kaunas. Jablonskis J. 1933: Jablonskio raštai 2: Švietimo reikalai. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. Jakštas A. 1923: Mūsų Naujoji prozos literatūra (1904–1923). T. 2, Kaunas. Kaunas D. 1996: Mažosios Lietuvos knyga: Lietuviškos knygos raida 1547–1940, Vilnius. KEŽ 1997: Knygotyra. Enciklopedinis žodynas, Vilnius. KIŽ 1997: Krikščioniškosios ikonografijos žodynas, Vilnius. Kregždė J. 1978: Lietuvos Reformatų raštija: istorinė apžvalga, Chicago. LB I 2006: Lietuvos bibliografija. Knygos lietuvių kalba. T. 3. 1905–1917. Kn. 1. Knygos ir autoriniai smulkieji leidiniai, A–L, Vilnius. LB II 2006: Lietuvos bibliografija. Knygos lietuvių kalba. T. 3. 1905–1917. Kn. 2. Knygos ir autoriniai smulkieji leidiniai, M–Ž, Vilnius. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002): elektroninis variantas www.lkz.lt, Vilnius. LLE 2001: Lietuvių literatūros enciklopedija, Vilnius. LTE 1981: Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 8, Vilnius. LTSRB 1985: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija. Serija A. Knygos lietuvių kalba. T. 2. 1862–1904. Kn. 1, A–P. Sud. E. Binkytė ir kt. Red. kol. V. Merkys ir kt. Ats. red. A. Lukošiūnas, Vilnius. LTSRB 1988: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija. Serija A. Knygos lietuvių kalba. T. 2. 1862–1904. Kn. 2, R–Ž. Sud. E. Binkytė ir kt. Red. kol. V. Merkys ir kt. Ats. red. A. Lukošiūnas, Vilnius. Merkys V. 1994: Draudžiamosios lietuviškos spaudos kelias 1864–1904, Vilnius. PV 2006: Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Europa, Vilnius. PV 2008: Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Amerika, Vilnius. Rimkutė A. 2006: Religijos terminijos tvarkyba Draugijoje. – Terminologija 13, Vilnius. RŽ 1991: Religijotyros žodynas, Vilnius. Stonienė V. 2006: Lietuvos knyga ir visuomenė: nuo spaudos draudimo iki nepriklausomybės atkūrimo (1864–1990), Vilnius. TŽŽ 2001: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius. VaitkTŽŽ 2003: Vaitkevičiūtė V. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius (e. leidimas). VLE IX 2006: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 9, Vilnius. VLE XI 2007: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 11, Vilnius. CATECHISMS FROM 1883–1916 AND SEMANTIC GROUPS OF TERMS OF RELIGION FOUND IN THEM The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant. In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), 178 Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų... velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of repentance of sins), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other. Gauta 2008-12-01 Aušra Rimkutė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected] Terminologija | 2008 | 15 179