1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

156 Catechisms of 1883–1916 and their significant groups of religious terms AUŠRA RIMKUTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language Catechism (Greek katēchēsis – instruction, instruction) – is a concise 1991: 187; KEŽ Good Prayer and Holy Communion (1904) by R.J. Kazimierz Skrodzki, it is “the teaching 1997: 162; LLE 2001: 224) or, as written by Fr. In the Brief Catechism or Handbook for through questions and answers of what is best for man: 1) for God, 2) for his neighbor and 3) for the happiness of man himself, and especially of his soul” (TK 9)1. Thus, the catechism usually presents the truths of faith, the sacraments, the Christian confession of faith, the most important prayers, the Ten Commandments of God, etc., in the form of questions and simple answers. It can be addressed to children, young people, adults, i.e. lay people, as well as priests, bishops, etc. (see also VLE IX 2006: 566–567). They were of various sizes. Prior to their ordination, priests took and still take vows to adhere to the truths of catechism. At the beginning of Christianity, the teachings of the catechism were used to teach religious matters. The first textbook called Catechism was published in the late 1520s (1529). It is the Protestant version of Martin Luther's Catechism (Large Catechism for the Clergy and Small Catechism for the Parish People). The first catechism in Lithuanian (and also the first printed Lithuanian book) is considered to be the Catechism for Evangelical Lutherans (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas. The first catechism for Catholics was prepared by Mikalojus Daukša (1595)2, and for Evangelical Reformers by Merkelis Petkevičius (1598). These are particularly valuable monuments of the history of language and religious thought. This article briefly reviews the literary developments of the last two decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. 1 Nothing has been corrected in the quotes. 2 It is believed that the first catechism for Catholics in Lithuanian, based on the catechism of the German Jesuit P. Kanizijas, was published in 1585, but no copies have survived (LLE 2001: 225). Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... 2008: 15,157 catechisms. The sources were collected from the bibliographies of Vaclovas Biržiška, the Lithuanian SSR and Lithuania, as well as the Lithuanian National Library. This article reviews the catechisms called a teaching, a science, a handbook, a bibliotekos elektroninio katalogo. Reikia pasakyti, kad ne visi katekizmai catechetical instruction, a textbook, a guide, a sacred history, a basic lesson or science of faith, an interpretation of the Catholic faith, etc. The fact that it is a catechism is usually indicated in the preface. In addition, there have been publications that mention the word catechism in their title, but it is not a catechism at all. They are not discussed in this article, for example, Father Juozas Ambraziejus’ Elementary with pictures, pottery, Catholic catechisms and ministrant together or for chapters without catechisms, for both young children and older ones, who want to learn to read and write, published in Vilnius in 19063. Although the title page states: “with pottery, Catholic catechisms and ministrancy”, these things are not included in the publication (LB I 2006: 115). The article focuses on all the catechisms found and available from the sources mentioned above. Not discussed are only the publications described according to the sources or very distorted, as well as the Short Catechism: approved for the Dioceses of Žemaitija and Vilnius and for the Archdiocese of Mogilev4, published in Brooklyn in 1908, 3rd printing with the addition of 8 blessings and ministerships, which is stored in the American Lithuanian Culture Archive in Putname. All of them are important for the study of the change in the terminology of religion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Of course, their value is not the same: in some there is only one other Lithuanian term, many foreign ones, and in others – the opposite. In addition, some of them even contain definitions of terms, notes on their usage, etc. There is no doubt about the timeliness of most terms. They are collected in order to show what was the position of the terminology of religion in the period under consideration, how it changed and what is characteristic of it. The length of the catechisms also varies – from a few dozen to several hundred pages. They are usually small in size. In addition, this article attempts to present the most important and commonly used groups of religious terms and to define what is the term religion, based on the material collected from some catechisms (see the list of sources). This genre of ecclesiastical literature is very important for terminology (and in general for the cal3 Elementary was banned by the spiritual superiority (LB I 2006: 115). 4 Now Mogilev (PV 2006: 281). 158 bos) source. Catechisms were extremely important for the forming common Lithuanian language in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In them, essential texts of the nation’s faith, culture and life were recorded in Lithuanian (although not always pure). It is from them that we can see how common language norms were created, implemented and even established. terminijai būdingas ir pastovumas, ir kitimas. Ir tai, matyt, labai normalus Catechisms are a matter of that period. Catechisms of the Years 1883-1916 In the period of thirty-three years – from 1883 to 1916 – 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant catechisms of varying lengths and their revised or supplemented editions (some of them reprinted) were published. The majority of catechisms were printed in Lesser Lithuania – in Karaliaučius, Tilžė, Bitėnai, as well as in Klaipėda, Seinai (43 catechisms), because after the Russian Empire authorities banned Lithuanian press in Latin script for forty years, as Vytautas Merkys writes in his book The Path of the Forbidden Lithuanian Press 1864–1904, “The Vilnius Lithuanian Book Publishing Centre was liquidated. This publishing was concentrated beyond the borders of the Russian Empire, in the Lithuanian-inhabited part of Prussia” (Merkys 1994: 9)5. Apparently, Lithuania’s pat gana senos lietuviškų knygų leidimo tradicijos ir sudarė sąlygas Mažajai favorable geographical position made Lithuania the publishing centre of these books. Many of them were published there after 1904 (even 15). In Greater Lithuania – Vilnius and Kaunas – 26 catechisms were published. Almost all of them appeared after the ban on the press was lifted. Although the covers of some counter-faction catechisms state that they were published in Vilnius, in fact they were printed in Lithuania Minor (Figure 1). A considerable part (17 catechisms) was printed outside the borders of Lithuania Minor and Greater – in Russia (St. Petersburg (at that time – Petrograd) and Moscow), in the United States (Chicago, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and Shenandoah (PV 2008: 399), Waukegan (Illinois state)). It is worth noting that these are catechisms published after 1903. 5 Vanda Stonienė in her book Lithuanian Book and Society: From the Ban on Printing to the Restoration of Independence (1864–1990) writes that “Vilnius remained an important publishing centre even in the years of the ban on printing. According to the data of the Central Board of Press Affairs, in 1869 155 publications were published in Vilnius, in 1882 – 1903 m. – 690. Daugiausia jų išleista žydų, rusų ir lenkų kalbomis, kasmet po kelis leidinius pasirodydavo 286, in 1900 – 455, in Latin, German, French” (Stonienė 2006: 21). Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 159 Figure 1. Contrafactional Catechism, printed in Tilžė in 1901 Catechisms published during the period of the press ban are contrafactional6. In some, the authors or composers are not mentioned at all, apparently for reasons of secrecy. Release data was also concealed. The title page contained a fictitious place and year of publication. On the front page often appears the name of the bishop of Žemaitija (fig. 2) or rašoma aprobata, pvz.: Spausdintileista.Kaunę.Vasariom.8d.1863m. Printed in Vilnius on February 8, 1863 Bishop of Žemaitija: Motiejus Vałancziauskas, or Дозволено цензурой. The booklets were quite often signed with pseudonyms, for example, priest Žalvaris (priest P. Legeckas), A. Kurietis (priest A. Alekna), Petras Gražbylys (priest P. Januševičius), uncle Atanazas (priest K. Pakalniškis), Ranka (priest P. Statkauskas), sometimes even with pseudonyms, for example, J. D. (priest Juozas Danielius), J. K. (priest Juozas Katilius), J. P. (Julė Pranaitytė), K. J. (priest Kristupas Jurkšaitis). All catechisms are translated. Translated mainly from Polish, but also from Russian, German, French and English. In this article they are divided into Catholic, Evangelical Reformed and Evangelical Lutheran catechisms. Catholic Catechisms The largest number of Catholic catechisms was published between 1883 and 1916 – 86. All of them are discussed in the article by place and year of publication and by purpose. Since, after the ban on Lithuanian press in Latin alphabets, most of the 6 Exceptions – D. J. Deharbė’s Roman Catholic Major Catechism for Lithuanian scholars in America, published publications were published abroad, first of all the catechisms printed outside Greater Lithuania should be Chicago, 1904. 160 discussed. More than a third of the Catholic catechisms were printed in Tilžė – an important centre for the publication and distribution of the forbidden Lithuanian press (31 catechisms). The catechism of Father Roch Filochowski (1838–1896) was very popular and in demand – several translations were published during the period in question. It was translated into Lithuanian from Polish by Fr. Aleksandras Vytartas (1837–1863?), an active publisher of Lithuanian books at the time. It is Svyesis tikejimo or Trumpas iszguldimas reikiausiu Rimo-katolikiszko tikejimo daliku (Tilžė, 1888; has the approval of Bishop M. Valančius, in addition, the title page indicates that it was published in Vilnius in 1860). V. Biržiška considers the Short Catechism of R. Filochovski translated by A. Vytartas (1889, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897) as another edition of this catechism. However, it contains Elementary, Ministerial and other supplements, and the texts of the Catechism are different, so these books are discussed as different. Figure 2. Thus, as already mentioned, A. Vytartas translated the Short Catechism according to the translation of Father Piłakauskis with some useful additions (Tilžė, 1889; there is an approval of Bishop M. Valančius, indicating that it was published in Vilnius in 1863). The catechism from 1888 differs in that it presents the alphabet and syllables, St. Paul's. A brief instruction of Francis of Sales as reikia šventą rožančių kalbėti, ministrantūra ir kiti priedai. 1897 m. Tilžėje Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 161 published Short Catechism according to the interpretation of Father Pilakauskis with some useful additions (with the approval of Bishop M. Valančius, the year of publication 1860 in Vilnius). The 1893 catechism is not discussed in the Lithuanian SSR bibliography. The same catechism was printed in Tilžė in 1894 (with aprašytas pagal deformuotą egzempliorių ir šaltinius. Jis šiame straipsnyje the approval of Bishop M. Valančius, the year of publication is 1860). In 1895, a short catechism was published according to the explanation of Father Filochowski with some useful additions (Tilžė; approved by Bishop M. Valančius, indicated as published in Vilnius in 1860). In the 1889–1897 catechisms, the ministering is in Latin. In 1905, according to the Lithuanian bibliography, two catechisms were published in Tilžė. Father R. Filochowski’s Catechism was also translated from Polish by Vaižgantas (1869–1933). The first edition was published in 1897. "Lietuvos TSR biblio-1869-1933". The first edition was published in 1897. Lietuvos TSR biblio-). The first edition was published in 1897. In the bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR, it is described according to the 1898 edition of the Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski translated by Vaiszgantas (it has the approval of the bishop of Žemaitija, the title page indicates that the booklet was published in Vilnius) and the sources. In the preface to the Catechism of 1898 Vaižgantas writes that “The short catechism of Father Filochovski will be better than other similar ones, which is confirmed by the Polish votes and its great distribution among Lithuanians: the first issue, although it was terribly damaged, has already been distributed in 20,000 copies” (TFK 1898 4–5). In addition, this edition contains footnotes with the Polish equivalents of some words. In the bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR this edition of the Catechism of 1898 is considered the second (LTSRB 1985: 365). In 1901, 1902, 1905 (this edition is a repeat of the 1901 counter-faction catechism), 1907, 1913 appeared the Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski translated by Vaiszgantas. Don't be fooled by Lithuanians! ! This little thing is the Catechism, not the Elementary! ! writes that catechism is a “short, easy-to-understand science of faith” (CFC 1901 3). Vaižgantas slightly corrected the language of the catechism. This can be seen from the footnotes, in which he gives the equivalents used in the poetry until then, e.g.: the terms grace, faith, głobėjas, world, last supper, but not łoska, viera, apiekūnas, pasaulis, paskutiniojivečerė ir pan. In 1904, the Short Catechism was published, translated by Fr. Filochowski and Vaiszgantas. One catechism, as it is written in the heading, printed in Vilnius (is approved by the bishop of Žemaitija; specified, kad išleista 1863 m.), o kitas – Tilžėje (aprobatos nėra). Tačiau abu išleisti 162 In Tilsit. In their footnotes, they provide the equivalents of some words in Polish. The Lithuanian SSR bibliography states that "on the cover of most of the copies, an empty stamp is affixed to the counterfeit release data. On the front pages, there are unequal vignettes and slightly different fonts” (LTSRB 1985: 366). Other Catholic catechisms were published in a much smaller number between 1883 and 1916. From the catechisms of the time, the Moksłas Rimo katolicki (Tilsit, 1888, about 1900 (2 catechisms; only 325-332 pages differ, they are practically identical publications), 1905) stands out for its large volume (from 332 to 440 pages). Although the author of the catechism is not specified, it is known that it was prepared by Žemaičių vyskupas. Motiejus Valančius7, edited by Fr. A. Vytartas, and spelling corrected by the poet Maironis (LTSRB 1985: 257). The author writes in the interview that he tried "to make as many Lithuanians and Samogitians as possible to read and understand easily what is written in this book. I used various words that were incomprehensible to most people, and in the razzibah I learned as much as I could of the Lithuanian language that I knew” (MRK 1888 5). The 1905 edition is not corrected by A. Vytartas The 1888 edition, and the earlier. In Lesser Lithuania, two catechisms were published by the priest, author and translator Peter Legecko (1844–1934) Cataclysms Catholic, most necessary for children and people’s prayers, with lementor and ministrant, written by priest Žalvaris (1892 (2 catechisms); both published in Tilžė, although the title page says that in Vilnius; these catechisms differ slightly in spelling, but when discussing religious terms, it is believed that this is not important, they are considered one publication). In 1903, in Bitėnai8, the Catholic Cataclysms were published, the most needed for children and people with the Lementor and Ministeranture. The material was collected from the catechisms published in Tilžė in 1892 and in Bitėnai in 1903, whose content is completely identical, but the place of publication and some aspects of the spelling differ. Another catechism of 1892 was published in Vilnius. The number of pages and spelling of this catechism coincide with the catechism published in Bitėnai, and therefore it is not examined. The text of all catechisms is in Latin. In Tilžė, in 1898, was published the work of Fr. Martynas Sederavičius (1829–1907)9 7 M. Valančius (1801–1875) – one of the first “organizers of the illegal press in Lithuania Minor <...>. Already in 1867, having formed a special fund for the printing of books (8000 rub.) from his own funds, he contacted local printers through the Catholic priest J. Zaberman (J. Caberman) from Tilžė and began to systematically publish Lithuanian books” (Stonienė 2006: 23). The bishop also involved other priests and laity in publishing the books. There is only one catechism published in Bitėnai. 9 Father M. Sederavičius, as V. Stonienė writes, took up the work of organizing the publication and distribution of illegal Lithuanian press, which had been started by M. Valančius” (Stonienė 2006: 30). He involved a baron in this work in Suwalki Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 163 Catechism Powers, Acts and other most necessary things that a Christian must know of the Roman Catholic faith. The text of the book is in Latin. Synonyms of terms are provided in the footnotes. It can be seen that the Lithuanian terms of religion are preferred, e.g.: nuodėmklausys, ypata, kančia, yščius, rather than spaviedninkas, asaba, muka, gyvatas, etc. In 1902 a publication was published in Tilžė entitled Short Roman Catholic Catechisms. Aiszkei iszguldyti for the instruction of children at the First Communion and Holy Communion (first part)10. The title page of the catechism does not specify the author. This is a translation of the Mały katechizm rzymsko katolicki by Gracjan Marcin Żewuski (Rzewuski, 1827–1897). Who translated, not specified. The booklet is intended for children who are preparing to go to school. pirmosios Komunijos, ir jaunimui. In 1903 in Tilžė was published the Catechism of the First Lessons, or the Short Summary of all the most necessary sciences of the Holy Catholic Faith, by the priest, historian, author of religious writings and translator Antanas Alekna (1872–1930). Written by A. Kurietis. The booklet is very short – only 16 pages. There is no preposition. Powers and the most important questions and answers of faith are presented. Also, there is no approval. In 1904, Father Kazimierz Skrodzki’s Short Catechism, or Handbook for Good Prayer and Holy Communion, was also published in Tilžė. K. Skrodzkis (1798-1874) was the pastor of Kuliai. The first edition of the catechism was written in 1850. It is the second edition prepared after the priest's death. At the beginning of the booklet is the word of the Publishers and the author’s preface, which says that a short instruction “on the useful performance of the most necessary sacrament for the sinful man at the shower of salvation packed St. and worthy of reception of the Bone and Blood of Jesus Christ” was dedicated “for the youth of the Catholics of Žemaitija” (TK 1904 8). In kalbininko, publicisto, visuomenės veikėjo, kunigo Povilo Januševičiaus the same year in Tilžė J. Šenkė’s printing house printed (1866-1948) Short Handbook PirmojiirAntrojiDvasiškosiosIškalbosDalisKatekėtikairOmyletika.Dofor Catechesis and Homilies narrators. Before the title is written the author’s pseudonym – Petras Gražbylys. In the preface to the booklet it is written that it is intended for seminarian clergy, parish priests and all “catechesis and homilies narrators” (p. 3). S. Kušeliauskas, the courageous J. Antanavičius and the reliable peasants of the area. ‘M. Sedravičius' group published and distributed books of religious content. The priest himself in the dark nights carriage not only around his parish, but also tolimas Žemaitijos vietoves, Seinus gabeno spaudą, o jo talkininkai ją skleisdavo tarp vietos gyventojų“ (Stonienė 2006: 31). 10 The second part of the Catechism is not mentioned in the bibliography. 164 In 1905, the Catechism, or, The Potters and Their Expulsion and the Rosary with Eastern and Western prayers were published in Tilžė. Its author and translator are not specified. Almost a tenth of the Catholic catechisms were published in another large Lithuanian cultural centre of the early 20th century – Seinai (8 catechisms). In 1899, probably in Seins, Anton Baranauskas (1835–1902) printed a translation from Latin of the Catechism from the decree of the Council of the Church of the Tridentine priors, ordered by Pope Pius V, issued in Rome in 1566. A copy of this catechism is kept in the A. Baranauskas and A. Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum in Anykščiai, and a microfilm is in the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. In 1908, a catechism was published in Seins entitled Maža dovanėlė lietuvių jaunimui. It was written by Fr. S. Narkevičia. This is the second edition, which the priest prepared “awakened by the consequences of good fortune, having corrected the printing errors, and added many very useful warnings” (p. 9). The material for the first edition was collected, as written in the Speech to the second edition, from the works of Fr. A. Marcinskis, F. Birkauskas, Chaignon, Krulickis, Arnatas, Osmalauskas and others (p. 9). In 1910, in the walls of the church, Father Jurgis Feliks Sragis published Poteriai, Promises and Catechism according to the Roman Catholic Science. According to V. Biržiška, the language of the publication was corrected by K. Būga (Biržiška 1939: 2545). The catechism is for those who are preparing for First Communion. In the talk, the author writes: “Being unable to write in the jargon used by people, so as not to become guilty of polluting and ridiculing the Lithuanian language, I had to take a lot of such words that people do not understand: but, it seems to me, it will not be a great trouble for the readers, because, when the press is back, people who quickly remember their forgotten words and those that are appropriate to the spirit of their language, will get used to them much easier, rather than having to get used to foreign ones, such as this: “ščeslyvas, macnus, loska, prijemnus” instead of their own: “laimingas, stiprus, malonė, malonus” (p. 1). In order for everyone to understand the words used in the catechism, the author provides a glossary at the end of the publication, in which he explains the incomprehensible words. In 1911 there was also printed a short catechism for children: a small gift for Christmas, prepared by Father Juozas Širvis, and in 1912 a short catechism for children: a small gift for Christmas, prepared by Father Povilas Stakauskas (alias Ranka) and Father Juozas Danielius.11 A short catechism: for children preparing for 11 Juozas Danielius (1885–1968) was a teacher and priest who retired to the West at the end of the Second World War and later settled in Canada. He wrote on pedagogical and catechetical issues in Lithuanian schools (LB I 2006: 269). Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminologija | 2008 | 15 171 Catechisms of the Evangelical Reformers There are only two Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed catechisms published during the period covered in the article. In the 19th century, three editions were published (1803, 1857 and 1861). When the printing press was restored, in 190922 in Vilnius, M. Kuktos printing house, the Catechism for Children of the Evangelical-Reformed Faith was printed (Figure 4). It was prepared by priest Jonas Šepetys23. This is a broader edition of the Heidelberg Catechism. According to Arūnas Baublys, “this catechism was at the same time the first compactly published textbook of faith and the first catechism prepared by a Lithuanian priest of peasant origin” (Baublys 1998: 35). It is written in a fairly beautiful, regular and pure Lithuanian language. There are few barbarisms, e.g. kielikas, hercogienė, pėtnyčia, etc. In 1916, the second catechism of the Evangelical Reformed Church was published in Peterborough – the Catechism for the Children of the Evangelical Reformed Faith. It is an official wartime publication approved by the Petrograd Military Censorship by a decision of 13 September 1916. Although the author is not named, it is believed to be a copy of J. Šepetis's Catechism. The structure of this booklet differs little from the one published in 1910. “The appearance of this catechism was a significant event, which showed that even under unfavorable conditions, far from the homeland, Lithuanian evangelicals re22 On the cover of the catechism is indicated 1910, on the front page – 1909 (see figure 4). 23 Jonas Šepetys (1867–1941) – an Evangelical Reformed priest, superintendent of Vilnius parish, an aušrininkas, who took care of Lithuanian language affairs, edited and published at his own expense the first Reformed religious newspaper Pasiuntinys (1907–1913), as well as the Reformed magazine Mūsų Žodis (Kregždė 1978: 165, 177–179). 172 formats did not forget their most important task and devoted funds and time to the education of children and youth” (Baublys 1998: 43). It may be mentioned that in 1936 the support of Fr. J. Šepetis was re-released (excerpt from ev.-ref. faith for children). In this section, the religious terms used in catechisms are šytas katekizmas, taip pat 1943 m. A. Šerno parengtas Heidelbergokatekizdiscussed according to their meaning. Examples are taken from the booklets: Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski, translated by Vaiszgantas (1901), Catholic Cataclysms. Most needed for children and people Praszczioków with Lementor and Ministerantur (1903), Father Kazimierz Skrodzki's Short Catechism or Handbook to Good Confession and Holy Communion (1904), Father J. Laukaitis's Little Catechism for children preparing for first confession and Holy Communion (1904), Handbook for Initiation of Faith in Secondary Schools (1905)24, Father J. Šepetis's Catechism for children of the Evangelical-Reformed faith (1909 and 1916), Bishop J. S. S. The History of the Catholic Church (1916). This article does not aim for a comprehensive analysis. It is only intended to provide more general observations and the main meaningful groups of terms used in catechisms. There are single words and compound terms of various origins: both purely Lithuanian, international and foreign to Lithuanian language. The origin of non-Lithuanian terms is indicated in parentheses. Some international terms do not indicate the intermediary language. The origin of the old debts is also not indicated. In determining the origin, the Lithuanian language dictionary, which contains almost all non-Lithuanian religious terms mentioned in the article, except for some international words25, and the latest dictionaries of international words were used. In total, there are 13 significant groups of religious terms. Of course, each of them can be discussed in more detail. Moreover, they are related in one way or another. Basic truths of the Christian faith, e.g. eternal life26 KJV1 3, KJV2 3, TM 6 (cf. eternal life KJV 8); redemption TM 82 (see redemption of people TM 81); resurrection from the dead24 This is not the usual catechism. As it is written in the Discourse, it is a handbook from which to teach “children in preparing for First Communion” (p. 5). 25 Dauguma nelietuviškų religijos terminų Lietuviųkalbosžodyne žymimi „x“ ženklu ir vertinami kaip nevartotini in common language. 26 Examples are given in authentic spelling. Some of the foreign terms are no longer used. They have Lithuanian equivalents. Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 173 sijų TM 85, resurrection TFK 8, resurrection of Christ from the dead KERTV1 20, resurrection of bodies from the dead KERTV1 7; body of Christ KERTV1 26, KERTV2 26 (Greek Christos), true body of Jesus Christ TM 122 (Greek Iēsous < Hebrew Ješûa < Jehôšûa; Greek Christos), true [blood] of Jesus Christ TM 122, Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ TFK 26, [Blood] of Christ TM 122, Most Holy Blood TM 124; forgiveness of sins KERTV1 6, KERTV2 6, TM 6 (also forgiveness Greek KK 28 (Polish grzech, Russian гpex)); salvation TFK 11, salvation of souls TFK 11; revelation TM 71, revelation of God TM 71, manifestation of God TFK 11 4, TFK 11 4, providence of God TM 76, grace of God TFK 11 23, TFK 11 23, wrath of God TFK 11 14, TFK 11 14, punishment of [God] TFK 11 14, TFK 11 14; faith TFK 11, TFK 11 6, TFK 11 6, TM 8, worthy faith TFK 11 4, TFK 11 4, etc. Names of religious figures, e.g. : God27 KERTV1 3, KERTV2 3, God the Father TFK 7, TM 5, God the Father Almighty TM 5 (cf. almighty God the Father KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7), Lord God TM 7, Almighty God TM 12, God the Son TFK 11, TM 6, God in the Trinity TM 142; Trinity KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39 (in Polish trójca); pastor KERTV1 3, KERTV2 3, Saviour KERTV1 17, KERTV2 16, Saviour Jesus Christ KERTV1 15, KERTV2 15; Lady Mary KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7 and others. Taip pat šiai grupei galima priskirti ir tikinčiųjų, tikėjimą skleidžiančių ar netikinčių ir kt. asmenų pavadinimus, pvz.: apaštalas TFK 42, KK 23, KERTV1 27, KERTV2 26, TM 72 (lenk. apostoł< gr. apostolos), Dievovaikas KERTV1 3, KERTV2 3, eretikas KK 22 (lot. haereticus < gr. hairetikos), kardinolas TM 87 (lot. cardinalis), klebonas TFK 24, KK 24 (lenk. pleban < lot. plebanus < plebs), klierikas TM 135 (lot. clericus), nuodėmiųklausytojas TM 132, popiežius KK 22 (lenk. papież < papa < gr. pappas), pranašas KERTV1 27, KERTV2 26, Tikintieji KERTV1 26, KERTV2 26, Vyskupas KK 29 (lenk. Bishop, bishop < gr. episkopos) and others. Some of the names of supernatural beings, e.g. : God the Holy Spirit TM 6 (cf. God the Spirit KK 11, God the Holy Spirit Szventa TFK 11), Holy Spirit KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7, angel KERTV1 46, KERTV2 45, TM 12 (old Russian < gr. angelos, also anioł TFK 15 (pol. 27 The terms God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit can also be mentioned in the group of fundamental Christian faith truths, because the first and most important truth of faith, which must be known "for the sake of salvation," is: I believe that there is one God in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. (TFK 11). 174 anioł< lot. < angelus< gr. angelos)), angelassargas TM 77, arkangelas TM 11 (also archangel KK 10 (Polish archanioł < Latin archangelus < Greek archangelos), evil KERTV1 45, KERTV2 44, devil KERTV1 47, KERTV2 46 and others. Titles of religious books and texts, e.g. : Bible KERTV1 5, KERTV2 5 (Latin biblia < Greek biblion), Breviary LRKB 12 (Latin breviarium), Gospel KERTV2 18, TM 83 (Polish ewangelia < Greek euangelion), Gospel of Jesus Christ KERTV2 8, Catechism KK 7 (Latin catechismus < Greek katēchismos), Missal LRKB 12 (Polish mszał < Latin missale), Book of the New Testament TM 71, Pontifical LRKB 12 (Latin pontificale), Book of the Old [Law] TM 71, Holy Scripture KERTV2 5 (see Szventrasztis TFK 16) and others. Names of acts and phenomena related to faith, e.g.: almsgiving KK 29 (Polish: jałmużna), aboutca KK 10 (Brus. aпeкa, Polish: opieka), 133, God's Court TFK 17 (Brus. cyд), going to the confession TK 31 (Polish: atgaila TM 10, plg. PakūtaMKV 7 (lenk. pokuta), atgailosatlikimas TM spowiedź), repenting for the Greeks TFK 29, annihilation of the Greek firstborn KK 28, confession TM 131 (cf. speech TM 108, also confession KK 25), beating the crucifix TM 97, prayer TM 97, saying sins TM 130, transgression of the command TM 110, receiving the last anointing TM 134, speaking in power TK 61 (cf. pacierz), karanie TFK 35 (Polish: karanie), caring remembrance of sins TFK 30, receiving the sacrament TM 127, leading a person to salvation TM 86, etc. The names of the sacraments, e.g.: Sacrament of Repentance TM 127, Worship KK 29 (Polish: bierzmowanie; cf. birmavonė or burdening the holy faith in MKV 7), Sacrament of Baptism TFK 28 (Latin: sacramentum), Baptism MKV 7, Priesthood KK 27, Sacrament of Blood and Blood TFK 37, Femininity LRKB 99, MKV 7, Sacrament of Passion TFK 31, Last Anointing KK 38, Sacrament of Worship KK 29, Sacrament of Last Anointing Szwencziasza Sakrament TFK 24, Most Holy KK 38, sakramentasSpaviednės KK 32, sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120, Sacrament of the Altar Baptism KERTV1 30, KERTV2 29, etc. TM 11 (lenk. ołtarz<lot. altar < altus, dar plg. lot. altaara,altaria), šventas Names of sins and vices, e.g.: deception KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, drinking TFK 10, shameful lasciviousness KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, greed KERTV1 34, KERTV2 34, MKV 8, greek firstborn KK 12, revenge KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, hatred KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, nechy tata MKV 8 (cf. Polish czystota), fornication KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 175 envy KERTV1 34, KERTV2 34, MKV 8, blasphemy KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, anger KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, pride MKV 8, anger MKV 8, weakness KERTV1 14, KERTV2 13, rudeness KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, laziness MKV 8, laziness KERTV1 14, KERTV2 13, murder KERTV1 41, KERTV2 40, theft KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, murder KERTV1 42, KERTV2 41, etc. Names of virtues, e.g.: virtue (cnata) TFK 11, wisdom TFK 11, faith KERTV1 6, KERTV2 6, hope MKV 8, TFK 11, love MKV 8, love of God TFK 11, purity of spirit TM 117, purity of body TM 117, righteousness TFK 11, strength TFK 11, restraint TFK 11, etc. Names of religious rites, e.g. aboutra Mass celebrated KK 24 (Polish: ofiera; Polish: msza < Latin: missa), offering TM 124, Church rites (or ceremonies) TFK 40 (Latin: caerimonia), communion KK 30, KERTV1 33, KERTV2 32 (Latin: communio), sacrifice of the body and blood of Christ KERTV1 32, KERTV2 32, Mass celebrated KK 24, Mass TM 7, funeral LRKB 41, sermon KK 24, KERTV1 5, KERTV2 5, procession LRKB 41 (Latin: processio), etc. The names of liturgical utensils, e.g. : lamb of God KERTV1 19, KERTV2 19, table of God TM 109, bread TFK 7, KK 30, KERTV1 31, KERTV2 31, TM 122, grave KK 15 (Brus. гpoб, 1enk. grób), kieliak LRKB 48, KERTV1 31, KERTV2 31 (compare Polish kielich, German Kelch), spoon LRKB 50 (Polish kropidło, brus. кpaпiлa), [consecrated] cross TM 137, cross KERTV1 19, KERTV2 19, kuopka LRKB 49 (Hebrew, compare Polish кyбoк, Polish kubek), monstrance LRKB 49 (Latin monstrantia < monstrare), host KK 30 (Latin hostia), patena LRKB 48 (Latin patena), incense LRKB 51, holy oil TM 134, wine KERTV1 33, KERTV2 32, etc. Names of holidays, days celebrated and other concepts of time related to religion, e.g. adventas LRKB 105, KERTV1 39, KERTV2 38, TM 109 (advent, latin adventus), day of the Ascension KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39, great quarrel KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39 (brus. чaцвepг), great passing church KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39 (brus. пятнiцa), Lent KERTV1 39, KERTV2 39 (brus. гaвeннe), Grabnyčios LRKB 108 (brus. gromnica), Christmas KERTV1 39, KERTV2 38, time of labor KK 29 (pol. bierzmowanie), Immaculate Conception TM 81, feast of the dead KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39, Pentecost KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39, Holy Communion TM 127 (lat. communio), Easter KK 25, KERTV1 40, KERTV2 39 (brus. вялiк(дзeнь)), verbųnedėlia KERTV1 39–40, KERTV2 39 (brus. 12, TM 139, heaven KK 7, KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7, the kingdom of God KERTV1 12, KERTV2 11, Cathedral (ла) and others. 176 LRKB 15 (Greek: kathedra), auditorium TM 132, chapel LRKB 17 (Greek: kaplica < tymo) pavadinimai, pvz.: atklanė KK 15 (lenk. otchłań), Bazilika LRKB 15 (lot. basilica < gr. basilikē), Bažnyčia TFK 25, KK 19, TM 7, čysčius KK 37 Latin: capella), hell KERTV1 7, KERTV2 7, presbytery LRKB 18 (Greek: presbyterion), purgatory TM 92, world KERTV1 3, KERTV2 3 (Brus. cвeт) and others. The names of ecclesiastical garments and their parts, e.g.: alba LRKB 40 (Latin: alba), arnotus LRKB 41 (Polish: ornat < Latin: ornatus), dalmatica LRKB 42 (Latin: dalmatica (vestis)), humerola or overshoulder LRKB 40 (Latin: humerale; now – humerolas), kapa LRKB 41 (Polish: kapa < Latin: cappa), komża LRKB 41 (Polish: komża < Latin: camisia), stula LRKB 41 (Polish: stuła < Latin: stola < Greek: stolē), suton LRKB 40 (French: soutane < Italian: sottana; now – sutana), tijara LRKB 46 (Latin: tiara < Greek: tiara; now – tiara), tunica LRKB 42 (Latin: tunica LRKB 42), etc. tunica) and others. Thus, as can be seen from the examples, religi ijos ter minai are words and combinations of words naming the basic truths of Christian faith, religious actors, as well as supernatural beings, religious books and texts, acts and phenomena related to faith, sacraments, sins, vices, virtues, religious rites, liturgical utensils, church (religious) holidays, days celebrated and other concepts of time related to religion, various religious places, administrative division of the church and church clothing, their parts, etc. These are concepts that have a connection with the spiritual (religious, faith) sphere. CONCLUSIONS 1. Catechism is a particularly important genre of Church literature. It teaches to understand the foundations of Christianity, its moral and ethical norms, on which the Christian life itself is based. In the period of thirty-three years (1883-1916) 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Evangelical Lutheran and 2 Evangelical Reformed) catechisms were published. During the period of the press ban, they were allowed outside the borders of Greater Lithuania. The catechisms are mainly intended for children and young people to learn. Thus, they played an important role as Lithuanian elementary teachers and educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “almost every prominent catechist took care to produce his own catechism. In this way, the number of catechisms increased every year; of them written and published manyAušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 177 bė – each with its own method, its own terminology, its own plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). In addition, it is obvious that the editors of the catechisms saw the need to explain terms of non-Lithuanian origin (especially international words). Dažniausiai aiškindavo lietuvišku atitikmeniu – kartais vykusiu, kartais – ne. Many term options. 2.Terms of religion – are words and combinations of words, naming the basic truths of Christian faith (eternal life, salvation, faith), religious actors (apostle, heretic, savior, pope, bishop), as well as supernatural beings (angel, God, Spirit, devil, etc.), religious books and texts (Bible, Gospel, Holy Scripture), actions and phenomena related to faith (alms, repentance, confession, power to speak), sacraments (Baptism, Priesthood, Feminism, Last Anointing), sins (circumcision, adultery, murder), vices (praise, anger, laziness), virtues (virtue, wisdom, hope, love), religious rites (offering, mass, worship, sermon, procession), liturgical utensils (bread, host, incense, wine), church (religious) feasts, celebrated days and other concepts of time related to religion (Advent, Lent, Pentecost, Easter), various religious places (heaven, hell, hell, purgatory), administrative division of the church (basilica, church), church clothing, their parts (alba, arnotas, sutonas, tunica) etc. ŠALTINIAI TFK – TrumpasisKun.Filochowskiokatekizmas. Vaiszgantoverstas.Antrąkartąiszleistas,pataisytas, Vilnius, 1863 (įrašas pieštuku – Tilžė, 1901, trečia laida). KK – Katakizmaikatalikiszki. VisureikalingiausidėlvaikųiržmoniųpraszcziokųsuLementoriuir   Ministranturu, Bitėnai, 1903. TK – K. Skrodzkis. TrumpasKatekizmasarbaVadovėlisįgerąSpaviednęiršv.Komuniją, Tilžė, 1904. MKV – J. Laukaitis. MažasisKatekizmasvaikeliams,prisiruošiantiemsįpirmąišpažintįiršventąKomuniją, Vilnius, 1904. LRKB – RankvedysIšguldymuiTikėjimovidutinėsemokyklose. D. 3: LiturgikaarbaIšguldymasApeigųRy-   mo-KatalikųBažnyčios. Sudėjo Mag. Šv. Theologijos Kn. D. Bončkovskis. Lietuviškai išvertė Kn. Julijonas Jasienskis, Vilnius, 1905. KERTV1 – J. Šepetys. Katekizmasevangelikų-reformatųtikėjimovaikams:supriedais, Vilnius, 1909 (ant viršelio –1910). KERTV2 – J. Šepetys. Katekizmasevangelikų-reformatųtikėjimovaikams, Petrapilis, 1916. TM – K. Paltarokas. Tikybosmokslas(Šv.IstorijairKatekizmas), Petrapilis, 1916. LITTERACY Baublys A. 1998: XIX–XX a. Lietuvos evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios lietuviški katekizmai. – Renesansoir The influence of the reform on Lesser Lithuania, Klaipėda, 24–45. Biržiška V. 1929: Lithuanian Bibliography: The Period of the Press Ban (1865-1904). D. 3, Kaunas. Biržiška V. 1935: Lithuanian Bibliography. D. 4 (1905–1914). 1 (1905–1909), Kaunas. 178 Biržiška V. 1939: Lithuanian Bibliography. D. 4 (1905–1914). 2 (1910–1914), 1 vol. (1910 and I–IV d. papildymai), Kaunas. Jablonskis J. 1933: Jablonskis raštai 2: Švietimo reikalai. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. 1923: Our New Prose Literature (1904–1923). T. 2, Kaunas. Kaunas D. 1996: The Book of Lesser Lithuania: The Development of Lithuanian Book 1547–1940, Vilnius. KEŽ 1997: Knygotyra. Enciklopedinis žodynas, Vilnius. 1997: Dictionary of Christian Iconography, Vilnius. 1978: The Reformed Writings of Lithuania: A Historical Overview, Chicago. LB I 2006: Lithuanian bibliography. Books in Lithuanian. T. 3. 1905–1917. Kn. 1. Books and author's small publications, A–L, Vilnius. LB II 2006: Lithuanian bibliography. Books in Lithuanian. T. 3. 1905–1917. Kn. 2. Books and author's small publications, M–Ž, Vilnius. LKŽe 2005: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 1–20 (1941–2002): electronic version www.lkz.lt, Vilnius. LLE 2001: Encyclopedia of Lithuanian Literature, Vilnius. LTE 1981: Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 8, Vilnius. LTSRB 1985: Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR. Series A. Books in Lithuanian. T. 2. 1862–1904. Kn. 1, A–P. South. E. Binkytė et al. Red. col. V. Merkys et al. Ats. red. A. Lukošiūnas, Vilnius. LTSRB 1988: Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR. Series A. Books in Lithuanian. T. 2. 1862–1904. 2nd ed., r. South. E. Binkytė et al. Red. col. V. Merkys et al. Ats. red. A. Lukošiūnas, Vilnius. Merkys V. 1994: The path of the forbidden Lithuanian press 1864-1904, Vilnius. PV 2006: Placenames of the World. Europe, Vilnius. PV 2008: Placenames of the World. America, Vilnius. Rimkutė A. 2006: Terminology of Religion in the Society. – Terminologija 13, Vilnius, Lithuania. 1991: Dictionary of Religious History, Vilnius. Stonienė V. 2006: Lithuanian Book and Society: From the Ban on Printing to the Restoration of Independence (1864–1918) 1990, Vilnius. 2001: International Dictionary of Words, Vilnius. VaitkTŽŽ 2003: Vaitkevičiūtė V. Dictionary of International Words, Vilnius (e. edition). VLE IX 2006: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 9, Vilnius. VLE XI 2007: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 11, Vilnius. CATECHISMS FROM 1883–1916 AND SEMANTIC GROUPS OF TERMS OF RELIGION FOUND IN THEM The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. lished outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were pubwas prohibited catechisms were pubimportant role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, "almost every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; There were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variations on the terms were abundant. In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel),Dievas(God),Dvasia(Spirit), Aušra Rimkutė | 1883–1916m.katekizmaiirjųreligijosterminų... Terminology | 2008 | 15 179 The term "devil" is used to refer to the devil, rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Savior), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other. 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