Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai

142 Vincas Kudirka's Lithuanian medical terms For the 150th anniversary of the birth of Vincas Kudirka Almost every human step is connected with the mention of health. Only expensive stuff is mined. V. Kudirka. Varpas PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language At the end of the 19th century, the Lithuanian national revival movement calendars. Health and Lithuanian printed publications. People were educated on accelerated the production of booklets and articles in newspapers and the issues of popular medicine by prominent Lithuanian doctors and public figures Juozas Bagdonas (1866–1956), Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), Kazys Grinius (1866–1950), Stasys Matulaitis (1866–1956), Adomas Sketeris (1859–1916), Jonas Šliūpas (1861–1944), Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) and others. They were accompanied by Dr. Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899). Jonas Staugaitis (1868–1952), who had known V. Kudirka since his studies at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Warsaw, wrote that V. Kudirka was an experienced doctor, worked with modern medical instruments, collected medical literature, and regularly read medical journals in Polish and Russian. J. Staugaitis collected from V. Kudirka’s writings the requirements he raised for “physicians in general and Lithuanian physicians in particular” (Staugaitis 1925: 43). V. Kudirka proclaimed the following ideal of a doctor: “A doctor must be honest, not deceitful and not exploiting, a correct colleague, well armed with medical science, not confined to one narrow medical specialty, but sufficiently educated in other branches of science, a fervent lover of the homeland, a zealous educator of the people and an awakener of national consciousness in the people” (Staugaitis 1925: 43). V. Kudirka himself was just such a doctor. V. Kudirka published little in the field of medicine – in the newspaper Varpas under the pseudonym Hygienos tarno he published four medical articles in the field of hygiene – Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | LietuviškiVincoKudirkosmedicinosterminai Terminology | 2008 | 15 143 In 1889 he published Tea, Coffee and Tobacco, and in 1895 Alcohol and Alcoholism. In the words of J. Staugaitis, “all these writings are written in a very vivid and visual language, understandable and accessible to the general public” and although they were written quite a long time ago, they “do not contradict the current hygiene science about these objects” (Staugaitis 1925: 33). It should be noted that during the period when V. Kudirka edited Varpas, only popular medical literature was published, and these articles were written for ordinary people. V. Kudirka’s medical writings are only a small episode of his broad social and cultural activities. The object of this descriptive article are medical terms of Lithuanian origin1, which constitute slightly more than two-thirds (70%) of all medical terms in V. Kudirka’s articles. Therefore, there are mostly medical terms of Lithuanian origin. Two-fifths (40%) of these terms are used in the current language of medical science, although some of them differ in spelling, and composite terms – in the order of the dots. This is: 1) the names of body parts and organs and the fluids produced by them: očes2 VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrpKdr 1895 11 174, aszara VrpKdr 1889 4 60, uho VrpKdr 1889 3 41, usta VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, zob VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, glava VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, grlo VrpKdr 1889 10 152, jetra VrpKdr 1889 9 139, lednice VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, čelo VrpKdr 1889 3 41, jetra VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, leg VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, blood VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, crotch VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, kunas VrpKdr 1889 1 In addition to medical terms of Lithuanian origin, V. Kudirka used terms of borrowed and mixed origin (hybrids of mononyms and compound terms with elements of different origin). Credits in V. Kudirka's articles account for 20% of all terms. Many of them are international words that are still used today, for example: alcoholism, bacteria, dextrin, physiology, hallucination, hygiene, idiocy, caffeine, convulsion, medicine, nicotine, pathology, protein, psychiatrist, psychiatry, pulse, scurvy, tannin, therapy, etc. The lowest number of terms is of mixed origin (only 10%), e.g.: artery wall, chronic inflammation, irritant systems, essential oil, catarrh of the abdomen, genital organ, magnesium salt, tissue of the body, mental illness, reflex sensitivity, tobacco buzz, tobacco buzz, zoopic hallucinations, etc. 2 Terms are presented in authentic spelling (in alphabetical order), in the singular nominative form, which in most cases is reconstructed. 144 3 40, respiratory tract VrpKdr 1889 10 152, lumen VrpKdr 1889 8 120, 1889 9 139, nosis VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, oda VrpKdr 1895 VrpKdr 9/10 157, septum VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, abdomen VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, sweat VrpKdr 1889 3 41, arm VrpKdr 1895 11 174, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, saliva VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, sputum VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, face VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, cheek VrpKdr 1889 3 41, intestine VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41; 2) the names of diseases and their signs and morbid states: eye inflammation VrpKdr 1889 3 40, devervein3 VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, tremor VrpKdr 1889 3 41, shortness of breath VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, fever VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, liver colic VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, cough VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 9 10 157, cold VrpKdr 1895 3 40, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 9 10 157, dementia VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, acne VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, inflammation of the lungs VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, vomiting VrpKdr 1889 3 41, cancer VrpKdr 1889 9 139, wound VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, variation VrpKdr 1889 4 61; 3) names of treatments and other measures: drops VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, nůdy VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, medicine VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155; 4) names of persons: doctor VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, drunkard VrpKdr 1895 11 173, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, kid VrpKdr 1895 11 174, patient VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155; 5) names of actions, processes, states and characteristics: atmintis VrpKdr 1889 4 61, badas VrpKdr 1889 11 168, cziaudējimas VrpKdr 1889 4 60, gydymas VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, karsztis VrpKdr 1889 3 41, kvėpavimas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, miegas VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, 3 In the second volume of V. Kudirkos Raštai the article from 1895 is reprinted, and in the “Dictionary of Rare Words” at the end of the book the deverb meaning of the word is determined as “eczema” (Kudirka 1990: 922), e.g.: „Mitimas sutrikęs odos ir dėl to tankiai būna išberta įvairiais spuogais, dedervinėmis [...]“ VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157. The word "herpes" is used in this context. In the current language of medical science, dermatitis refers to pityriasis (MedŽ 1980: 439), and the term eczema (MedŽ 1980: 163) refers to "non-communicable, frequently recurring allergic inflammation of the skin" (ME 1991: 216). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | LietuviškiVincoKudirkosmedicinosterminai Terminology | 2008 | 15 145 restlessness VrpKdr 1889 3 41, health VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, sziluma VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, step VrpKdr 1889 3 41. Some terms were written differently both in the same and in different articles by V. Kudirka. This variation in spelling was generally one of the characteristic features of the periodical press of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Palionis 1995: 238), e.g.: degtinē VrpKdr 1889 11 168 / vodka VrpKdr 1895 11 173, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, lieźuvis VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / tongue VrpKdr 1889 3 41, plaucziai VrpKdr 1889 10 152 / plauczei VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / plauczei [? -iai] VrpKdr 1889 3 40 / plaučiai VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, smegenys VrpKdr 1889 4 61, VrpKdr 1889 11 168 / smegenys VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, szirdis VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 2 25 1889 10 152 / heart VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, middle VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / middle VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. There are more medical terms of Lithuanian origin that are no longer used in the current medical language in V. Kudirka’s articles – they make up three-fifths (60%) of all terms. V. Kudirka used a number of Lithuanian names of body parts and organs (anatomy terms) that are not used in current medical terminology. This is the eye white, tear path, tissue, tooth brain, nerve, lump, vessel, joint, doll, belly thin, thin, sweet meat, ski thin, heavy. All these words are presented in the LKŽ in the meaning in which V. Kudirka used them, and most of them are accompanied by illustrative examples from the aforementioned articles of V. Kudirka. Some of these words are used in living language (protein, path, brain, lump, sweet meat), others may be contemporary innovations. J. Palionis, who studied the language of Varpas, believed that V. Kudirka's novelizations were the words jungplonė, slidplonė, sunkė. In the researcher’s opinion, these were constructively and semantically unsuccessful innovations, which did not become part of the lexicon of the Lithuanian literary language neither at that time nor later (Palionis 1952: 238–239). Therefore, we will talk about the aforementioned anatomy terms in V. Kudirka’s medical writings more broadly. The part of the outer fibrous covering of the eyeball was called the eye protein, e.g. : The whole body of such a person bears witness to the ingestion of tobacco4: the face and eye proteins5 yellowed, the teeth are broken, and the 4 Here and elsewhere in the original terms are printed in italics. 5 In this and other sentences of V. Kudirka, the terms in thin letters are written by the author of this article. 146 laziness at hand and head work“ VrpKdr 1889 3 41. According to LKŽ, the word „eye white part“ is known from the living language – Grūžių (Pasvalio r.), Šėtos (Kėdainių r.), it has been used by K. Sirvydas. In the modern language of medical science, Avižonis's term odena (Latin: sclera) is accepted, but the eye protein is also used in colloquial language. The tear duct (Latin: canaliculus lacrimalis) was called the term tear pathway, e.g.: „Prietam nů tabokos, uźsiśzszus aszarinių takų, be pertraukos teka aszaros ir nieźti akis“ VrpKdr 1889 4 60. In the LKŽ, the word path “channel, gutter” is inserted from the folk language – Žilinų (Varėna r.), Ylakių (Skuodos r.), Raudėnų (Šiaulių r.), Kuršėnų (Šiaulių r.). V. Kudirka used the term auda – auda VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, kuno auda VrpKdr 1889 1 9, plaucziu auda VrpKdr 1889 9 139, e.g.: „Kolaik susiźlebczioja penas, t. y. kol audinys ne isztraukia iš jo reikalingu dēl savęs dalių, perdirba jis keliose vietose: pirma vieta pritaiko peną pritinkanczei dėl antros, antra dēl treczios ir t. t.“ VrpKdr 1889 8 120. The word "auda" in the meaning of "fabric" in the LKŽ is not derived from living language. Gingivitis (Latin gingiva) was called the composite term tooth brain – tooth brain VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, inflammation of the tooth brain VrpKdr 1889 3 41, e.g.: „Before they thought, buk krimkē defends nů disease of scorbutus (scorbutus), which attacks the tooth brain, but they became convinced that tobacco does not defend nů that disease at all“ VrpKdr 1889 3 41; the single word term brain was also used, e.g.: „[...] but even better over-the-counter drugs will not defend the brain from scorbutus [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 3 41. The word smegenys „dantenos“ is used in the living language – the LKŽ provides examples of usage from Bagota (Marijampolės r.), Bartninkai (Vilkaviškio r.), Jurbarkas, Lukšiai (R.S.). The nerve (Latin nervus) was called the Lithuanian term dirgsnė – dirksnēs VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, the delicacy dirksnēs VrpKdr 1889 3 41, the thin dirksnēs VrpKdr 1889 4 60, the lengthening dirksniu VrpKdr 1889 1 9, e.g.: „Just a little coffee, once a day, especially after a meal, we do not do any harm to the organism, we only raise the activity of the dirksniu, we drive away sleep and thought unpleasantness, just like gerent tea“ VrpKdr 1889 2 25. A borrowed nerve was also used, which is the secondary accent of the compound term nervų sistema VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, but V. Kudirka used the term dirksniu sistemas VrpKdr 1889 11 168 more often. This is a word from written sources – only one illustrative example of the stimulus “nerve” from Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | LietuviškiVincoKudirkosmedicinosterminai Terminology | 2008 | 15 147 V. Kudirka's writings. He also used the derivative dirgsninis, -ė – dirksninēs ligos VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, dirksninis shirdies tvinksējimas VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, e.g.: „Prietam, darbininkai tie lengvai apserga ant visokiu dirksniniu ligu [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 11 168, „[...] kavos dar labiaus reikia saugotis prie [...] dirksninio shirdies tvinksējimo [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 2 25. In the LKŽ only irritating diseases are listed for this derivative (V. Kudirkos term). Gland (lat. glandula) V. Kudirka named the terms grumulas and grumulėlis – grumulēliai VrpKdr 1889 8 120, popilvinis grumulas VrpKdr 1889 8 120, prakaito grumulēliai VrpKdr 1889 3 41, sailiniai grumulēliai VrpKdr 1889 8 120 / seiliu grumutēlei6 VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, e.g.: „[...] tabakas erzina liežuvį ir saldumo dirksnias, o per tai suerzina saliu g r umutēlius, kurie tada nesigaili savo įturo; [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 3 41. According to LKŽ, the word „liauka“ is a word of the living language – Grūžių (Pasvalio r.), Svėdasų (Anykščių r.). In addition, the dictionary provides an illustrative example from V. Kudirka's article with the terms sweat grumulėliai, saliva grumulėliai. The terms vessel and vessel used in the meaning of “blood vessels” (Latin vas sanguineum) – blood vessels VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, blood vessels VrpKdr 1889 4 61, lung vessels VrpKdr 1889 9 139, e.g.: “Blood vessels do not escape capture” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, “Cziaudējimas moves the medulla, and thereby can break the blood vessel” VrpKdr 1889 4 61. In the LKŽ the word indas meaning "gutter, trough" is not testified from the folk language, this word with the mentioned meaning is inserted only from P. Matulionis and other written sources (src). The diminutive form indelis (the term ploniejie indeliai VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157) could mean the smallest blood vessel – capillary, e.g.: „The skin of alcoholics is dry, and on its surface thin vessels are spread out“ VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157. The mucous membrane of the eye was called jungplone by V. Kudirka (the term uźdegimas jungplones VrpKdr 1889 10 152), e.g.: „If the eyes are densely įsteigti uźdegimasakiu (uźdegimas jungplones – conjunctivitis), kuris irritated with dusts, it can continue and give the eyes all the bad consequences of that disease“ VrpKdr 1889 10 152. LKŽe term junglonė „connecting film; „junginys“ is presented only from V. Kudirka’s medical writings. The official Lithuanian term is dabartinė junginė (lat. conjunctiva), and its international equivalent is konjunktyva. 6 Most likely the press is broken (should be grumulēlei). 148 The pupil of the eye (lat. pupilla) is named the term puppet (term iszsiskētimas lēlinkiu7 VrpKdr 1889 3 41), e.g.: „Signs of severe intoxication with nicotine szie: restlessness, trembling, head swelling, bad heat under the hood; after the tůj – weakness, vomiting, cramps, swelling, bleeding, cold sweat, wheezing in the forehead, dryness in the eyes, congestion in the ears and confusion of the acquaintance; [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 3 41. In the LKŽ, the puppet "eye pupils" is included only from written sources (src). For the meaning of “abdominal membrane” V. Kudirka used the term “pilvaplonė”, e.g.: “Pilvaplonė taip-gi labai tankiai suserga nuo alkoholio” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. In the LKŽ, the term "abdominal membrane (peritoneum)" is recorded only from V. Kudirka's article, so it could have been his term. In modern medical language, the term peritoneum is used. Membrane (Latin membrane) was called thin – thin VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 8 120 / plāna VrpKdr 1889 9 139, thin of the eye VrpKdr 1889 10 152, thin of the palate VrpKdr 1889 4 60, thin of the nose VrpKdr 1889 4 60 (medium thin of the nose VrpKdr 1889 4 60), thin around the heart VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, thin of the abdomen VrpKdr 1889 8 120, thin of the brain VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, e.g.: „Akiu plonē ļoti lepi; dalelēs angliu dumůse reźia it and it, irritated, becomes heavy with blood – nů then the eyes redden“ VrpKdr 1889 10 152, „Through the nasal passage, as usual through all passages, watery tobacco8 liquid can become heavy with blood“ VrpKdr 1889 4 60. However, some sources differ on the meaning of the term thin. For example, in the aforementioned V. Kudirka Raštai “Dictionary of Rare Words” it is written that plonė is mucous (Kudirka 1990: 928), in the LKŽ plonė is inserted with the meaning of “superior skin film” (two illustrative examples from V. Kudirka’s articles are given). J. Palionis in his dissertation "Naujadarų žodynelė" wrote thin with the meaning of "film" (Palionis 1952: 336). The author of this article agrees Mr. Palionis's opinion. In the meaning of “human glands that secrete the juices necessary for digestion”, V. Kudirka used the term saldmėsės, e.g.: “The surface of sweetmeat drinkers has muzzles like milk drops. Sometimes they are enlarged, sometimes softened, and there is a hardening like a horn” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. The LKŽ presents several variants of this word, which have the meaning of "cash" – saldmeisė from A. Juška's dictionary, Šačiai (Skuodo r.), saldmeisės from Kvėdarna 7 May be a typo error (should be lēliukiu). 8 The word tobacco is diluted in the original. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | LietuviškiVincoKudirkosmedicinosterminai Terminology | 2008 | 15 149 (Šilalės r.), Gegrėnų (Plungės r.), north-eastern mud miners’ schnekts, Viekšnių (Mažeikių r.), saldmeisiai from north-eastern mud miners’ schnekts, saldmėsa from G. H. F. Nesselmanno Lithuanian Language Dictionary (1851), saldmėsė from F. Kuršaitis Dictionary and saldmėsės from M. Niedermann, A. Senno, F. Brenderio and A. Salio Lithuanian Written Language Dictionary (1932–1968). Next to the word saldmėsės is written only one illustrative example from V. Kudirka’s article. In addition to sweet meats, he used the current term pancreas. It has been suggested that sweetmeat should be used as an official medical term for the gland pancreas. In the article “Pancreas and spleen” published in the journal of health protection in 1965, the linguist J. Paulauskas and the biologists P. Šivickis and J. Kazlauskas proposed to call the Latin pancreas saldmėse and to abandon pancreas, because it already has so many homonyms (Šivickis, Kazlauskas, Paulauskas 1965: 50). V. Kudirka used the term slidplonė – abdomen slidplonė VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, slidplonė throat VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, slidplonė palate VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156 to describe the mucous film that covers some parts of the internal organs (throat, palate, abdomen), e.g.: „Snoring of the throat from alcohol, manifested by a change in the voice, is known to everyone, is caused by blood slidplonė of the palate and throat“ VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. In the LKŽ the word slidplonė „glotna, lygi oda“ is written from A. Kuršaitis Lithuanian-German Dictionary (1968–1973), but no illustrative example is given. It turns out that V. Kudirka had used the ski-plane much earlier, in 1895. In modern medical language, the official term is tunica mucosa. The blood vessel through which blood flows from the heart (lat. arteria), V. Kudirka called sunke – sunkės VrpKdr 1889 9 139, squeezing in sunkēse VrpKdr 1889 1 9, e.g.: „Żmogaus organizmo audinius maitina kraujas: pritam tekēdamas isz kairēsēs pusēs shirdies per sunkes, [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 9 139. In the LKŽ only one illustrative example of a severe “artery” is given from V. Kudirka’s article. These blood vessels have been called by V. Kudirka as the borrowed arteries (the term arterial walls VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156), which is the official term in the current medical language. The blood vessel through which blood flows to the heart (Latin vein), V. Kudirka has named the broader meaning term gysla (narrowed its meaning), for example: „[...] that corrupted and unsuitable for food tissues jůda blood enters into other blood vessels, into the g yslas [...] and through them flows VrpKdr 1889 9 139. LKŽe žodis gysla „venos“ reikšme nefiksuotas. Dabar into the left side of the heart [...]“ the vas is the vas, and the blood vessel in question is called the international term vena. 150 V. Kudirka created terms for the blood flowing through the arteries and veins. He referred to the blood flowing through the arteries as heavy blood VrpKdr 1889 9 139, and to the blood flowing through the veins as cord blood VrpKdr 1889 9 139, for example: „[...] blood [...] gives the tissues the fuel they need, nů whose blood is red (heavy blood) [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 9 139, „[...] iodine blood enters other blood vessels, into the cord (g yslic blood) [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 9 139. In the LKŽ, only one illustrative example from V. Kudirka’s article – sunkinis kraujas (heavy blood) – is given next to the Vedic sunkinis „arterinis“ (arterial). It may also refer to: The term blood transfusion (also known as blood transfusion) is a medical term for blood transfusion. There are two types of blood: arterial blood and venous blood. Not all names of Lithuanian origin used by V. Kudirka for diseases and their signs and morbid states and other terms related to medicine have survived in the current medical language, e.g.: apjakimas „blikimas“ VrpKdr 1889 4 61, galvos apkvatimas VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / apkvatimas galvos VrpKdr 1889 10 153, degis „ogionis“ VrpKdr 1889 9 139, galvos sniffing VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, galvos sniffing VrpKdr 1889 3 41, klėjojimas VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, sąnariu bevaldymas VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / bevalda sąnariu VrpKdr 1889 3 41 and others. The term "slogas" in Kudirka's medical writings had a broader meaning. Firstly, it was used to name an inflammation of the nasal mucosa (the term nasal rhinitis VrpKdr 1889 4 60), e.g.: „Long-term use of taboka9, remembers nasal rhinitis, [...]“ VrpKdr 1889 4 60. Such is the meaning of this term in the current language of medical science. Secondly, the term rhinitis also referred to the inflammation of the mucous membranes of other organs – mouth, throat, respiratory tract, abdomen, lungs, stomach – simple ventricular rhinitis VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, rhinitis (catarrhus) of the mouth VrpKdr 1889 3 41, rhinitis of the throat VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, rhinitis (catarrhus) of the abdomen VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / rhinitis of the abdomen VrpKdr 1889 9 139, rhinitis of the lungs VrpKdr 1889 10 152, prolonged abdominal rhinitis VrpKdr 1889 9 139, prolonged pulmonary rhinitis VrpKdr 1889 9 140 / prolonged pulmonary rhinitis VrpKdr 1889 9 139, prolonged rhinitis of the respiratory tract VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, e.g.: „[...] almost all children have a rhinitis of the abdomen“ VrpKdr 1889 9 139, „Sůdźei, kaipo paszalinei, ne kviesti sveczei, erzina kaklą ir plauczius – atsiranda kosulys, rhinitis plaucziu su visomis pasekmėmis“ VrpKdr 1889 10 152. 9 The word taboka is printed in thin letters in the original. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | LietuviškiVincoKudirkosmedicinosterminai