Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

Variant Folk Construction Terms In the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas Variation is a property of language associated with deviations in the isomorphic correspondence between units of content and form that do not compromise the integrity of a linguistic unit (Сложеникина 2005: 8). It is the ability of language to create variants of the same linguistic unit at different levels of language (phonetics (and orthography), accentology, grammar, and lexicon) (КРусР 2003: 104). From a historical perspective, variation is the result of language development, contact among different language domains (dialectal, colloquial, professional language, etc.), and various internal systemic factors (КРусР 2003: 104). Variation is particularly characteristic of folk terminology, which developed over a long period, was used in different parts of Lithuania, and was influenced by various linguistic factors. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama Lietuvių kalbos žodyne (LKŽe 2005) statybos liaudies terminija, t. y. specialius statybos vaizdinius ar sampratas įvardijantys gyvosios kalbos žodžiai. Viena pagrindinių liaudies terminų skiriamųjų ypatybių yra tai, kad, skirtingai nei mokslo, liaudies terminai įvardija ne kartu su mokslu atsiradusias specialiąsias sąvokas, o specialius vaizdinius ar sampratas (plg. Гринев 1993: 48), liaudies terminiją nuo mokslo terminijos skiria mažesnis reikšmių ir vartojimo griežtumas (Klimavičius 1996: 6). Straipsnio tikslas – išsiaiškinti vyraujančius statybos liaudies terminų varijavimo atvejus ir parodyti varijavimo įvairovę. Remiantis Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynu (DŽ6 2006) nustatomas liaudies terminų santykis su normine kalba. Šį kartą apsiribojama formaliuoju struktūriniu terminų varijavimo tipu ir daugiausia dėmesio skiriama mažiausiai besiskiriantiems terminams. Šiame straipsnyje nekalbama apie statybos liaudies terminų varijavimo priežastis, tai bus tolesnių autoriaus tyrinėjimų objektas. Iš viso analizuojama beveik 400 terminų varijavimo atvejų. As already mentioned, all cases of term variation analyzed in the article are classified as formal structural variation of terms. This type of variation comprises cases in which the varying linguistic means do not indicate differences in denotative features— Terminologija | 2008 | 15 111 Formal structural variation does not extend beyond the integrity of terms and does not cause semantic changes in a term; that is, it is not associated with any differences in the meaning of a term’s content (Татаринов 2006: 173). Variants of this type are defined as variants of the same linguistic units that are formal, perform the same function, and exhibit regular differences in sound structure (cf. К РусР 2003: 107). The study of the collected material makes it possible to distinguish two major groups of variants—accentual and phonetic variants (which make up almost two-thirds of all variants) and morphological variants. These two groups of variants are further divided into smaller subgroups. STRESS AND PHONETIC VARIANTS Stress variants predominate in the group of stress and phonetic variants, accounting for more than two-thirds of variants of this type. Within the group of stress variants, variants with different stress positions predominate, making up almost three-quarters of all stress variants. Variants with different stress positions are dominated by variant terms belonging to paradigms with fixed and mobile stress; variant terms belonging only to paradigms with mobile or only with fixed stress are considerably less common. In terms of stress paradigms, variants from accent classes I and III and from accent classes I and II predominate. The group of accent-class I and III variants is dominated by variant series whose main normative terms belong to accent class I, e.g.: duónkepis (1) Smn1, Šk – duonke pỹs (3a) Užv; gárvilka (1) Vvr – garvilkà (3b) Kv, Rt, Šv; grebėstas (1) Brž, Jnš, Pn, Rk, Ukm, Krk, Klm, Upn, Dl – grebėstas (3) Švnč, Kš, Vžns, Mlt, Ds; klėtis (1) Tv – kletìs (3) An, Užp; lópeta (1) Paį, Dr, Vdn – lopetà (3a) Ds, Kv, Mrs, Mšk; málkinė (1) Alk, Trg, Sb, Mrk – malkinė (3a) Jrb; máukna “thick tree bark” (1) Sr, Kv – mauknà (3) Ss; palángė (1) Ūd, Mrj, Nmč, Sdk – pālangė (1) Brs – palangė (3b) Dv; pãpamatis (1) Škn – papamatỹs (34b) Als, Šts; paprieždis (1) Ds, An – paprieždỹs (3b) Skdt; príesienis (1) Šln, Žg – priesienỹs (3a) Švnč, Slk; príesvirnis (1) Šlv, Ktk, Pb, Nmč – priesvirnỹs (3a) Ukm; sąspara (1) Rs, Vlk, Ad, Šmn, Vlkš, Kkl – sąsparà (3a) Vl, Grš, Grl, Pkn, Kp, Alz, Dgl, Lnt, Rtn, Žl, Klt, Trgn; stóginė (1) LKA I 57, Krt – stoginė (3a) LKA I 57, Kv, Krtn, Ms, Lnk, Plng, Gršl, Lkž; šėberkštis (1) K.Būg (Skp), Kp, Adm, Krs – šėberkštìs (3b) Dkk, Kp, Šmn, Paį, Dg, Krs, Dj; tãrpangis (1) Rs – tarpangỹs (3b) Varn, Šl; užkaboris 1 The abbreviations of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language are used in the article. 112 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... (1) Plk – užkaborỹs (34b) Graž; veránda (1) LKA I 40, Sd, Dv – verandà (3b) LKA I 40 (Sg). Variant series with the main normative terms belonging to accent class III are considerably less numerous, e.g.: lenkenà (3b) Slk, Grv, Tvr, Kp, Dglš, (3a) Dsn – leñkena (1) Vs; rentinỹs (3b) Vdk, Kv, Dkš, Plv – reñtinis (1) Grz; stogdengỹs (3a) Vb, Skrb, Mšk, Krš, Skr – stógdengis (1) Tlž, Krž, Paį, Srv, Ėr. Variant series with non-normative members consist of variants of words in contemporary language, e.g.: ãpušė (1) Rm, Vkš, Kv, Kp – apušė (3b) Grv, Mrk – ė̃pušė (1) DŽ₆; pakrėigė (1) Smn, Gž – pakreigė (3b) J.Jabl (Mrj), Stk – pakráigė (1) DŽ₆; palángis (1) Prk – palangỹs (3b) Mrj – palángė (1) DŽ₆; pamūras (1) – pãmūras (3b) Jsv, Krk – pamūrė (1) DŽ₆; papriežedė (1) Vdn, Trgn – papriežėdė (3a) Mlt – papríeždis (1) DŽ₆; papriežedis (1) – papriežėdỹs (3a) Msn – papriežalis (1) DŽ₆; pãrażė “the lower part of a thatched roof” (1) Šts, Grž – parażė (3b) Erž – pãražės (3b) DŽ₆; priemenis (1) Všk – priemenỹs (3a) Šmk, Btrm – priemenė (3a) DŽ₆; priepirtė (1) Sk, Pš, Sn – priepirtė (3a) Vlk, Žal, Alk – priepirtis (1) DŽ₆; or terms no longer used in contemporary language, e.g.: plytmetỹs “one who makes (unfired) bricks” (3b) Škn – plýtmetis (1) Trk; prieovija (3a) Lkm – prieóvija (1) Ml, Plš; sãqertinis (1) Jz – saqertinỹs (3⁴a) Dglš; slógstis “battens supporting the roof ridge” (1) Rmš, Ūd – slogstis (3) Krok. A large proportion of the accent-class I and III variants consists of loanwords, e.g.: ãkselis (German Häcksel) (1) – akselỹs (3ᵇ) Gs, Nm, Skr, Kl; gėvelis (German dialect Gevel) “two slats nailed together and fastened to the ridge to prevent the wind from tearing it apart” (1) – gėvelỹs (3ᵃ) Ldvn, Rdm; gėvelis (German dialect Gevel) “steep end of a roof, gables” (1) – gevelỹs (3ᵃ) Up; kakalỹs (German Kachel) “stove” (3ᵇ) Šlu, Skdv, Lnkv, Vlkv – kãkalis (1) Br, kãkalis (1) Prn; kiaunorė (German Keller) “small building for storing potatoes” (3ᵃ) Šn – kiaunórė (1) Klp; klėmeris (German Klammer) “iron clamp” (1) – klemerỹs (3ᵇ) Erž, Vdk, Šil; skiñdelis (German Schindel) “shingle” (1) Adm, Gr, Grž, Vb – skindelỹs (3ᵇ) Skp; stalažiai (German dialect stallãsche) (3ᵇ) Jnš – stàlažiai (1) Škn; stẽnderis (German dialect ständer) “post” (1) Vn, Krž – stenderỹs (3ᵇ) Rsn; špykerė (German Speicher) “granary” (1) LKA I 47 (Rsn, Plšk) – špykerė (3ᵃ) LKA I 47 (Vlkš, Pgg), Vrb, Nm, Mrj; šteñderis (German dialect ständer) (1) Brs – štenderỹs (3ᵇ) Pgg, Dr, Brs, Ms; žiogspirai (German Sägespäne) “sawdust, shavings” (3ᵃ) Lk, Pln – žiógspirai (1) Ggr, Ms. A few series consist of nonstandard hybrids, e.g.: papripečkė (Belarusian прыпечак) “the area beneath the stove ledge, beside the stove, paprieždis” (1) Vdš, Klt – papripečkė (3ᵇ) Sn, Tvr, Ad; skėršbalkis “crossbeam” (1) LKA I 130 (Sg) – skersbalkỹs (3ᵇ) Akm; Terminologija | 2008 | 15 113 behind-the-stove area “the space between the wall and the stove, the area behind the stove” (1) Šts, Up – behind-the-stove area (3b) Šts; space behind the stove “the place behind the stove, the area behind the stove” (1) DunŽ – space behind the stove (3b) Upt, Btg, Trk. variants with stress patterns I and II group is dominated by entries featuring the primary terms with stress pattern I. In terms of standardization, there are equal numbers of variant entries with standard terms with stress pattern II and with stress pattern I, e.g.: upright (2) Alz, Užp, Vb, Skrb – upright (1) Paį, Kp, Upn, Pkn, Ndz, Onš; projecting log ends “the protruding ends of two interlocked logs at the corner of a building” (2) Erž – projecting log ends (1) Slv, Jrb; detached building “a separate building containing a bread-baking oven or where fodder is prepared for livestock” (2) Vvr, Knt, Pln – detached building (1) Slnt, Kl; ash house (1) Šmn – ash house (2) Nč; chicken coop (1) Klb II 19 (Lkm), Ob, Žl, Pc, Gs, Kp, Km – chicken coop (2) LKA I 52, Plšk. One variant entry containing both standard terms was found, e.g.: village house room “a room in a village dwelling” (1) Krtn, Tv – village house room (2) Al, Mrj, Šlvn. One entry has the standard term with stress pattern I: lean-to (1) Rm – lean-to (2) Er, Šd, Tv, Jn. Several entries consist of variants of words used in contemporary language, e.g.: peasant house (2) Srd – peasant house (1) Žsl, Bgs – peasant cottage (2) DŽ₆; threshing floor (1) LD 215 (Ds, Lkm, Klt), Jnšk, Grv, Rmš, Klvr, Šmk, Pls, Rš, Erž, Ktk, Krns – threshing floor (2) Vlk, J.Jabl (Vlk) – threshing-floor building (1) DŽ₆. In other cases, the entries consist of terms not used in contemporary language, e.g.: altar room (1) Vvr, Pn – altar room (2) Grg; brick structure (1) An – brick structure (2) Jnš; shelter “shelter” (1) Mrs – shelter (2) Dv, Vrn; attic “attic” (2) Vkš, Trk, Mžk, Lž – attic (1) Vkš; shed “shed” (1) Slv, Grdž – shed (2) Erž; hayloft (1) LKA I 57 (Skrd, Žal, Brb), Šil – hayloft (2) LKA I 57 (Klp, Plšk, Alk), Glv, Prk, Nm, Pgg; hayrack structure (2) Vrn – hayrack structure (1) Ds. A considerable share of the I- and II-accent-paradigm variants consists of terms no longer used in contemporary language—loanwords and hybrids, e.g.: dùršliokas (1. durszlak) “a tool for punching a hole in iron” (1) Sn, duršļiokas (1) Kal – duršliõkas (2) Švn, Ds; kaminyčia (1. kamienica) “masonry houses” (2) K.Būg (Grl) – kaminyčia (1) Ms, Slnt, Kv, Ds, Šln, Ar, Pkr, Krš, Dgl, Pc, Ds, Skp, Trgn; lėda (1. lada) “a device for raising patterns” (2) Stk – lėda (1) Alv, Nmn; mõkolas (Belarusian махало) “a spreading tool, applicator, brush” (1) Nm, PnmA, Vžns, Dgl, Sb – mokõlas (2) Jnšk; padamėntas “foundation, fundament” (2) Skp, Vl, Sdb, Kp, Ppl – pãdamentas (1) Paį; pilavinos (1. piłowiny) “sawdust, saw shavings” (2) Vs – pilavinos (1) Jnšk; staliõrius “carpenter” (2) Al, Jon, Upt – stãliorius (1) Tt, Vdk; stonià (Belarusian стайня) “stable” (2) Šlčn, (4) Plv, Užg, Slm, Ktk, PnmR, Ut – stónia (1) LKA I 266, K.Būg (Ds); štampõlis (German 114 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... Stemmpfahl) “bridge pile” (2) Dbč, Vlk, Ds – štāmpolis (1) Sdk; teslyčia (1. cieślica) “hewing axe” (1) KzR – teslyčia (2) LKA I 89 (Pjv); žomātas “stake fence” (2) Akm, Sd, Rdn – žómatas (1) Nmn; zovieškas “hinge” (2) Grk, Grz, Mrj, Sn, Všk – zōvieskas (1) Slnt; akmenyčia (2) Pls, Plš – akmenýčia (1) Klvr; mū́rliotinis (1. murlat) (1) Lk – mū́rliotinis (2) Pvn; torpinė “shed for storing firewood and peat” (2) Lkv – tòrpinė (1) Antz. The group of I, II and III accent paradigms terms’ three-member variant series more frequently contains variant series with primary standard terms of accent paradigm I, e.g.: priešinė “a room for putting things away, a storage room” (1) Pl, Lš – priešinė (3ᵃ) Gdl – priešinė (2) Ūd; priešinė “porch, entrance hall” (1) Pl, Lš, Krok – priešinė (3ᵃ) Gdl, Vv – priešinė (2) Ūd. One line was found with a principal term of accent paradigm 3ᵇ: plūktuvė (3ᵇ) Krš, Gdž, Jnš, Šd – plūktūvė (2) Brž – plūktuvė (1) Jnšk, Škn, Šd, Žml. A variant line with nonstandard terms consists of a line of variants of words in the current language, e.g.: garalaidė (2) Ps, Rm, Klov, Sdb – gāraláide (1) Ds, Slm – garalaidė (3⁴ᵇ) Kp – gā́rlaidė (1) DŽ₆. Variants of accent paradigms I and IV are dominated by variant lines with principal terms of accent paradigm I. A few lines contain principal standard terms of accent paradigm I, e.g.: čėrpė (1) Brb, Vdn – čerpė (4) Ds, Lkš; kimša “an opening in a roof, ceiling, or wall through which hay or straw is stuffed into a barn” (1) Lkš, Gs – kimšā (4) Gs, Grš. Several variant lines contain non-principal standard terms of accent paradigm III or IV, e.g.: skārda (1) DūnŽ, Slnt, Krš, Šv, Pls – skardà (4) Jš; vārža (1) Rg, Škn, Varn, Pc – varžà (3) Slm, (4) Sdk. One row consists of nonstandard terms. These are variants of words in the current language: crossbeam “a crosspiece joining the rafters of a building” (4) Vkš, Lc – crossbeam (1) Mžk – crossbeam (1) DŽ₆. Half of this small group consists of entries with loanwords, e.g.: sheet metal (German Blech, Belarusian бляха, Polish blacha) “sheet metal” (1) Slnt, Gršl, Grg, Yl – sheet metal (2) Kp, Užp; drying rack (Russian гряда, Latvian grēds) “one of the ancient cottage’s poles inside, running along the walls, for drying wood or other things” (1) Rdm, Vs, Lš – drying rack (2) Ds, Jnš, (4) Švnč, Dglš, Tvr, Trgn; plumb bob (German loanword lode) “plumb bob” (1) Kv, Bržr, Šk – plumb bob (4) Skr; stable (Belarusian стайня) “horse barn, stable” (4) LKA I 51 (Žml, Škn, Rz, Klov, Krs, Pc, Čk, Krk, Trs, Vdš, Lb), Mžš, Pkr, Rd, Kp, Antš – stable (1) LKA I 51 (Rš, Pb), Trak; shed (1. szopa) “shed, shelter” (1) BM 69 (Žb) – shed (4) KzR; lime “lime” (2) Pns, Žl, (4) Alv, Ds, Kp – lime (1) DrskŽ, Srj. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 1 5 Cases of variation in terms with mobile-stress paradigms were found four times less frequently. In the group of variants with stress patterns II and III, there are almost equal numbers of variant rows containing the main standard forms and all nonstandard forms, e.g.: padangštė ‘shelter’ (2) Km, Ut, DŽ₆ – padang­tė (3ᵇ) Ad; priemenė (3ᵃ) Ldk, Ign, Plš, Vl, Mrj, Brš, Ktk, Mšg, DŽ₆ – priemėnė (2) Įž; stavaryš (3ᵇ) Mrc, Krok, Rud, Drsk, DŽ₆ – stavāris (2) Trgn, Sdk, Mlt, Krd, Lkm; padangštė (3ᵇ) Trgn – padangštė (2) Ktk – padangė (2) DŽ₆; papavietis (2) Dv – papavietỹs (3⁴ᵇ) Nč, Rod, Vrn; triobėsys (3ᵃ) Rmš – triobėsis (2) Grnk, Šk – trobesys (3ᵃ) DŽ₆; pagrėdai (hybrid) (2) Vrb, Mrj – pagrėdai (3ᵇ) Klvr. In the group of variants with stress patterns II and IV, variant rows with main standard terms of stress pattern II predominate; there are almost half as many terms with main standard stress-pattern-IV forms, e.g.: alkšnis (2) Krtn – alkšnỹs (4) K.Būg (Dv, Lz); kōklis (2) – koklỹs (4) Up; kūlis (2) Prk – kūlỹs (4) Pp, Krkl, Lž; kūtė (2) Slnt – kūtė (4) Pp, Krš; mūris (2) Dr – mūrỹs (4) Šv, KlvrŽ; žiōgris (2) Jn (Kv) – žiogrỹs (4) Eig; kaplỹs (4) Užv – kāplis (2) Pln; baslỹs (4) Nj, Jnšk – bāslis (2) Krč; kūlē (4) Ds, Nmn, Ds, Ll – kūlē (2) Tl; spyrỹs (4) LKA I 97 (Pnm, Šmn, Alvt), LKA I 131 (Gd) – spỹris (2) DūnŽ, LKA I 131 (Pnm, Šlv, Vlkj), Škn. A considerable proportion consists of variant rows with nonstandard forms, e.g.: spyrìus (4) Krns, Rs, Dkš – spỹrius (2) Up – spyrỹs (4) DŽ₆; trakniai (4) Sv, Ldk, Upn, Gdl, Ėr, Upt, Kvr, Vb, Grž – trākniai (2) DrskŽ – trāknys (4) DŽ₆; antė (4) Kp, Antš – ańtė (2) Klp – ańtis DŽ₆; dañblis (2) Btr – damblỹs (4) Rmš – demblỹs (4) DŽ₆; strikuoliai (2) Mrk – strikuoliai (4) Lzd; stūrỹs (4) Kvt, Ob – stūris (2) Rk. A considerable part of the group consists of variant rows containing loanwords, e.g.: stainė (Belarusian ста́йня) ‘horse stable’ (2) LKA I 51 (Up), Škt, Krš, Lk, Grd, Tt, Vdk – stainė (4) LKA I 51 (Pc), Bsg; šiubai (Belarusian шиба) ‘window frames’ (4) Šn, Ldvn, Rmš, Kt, KzR – šiubai (2) Ser, Skrd; švelius (German Schwelle) ‘wall plate, log’ (2) Sn, Ūd, Ldvn, Dkš, Pns – švelius (4) Lp; švelỹs ‘wall plate, log’ (4) Brš, Lkš, Jrb – švelis (2) Pgg; šveliai (German Schwelle) ‘bottom building course’ (4) LKA I 36 (Lkš, Snt, Br), Lkč, Čb, Skr – šveliai (2) Ūd; švelỹs (German Schwelle) ‘building post’ (4) Pg – švelis (2) Dj. Cases of variation in terms with fixed-stress paradigms are relatively rare. The group of variants with stress pattern I consists of terms no longer used in contemporary language, e.g.: antrāmedis (1) Vj – āñtramedis (1) Ds; ā́tbraila ‘a piece sawn off’ (1) Slnt – atbraila (1) Rdm; paklėte (1) Gl, Ds – pāklēte (1) Slnt, Šts. A few rows consist of disused hybrids, e.g.: pabálkė (1) Grš – pābalkė 116 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... (1) Vrn; vištinyčia (1) LKA I 52, Vgr, Prk, Rsn, Pnd, Klp – vištinyčia (1) Grš, Plv, Mrj, Įz, Rk Vdšk, Rgv. Variants with the same accent location and pitch accent make up a relatively small share of the accentual variants. In this group, variant rows with main terms bearing the falling pitch accent on the same syllable predominate. In terms of standardization, most variant rows are found with main standard terms, e.g.: ántpamatis (1) Skr – ántpamatis (1) Šil, Up; pakriautė ‘ceiling to catch sparks’ (2) Dov, Slnt, Grg – pakriautė (1) Als, Kin; pastógė (1) Nm, Jnš – pastõgė (2) Grš, Gs; pjáulas (4) Mrk – pjáulas (3) VIkv, Kp; smaigas (4) Pžrl – smáigas (3) Ak, Mrs, Skr; šebėrkštis (1) Nj – šebėrkštis (2) Pbr; žirgės ‘two poles tied together for raising a mast or tall post’ (2) Ms – žirgės (1) Nmn; žvýras (2) Kl, (4) Varn, Krž – žvýras (3) Škt. One variant row has a secondary standard term: trisiēnis (1) LKA I 57 (Btrm), Ig, Skd – trisiēnis (2) LKA I 57, Ms, Plng, Kl – trisiēnis (1) LKA I 57 (Ndz, Eiš, Azr), Rtn, Slm, Sn, Žrm, Nmj. In other cases, variant rows consist of variants of words used in contemporary language and obsolete terms, e.g.: spañdas ‘brace, support’ (4) Vlk – spándas (1) Lp – spandà (4) DŽ⁶; stūmas ‘door latch’ (2) LKA I 40 – stūmas (1) K.Būg (Ds) – stūmà DŽ⁶; gõnkas (2) An, Ds – gónkas (1) Sm1; pakelainis (2) Al, Alv – pakeláinis (1) Lš, Mrs, Al – pakelainỹs (3ᵇ) Smn, Krok; pãrgaktis (1) Šts – párgaktys (3ᵇ) Šts, Štk. A considerable proportion consists of variant rows containing loanwords, e.g.: kartõkas (1. tartak) ‘sawmill’ (2) Pgr, Up, Lž – kartókas (1) Sk; stãldas (German dialect stall) ‘stable’ (2) Alvt, Slv, Vn, Rt, Bt, Kv, Varn, Užv, Trk, Žr, Prk, LKA I 50 (Trg) – stáldas (1) LKA I 50 (Lkv, Šlu, Pgg); stãldis (German dialect stall) ‘stable’ (2) LKA I 50, Tl, Kltn, Kv, Rsn – stáldis (1) LKA I 50 (Dov, Nd); staler̃nė ‘carpenter’s workshop’ (2) Jon, Grdž, Žml, Lkv, Plt – staler̃nė (1) Pšl, Vkš; tartõkas (1. tartak) ‘sawmill’ (2) Dr, End, Slnt, Rs, Žg, Šmk, Skr, Lkč, Kdl, Lel, Ds, Jdr, Azr – tartõkas (1) Rtr – tãrtokas (3ᵇ) Smn, Btrm; trẽmpelis (Low German?) ‘roof extension on posts’ (1) Šlu, Prk, Brs, Lž, Krp, Trg – trẽmpelis (1) Up, Lkv; viṅkelis (German Winkel) ‘set square’ (1) Kv – viṅkelis (1) Antz, Akm, Dkk, Šd. Variant rows with main terms bearing the rising pitch accent account for a considerably smaller proportion of the group of variants with the same accent location and pitch accent. Most of these rows contain main standard terms, e.g.: čérpė (1) Brb, Vdn – čérpė (2) Rs, Kt, Rdm, Lp, Lel, Šln, Dkš; nám pusė Terminologija | 2008 | 15 117 (1) Šl, Pkr, Rm – nañpuse (1) Žg, Sk – nampusė(3b) Škn; pėrmetė “a crossbeam joining something” (1) Rš – pėrmetė (1) Ėr; rántas (1) Dv, Šl – rañtas (2) Jnš; rėmai (1) Žln – rėmai (2) LKT 81 (Bdr); stódainis “a board or stake used to build a rigid fence” (1) Lž, Lc – stódainis (1) LKA I 60 (Lž); tinkas (1) Pst, Kp – tĩnkas (4) Pv, Gs; žnýplės (1) Ky, Vvr, Snt, Pln – žnýplės (4) Rdš. Several entries consist of terms no longer used in the contemporary language, e.g.: palūndai “the side ceiling of a threshing barn” (1) Lp, Vs, Pns, Sn – palūndai (2) Šn; sienólis “a wall plate” (1) Tvr – sienólis (2) Dsn, Lz. A considerable proportion consists of entries with foreign words and inadmissible hybrids, e.g.: bálkis (German Balken) “a beam, a thick log” (1) Krč, Gs – bálkis (2) Pp, Kv, Grg; dùršliokas (1. durszlak) “a tool for punching a hole in iron” (1) Sn – duršliokas (1) Kal; kántas (1. kant) “edge” (1) Nmn, Lš – kañtas (2) Ds; liùkas (German Lücke) “an opening in a barn roof for loading fodder” (1) Alk – liùkas (2, 4) Brt, Mrj; mùrlotas (1. murtat) “the wall plate on the walls of a masonry building, on which rafters are placed” (1) Nm, Smn, Kp – mùrlotas (1) Kč; pečiùrkė (1. pieczurka) “a recess or hole in the side or front of a stove for keeping small objects” (1) Lp, KzR – pečiùrkė (2) Plv, Mrj, Dkš; sklepėinė (Belarusian скляпенне, Polish sklepienie) “a curved vault (usually of a stove)” (1) LKA I 43 (Al, Dv, Btr, Kpč) – sklepėinė (2) LKA I 43 (Eiš), Dv; kálkpečius (hybrid) “a lime-burning kiln” (1) Skr – kálkpečius (1) Pgr; trámbalkis (hybrid) “a main crossbeam” (1) Btg, Sml – trañbalkis (1) Skr, Šlv, Vdk, Erž; virálnė (hybrid) “a separate kitchen building” (1) Trs – virálnė (2) Šd. Phonetic variants. There are three times fewer phonetic variants than accentual variants. The phonetic variant group comprises terms exhibiting quantitative or qualitative phonetic differences in the root or affixes, or other phonetic features (the insertion or omission of vowels or consonants). Variants with quantitative vowel differences. This subgroup comprises variants differing in long and short vowels and in the vowels that form diphthongs and mixed diphthongs. In this subgroup, variant sets most often consist of terms conforming to standard language norms and variants exhibiting vowel-lengthening features, e.g.: klĩjus (2) Ut – klỹjus (2) J (Ds); kùkis “a hammer” (2) Ndz, Mrk – kūkis Užžg; paužlýs “the underside of the smokehouse chimney ceiling” (3b) Ms, Slnt, Trš, Ggr – paužlis (1) Škn, KlvrŽ; pjùvenos (1) Plk, Grd – pjū́venos (1) Mrj; tòlius “waterproof tarred roofing cardboard” (2) Prn – tõlius (2) Č; triùšis “common reed” (2) Prk, Pgg, SmIn, LKT 165 (Ktč), Rsn – triùšis (2) Prk; užlaidinỹs “a covered lean-to” 118 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... (34b) Brb, Vlkj – užlaidinį (34a) Š (Vrn); užlaidinis “a covered lean-to” (2) – užlaidinis (1). A considerable proportion consists of entries with foreign words, e.g.: balėsas (1. balas, Belarusian баляс) “fence post” (2) Pšl, Pbr – balėsas (2) Grž; brūsas (1. brus, Belarusian брус) “a log, a squared timber” (2) Lkm – brūšas (2) Įž; dilė (German dialect dil, dille) “a thick board, a paved surface” (2) Škn, Rs – dỹlė (2) Rd; kākalis (German Kachel) “stove” (1) Br, kākalis (1) Prn; mū́rliotas (1. murtat) (1) Pln, Up, Tl, Tv – mū́rliotas (1) Brs, Kv, Mžk, Lž; mū́rlotas (1. murtat) “the wall plate on the walls of a masonry building, on which rafters are placed; rafter-bearing” (1) Jnšk, Sn, Grž, Pns, (3a) Žal – mūrlotas (1) Nm, Kp, Pjv, murlotas (1) Kč; stòinia (Belarusian стайня) “horse stable” (1) LKA I 266 – stòinia (1) LKA I 266, Alv, Vp; tėblis (1. tebel) “drill” (2) Šln – tėblis (2) Rd, Grz, Sml; tėblius (1. tebel) (2) Rs, Šlv, Lkm, Krž – tėblius (2) Čk, Lp, Gdr, Krd, Sl, Kp, Kb; tỹnas (1. tyn, Belarusian тын) “a structure, post, stake, pole” (4) LKA I 62 (JnšM), Dbč, (2) LKA I 62 (Eiš) – tìnas (4) LKA I 62 (Dv), LKA I 63 (Pls); zrūbas “a log house frame” (2) LzŽ – zrūbas (2) Drsk, Pls. 1. klamra “an iron clamp” (1) Tv, Vdk – klėmaris (1) Lnkv, Brs; koptūras (1. kaptur) “the front section of a bread-baking oven” (2) LMD (Pns), Dv, Klvr, Grl, Ds, Pnd, Krsn – kaptūras (2) Vj, Pnm, Ign, Žmt, Ps; liveris (1. liwar, lewar) “a jack” (1) Jnš – livorius (1) Rs, Vdk; parkānas (1. parkan) “a board for making a fence” (2) Mžk, Kln, Vvr, Slnt, Gršl, Pln – parkōnas (2) Kls, Kt, Grk, Skp; stalāžiai (German dialect stalläsche) “scaffolding” (2) Šl, Krp – staložiai (2) Dgl; špykerė (German Speicher) “a building or the upper part of a building for storing grain, a granary, a storehouse” (1) LKA I 47 (Rsn, Plšk), špykerė (1) LKA I 47 (Plik, Rmč, Ktč, Plšk); švelỹs (German Schwelle) “a wall plate, a log frame” (4) Brš, Lkš, Jrb – švelỹs (4) Pg; vopnà (1. wapno) “lime” (2) Pns, Žl, (4) Alv, Ds – vapnà (4) Slnt, Prk, Šk; pašvártė (German dialect schwarte) “the first board sawn off a log” (1) Gs, Plv – pašvėrtė (1) Sg; trāmbalkis (hybrid) “a main crossbeam supporting longitudinal beams” (1) Skr – treñbalkis (1) Ar; vapnỹnė (hybrid) “wet ground, clayey ground” (2) End – vopnỹnė (2) Č. Variants with vowels and diphthongs. Variant sets in this subgroup consist mainly of terms conforming to contemporary language norms and single-vowel variants, e.g.: búomas “a fairly thick pole for lifting heavy objects, a lever” (1, 3) Jrb, Vrb, Lp – būmas (1) Krkl; búomas “a pole for a roofer to stand on” (1, 3) Žvr – būmas (1) Vvr; priemenià (3ᵃ) Vklv, Lzd, Jnšk, Žal, KzR, Rdm, Igl – prymenià (3ᵃ) LKT 99 (Užv), LTR (Klvr); strikuõliai (2) Mrk, strikuoliai (4) Lzd – strikōliai (2) LKA I 60 (Mrc), strikòliai (2) LKA I 60 (Vrn, Mrc); strikuõlis “a fence post, strakuolis” (2) Bd – strikōlis, strikòlis (2) Mrk; strikuõlis “a board used to make a fence” (2) Vs, Lš, LKA I 60 (Lp, Mrk) – strikōlis (2) Pv, LKA I 60 (Trak, Ndz). One variant set consists of foreign words: pelčiai (Belarusian пяльцы) “frames” (2) Klov, Kč, Vs, LzP – pieļčiai (2) Ps, Paį, Vad, Vdk, Krč, Grv, LzP. Variant sets with diphthongs and mixed diphthongs consist of foreign words and inadmissible hybrids containing diphthongs and mixed diphthongs, e.g.: dõkauka (1. dachówka) “roof tile” (1) Kp – dõkalka (1) Rd, Kt, Lž; pamūrâuka (hybrid) (1. podmurówka) “a foundation wall” (1) Vžns, Č, Ds, PnmR, Dbk, Rd, Užp, Pl – pamūrėnka (1) Vkš, Šauk, Krš – pamūrānka (1) Brs, Slnt. Variants with consonant differences. In this subgroup, several variant sets consist of terms conforming to contemporary language norms and variants with substitutions between voiceless and voiced consonants, e.g.: krai̇̃gas (4) Vlkv, Skdv – kraikas (4) Grš, Lkš, Skr, Vl, Dv, Pls; šelmუõ (3ᵃ) Glv, Ukm, Kvr, Dbk, Skp, Rk – želmuõ (3ᵃ) Slk, Sug, Dglš, Dgl, Rš, Blnk, Lel, Ob, Rk, Sdk, Mlk, Ktk, Dkk, Ds. 120 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... This type of variation is also characteristic of loanwords, e.g.: pastriegė (1. podstrzesze) ‘space beneath the edge of a roof’ (1) LŠ, Mrj – pastriekė (1) Lp, Dsm. Several rows consist of terms conforming to current language norms and variants exhibiting consonant palatalization, e.g.: krósnis (1) Skp, Brž, Km, Rm, Brsl, Trgn, Pnd, Lš, Pp – kriósnis (1) Alk; trobà (3) Sut, Sn, Azr, Vžn – triobà (3) LKA I 34, (4) Slv; tróbos (3) DūnŽ, Tlž, Strn, Švnč, Skdt – trióbos (3) (4) Slm, Mžš, Vl, Stak, Jrb, Krs, Gdž, Dkš, (4) Slv. This type of variation is also characteristic of loanwords, e.g.: zrūbas (Slavic) ‘log wall of a house’ (2) LzŽ, zrūbas (2) Drsk, Pls – zriūbas (2) Vrn, Kls. Several cases of variation between the fricative consonants s and š were found, e.g.: stùlpas (4) Dkš, Skrb, Grv, Ktk, BsP II 309–310 (Įž), Vdn, Gsč – štùlpas (4) DūnŽ, End, Slnt, Plt, Als, Lpl, Rt, Akm, Krž, Grd, Skd. This variation is mostly characteristic of loanwords, e.g.: lištvà (1. liszwa) ‘board for bracing or boarding something’ (2) Sml, Krkl, Vrn̄v – listvà (2) Grg, Kt; teslýčia (1. cieslica) ‘hewing axe’ (1), teslyčia (2) LKA I 89 (Pjv) – tešlyčia (2) Ll, Kbr, Erž. The material under consideration also contains isolated cases of term variation in which the variant series consist of terms conforming to current language norms and variants with inserted or omitted vowels or consonants, e.g.: alksnis (2) Krtn, Dkš, Tt – alikisnis (2) An, Km, Brž, Ut, Kp, Rk, Pn; priežda (4) Antš, Km, An, Imb, Mžš – priežėda (3ᵃ) Rmš, Št; grebėstas (1) Brž, Jnš, Pn, Rk, Ukm, Krk, Klm, Upn, Dkš – grebėšas (2) Lž; žiegždra (4) Srj – žiegždà (4) Ml, LTR (Mrs). Several rows consist of loanwords and nonstandard hybrids, e.g.: bindõkas (German Bindax t) ‘carpenter’s axe’ (2) Pns, Šts – bindzokas Pns, Šts; dùršliokas (1. durszlak) ‘tool for punching a hole in iron’ (1) Sn – durkšliokas Lp; gėvelỹs (German dialect Gevel, German Giebel) ‘upright end of a roof’ (3ᵃ) Up – ėvelis (1) Kv; grėdai ‘barn or threshing-floor ceiling made of poles’ (2) Šv, Škn, Mšk – grėzdai (2) Alk, Mrs; parkānas (1. parkan) ‘board used to build a picket fence’ (2) – šparkānas (2) LKA I 61 (Lnkv); kãlkpečius (1) Skr, kal̃kpečius (1) Pgr – kal̃pėčius (1) Pgr; pùspečis ‘bench built beside a stove’ (1) Vvs, Vdž, Užp, Dkšt, Bgs – pùspečkis (1) Ukm, Ln. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS Morphological variants are generally considered to be words with a common root that differ in derivational and inflectional affixes (Župerka 1983: 28; Ахманова 2005: 71). Here, morphological variants are understood as words identical in meaning but differing in endings Terminologija | 2008 | 15 121 terms with variants, as well as terms with variants in the morphological categories of gender and number, and terms formed with variant derivational affixes. In the group of morphological variants in the material under study, the largest share (more than a third) consists of instances of variation in the morphological categories of gender and number. There are almost equal numbers of instances of ending variation and working variants. Variants of morphological categories are predominantly instances of gender variation. Instances of number variation and mixed variation (number and gender) are rare. The group of gender variants includes several entries of standard terms, e.g.: palubys (3ᵇ) ŠIl, Vn, Šts – palubė (3ᵇ) Pj, Kp, Mrk, Mrj, Ob, Dgl, Šts, Šv, Sdk; paspara ‘prop, support’ (3ᵇ) Kvr, LzP – pāšparas (3ᵇ) Als, Trgn, Slnt; užlaidas ‘roof overhang, projecting eaves, roofed shelter’ (3ᵇ) N (Rg), Gdž, Prn, Skr, Slv, DūnŽ – užlaida (1) DūnŽ, Šd, Škn, Dkš. A considerable portion of the gender-variant group consists of entries with a masculine standard term and feminine variants, e.g.: bamblỹs (4) Nj, Kp, Rm, Vl – bamb lė (4) Sb; lángas (3) Mrc, Dv, Ėr, Šts, Mrj – langà (4) Arm; pántas (1) Všt, Šlv, Zp, Pun, Vv, Klvr, Rs, Kt – pánta (1) Lkš, Grk, Pžrl, Snt, Čk, Jrb, Šmk, Žvr, Erž, Gs, Vl; plyšỹs (4) Ggr, Slm – plyšė (4) Kv, Škn, Grd, Gršl; prieškaktis (1) Rm, Lk, Srv – prieškakta (1) Žml; rántas (1) Dv, Šl – ránta (1) Trg. There are somewhat fewer entries with standard feminine terms and masculine variants, e.g.: garvilkà (3ᵇ) Kv, Vvr, Šv – gárvilkas (3ᵃ) Kl, Slnt, Vdk, Grk; garinė (2) Rt, Žgč, Jrb, Kv, Krkl, Užv – garìnis (2) Mrj, Ig, Gs, Alk, Šn; jáuja (1) Slm, Trgn, Rm, Rz, Pln, Ds, Skdt, Lel, Grž – jáujas (1) Pln, Kl, Krt, Als, Trgn, Tvr, Grg, Ds, jáujis (1) Dsn, Tvr, jáujus (1) Rk, Dkk, Ds, Jž; pakriáutė (1) Vdk – pākri autis (1) KlvrŽ; pastógė (1) Nm, pastõgė (2) Grš, Gs, pāstogė (1) Slnt, Brs – pastógis (1) Lp, Brt; pašiūrė (1) Pmp, Šn, Lkš, Pns, Šv, Krkl, Sdk, KzR, Vlkš, Vv, Jrb, Lzd – pašiūris (1) Kpč, Ūd, Al, Mrs. A few entries consist of variants of nonstandard terms (variants of words in contemporary language), e.g.: krėklas ‘rafter’ (2, 4) Ds, Lkm, Sl, Jž, Užp, Dbk, Vžns, Lel, Ob, An, Arm – krėklė (2) Dgl, Ukm, Ut, Kš, Kkl – krėklà (2, 4) Lš, Glv, Ldk, Šš, Vdn, Mlt – krėklas (4) DŽ₆; kreĩgas (4) Al, Vlk, Jz, Grl, Alv, Pkn, Mrj, Šn, Vs, Srj, Vlkv – kreigà (4) Ppr, Kty – kraĩgas (4) DŽ₆; priklėtis (2) Vlkv, Skr, Vdžg, Žal, Grš, Pšš, Gl – priklėtė (2) Erž – prieklėtis (1) DŽ₆; priežeda (4) Rnš, Št – priežedas (1) Gdr, Šš, Kš – priežeda (4) DŽ₆. A considerable portion consists of variants of terms no longer used in contemporary language 122 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... entries with standard masculine and standard feminine terms, e.g.: ânčlaida ‘overhang’ (1) Užv, Varn – ânčlaidas (1) Varn; galverka ‘opening regulating the heat of a bread oven’ (1) Vdžg – galverkas Rs, galverkis (1) Ms; gėlžuonės ‘gargāžė’ (1) Škn, Krkl – gėlžuonys (3ᵃ) Kv, Als, Rt; gniūtelė ‘thin rod for tying down straw’ (1) Įnš, Lnkv, Brž, Krik – gniūtelis (1) Žg, Įnš, Mšk; pakreblė ‘space beneath the rafters’ (3ᵇ) Ob, Kp, Ml – pakreklȳs (3ᵇ) Brž, Ds, Sl, Dbk, Žl; pāpalepė (1) Tvr, Švnč, Dglš, Grv, Rš – papalėpys (3⁴ᵇ) Rod, Dv; pārażė ‘lower part of a thatched roof’ (1) Šts, paražė (3ᵇ) Erž – paražys (3ᵇ) Šts, Grg; pasaņgė ‘corner by the house door’ (2) Pg, Dl – pasaņgis (2) Št; paspānda ‘prop’ (1) Lš, Arm, Srj – paspāndis (1) Kč; strāigas ‘fence rods’ (3) Vrn, Lp – straigà (4) Rtn; terpūtvar tis (1) VIkv, Brt – terpūtvarte (1) Ml, Gž, Šil, Klt; užerkila ‘corner of a threshing barn’ (1) Įnš – užerkilys (3⁴ᵇ) Škn. More than a third of this group consists of entries with foreign words and inadmissible hybrids. There are equal numbers of variant entries with standard masculine and standard feminine terms, e.g.: bálkis (German Balken) ‘thick beam, log’ (1) Krč, Gs, bálkis (2) Pp, Kv, Grg – bálkė (1) Pn, Ut; dilius (German dialect dil, dille) ‘thick plank, paved’ (2) Vlk, Prng – dilià (4) Krd, Ut, Mlt, Kp, dilė (2) Škn, Rs; garādas (Russian зородумб) ‘fence stake’ (2) Grž, Lnkv, Sln, Grž, Šd – garadà (2) Paį, garādė (2) Šd; jēpkis (German) ‘yard in a town for parking horses’ (2) Slnt, Skd, Yl – jēpkė (2) Kv, KlvrŽ, Up; kántas (Polish kant) ‘edge’ (1) Nmn, Lš, PnmA, kaņtas (2) Ds, PnmR – kánta (1) Žr, Gr, kántė (1) KlvrŽ, Als; kāparas (Polish kaֆar) ‘lever’ (3ᵇ) Dkš, VIkv, Mrj, Užv, Plv, Kp, Vl, Grz, Krsn – kāpara (1) Lk; krūnas (German Krahn) ‘crane’ (1) Kl, Yl – krūnė (1) Plt, Slnt, Šv, Šts, Brs; liūkas (German Lücke) ‘opening in a barn roof for loading fodder’ (1) Alk, liūkas (2, 4) Brt, Mrj – liūka (1) Gl; pripečkas (Belarusian прыпечак) ‘oven-side extension’ (1) Pns, Klvr, Kpč, Žln, Arm, Dv, Dglš, Slk, Švnč, Lp, Mrs, On, Str, Smn, Rud, Krsn – pripečka (1) Ldvn, LTR (Rm); štrėvas (German dialect štręw) ‘prop, brace’ (1) Lkš, Klvr, Snt – štrėva (1) Prk, Mrj; trėpas (German Treppe) ‘crosspiece of a ladder, step’ (2) Nmk – trėpė (2) Kdl, Rsn; dilė (German dialect dil, dille) ‘thick plank, paved’ (2) Škn, Rs, dylė (2) Rd – dilis (4) Žg, Sk, dilius (2) Vlk, Prng; kiaunorė (German Keller) ‘partly underground hut for storing potatoes’ (3ᵃ) Šn, kiaunorė (1) Klp – kiaunorys (3ᵇ) Grk, Ar; lotà (German Latte, l. lata) ‘batten fixed across roof rafters for nailing shingles, roof lath’ (4) Všn, (2) Trg – lōtas (2, 4) Kv, Yl, Plt; pavietis (Belarusian павецу) ‘shed’ (2) Užp, Dbk – pavietė (2) Rm, Tj, KrvP (Ndz); peciōnė Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 2 3 (1. pieczura) “a recess, a hole in the side or front of a stove for putting small objects” (2) Brž, Kp, Ukm, Dbk, Krkn, Vb, Vkš – pečionis (2) Pg, Žl; pečiūra (1. pieczura) “a recess, a hole in the side or front of a stove for putting small objects” (2) Č, Rk, JnšM, Ob, Ds, Strn – pečiūras (2) Dl; pieskà (Bel. пясок) “sand” (2) Lkč, Mrc, Vlkv, Pls, Dv – piėskas (2) Mrc, Kb, Plv, Nč; stùtė (Ger. dialect stutte) “a prop” (2) Šts, Žd, Sk, Žml, Trk, Brž, Grž – stùtas (4) Lš, Švd, Ob, Skp, Ml; šárpa (Ger. Scharfe) “sharpness of (saw) teeth” (1) Šts – šárpas (3) Šts; šiòpa (1. szopa) “shed” (1) KzR – šiòpas (2) LKA I 57 (Plšk); pasvártė (Ger. dialect schwarte) “the first board cut from the outer edge of a log” (1) Gs, Plv – pašvártis (1) Ms, Kl; pėčangė “the opening of a bread-baking oven” (1) Jdr, Brs, Krtn – pėčangis (1) Kal, Štk; pùspėčis “a bench built next to the stove” (1) Vvs, Vdš, Užp, Dkšt, Bgs – pùspėčė (1) Klt, Tvr, Dglš, Švd; pėčkaklė “the space behind the stove” (1) Jdr, Grg – pėčkaklis (1) Brs, Krt. Number variants are mostly represented by entries pairing basic plural terms with simple singular-form terms, e.g.: lùbos (2) Jrb, Lzd, Šv, Dkš, Lkm, Pn – lubà (4), (2) Žgn; ùžlos “the ceiling of a granary or its vestibule” (2) Mlt, Ds, Alk – užlà (2) Vdšk, Ps. One entry consists of borrowings: drobỳnos “ladder” (2) Kv, Ms, Mžk, Glv – drobỳnà (2) Krtn, Skd. A few entries comprise singular- and plural-form terms, e.g.: pãmatas (3b) Kv, Ds – pamataĩ (3b) Jnš, Trgn; turėklai (2) Dgl, Ds – turėklas (2) Grš, Skr. Ending variants comprise terms with various variant endings. In the group of variants with endings -ė and -(i)a, entries with basic standard terms are isolated examples, e.g.: priemenė (3a) Ldk, Ign, Plš, Vl, Mrj, Brš – priemenìa (3a) Vlkv, Lzd, Jnšk, Žal, KzR, Rdm, Igl, LTR (Klvr); sijà (4) Ldk, LzP – sijė (4) LD 225 (Krt). In other cases, variant entries with basic terms ending in -ė are more frequent, e.g.: klėtsangė “the vestibule of a granary” (1) Plt – klėtsanga (1) Kv, Sr, Lkv; ùžkertė (1) Grž – ùžkerčia (1) Grž. In the group of variants involving borrowings and nonstandard hybrids, entries with basic terms ending in -a, -(i)a are most common, e.g.: fùrtka (1. furtka) “small door, hatch” (1) Vdk, Pmp – fùrtkė (1) Smn; garadà (Rus. городить) “fence stake” (2) Paj – garãdė (2) Šd; kántà (Ger. Kante) “edge” (1) Žr, Gr – kántė (1) KlvrŽ, Als; kuknià (Bel. кухня) “kitchen” (2) Btr, Vv, Ds – kùknė (2) Rs, Žg, Prk; pečiorà (1. pieczura) “the place at the side of the stove where ashes and embers are swept out of the bread oven” (2) Ktk, Trgn – 124 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... pečiōre (2) Vžns; sáłka (1. salka) “room under the roof” (1) Ds, Skrb, Lc, Ps, Mžs – sálkė (1) Br; smalà (1. smota) “tar obtained by heating, pitch” (4) Vkš, Slm – smalė (4) Lnkv, Ėr; stadàlà (Bel. стадола) “inn with a shelter for horses” (3b) Vdn, (4) Vdšk, Kls, Sut – stadãlė (2) Kp; stoinià (Bel. стайня) “horse stable” (2) K.Būg, stòinia (1) LKA I 266, stóinia (1) LKA I 266, Alv, Vp – stoinė TDr V 4 (Ukm); kelnė (1. kielnia) “shoulder blade” (2) Pns, Lš, Vb, Grz, Čk, Lž – kelnià (4) Ds, Trgn; krúnie (Ger. Krahn) “crane” (1) Plt, Slnt, Šv, Šts, Brs – krúnia (1) Slnt; lazaũnė (1. wozównia) “shed for storing carts, harnesses, and various tools” (2) Rz, Všk, Šl, Rd, Gršl, Vvr, Ps, Jnš – lazaunià (2) Grž, Ds, Skp; skūnė (Ger. dialect schūne) “barn” (2) LKA I 53 (Kin), 57 (Sg, Šv, Kv, Pj, Vn, Trg, Bt), Plšk, Prk – skūnià (2) Vrb, (4) LKA I 53 (Nm), 57 (Vlkj), Nm, Mrj, Šn, Kdl; stalevōnė “granary ceiling” (2) LKA I 49 (Lel, Ukm, Dbč), Žmt, Aln, Ktk – stalevonià (2) LKA I 49 (Šlčn, Btrm, Vrn); šlénge (Ger. Schlenge) “door or window frame” (1) Pp, Vkš, Krž, Btg, Jnšk, Pn, Sml – šlénga (1) Vr; vazaũnė (1. wozównia) “room for storing carts, sledges, farm implements, harnesses, etc.; cart shed” (2) Gs, Šmk, Grdm, Nmk, Varn, Kl, Plt, Skd, Žd, Vkš, Krp, Žg, Grz – vazaunià (2) K.Būg (Ds, Jž), Antz, Trgn, Dbk, PnmR, Pnm, Antš, Slm, Dkk, Svn, Kp; zembà “place by the stove” (4) Žr, Tv, Ub, Užv, Všv – zembė (2) Všv, Žlb, Sd; pėčangė (hybrid) (1) Jdr, Brs, Krtn – pečangà (3b) Trk. In the group of variants with endings -as and -is, -ys, most entries feature basic standard terms ending in -as, e.g.: sienójas (1) Užp, Skdt, Ign, Dv, Šr, Km, Skrb, LKT 258 (Ps), Nmč – sienójis (1) Dglš, Sld, Krd, Pb, Lkm, Lp; turėklai (2) Tvr, Dgl, Ds – turėkliai (2) Grdž; turėklas (2) Grš, Skr – turėklis (2) Jrb, Lkš, Grdž; žardis “a structure made of poles” (2) Skrd, Vrb – žárdas (1) LKA I 46 (Alk, Dkš), Zp, Sv. All the other variant entries contain basic terms ending in -as, e.g.: dūmalākas (2) Plt – dūmalakis (1) Ktč; galverkas “the opening of a bread-baking oven” Rs – galverkis (1) Ms; gāroilkas (3a) Kl, Slnt, Vdk, Grk – gāroilkis (1) Trš, Gršl, Plng, Yl; jáujas (1) Pln, Kl, Krt, Als, Trgn, Tvr, Grg, Ds – jáujis (1) Dsn, Tvr. Several variant entries contain borrowings, e.g.: koptũras (1. kaptur) “the front of a bread-baking oven, the masonry above the oven front, the little roof over the hearth” (2) LMD (Pns), Dv, Klvr, Grl, Ds – koptũris (2) Švn; padãčkas “tray” (2) Kv, Rs, Kl, Vdk, Pln – padãčkis (2) Slnt, Yl; priepečkīs (Bel. припечак) “the front part of an old-style stove, the hearth” (1) Jnšk, Krm, LžP, Terminologija | 2008 | 15 1 2 5 Ps – priepečkas (1) Ldk, Jz, Auk, Žln, Btr, Užg; šitikžiogis (German Säğe) “one-handed small saw” (1) Jrb, VIkv, Grz – šitikžiogas (1) Šk; žiogspirai (German Sägespäne) “sawdust, shavings” (3a) Lk, Pln, End, žiógspirai (1) Ggr, Ms – žiógspiriai (1) Vkš. Among the variants in the –(i)us and –is ending group, several variant series include the principal standard terms, for example: dañgtis “roof” (2) Gdr, Trgn, Lkm, Rz, Arm, Ds, LTR (Pnd), Ob, Kp, Rk, Švd – dañgčius (2) Skp, Km, Užp; öblius (2) Krd, Dkš – öblis (2) Grk, Pn; priklėtis (2) Plv, Šn, Jrb – priklėčius (2) VIkv, Skr, Vdžg. There are somewhat more series containing foreign words and nonstandard hybrids, for example: dilis (dialectal German dil) “thick board, paved” (4) Žg, Sk – dilius (2) VIk, Prng; kardielius (Polish kardel) “rafter strip” (2) Dkš, Mrj, Ldnv – kardielis (2) Ūd, Krok; pùspečis “bench built beside the stove” (1) Vvs, Vdš, Užp, Dkšt, Bgs – pùspečius (1) Ad, Pbs; sienpečis “wall heated by the stove” (1) Skdv, Pvn, Vdk – sienpečius (1) DūnŽ, Krž, Užv. The –as and –(i)us ending variant group consists of series with terms whose principal ending is –as. Most are terms that conform to the norms of the contemporary language, for example: jāujas (1) Pln, Kl, Krt, Als, Trgn, Tvr, Grg, Ds – jāujus (1) Rk, Dkk, Ds, Jž; stōgas (1, 3) Dt, SD 38, Sut, LKA I 266 – stogūs (3) LD 253 (Brž), LKA I 266, Krs, Slm, Ps; turėklas (2) Grš, Skr – turėklius (2) Ms, Yl. One series consists of nonstandard hybrids: pečiauvystas “wooden foundation made of logs for a rammed-earth stove” (1) Ssk, Ldk, Sv, Žl – pečiauvyščius (1) Ant, Ktk, Klt, Krd. The –is and –ė, –(i)us and –ys, –as and –ys ending variant series occur singly, for example: krósnis (1) Skp, Brž, Km, Rm, Brsl, Trgn, Pnd, Paį, Vžns – krósnė (1) An, Yl, Trak; svarlỹs (4) Š (Skp), Ln, Sml – svarlas (4) J.Jabl. (Pšl), Kp. One series consists of foreign words: dilius (dialectal German dille) “thick board” (2) VIk, Prng – dilỹs (4) Sv, Ob. A separate group of morphological variants comprises derivational variants. In Lithuanian linguistics it is customary to discuss suffix variants. According to V. Urbutis, suffix variants are forms of the same suffix that do not depend on inflection (Urbutis 1978: 214). In this article, derivational variants are defined as terms formed with variant derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes), and terms that contain variant affixes. Here, variant derivational affixes are understood primarily as cases of variation between standard-language and dialectal affixes. Derivational variants also include cases in which derivatives 126 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... are similar to one another in their function and meaning. Compounds with variation in the linking of their constituents are also classified as derivational variants. By derivational type, prefixal derivatives predominate in the group of derivational variants. Considerably fewer cases of suffixal derivational variation were found, while variant compounds make up a small proportion. Derivational prefix variants. In the source examined, only cases of variation among dialectal prefixes could be identified. The largest part of this group consists of cases involving the prefixes prie-, prieš- and už- and their dialectal variants. Cases involving variation in other prefixes are relatively rare. Derivatives with the prefixes prie-, prieš- and their variants. In this subgroup, the majority consists of derivatives with the variant prefixes prie-, pry- (cf. LKG 1965: 428) and prieš-, pryš-, e.g.: priegonkis (1) MPs, Nj – prygonkis (1) Mžk, Ms, Trš, Klm, Rs, Erž; priepirtis (1) Lnkv, Pš, Žg, Jnš – prypirtis (1) Vkš, Šts, Ms; prieškaktis (1) Rm – pryškaktis (1) Lk. One row consists of hybrids: prielotė “a lath for pressing down straw” (1) Vl – prylotė (1) Šts. Several other cases of variation involving the prefix prie- and its variants were found, for example: priekletis (1) Grv, Vj, Bsg – priklėtis (2) M, Vlkv, Skr, Vdžg, Žal, Grš, Gl, Čk; prieżedà (3a) Rmš, Št – pryžedà (3a) Grš, Plv, Jnš, Dkš, Kt, Ldvn, Šn, prižedà (3b) Ar, Bsg, Srv. Derivatives with the prefix už- and its variants. This group comprises cases of variation among the dialectal prefixes užu-, ažu-, and ūž-, for example: užūgardė (1) LKA I 55 (Žb), Brž, Slm, Vb – ažūgardė (1) Pnd, Kp; užžūjau jis (1) Pl – ažžūjaujis (1) Grv, Ds, Užp; užžūšalė (1) Slm, LTR (Pmp) – ažžūšalė (1) Kp, Ds; užžlaidas (3b) DunŽ, Jz, Gs – ūžlaidas (1) Prn, Skr, Slv, Mrj, Jrb, Alk, Erž. Derivatives with other prefixes and their variants, for example: pāpavietis (1) Mrs, papavietis (2) Dv – pópavietis (1) Pv; atpjo v̇a (3b) Rm – atàpjova (1) Ds; sąspara (1) Ktk, Km, Vrn, KzR, Dbč, Vs, sąsparà (3a) Klt, KzR “corner of a building where the logs are joined” (1) Ign, Ob, Ant, Br, Vlk – súšpara (1) Dkš. Derivational suffix variants. The group of derivational suffix variants comprises terms formed with dialectal suffixes or with suffixes that have the same meaning. In this variant group, derivatives with the suffixes -ininkas, -(i)nyčia, -yčia, -uolis and their variants predominate. Derivatives with the suffix -ininkas and its variants. The largest subgroup consists of derivatives with the multifunctional suffix -ininkas and its variants -inykas, -(n)ykas (see LKG 1965: 403), -ninkas (see LKG 1965: 342), for example: mūrininkas (1) Skr, Vkš – mūrin ykas Kp – mūrninkas LTR (Pkr) – mūrnykas Dbk, Ds, Mps; vištininkas (1) LKA I 52, Pjv, Rdm, Pv, Žvr, SmIn, Brs – vištinykas Nmč, LKT 381 (Vs), Alv, KzR. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 127 A large proportion consists of variant sets of borrowings and nonstandard hybrids, e.g.: kaladninkas “shed, shelter, lean-to” (2) Vdk, Up – kaladnykas (2) Žmt, Stk, Pv, Jz, Vdšk, Ldk, St, Ssk, Glv, Brb; kaladniñkas “a branch used for making a fence, a fence stake” (2) Grk, Šlv – kaladnykas (2) Krk, Bsg, Šln, Klov, Sml; kaladniñkas “a fence made of stakes” (2) Šlv – kaladnykas (2) Klov, Sml. Derivatives with other suffixes and their variants. Derivatives with variant suffixes -idė, -ymas, -imas, -esys, -ėsys, -ūlis, -ulis, -ra, -ara, -elė, -alė, -yčia, -(i)nyčia are isolated examples, e.g.: dailidė (2) Grž – dailydė (2) Vlkv; vištidė (2) LKA I 52, Lš, Brš – vištydė (2) LKA I 52, Vlk; gréndymas (1, 3a) Smn, Skrd, Vrn, Kt, Mrs, Pns, Dkš – gréndimas (1) Dg; trobėšys (3a) DrskŽ, Kv, Slnt, Rsn – trobėšys (3a) Užg, DrskŽ, Dg; krivūliai “curved poles for steering a cart, attached to the rear axle of a two-wheeled cart or to a sled (when hauling long timber, logs); the rear two-wheeled cart or sled for hauling logs; a cart for hauling long timber (logs)” (2) Lp – krivūliai (2) Kp, Kb, Vs, Dbč, Mrc; skiedrà (3), (4) Lp, LKT 179 (Jrb), LTR (Plv) – skiedarà (3a) Prl, Dbč, Vlk. A sizable part of the group consists of nonstandard hybrids, e.g.: pečėlė “a low masonry ledge or attached board, level with or higher than a bench, next to a tamped-clay stove, for sitting or lying down” (3b) Brž, Šd, Všk, Pšl – pečalė (3b) Šln, LMD (Šlv); plītnyčia (nonstandard) “brickworks” (1) Slm, Dov, Plv, Dj – plītnincė Als; žardinýčia “a building without walls for drying flax” (1) Ms, Tv, Brs – žardinīnčia (1) Kl, Pln. The group of compound variants consists of compound terms with and without connecting vowels. Most numerous are sets of variants of primary compound terms with connecting vowels. The primary variants are most often standard terms, e.g.: bandódaržis (1) Kv, Als, Užv, Štk, Kl, Vkš – bandādaržis (1) Lž; kiaūliatvartis (1) Vrn, Drsk, Lzd, Švnč, Dkš – kiaūltvartis (1) Ilg, Erž, LMD (Rs); trobāvietė (1) Smn, Všt, Grdž, Vv – tróbuvietė (1) DūnŽ, Žlp, Vn, Užv; dièndaržis (1) Pš, Grk, Rd, Tt, Bsg, Rm – dienādaržis (1) Sdk; duonkepė (3a) Švnč – duonakepė (34a) JnšM, Kkl, Slk, Ds; lentgalys (3b) Ds, Brs, Dkš – lentagalys (34b) Skdt, Vlk, Ds; plytgalys (3b) Mrj – plytagalys (34b) Ds, Lkm, Dgl. The set of variants also includes a series of derivatives with the hybrid suffix -yčia, whose base words differ in their connecting vowels, e.g.: langeveryčia (2) Slk, Ut, Ktk, Dgl, Mlt – langverýčia (1) Slk. Mixed variants. Mixed cases of term variation should also be mentioned separately within the group of morphological variants. These are morphological number variants, 128 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... which also exhibit phonetic differences, e.g.: žiūželiai “a small woodworm” (1) Erž, Skr – žiūželis (1) Prng. CONCLUSIONS Variant terms are terms with differences in formal linguistic means that do not disrupt the unity of content or cause semantic changes. Analysis of the cases of variation among folk construction terms found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, with regard to the linguistic means that vary and to contemporary language, shows that variants are numerous and diverse. Stress and phonetic variants account for the largest proportion. The group of stress variants mainly comprises variants with different stress positions; variants with different intonations on the same stressed syllable are considerably rarer. A large proportion of stress-variant sets consists of sets with primary standard terms. Sets of variants with nonstandard terms consist of word variants in contemporary language or terms no longer used in contemporary language. Borrowings and nonstandard hybrids make up a sizable proportion of stress-variant sets. The group of phonetic variants consists mainly of terms conforming to contemporary language norms and dialectal variants with differences in vowel quantity and quality. Variants differing in consonants are considerably rarer. Within the group of morphological variants, which comprises terms sharing a root and identical in meaning but differing in endings, derivational affixes, or morphological category forms, terms exhibiting variation in grammatical gender predominate; cases of variation in grammatical number are rare. The group of ending variants is dominated by terms ending in -ė and -(i)a, -as and -ys. The group of derivational variants mainly comprises derivatives with the prefixes prie-, prieš-, už- and their dialectal variants, as well as derivatives with the suffix -ininkas and its variants. Not all folk construction terminology has been fully standardized. Some cases of variation among folk construction terms have entered contemporary language. LITERATURE AND SOURCES DŽ6 2006: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (3rd electronic edition), Vilnius. Klimavičius J. 1996: Nuo liaudies terminijos prie mokslinės. – Terminologija 3, 4–25. LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (elektroninis leidimas, www.lkz.lt), Vilnius. Urbutis V. 1978: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius. Župerka K. 1983: Lietuvių kalbos stilistika, Vilnius. Ахманова О. 2005: Словарь лингвистических терминов, Москва. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 129 Гринев С. 1993: Введение в терминоведение, Москва. КРусР 2003: Культура русской речи. Энциклопедический словарь-справочник, Москва. Сложеникина Ю. 2005: Термин: семантическое, формальное, функциональное варьирование, Москва. Татаринов В. 2006: Общее терминоведение. Энциклопедический словарь, Москва. VARIANT FOLK TERMS OF CONSTRUCTION IN THE DICTIONARY OF LITHUANIAN This article deals with variant folk terms of construction in the electronic version of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian) (Vilnius, 2005). It was observed that the majority of variants are variants of pronunciation – accentuation variants and phonetics variants. The group of variants of accentuation mainly consists of variants where the accent is placed differently, for instance, duónkelis– duonke­pýs (bread stove). Variants with the same place of accent, but with a different intonation are noticeably rarer, for instance, añtpamatis – ántpamatis (rise around foundations). A large part of accentuation variants are variants with normative terms, for instance, gárvilka – garvilkà (steam duct). Variants of non-normative terms are variants of words in the modern language or terms not used in the modern language, for instance, ápusė – apušė (asp). A significant proportion of variants are barbarisms and hybrids, for instance, ákšelis – akselýs (chopped straw). The group of phonetic variants mainly consists of terms concordant to norms of modern Lithuanian and variants with quantitative and qualitative differences of vowels, for instance, klijus – klýjus (glue). The group of morphological variants consists of terms with the same root and meaning, but with differences in inflectional and derivational affixes and a variety of morphological categories. In this group terms with differences in gender (palubỹs – palubė (place under a ceiling)) prevail, terms with differences in number (drobỹnos – drobynà (ladder)) are rather rare. In the group of variant terms with different inflectional affixes, most terms have the inflectional endings -ė and -(i)a (priemeñė – priemenìà) (entrance hall), as well as -as and -is (sienójas – sienójis) (log). In the group of derivational variants, most terms are derivatives with the prefixes prie-, prieš- and už- and their dialectal variants, for instance, (príegonkis – prýgonkis (porch), príeškaktis – prýškaktis (stove front), užžgardė – ažūgardė (mow)), and derivatives with the suffix -ininkas and its variants (múrininkas – mūrinýkas) (bricklayer). Received 2008-12-11 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 E. paštas: [email protected] 130 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai...