Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba 1998–2008 metais

Publication of Lithuanian Terminological Dictionaries, 1998–2008 JOLANTA GAIVENYTĖ-BUTLER Institute of the Lithuanian Language Since 1900, when the first Lithuanian dictionary of terms was printed, the number of Lithuanian terminological publications has gradually gathered pace and grown. More than 500 Lithuanian terminographic publications of various kinds issued by 2009 are recorded in the bibliography published as a separate book, Lithuanian Dictionaries of Terms (Gaivenytė-Butler, Keinys, Noreikaitė 2008), and in the annual bibliographies published in the journal Terminology, Recent Lithuanian Dictionaries of Terms (Gaivenytė-Butler 2007, Gaivenytė-Butler 2008)1—dictionaries of terms, lists of terms prepared as separate booklets, school and learner's glossaries of terms, encyclopedias in various fields, medical nomenclatures, and lists of animal and plant names (see Figure 1). Some of these publications were used only by specialists in a very narrow field or met the needs of only a particular period; others grew into larger dictionaries and laid the foundations for the development of Lithuanian terminology in various fields. After the restoration of independence, Lithuanian terminography began to grow rapidly. More than 370 dictionaries of terms appeared in independent Lithuania, of which about 240 were published in 1998–2008. On average, more dictionaries were published in each year of this decade than during the entire seventh decade of the twentieth century (see Figure 2). The publication of Lithuanian dictionaries of terms over the past decade was significantly influenced by the Programme for the Use and Development of the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania, 1996–2005, approved at the end of 1995, which provided for the development of Lithuanian-language terminology management, the promotion of Lithuanian terminology, the preparation and publication of dictionaries of terms and other terminological publications, and the carrying out of 1 The article discusses dictionaries of terms published in 2008, the bibliography of which appears in this issue of the journal “Terminology.” 252 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... Figure 1. Publication of dictionaries of terms, 1900–20082 Figure 2. Publication of dictionaries of terms, 1990–2008 linguistic and subject-matter review of dictionaries of terms, standards, and other collections of terms. This work to develop terminology continued in the new Programme for the Standardisation, Use, Development and Dissemination of the State Language, 2006–2015. In 1996, the first publications bearing the programme's mark appeared, including A. Žitkutė's German–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–German Dictionary of Automotive Terms. In 1997, the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (VLKK) took up the approval of dictionaries of terms (until then, this work had been carried out by the Terminology Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language). At the beginning of 1997, the Terminology 2 Term lists published as separate booklets by institutes of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, “Technical Terms: For Discussion” (1960–1969, 29 booklets), and term lists published by the Republican Institute of Scientific and Technical Information and Propaganda, “Patent Terms: For Discussion” (1970–1973, 8 booklets), were counted as a single dictionary. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 253 rules for approving dictionaries. The same year saw the publication of the first terminology dictionaries bearing VLKK approval: Z. Kudirka, A. Mačernius, K. Paulauskas, J. Riaubūnas, B. Stulpinas, D. Šveikauskienė, and R. Valatkaitė’s Informatics: A Lithuanian–English–Russian–German Terminology Dictionary; D. Ramonienė’s Dictionary of Christian Iconography; and V. Valiukėnas and P. Žilinskas’s International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology. The VLKK resolution No. 59 of 30 January 1997, On the Approval of Terminology Dictionaries, contains the following provisions: “1. Terminology dictionaries prepared for publication and printed in runs of more than 100 copies must be submitted to the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language for approval. 2. Publishers must submit dictionaries to the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language” (KK 1997). In 2001, the first provision was amended as follows: “printed or electronic terminology dictionaries prepared for distribution are submitted to the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language for approval” (KK 2001). New Rules for the Evaluation of Terminology Dictionaries were adopted in 2004. The VLKK resolution On the Rules for the Evaluation of Terminology Dictionaries retains the requirements previously in force: printed and electronic terminology dictionaries prepared for public distribution must be submitted to the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language for evaluation; publishers must submit terminology dictionaries to the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (KK 2004). This requirement is not always observed. The third chart shows the ratio of dictionaries approved by the VLKK to those published without approval in 1998–2008. The dictionaries approved by the VLKK also include the glossaries of plant names considered by the VLKK Subcommission on Terminology. Chart 3. Number of dictionaries published without approval and approved by the VLKK, 1998–2008 254 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... DICTIONARIES APPROVED BY THE VLKK Most of the larger and more significant terminology dictionaries of the past decade received this approval. In total, during this period the VLKK gave positive assessments to nearly seventy terminology dictionaries. The vast majority of the approved dictionaries are in the fields of engineering and the natural sciences. The largest number of VLKK-approved dictionaries appeared in physics, chemistry, engineering, and related fields: the second revised edition of V. Valiukėnas and P. J. Žilinskas’s International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (1998); the five-language Dictionary of Electrical Engineering Terms by R. J. Mukulys, V. Aleksa, R. Balsys, P. Baršauskas, K. Danilevičius, R. P. Deksnys, S. Getys, P. Kostrauskas, K. Kriščiūnas, K. Masiokienė, A. St. Navickas, A. Smilgevičius, A. Vaškys, and St. Žebrauskas (1999); V. Valiukėnas, E. Makariūnienė, and G. Morkūnas’s Dictionary of Terms in Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Protection (1999); K. Baškys and V. Šulga’s English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Hydrotechnical Terms (2000); the five-language Dictionary of Radioelectronics Terms by K. Gaivenis, G. Juška, V. Kalesinskas, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Matukas, V. Palenskis, A. Petravičius, St. Sakalauskas, Algirdas Stabinis, Vytautas Valiukėnas, and V. Žalkauskas (2000); the five-language Dictionary of Construction Terms by A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, and B. Kudzienė (2002); the second revised and expanded edition of K. Daukšas, J. Barkauskas, V. Daukšas, E. Daumantas, M. Kabailienė, A. Kareiva, Z. Mačionis, L. Naruškevičius, S. Sasnauskienė, and V. Skučas’s Explanatory Dictionary of Chemistry Terms (2003); V. Valiukėnas, R. Sabaliauskaitė, J. Gabijūnienė, and R. Andriušaitis’s Explanatory Dictionary of Telecommunications Terms (2004); P. Švenčionas, A. Adomavičius, K. Buinevičius, J. Gylis, J. Gudzinskas, G. Miliauskas, St. Šinkūnas, and V. Vasiliauskas’s Explanatory Dictionary of Thermal and Nuclear Engineering Terms (2004); V. A. Geleževičius, A. Kaulakienė, St. Marcinkevičius, R. Pocius, A. J. Poška, R. Rinkevičienė, Z. Savickienė, and K. Slivinskas’s Dictionary of Automation Terms (2004); N. Juškaitė, St. Keinys, and K. Sakalauskas’s Explanatory Dictionary of Railway Transport Terms (2006); V. Valiukėnas and P. J. Žilinskas’s Five-Language Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology Terms (2006); and the second revised and expanded edition of V. Palenskis, V. Valiukėnas, V. Žalkauskas, and P. J. Žilinskas’s Dictionary of Physics Terms (2007). There were numerous attempts to develop and standardize Lithuanian computing terminology that received positive VLKK assessments: Z. Kudirka, A. Mačernius, K. Paulauskas, J. Riaubūnas, B. Stulpinas, D. Šveikauskienė, and R. Valatkaitė’s Informatics: A Lithuanian–English–Russian–German Terminology Dictionary (1999), Terminologija | 2009 | 16 255 K. V. Paulausko Aiškinamasis kompiuterijos terminų santrumpų žodynas (2000), V. Šidlausko Anglų–lietuvių kompiuterijos terminų žodynėlis (2001), V. Žalkausko Šiuolaikinių kompiuterių programų ir tinklų žodynas (2003), V. Žalkausko Linux žodynėlis (2004), V. Žalkausko Microsoft Windows žodynėlis (2004), V. Žalkausko Biuro programų žodynėlis (2005), V. Dagienės, G. Grigo ir T. Jevsikovos Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas (2005) ir jo pataisytas bei papildytas antrasis leidimas (2008). Biologists actively worked to standardize the terminology of their field. The following received VLKK approval: R. Jankevičienė’s Dictionary of Botanical Names (1998); O. Rupainienė’s Concise English–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Plant Biology Terms (1998); N. Lapinskienė’s Explanatory Dictionary of Rhizology Terms (2001); and three works compiled by D. Kisielienė, I. Grigienė, and A. Grigas—Names of Cultivated Plants and Weeds (1998), Dendrological Names (2001), and Names of Ornamental Plants (2007). Z. Gudžinskas compiled many lists of plant names (citrus plants and their fruits, oil plants and the oils pressed from them, cereal plants and their products, nuts and the plants that bear them, edible seeds and the plants that produce them, cereal plants and their products, spice plants, fruits and the plants that bear them, vegetables, and plants listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora); these were approved by the VLKK Subcommission on Terminology and published as separate booklets. The VLKK also approved dictionaries in other natural science fields: L. Daugnora, A. Padaiga, A. Vitkus, M. Paunksnienė, A. Daugėla, V. Babrauskienė, I. Alionienė, and G. Liutkevičius’s Terms in Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology = Nomina anatomica, histologica et embryologica veterinaria (1998); V. Raškauskas, K. Jankevičius, and P. Zajančkauskas’s trilingual Dictionary of Environmental Protection Terms (2000); V. Vainauskas’s Explanatory Dictionary of Cartography and Geodesy Terms (2000); L. Daugnora, R. Budrys, and R. Trainienė’s Terms in Avian Anatomy = Nomina anatomica avium (2002); P. Bluzma, R. Mažeikytė, E. Mickevičius, J. Prūsaitė, K. Baranauskas, and R. Baleišis’s Dictionary of Mammal Names (2002); V. Juodkazy, V. Kemėšis, and G. Žalūdienė’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology Terms (2003); S. Paltanavičius’s Names of Western Palearctic Birds (2004); V. Stravinskienė’s Glossary of Ecology and Environmental Science (2004); J. Virbickas’s Dictionary of Fish Names (2005); and A. Paulauskas, K. Jankevičius, R. Liužinas, V. Raškauskas, and P. Zajančkauskas’s Explanatory Dictionary of Ecology Terms (2008). Three medical dictionaries received approval: G. Jonutienė’s German–Lithuanian 256 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... medicinos terminų žodynas (2000), A. Vitkaus, K. Baltrušaičio, A. Vitkaus, J. Luby tės ir J. Žukienės Medicininės histologijos ir embriologijos vardynas = Nomina histologica et embryologica (2001) bei J. Klumbienės, J. Petkevičienės, A. Tamošiūno, V. Grabausko, I. Misevičienės, Ž. Milašauskienės, Ž. Padaigos, L. Šumsko, A. Zaborskio, S. Domarkienės ir J. Dudzevičiaus Pagrindinės epidemiologijos sąvokos: mokomasis žodynas (2001). During this period, a considerable number of legal and economic dictionaries were published. It is regrettable that the compilers of dictionaries in these important fields, which are relevant not only to specialists, do not seek VLKK approval. Over the decade, only one dictionary in each of these fields was approved: V. Bitinaitė’s Mokomasi anglų–lietuvių kalbų teisės terminų žodynas (1998) and B. Martinkus, B. Neverauskas, A. Sakalas, R. Venskus, and V. Žilinskas’s Aiškinamasis įmonės vadybos terminų žodynas (2000). Four approved military dictionaries appeared: E. Kisinas’s Apsaugos nuo naikinimo priemonių enciklopedinis žodynas (2002), E. Kisinas’s Artilerijos enciklopedinis žodynas (2004), the third, revised edition of J. Norgėla, V. Bukauskas, R. Matulis, R. Sturonas, and E. Petrauskas’s NATO terminų aiškinamojo žodyno (2006), and P. A. Čiokas, J. Janukevičius, E. Jasiulionis, E. Kisinas, R. Kopūstas, R. Lapinskas, J. Norgėla, A. Venckus, and P. Žarys’s Enciklopedinis karybos žodynas (2008). Three art and architecture dictionaries were approved: Dailės žodynas (ed. J. Mulevičiūtė (1999)), L. Kitkauskienė and N. Kitkauskas’s Anglų–lietuvių kalbų aiškinamasis architektūros žodynas (2004), and the translated work by Cyril M. Harris, Iliustruotas architektūros istorijos žodynas: anglų–lietuvių kalbomis (compiled and scholarly edited by A. Jankevičienė, 2007). Other dictionaries in various fields approved by VLKK are also worth mentioning: Aiškinamasis medienos terminų žodynas (ed. B. Papreckis, 1998), R. Čiukas, J. Katunskis, A. Kaulakienė, A. Kijauskas, A. Lukošaitis, A. Matukonis, V. Milašius, D. Petrulis, K. Pietaris, S. Stanis, B. Tvarijonavičienė, V. Vasiliauskas, and A. Vitkauskas’s Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas: su vokiečių, anglų, prancūzų ir rusų kalbų atitikmenimis (2001), J. Pričinauskas’s Aprangos žodynas (2002), S. Angele, A. Dobravolskas, St. Keinis, L. Murauskienė, R. Sakalaitė, and H.-D. Steinmeyer’s Socialinės apsaugos terminų žodynas (1999), the second, revised and expanded edition of S. Stonkus’s Sporto terminų žodyno (2002), Europos žodynas Eurovoc (translated by O. Armalytė, D. Didžiulytė, G. Karpuvienė, L. Pažūsis, R. Sakalaitė, and D. Tekorienė, 2004), V. Žemaitis’s Etikos žodynas (2005), V. Gudelis’s Lietuvos pajūrio žuvėjų marinistikos įvardai (2006), L. Jovaiša’s Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas (2007), Poli- Terminologija | 2009 | 16 257 tikos mokslų enciklopedinis žodynas (ats. redaktorius A. Jankauskas, 2007). Keturis VLKK aprobuotus žodynus išleido Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba – D. Andriuškevičienės, A. Tamulevičiaus ir V. Valiukėno Vadovai ir vadybininkai: dvikalbis aiškinamasis žodynėlis (2003), Vadovai ir vadybininkai: trik albis aiškinamasis žodynėlis (2006) bei Inžinieriai, technikai ir technologai: trikalbis aiškinamasis žodynėlis (2005) ir R. Gataučio, R. Gudau sko, O. Gurskienės, T. R. Jovaišos, R. Laužacko, J. Stravinskienės, V. Tūtlio ir V. Valiukėno Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas (2008). More than ten school dictionaries and glossaries were published in 1998–2008, but only three have VLKK approval: K. Ponelienė’s Mokyklinis istorijos ir mitologijos terminų žodynėlis: Senovės Graikija ir Roma (1998), K. Čuprinska and I. Slavinska’s Lietuvių–lenkų, lenkų–lietuvių kalbų matematikos terminų žodynas (2001), and P. Alekna, A. Bakšys, and A. Baškienė’s Mokyklinis matematikos žodynėlis (2003). Those who most often seek VLKK approval are lecturers at Lithuanian universities and researchers at scientific institutes who compile terminology dictionaries. Many of these specialist terminologists continue the work of creating and standardizing terminology begun several decades ago by their teachers (geographer V. Gudelis, physicist P. Brazdžiūnas, chemists K. Daukšas and Z. Mačionis, botanist J. Dagys, and others). During the period under review, staff of the Institute of Botany and the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics prepared several dictionaries that had already been mentioned as approved. Lithuania’s technical universities take a responsible approach to compiling terminology dictionaries. All dictionaries published by Kaunas University of Technology or compiled by its staff over the past decade (those mentioned above: Aiškinamasis medienos terminų žodynas (1998), Elektrotechnikos terminų žodynas (1999), Aiškinamasis įmonės vadybos terminų žodynas (2000), Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas (2001), and Aiškinamasis šiluminės ir branduolinės technikos terminų žodynas (2004)) have VLKK approval. VLKK gave a positive assessment to four of the six terminology dictionaries published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University or compiled by its staff in 1998–2008 (those mentioned above: Anglų–lietuvių kalbų hidrotechnikos terminų žodyną (2000), Automatikos terminų žodyną (2004), Anglų–lietuvių kalbų aiškinamąjį architektūros žodyną (2004), and Aiškinamąjį geležinkelių transporto terminų žodyną (2006)). During the period under review, staff of Vilnius University compiled about fifteen dictionaries in various fields. Nine of them received VLKK approval; three of those approved were prepared jointly with other higher education institutions or 258 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... research institutes (the following should be mentioned: German–Lithuanian Medical Terminology Dictionary (2000), Radioelectronics Terminology Dictionary (2000), Nomenclature of Medical Histology and Embryology = Nomina histologica et embryologica (in collaboration with Kaunas Medical University, 2001), Terms of Bird Anatomy = Nomina anatomica avium (in collaboration with the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, 2002), the second revised and expanded edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of Chemistry Terms (in collaboration with other institutions, 2003), Dictionary of Fish Names (2005), Five-Language Explanatory Dictionary of Metrology Terms (2006), the second revised and expanded edition of the Dictionary of Physics Terms (2007), and Encyclopedic Dictionary of Political Science (2007)). Three approved military dictionaries—Encyclopedic Dictionary of Means of Protection against Destruction (2002), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Artillery (2004), and Encyclopedic Dictionary of Military Science (2008)—were prepared at the General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. One approved dictionary each was prepared by the Vilnius Academy of Arts (Dictionary of Art (1999) (in collaboration with the Institute of Culture and Art)) and the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (Dictionary of Sports Terms (2002)). Between 1998 and 2008, all nine terminology dictionaries published by the Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing received VLKK approval. The encyclopedias published by this institution should also be regarded as significant publications in Lithuanian terminography: the three-volume Encyclopedia of Agriculture, now complete (chair of the scientific editorial board A. Kusta, 1998–2007), and the Music Encyclopedia (chair of the scientific editorial board J. Antanavičius, 2000–2007); two editions (1999 and 2008) of the one-volume Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language by V. Ambrazas, A. Girdenis, K. Morkūnas, A. Sabaliauskas, V. Urbutis, A. Valeckienė, and A. Vanagas; and the four-volume Encyclopedia of Technology, published since 2000 (chair of the editorial board E. K. Zavadskas). DICTIONARIES PUBLISHED WITHOUT VLKK APPROVAL Lithuanian higher education institutions published a considerable number of unapproved dictionaries. At some of them, not a single approved terminology dictionary or glossary was prepared over the decade. Between 1998 and 2008, V. Bitinaitė, a lecturer at Mykolas Romeris University, prepared the only approved law terminology dictionary mentioned for the university. Four other dictionaries from this university (V. Janulevičienė, I. Darginavičienė, N. Burkšaitienė, A. Liuolienė, and V. Vaičiūnienė, Practical English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Law Enforcement (2001); L. Addo, L. Dantienė, I. Sagaitienė and Terminologija | 2009 | 16 259 N. Slaminskienės Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų teisėtvarkos žodynas (2004), D. Užpalienės Muitinės terminų anglų–lietuvių kalbų mokomasis-aiškinamasis žinynas (2007) ir A. Buračo Statistikos terminai: anglų–lietuvių–prancūzų–rusų–vokiečių kalbos: žodynas (2008)) išėjo be VLKK aprobuotos. Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos darbuotojai parengė du aprobuotus anatomijos ir tris neaprobuotus veterinarijos žodynus (V. Nečiūno, V. Nečiūnienės ir A. Leonavičienės Lexicum veterinarium breve = Veterinarijos terminų žodynėlis (2007) bei R. Micikevičienės ir A. Sederevičiaus Veterinarijos anglų–lietuvių ir lietuvių–anglų žodynas bei Iliustruotas veterinarijos anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (abu 2008)). Neaprobuotas A. Gailiūnienės ir R. Želnienės žodynas Pagrindinės biochemijos sąvokos (2007) parengtas Lietuvos kūno kultūros akademijoje. Aprobuotos neturi maždaug trečdalis Vilniaus universiteto darbuotojų parengtų terminų žodynų: R. Bartaškos ir E. Zaikausko Anglų–lietuvių apskaitos terminų žodynėlis (1998), A. Buračo Enciklopedinis bankininkystės ir komercijos žinynas (1999), P. Kadziausko Stereochemijos sąvokos (1999), V. Vitkauskienės Dailės terminų žodynas = Dictionnaire des termes des beaux arts: prancūzų–lietuvių, lietuvių–prancūzų kalbomis (1999), V. Skučo Elektrochemija: enciklopedinis žinynas (2004) ir D. Ramanauskienės Anglų–lietuvių kalbų medicinos terminų santrumpų žodynas (2005). 1998–2008 m. Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijoje parengta net dešimt karybos žodynų. Šalia trijų aprobuotų žodynų išleisti net septyni neaprobuoti verčiamieji žodynai su paantrašte eksperimentinis leidinys: G. Laugalienės ir M. Mironaitės Kar inis anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (2003), Lietuvių–anglų kalbų karybos žodynas (2004) ir Mokom asis anglų–lietuvių ir lietuvių–anglų kalbų karybos žodynas (2008), M. Pukienės ir J. Rukštelienės Kar inis prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (2003) ir Lietuvių–prancūzų kalbų karybos žodynas (2005), B. Gaidelienės Kar inis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (2003) ir Lietuvių–vokiečių kalbų karybos žodynas (2007). Lietuvos žemės ūkio universitete parengti trys neaprobuoti studentams skirti žodynėliai: N. Račkauskaitės Agronomijos terminų mokymosi praktika (1998), D. Skarbaliaus Aplinkosaugos ekonomikos pagrindinių terminų žodynėlis (2003) bei N. Petniūnienės, R. Bartkevičienės, R. Lapytės, N. Račkauskaitės ir S. Statkevičienės Mokom asis pagrindinių žemės ūkio terminų žodynas: lietuvių–anglų–rusų–vokiečių kalbomis (2003). Du neaprobuoti žodynai parengti Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitete: G. Bureikos, A. Pelėdienės ir Š. Mikaliūno Aiškinamasis transporto inžinerijos terminų ir santrumpų žodynas anglų kalba (2004) bei R. E. Katalynaitės ir L. Dubikaltytės-Raugalienės Mokom asis prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų verslo žodynas (2005). 260 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... Vilnius Pedagogical University, Klaipėda University, and Šiauliai University prepared no dictionaries bearing VLKK approval. Five unapproved educational dictionaries were prepared at Vilnius Pedagogical University: J. Bagdanavičius, P. Stankevičius, and L. Lukševičius, Economics Terms and Concepts (1999); S. Gecevičiūtė and J. Lukšėnas, Zoologist’s ABC (1999); V. Kuklys and V. Blauzdys, Terms and Concepts of Physical Education Theory and Methodology (2000); Dictionary of History (chair of the editorial board V. Pukienė, 2003); and R. Bacevičiūtė, Phonetics Terms (2008). Three unapproved dictionaries were prepared at Klaipėda University: J. Banaitis, English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Marine Engineering, Navigation, and Fisheries (2001); V. Milvydienė, Introductory Alphabet of Choreography (2008); and G. Misiukevičienė, Introductory Alphabet of Music (2008). Šiauliai University published seven unapproved dictionaries: English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Special Education (compiler and editor-in-chief J. Petruševičius, 2002); A. Garalys, Explanatory Dictionary of Logistics Terms (2003); R. Kvašytė, Terminology Teaching Glossary (2005); R. Urniežius’s teaching dictionary Instrumentation Terms (2007); V. Gudonis, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Typhlology (2008); G. Čepaitienė, G. Mažeikis, and J. Lukšytė, Gender Studies and Research (2008); and N. Feldmanaitė, German–Lithuanian Glossary of Gas Industry Terms (2008). Since 2004, a rise in terminology dictionary publishing has been noticeable at colleges. Seven dictionaries were prepared at Panevėžys College: Z. Kasperūnienė, Concise English–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–English Glossary of Environmental Protection (2005); R. Kurpavičiūtė, French–Lithuanian Dictionary of Medical Terms (2006); A. Rimkuvienė, R. Pagirienė, and R. Kurpavičiūtė, Glossary of Social Terms: (Lithuanian–English–French–German) (2006); J. Varnauskienė, Latin–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–Latin Dictionary: [for students in non-university studies in the field of biomedicine] (2007); S. Juškienė, Glossary for Students, Future Teachers (2007); A. Valickienė and Z. Kasperūnienė, Practical Lithuanian–English–Russian Business Dictionary: Examples of Business Letters and Conversations (2008); and R. Gabrėnienė and I. Petrauskienė, Glossary of Music Terms (2008). At Šiauliai College, E. Kairienė and J. Žižienė prepared the second revised and expanded edition of Dictionary of Physiology (2004), and Ž. Gerulaitienė prepared German–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–German Dictionary of Computer Lexis (2006); at Kaunas College of Forestry and Environmental Engineering, H. Stravinskas prepared Glossary of Forest Protection Terms (2007), and Ž. Bazarienė prepared German–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–German Dictionary: Recreation Terms (2008); at Vilnius College, M. Andrašūnienė prepared Glossary of Social Work Terms (2007). Terminologija | 2009 | 16 261 and V. Buivydienė and R. Žukienė’s Explanatory Dictionary of Key Literary and Linguistic Terms (2008); at Kauno kolegija, V. Čepulkauskienė’s Explanatory Dictionary of French–Lithuanian Medical Terms (2008); and at Marijampolės kolegija, L. Kazlauskienė’s German–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–German Glossary: For Students in the Catering Business Management Study Programme (2007). Unfortunately, none of these publications has been approved. Some of these dictionaries have considerable shortcomings and are unlikely to be very useful even to students at these schools. The major Lithuanian publishers issue popular, mostly translated encyclopedic dictionaries in large print runs: Dictionary of Antiquity (“Alma littera”; 1998), Handbook of Modern Literary Theory (“Tyto alba”; 1998), Universal Dictionary of Art (“Šviesa”; 1998), Key Concepts in Modern Literature (“Tyto alba”; 2000), Dictionary of Philosophy (“Alma littera”; 2002), Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms (“Vaga”; 2003), Educational Encyclopedia of Mathematics (“Šviesa”; 2007). A couple of medical dictionaries were published without approval: L. Piiskopel’s translated English–Lithuanian Medical Terminology Dictionary (“Šviesa”; 2002), and D. Ramanauskienė and E. Zagorskaitė’s English–Lithuanian Medical Terminology Dictionary (“Žodynas”; 2006). Dictionaries of law, economics, and business are most often published without approval. As many as a dozen or so such publications appeared over the past decade: O. Armalyte and L. Pažūsis’s English–Lithuanian Law Dictionary (“Alma littera”; 1998), E. Volungevičienė’s German–Lithuanian, Lithuanian–German Dictionary of Legal Terms (“Žodynas”; 1998), J. Karužienė’s Concepts in General and Legal Psychology (“Judex”; 2002), R. Mockevičius’s Dictionary of Concepts Used in the Laws of the Republic of Lithuania (Legal Information Centre, 2002), Y. Goldammer and S. Plaušinaitis’s German–Lithuanian Dictionary for Lawyers (TEV, 2005) and Lithuanian–German Dictionary for Lawyers (TEV, 2006), S. Mitkus’s Handbook of Construction Law Terms (“Eugrimas”; 2006), E. Volungevičienė, R. Laurūšonienė, and R. Tamošaitienė’s Five-Language Dictionary: Economics, Politics, Law (Legal Information Centre, 2006), Y. Goldammer, S. Plaušinaitis, and P. Jurčys’s German–Lithuanian Dictionary for Economists, Lawyers, and Businesspeople (“Arx Baltica”; 2007), R. Vainienė’s Dictionary of Economic Terms (“Tyto alba”; 2005 and 2008), the translated Explanatory English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Economics (editor-in-chief H. Pragarauskas, TEV, 2006), and the translated Thematic English–German–Lithuanian Business Dictionary (“Alma littera”; 2008). It should be noted that some unapproved dictionaries, especially those published by universities and major publishers, are fairly well prepared and somewhat improved 262 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... and could have received VLKK approval. Some unapproved dictionaries are not true terminology dictionaries: some were compiled more according to general lexicographic than terminographic principles, although most of their headwords are terms from a particular field. A significant number of unapproved terminology dictionaries are not called terminology dictionaries or simply dictionaries. Terminology dictionaries are concealed under titles naming a field and containing words such as terms, terms and explanations, terminology learning practice, terms and concepts, concepts, key concepts, educational explanatory handbook, or even alphabet. Sometimes these phrases are added as subtitles. Other terminology dictionaries and glossaries, especially those published by educational institutions, have subtitles such as methodological aid, supplementary methodological material, educational publication, textbook, teaching aid, learner’s dictionary, educational methodological book, study book. Several publications called handbooks have been published whose structure more closely resembles that of dictionaries: Handbook of Modern Literary Theory (1998), School History Handbook (1999), Customs Terms Handbook (2002), Electrochemistry: An Encyclopedic Handbook (2004), Handbook of Construction Law Terms (2006), Educational Explanatory Handbook of English–Lithuanian Customs Terms (2007). Concise Handbook of Medical Chemistry Terms (2007). Approval is not required for non-terminology dictionaries, so browsing such publications raises the question of whether their compilers truly do not consider them terminology dictionaries, and whether choosing such titles is merely an attempt to avoid the dictionary approval procedure. An assessment of Lithuanian terminology dictionary publishing in 1998–2008 shows that, during this period of terminography’s rise, quality still lags behind quantity. In reviewing terminography publications from the first decade of Independence, Jonas Klimavičius observed that “more than one terminology dictionary was published that did not say a single new word in terminography” (Klimavičius 2003: 27). Unfortunately, the same can be said of some terminology dictionaries published in 1998–2008. The problems remain the same. Explanatory terminology dictionaries are in short supply. Terminography is not regarded as scholarly work, although in 1997 VLKK appealed to the Lithuanian Science Council, proposing that the writing of terminology dictionaries in technical and other fields be recognized as scholarly methodological work. In 2000, rectors’ attention was drawn to the need to encourage the compilation and reviewing of terminology dictionaries, along with other terminological work. It was proposed that criteria for terminological activity be included in the regulations governing the attestation and competitions for positions of university teachers and research staff. The younger generation of specialists in various fields often merely makes use of the work of senior colleagues, without hurrying to contribute to the terminology of their own fields Terminologija | 2009 | 16 263 development. Most specialists who have taken part in teams compiling the most significant dictionaries of recent years, or have written dictionaries independently, are scholars of the older generation. The number of unapproved dictionaries is not decreasing. Browsing such dictionaries shows that many compilers lack terminography expertise, yet they are in no hurry to consult linguist-terminologists. Bibliographies show that unreliable online sources are often relied upon, while already published terminology dictionaries and general Lithuanian dictionaries are little used. Only the bibliographies of a few dictionaries include textbooks and monographs in the relevant field. In 2007, VLKK prepared General Requirements for the Compilation of Terminology Dictionaries (replacing the General Requirements for the Compilation of Terminology Dictionaries in force since 1999). These introduce the main principles of term creation and standardization, recommend procedures for planning a dictionary, collecting material, and writing the text, explain the structural features of terminology dictionaries and the characteristics of definitions, and describe the required components of a dictionary3. These requirements apply to terminology dictionaries prepared under the 2006–2015 Programme for the Standardization, Use, Development, and Dissemination of the State Language, but compilers of all other terminology dictionaries could (and probably should) also follow them. Preparing a good terminology dictionary and publishing it with VLKK approval is not very easy. A dictionary submitted for approval is reviewed by two experts—a subject specialist and a linguist—and considered by the Terminology Subcommittee. Reviewing and considering a dictionary takes time, and the terms included may give rise to discussion, so the time needed to prepare it for publication inevitably lengthens. Nevertheless, VLKK approval should be regarded as a quality mark to aim for, not an obligation to be avoided. LITERATURE AND SOURCES Gaivenytė-Butler J. 2007: Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai. – Terminologija 14, 209–215. Gaivenytė-Butler J. 2008: Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai. – Terminologija 15, 262–270. Gaivenytė-Butler J., Noreikaitė A., Keinys St. 2008: Lietuvių kalbos terminų žodynai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. KK 1997 – Resolution of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania On the Approval of Terminology Dictionaries (No. 59, 30 January 1997. Published in: Valstybės žinios, 1997-02-07, No. 12–257). Internet access: <http://www3.lrs.lt/dokpaieska/forma_l.htm>. KK 2001 – Resolution of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania On the Partial Amendment of Resolution No. 59 of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of 30 January 1997 “On the Approval of Terminology Dictionaries” (No. 1 (77), 29 March 2001. Published in: Valstybės žinios, 2001-04-04, No. 29–962). Internet access: <http://www3.lrs.lt/dokpaieska/forma_l.htm>. 3 Plačiau dar žr. Umbrasas 2008. 264 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Lietuviškų terminų žodynų leidyba... KK 2004 – Resolution of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language On the Approval of the Rules for Evaluating Terminology Dictionaries (No. N-8 (97), 3 June 2004. Published in: Valstybės žinios, 2004-06-10, No. 92-3395). Internet access: <http://www3.lrs.lt/dokpaieska/forma_l.htm>. Klimavičius J. 2003: Lietuvių terminografija: praeities bruožai, dabarties sunkumai ir uždaviniai. – Terminologija 10, p. 9–32. Umbrasas A. 2008: Atnaujinti Terminų žodynų rengimo bendrieji reikalavimai. – Terminologija 15, p. 216–225. Received 2009-12-21 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler Institute of the Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected] Terminologija | 2009 | 16 265