„Varpo“ medicinos straipsnių terminai

In January 2009, the Institute of Lithuanian Language celebrated the 120th anniversary of the beginning of the publication of the literary, political and scientific monthly newspaper Varpas, which was published from January 1889 to March 1906, thanks to the efforts of Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Gaidis-Gaidamavičius, Juozas Adomaitis-- Šernas, Juozas Kauka, Justinas Staugaitis and others, members of the secret student society Lithuania, founded in Warsaw. In Tilžė and Ragainė. Dr. V. Kudirka, the first editor of Varpas and author of most of the articles, started medical articles in this newspaper. Fifteen medical articles were published in the seventeen years of its existence, most of them (ten articles) in the first two years of the journal's existence. Seven articles were of considerable volume, published in several issues of the newspaper (continuous). Three articles were translated, the others were original. As usual in the press of the time, all articles were signed with pseudonyms: Atgaivys (J. Aleksa), Draugaitis (S. Matulaitis), Hygiéjos tarnas, Hygiejos tarnas, Hygijėjos tarnas, Hygiėnos tarnas (V. Kudirka), Paulius (P. Matulaitis), M. Sk-ra (M. Kuprevičius), J. Szidaras (J. Bagdonas) —or with pseudonyms: J., J. J. (J. Jasiulaitis), R.! (LS II 2004: 92, 215, 299, 316, 335, 594, Varpe sveikatos ir gydymo klausimais daugiausia rašė gydytojai —Julius Aleksa (1855-1891), Juozas Bagdonas (1866-1956), Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899), Mikalojus Kuprevičius (1864—1932), Petras Matulaitis (1865-1900), Stasys Matulaitis (1866-1956). J. Bagdonas, V. Kudirka and S. Matulaitis were collaborators of Varpas. They and P. Matulaitis were among the most important 720. 887). authors of Varpas. | The author could not be identified, because, according to Lithuanian pseudonyms, many authors signed with such a pseudonym. In this article, we first want to discuss the meaning and origin of the terms used in Varpo's medical articles (nearly 1300 of them were found), as well as the fate of some terms in the current language of medical science. > S. Matulaičio article “What is the disease tuber? published in the fourth issue of the Ūkininko laikraštis in 1886, correction {LPLP 2006: 184). (LS 1 2004: 88). 154 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms In particular, Kudirka published a series of articles in the field of hygiene — in 1889 “Tea”, “Coffee”, “Tobacco”, and in 1895 “Alcohol and Alcoholism”. In the first year of the newspaper- 's publication, J. Bagdon's article "Why do we sleep?" appeared. In 1889, the last issue of Influenza was published. In 1890, two articles by P. Matulaitis were published — “Two poisonous plants” and “Microorganisms”, and in 1891 — this author’s article “About cochineal — a remedy for drought”. In 1890 also appeared J. Aleksa’s article “Kur musu zmoneles gydosi?” and S. Matulaičio “Keli žodžiai apie girtuoklyste®” In 1897 were published M. Kuprevičiaus articles “Kokia liga gumbu vadinasi?”* and “Lietuviški ligų pavadinimai- ”. Especially emphasized is the significance and importance of the latter article for Lithuanian medical terminology. In it, the doctor, a great lover of his native “Lithuanian” language, who had diligently collected Lithuanian folklore and recorded “special rare words” (Staugaitis 1932: 706), not only drew attention to the terms of folk medicine, but also raised the question of the Lithuanianness of medical terms, i.e. that, when creating Lithuanian medical terminology, it should be based on words used by the people. In the article, doctors were urged to use Lithuanian, “people’s medicine” names of diseases instead of borrowed ones: “for sure this list will be useful to those doctors who do not want to give a place in medical science to gumbus®, nikulius, etc., and who, relying on tradition, destroy Lithuanian names of diseases, convincing people that there is no gumbus, no nikulius, 0 is only catars, zapalenija, parkos, and other Slavisms” (Kuprevičius 1897: 3 41), of which the author himself presented 57, adding Latin equivalents. Representatives of other professions have also published medical articles in Varpa, for example, Juozas Jasiulaitis (1857—1918), who studied mathematics at the Moscow University, translated and published in 1890—1891 the articles “Beauty in the human sex” and “Ethics in the human sex”. Readers of the newspaper received useful knowledge from anthropology, bacteriology, pharmacology, hygiene, clinical medicine and other fields. 2 a. ~ | a.. © Terms written in italics by the author of the article, Terminology | 2009 | 16 155 1. MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMS In the case of the 7000 series, the 7000 series is the name given to the 7000 series of computers (which are also known as the 7000 series). 1.1. Names of diseases and their symptoms and morbid states. This group includes clinical terms®, which refer to human diseases, such as eye, ear, nose and throat, tooth and oral cavity, gynecological and obstetric, infectious, blood-producing organs, respiratory organs, genital, nervous, skin, mental, cardiovascular, digestive organs and other, as well as signs of these diseases, various morbid states and so on, e.g.: eye inflammation" Vrpka,? 1889 3 40, eye blindness Vrpkdar 1889 4 61, confusion Vrpkar 1889 4 61, cuts Vrpyy 1891 10 152, Vrpjaų 1891 11 168, Vrpjy 1891 12 182 (cuts of disease" Vrpjs 1891 11 167, cuts of pathological stone nervous system Vrpją 1891 10 152), tinnitus Vrppma 1890 1 5, white disease Vrpgy 1897 3 41, cholera Vrppma: 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrppma 1890 9 137, VrprMa: 1891 4 54, chronic inflammation Vrprar 1889 2 25, doriska madness Vrpją 1891 9 136, Vrpja 1891 10 152, tremor Vrpkar 1889 3 41, drugys Vrpg, 1889 12 184, VrIppMat 1890 2 21, VIppmat 1890 7 106, VIprMat 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 10 154, head injury Vrpka, 1889 3 41, head dizziness Vrppma 1890 1 5, animal smallpox Vippnme 1890 9 138, postpartum fever Viprma 1890 8 123, cow smallpox Vrppama 1890 9 138, Vrppma 1891 4 55, catarrhal in the abdomen Vrprar 1889 1 9, catarrhal in the intestine Vrpkar 1889 1 9, wandering of greatness Vrpja 1891 11 167, wandering of persecution Vrpyg 1891 11 167, wandering of oneself Vrpja 1891 11 167, bloody diarrhea Vippma 1890 1 5, Vrppmar 1890 2 21, foolishness Vrpyg 1891 11 167 (devout foolishness Vrpys 1891 12 182, resonant foolishness Vrpiš 1891 10 153), lupu vezys 1 In the language of medical science, the term clinic has two meanings. The first meaning of clinic is "institution", anthropi — "symptoms. from which the diagnosis of the disease is determined. progress. forecast, total” (VLE X 2006). Clinical terms are "diseases, syndromes, symptoms. names of diseases, processes, disorders, methods of investigation, treatment methods, medical devices and instruments” (Nečiūnas, Nečiūnienė 1987: 5). Terms are presented in their original spelling and in the singular form of the denominator. If a term is found only in one author's article where it is used in the plural form, then it is also written in this article. However, there are many cases when the same terms are found in articles by several authors, in some they are used in the singular form, and in others ~ in the plural form. Therefore, for the sake of uniformity, all such terms are presented herein in the singular form. They are written in italics in alphabetical order. For more information on V. Kudirka's Lithuanian medical terms, see Zemlevičiūtė 2008; 142—155, Species terms are given in parentheses next to the genus term. 156 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms Vrpkar 1889 9 139, melancholy with thoughts of suicide Vrpgg, 1895 9/10 157, melancholy with thoughts of persecution Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157, unemployment Vrppmar 1890 1 5, ulcer Vippma: 1890 7 106, simple diarrhea Vrppma 1890 2 21, progressive idol Vrpją 1891 12 184, pucki Vrppna 1891 4 55, polished inflammation Vrpgy, 1895 9/10 156. red disease Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, rheumatism Vrppma 1890 10 154, sgnariu bevalda Vrpka, 1889 3 41. siutaligé (¢? —P. 7.) Vrppmae 1890 10 153, Vrppma 1891 4 55 (people's siutaligé (e? —P. Z.) Vrppmar 1890 10 153), laundry® Vrpgpr 1897 3 42, scrofula of bones Vrppma 1891 4 55, scrofula lymphatic Vrppma 1891 4 55, scrofula sunariy Vrppma 1891 4 55, severe cziaudejimas Vrpggr 1889 4 61, softening brain Vrpxar 1895 9/10 157, tobacco whipworm Vrpkar 1889 11 168, smallpox Vrppma: 1890 9 138, Vrppmar 1891 4 55, trundys’ Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, tail wolf Vrppmar 1891 4 55. inflammation of the tooth brain Vrpkar 1889 3 41, inflammation of the throat Vrpgar 1889 3 41, inflammation of the brain Vrppga, 1895 9/10 157, constipation Vrpgar 1889 12 184, rings” Vrpgpr 1897 3 42 and others. 1.2. Names of actions, processes, states and properties. This group includes names of an abstract meaning related to medicine, e.g. :al"truistic feelings Vrpją 1891 11 167, aversion of the cheeks Vrpia 1890 3 38, tissue activity Vrpggq 1889 2 22, higher feelings Vrpig 1891 10 151, sobriety Vrpsmar 1891 1 10, high squeezing of the frontal angle Vrpja 1890 4 54, dority Vrpją 1891 9 135, dory feelings Vrpyy 1891 9 134, decency Vrpyq 1891 9 134, Vrpja 1891 10 151. Vrpjg 1891 11 166, Vrpja 1891 12 183 (decency of mentally ill Vrpją 1891 11 166, Vrpyq 1891 12 182, decency of the patient Vrpyy 1891 12 183), physical health Vip 1891 12 184, functions Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156 (ventricular functions Vrpkpr 1897 1 9), depth of sleep Vrpygq 1889 2 22, treatment "homeopathy" Vrpax 1890 7 97, life Vipggq 1889 2 20, Vrpyg 1891 12 183, Vrpkar 1891 9 135, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpgyr 1889 9 139, Vrppma 1890 10 154, jcirskimas VrprMat 1891 4 57, exhalation Vrpxg, 1889 9 139, mineralization Vrppma: 1890 6 92, death Vrppga 1889 2 20 (death of the fetus Vrppma: 1890 2 21, unexpected death Vrpkar 1889 4 61), mummification Vippma 1890 8 123, normal sleep 8 Zr. laundry “menstrual, menstruation” LKZ,. * See trundys “foot sole. heel or toe joint" LKZ, 0 See rings "monthly" LKZ.. Terminology | 2009 | 16 157 nature'! Vrppga 1889 2 20, nature doriSka Vrpyy 1890 4 54, nature medium Vrpy, 1890 5 68, nature of mind Vrpją 1890 4 54, psychic tone Vrpja 1891 11 166, mental activity Vrpyg 1891 11 166, Vrpja 1891 9 134, psychological analysis of mental illness Vrpją 1891 10 153, radical treatment Vrppma 1891 4 57, reflex sensitivity Vrpka, 1889 1 9, sgjauta? Vrpjsi 1891 10 151, Vip 1891 11 166, Vrpyg 1891 9 134, smertis Vrpkdr 1889 3 40, Vippma 1890 6 91, Vrppama 1891 4 54, Vrpppa 1890 2 21, 1889 2 22, reasoning Vrpija 1890 4 54, dismissal Vrpkga, 1895 9/10 157. sensations Vrppgg 1889 2 20, latitude Sniurksliy Vrpjs 1890 4 53, Vrppata 1890 8 123, suomoneé®® Vrpją 1891 10 152, Vrpia 1891 11 166. Vrpja 1891 12 183, suomij'* Vrpjų 1891 9 135, sustrunijimas'® nervosko sistemato Vrppg 1891 12 183, sustrunyjimas kaulų Vrpją 1890 3 38, Vrpy 1890 4 54, srddies tvinkséjimas Vrpka, 1889 2 25, visle Vrpka, 1889 4 60, žemieji jausmai Vrpyg 1891 10 151, žemesni jausmai Vrpga 1891 10 151, zlébcziojimas'® Vrpga, 1889 9 139, Vrpkar 1889 8 120 ir kt. 1.3. Names of body parts and organs and the fluids produced by them. These names refer to concepts of human anatomy and physiology, e.g.: eye proteins Vrpga, 1889 3 41, eye thin Vrpkar 1889 10 152, ascaris pathways Vipxar 1889 460, nerve tissue Vrpia 1890 5 69, tooth brain Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpka, 1889 9 139, tooth enamel Vrpkar, 1889 9 139, brain stem Vrppga 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1889 10 153, Vrpkar 1889 1 9, left heart Vrpped 1889 2 21, pancreas 1889 8 120, kojos Vrpkar 1 9, Vrpkar 1889 2 25, Vrpkar 1889 341, Vrpgr. 1889 12 184, Vrppmar 1890 2 20, Vrpky, 1895 9/10 156, blood Vrprkar 1889 9 139, Vrpkar 1889 1 9, Vrpkg, 1889 10 152, Vrpgy, 1895 9/10 156, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpxar 1889 4 60, Vrpkar 1889 11 168, VrpPBpa 1889 2 21, Vrpyq 1890 5 69, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, Vrppma 1890 9 138, VrppMai 1890 7 106, Vrppma 1890 5 69, respiratory tract Vrpka, 1889 10 152, genitals Vrpka, 1895 9/10 157, manure Vrppma 1890 6 91, Vrppamar 1890 7 106, muscles Vrpijs 1890 3 38 (muscles of the temporal bone Vrpyg 1890 4 Zr. priežastis „nature“ in LKZ.. 2 See sympathy „compassion, mutual sympathy“ in LKZ.. See suomoné 1. „consciousness”, 2, „concept, understanding” LKŽ,. See suoprotis “understanding, knowledge” in LKZ.. 5 See sustrunyti “to build, to unravel” in LKZ.. "Digestion" LKZ.. 158 Palmira Earthworms | Penis Medical Article Terms 53, temporal muscles Vrpją 1890 4 53), sensitive organs Vrpyy 1891 10 151, paws Vrpja 1890 5 68, Vrppma 1890 8 123, abdomen flat Vrpgg, 1895 9/10 156, abdomen slidploné Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156, hair Vrpja 1890 5 68, fingers Vrppma 1890 2 20, sweat Vrpr 1889 12 184, Vrpky, 1889 3 41, saliva Vrpgar 1889 3 41, Vrprar 1889 8 120, Vippmar 1890 5 72, shallow male Vrppmar 1890 10 154, strenu cerebrum Vrpgy, 1889 10 153, stuomuo Vrppma 1890 2 20, sunkés Vrppgq 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1889 9 139, Saliniai dangteliai šniurkšlių Vepy 1890 4 54, facial bones Vrpyy 1890 4 54, middle organs Vrppma 1891 4 57, zlebcziojimo kelei Vrpr 1889 12 184 and others. 1.4. Names of treatments and other devices. Some of the terms in this significant group (names of medicines, medicinal plants and their parts, chemicals and other substances) are pharmaceutical terms, e.g.: arnica leaves Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, arnica flowers Vrpgkp, 1897 3 42, chard bark Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, china VrppmMai 1890 10 154, chloral-hydrate VrpBga 1889 2 20, chlorophyll VrPgar 1889 1 8, Vrpkd, 1889 3 40, dextrin VibPrar 1889 2 25, Vrpxar 1889 8 120, disinfectant liquids Vrppma 1890 8 123, gumbAe Vrpgp, 1897 1 9, gumbazolé Vrpgp 1897 3 42, migdinanczei medicines Vippgq 1889 2 21, morphine Vrpggq 1889 2 20, Vrppmar 1890 1 4, naslelés Vrpg,: 1897 3 41, puplaiSkiai Vrpgp, 1897 3 42, obuline ruksztis Vrprga, 1889 3 40, pavirszutinei medicines Vrpka, 1889 3 41, ruksztynine ruksztis Vrpgg, 1889 3 40, sakai Vrpka, 1889 1 8, skalsa Vippma 1890 1 4, Vrppmar 1890 2 20, SaltekSnio žievė Vrpypr 1897 3 42, vyninis spiritas Vrpkar 1895 9/10 155. This group also includes some clinical terms (names of treatment methods and medical devices), e.g.: squirrel Vrppma 1891 4 57, quarantine Vrppma 1890 8 123, microscope Vrpkar 1889 19, Vrppmar 1890 4 59. In addition, some of the names belonging to this group refer to folk remedies (food products, household items, etc.), e.g.: beer Vrpsma 1891 1 10, beet juice Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, beef fat Vrpkp, 1897 3 41, pig fat Vrpkp, 1897 3 41, honey Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, soap Vippma 1890 8 123, milk Vrppmae 1890 2 21, onion Vrpgpr 1897 3 41. 1.5. Personal names. Siais pavadinimais yra jvardijami su medicinos mokslu ir darbu susiję asmenys, pvz.: al’koholikas Vrpjy 1891 12 183, boba —daktarka Vrppama 1890 2 21, doriškai-- mažaprotis Vrpis 1891 11 166, doriskai-- silpnaprotis Vip 1891 11 166, dvasios ligoniai Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157, dvasiSkai-sergantys Vrpj 1891 9 134, Vrpja 1891 10 150, VrPja 1891 11 166, Vrpja 1891 12 182, gimdytoja Vrppma 1890 8 123, girtuoklis Terminologija | 2009 | 16 159 Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156, Vrpkar 1895 11 173, hysterics Vrpjų 1891 11 167, morphist Vrpją 1891 9 134, mummies VrppMar 1890 8 123, psychopath Vrpja 1891 11 167, immature fetus Vrppmae 1890 2 21, fetus of two organisms of different constitution Vrpją 1890 5 69 and others. 1.6. Scientific names. This group includes the names of branches of medical science and sciences related to medicine, for example: bacteriology Vrprzvari 1891 4 55, surgery VrpyMa 1890 8 123, physiology Vrpggd 1889 2 22, homeopathy Vrpan 1890 7 97, pathology Vrpxa: 1889 9 139. psychiatry Vrpyg 1891 9 136. Vrpja 1891 10 152, therapy Vrpkaą, 1889 11 168 ir kt 1.7. Names of institutions. This group includes names of medical institutions, e.g.: clinic Vrppma 1891 4 56, Vrpgar 1895 9/10 157, hospital Vrppmar 1890 7 105, VrppmMar 1890 8 123, Vrppma 1891 4 55, Vrpyy 1891 12 183, house sumiséliy Vrpka, 1895 9/10 157, etc. In this article, medical terms are divided into terms of Lithuanian origin, borrowed terms and hybrids, according to their origin in relation to the Lithuanian language. Three-fifths (6099) of the examined terms are of Lithuanian origin. Debtors account for only one fifth (20%) of all terms, and there are as many terms of mixed origin.” 2.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin. Authors who wrote about medical issues in Varpe mainly used names of Lithuanian origin of body parts and organs and the fluids produced by them, diseases and their symptoms and morbid states, persons, actions, processes, states and characteristics related to medicine, which make up more than half of all terms. Some of these names have become part of the language of modern medical science, while others are no longer used. 2.1.1. In the current medical science language are used terms of Lithuanian origin. It must be said that a considerable part of the terms of the medical articles of the penis have entered into force in the current medical language. Many of the body parts inherited from the living language and ancient writings, which constitute the core of the current Lithuanian terminology of anatomy, are considered hybrids. Fresh air, Changes 1990: 78), e.g. Fungus. 8 Terms of mixed origin include single-word hybrids, such as guzelis, and compound terms with elements of different origin. e.g., chronic disease, scientific medicine. 160 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms and names of organs (as evidenced by LKŽ data) found in Varpo medical articles, e.g.: akis Vrpga, 1895 9/10 155, Vrpkar 1889 1 8. See PKkar 1889 3 41, Vrpkyr 1889 4 60, Vrpidr 1889 10 152, Vrpg, 1889 12 184, Vrpis 1890 5 68, Vrpkar 1895 11 174, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, ausis Vrpyqdr 1889 3 41, Vrppmar 1890 2 20, burna Vrpka, 1889 3 40, Vrpkar 1889 8 120, VrpPkar 1889 9 139, Vrpjs 1890 3 38, Vrpy 1890 4 53, Vrpyy 1890 5 68, Vrppama 1890 7 106, dantis Vrprar 1889 3 41, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpkar 1889 10 153, Vrpkar 1890 1 5, VrprMat 1890 2 21, VI PPMat 1891 4 54, Vrpkar 1895 11 175, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, gomurys Vrpkar 1889 9 139, kidney Vrppgq 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157, kakta Vrpyg 1890 4 54, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, bone Vrpjas 1890 3 38, Vrppama 1891 4 55, VrPkpr 1897 3 42, liver Vrpxar 1895 9/10 156, leg Vrpkar 1889 1 9, Vrpkd, 1889 2 25, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpr 1889 12 184, Vrppma 1890 2 20, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156, nose VrpPkar 1889 3 40, Vrpkar 1889 4 60, Vrppma 1890 2 20, Vrpja 1890 5 68, belly VrpPkar 1889 1 9, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpra, 1889 8 120, Vrppmar 1890 7 105, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157, Vrpkpr 1897 3 41. finger Vrppmar 1890 2 21, VrppMar 1890 7 106, Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, hand Vrpiy, 1889 19, Vrpkar 1889 2 25, Vrpkyr 1889 3 41, Vrpr, 1889 12 184, Vrppmar 1890 2 20, Vrpjsi 1890 3 39, Vrpja 1890 4 54, Vrpja 1890 5 54, Vrppma 1890 8 123, Vrpkar 1895 11 174, veidas Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpyy 1890 3 38, Vrpj 1890 4 53, Vrpja 1890 5 68, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156, žarna Vrpka, 1889 2 25, Vrpgdr 1889 3 41, Vrppma 1890 5 72, Vrppma 1890 8 123 and others. The terminology of some anatomy and physiology is now different, e.g.: aszara Vrpkar 1889 4 60, Vrpg 1889 12 184 —now tear, krutiné VrpBpa 1889 2 21, Vrpkdr 1889 3 41, Vrpggr 1889 10 152 —now chest, kunas Vrppgd 1889 2 20, Vrpgar 1889 3 40, Vrpjg 1890 3 37, Vrpja 1890 4 53, Vrpjsl 1890 5 69, VrppMmat 1890 7 106, VIprmat 1890 9 138, VIrpPMat 1890 10 154, Vrpsmar 1891 1 11, Vrprnvai 1891 4 55, Vrpjy 1891 10 151, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42 —now body, lupa Vrpka, 1889 8 120, Vrpkd, 1889 9 139 —now lip. Some anatomy terms have varied (mostly spelling and phonetic variants- ), e.g.: tongue Vrpkar 1889 8 120, Vrpkar 1889 9 139, Vrpkg. 1889 12 184 /tongue Vrpkar 1889 3 41, skin Vrpkg, 1895 9/10 157 /dda Vrpsgd 1889 2 21 /skin VT Pl 1890 4 54, VT Pisi 1890 3 38, VIppMat 1890 2 20, Vrppmar 1890 7 105, lungs Vrppma 1890 7 106, Vrppmae 1890 10 153, Vrppmar 1891 4 55, Vrpgg, 1895 9/10 156 /lungs Vrpkq, 1889 1 8, Vrppga 1889 2 21, Vrpgy, 1889 9 139, Vrpkar 1889 10 152 /lungs Vrpxg, Terminology | 2009 | 16 161 1889 10 152, sunariai Vrppma 1891 4 55 /sanariai Vrpga, 1895 9/10 156, smegens Vrppgq 1889 2 22 /smagens Vrppgq 1889 2 21 /smegenys Vrpkadr 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1891 4 55, Vrpyqg 1891 12 183, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156 / smegenys Vrppgd 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1889 4 61, Vrpkar 1889 11 168, VrPjs 1891 11 167. szirdis Vrpkar 1889 1 9, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrppyy 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1889 10 152 /širdis Vrppmar 1890 2 20, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 156, vidurei Vrprar 1889 1 9. Vrpka, 1889 9 139 /viduriai Vrpggy 1889 2 21, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpka, 1889 9 139, Vrppma: 1890 2 21, Vrpai 1890 7 98, Vrpkdr 1895 9/10 156, Vrpkpr 1897 1 9, žandas Vrpyq 1890 3 38, Vrpyg 1890 4 53 /žandas Vrpka, 1889 3 41. The same applies to some names of actions and processes, e.g.: healing Vrpa 1890 7 97, Vrppmar 1890 8 123 /healing Vrpkdr 1895 9/10 155, Vrppmar 1891 4 55, Vrppmar 1890 2 21, Vippma 1890 10 153, Vrppmar 1891 4 55, breathing Vrpbkar 1889 3 41, Vrpkyr 1889 9 139 /breathing Vrpgyg 1889 2 21, inoculating Vrppmar 1890 9 138, Vrppmar 1890 10 153 /inoculating Vrppma 1891 4 56. The current terminology of the clinic contains a number of acquired names of diseases and their symptoms and morbid states used by the authors of Varpo's medical articles (only the spelling of some differs from the spelling of the terms used today), e.g.: cziaudėjimas Vrpkdr 1889 4 60, kepenų kogliai Vrpga, 1895 9/10 156, drebulys Vrpkar 1889 3 41, džiova Vrpgar 1889 10 152, VrPDkar 1889 11 168, Vrppma 1891 4 54 /dry Vrppma 1890 10 153, Vrpy,, 1897 3 41, jaundice Vrpg,: 1897 1 10, wart Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, fever Vrpgy, 1889 3 41 /fever Vrpgpr 1891 4 55, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, fever Vrppama 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 9 137, Vrppmar 1891 4 54 /fever Vippma 1890 7 106 /fever nom. pl. Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 9 138, Vrppma 1890 10 153 /fever Vrppmae 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 10 154, Vrppmar 1891 4 54, cough Vrpkar 1889 3 40, Vrpka, 1889 4 60, Vrpkar 1889 10 152, Vrpg, 1889 12 184, nausea Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, barley Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, itching Vrpgp, 1890 7 105. attack Vrpją 1891 11 167 /swelling Vrpkgar 1889 4 61, smallpox Vrppamar 1890 7 106, Vrppaa 1890 8 12, Vrppmar 1890 9 138, Vrppmar 1891 4 54, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, dementia Vrpga 1891 12 184, pneumonia Vrpka, 1890 7 106, vomiting Vrpka, 1889 3 41, Vrpr, 1889 12 184, Vrppmar 1890 1 5, cancer Vrpkar 1889 9 139 /veZys Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, diarrhea Vrppma 1890 2 20, wolf Vrpkar 1889 4 60, Vrppma 1891 4 56, wound Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157, Zegsejimas Vrpka, 1889 3 41 and others, 162 Palmira Zemleviciaté | Varpo medical articles terms revived, but also in other parts of the skin: bones, joints (arthritis of the joints, bones), lymphatic peas, brain and even tail“ Vrppmar 1891 4 55. In the LKZ the word pea is added with another medical meaning — "one of the bones of the wrist (os pisiforme- )". The term muscle was used by doctors J. Bagdonas and P. Matulaitis to refer to an organ (lat. musculus MedZ 350) composed of tissue capable of contracting (the plural form in the articles was raumenys Vrppgq 1889 2 21, Vrppma 1890 7 105). Other used variants of muscle nom. pl. Vrpyy 1890 3 38, Vrpjy 1890 4 53 (raumens smilkininiai Vrpyy 1890 3 39), raumenés Vrpgg 1889 2 21. In the same article, J. Bagdonas has also called muscles meésos: "Our body tissues, like meat, bones, etc., are destroyed by work and for regeneration require pen, which they absorb from the blood" Vrpg,q 1889 2 21. In the LKŽ the word meat „raumenys“ is given from Ėriškiai, Dusetos, Tauragė, Utena, Skirsnemunė, Marcinkoniai. In the article of J. Jasiulaitis we will also find latynizma muskulai Vrpją 1890 3 38. In the modern language of medical science, the Lithuanian term raumuo has established itself. The nasal nostrils (Latin member MedŽ 364) J. Jasiulaitis called the term šniurkšlės: "In the row of such signs must also be counted that opening of the nose, which made the nostrils open and visible from the beak, <...>" Vrpją 1890 4 53. Most of the examples of use of the word šniurkšlė are taken from written sources (J, Sch, Ch), one — from the living language (Syntautai), but this word is used not for a human, but for an animal’s nose (snirklė 1. „animal SnervéTM“). The fluid excreted from the body by the kidneys (Latin urina MedŽ 568) was called the same by J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka — the term szlapumas Vrpggg 1889 2 22, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, Vrpkar 1889 2 25, and P. Matulaitis used the term myžalai Vrppma 1890 6 92, Vrppma 1890 7 106. According to the LKZ, the words „urine“ (Pv, Bgt, Jrb, Jsv, Y1, DūnŽ) and „myzalai“ (Pc) are still used in the living language, and the term „urine“ has become established in the current medical language. The last part of the digestive tract, which begins from the small intestine and continues to the exit opening (in Latin: intestinum crassum MedZ 276), P. Matulaitis named the chamber intestine: “When we drink, eat, we swallow millions of microorganisms; don't think that they all end up in the belly; no, most of them remain alive even in a healthy person; there are many of them, ypąč ka maronéj intestine, where not cooked food long stays; <...>’ VrPPMat 1890 7 106. The term is now used for the large intestine. Terminology | 2009 | 16 169 2.1.2.2. Names of diseases. Infectious diseases were referred to in articles as limpanti liga Vrpxa, 1889 10 153, limpanczios ligos Vrpga, 1889 10 153, Vrpg, 1889 12 184, limpancziosios ligos Vrpg. 1889 12 184: Stebetinas tai dalykas, kad su epidemija influenzas tankiai supūpa ir epidemijos kitulimpancziuju ligu, <...>“ Vrpr 1889 12 184. According to LKZ, limpancios (< lipti „to climb, to be infected [by the disease]“) diseases are known from Priekulė, Biržai, limpanti liga —from J. Brodovskio dictionary Lexicon Germano—Lithvanicom et Litvanico—Germanicom, Acute purulent inflammation of the finger of the hand (Latin panaritium MedZ 408) M. Kuprevičius called the term aptakys Vrpg, 1897 3 41. The word is used in the text only in the last paragraph, but the author has written it from the living language. This disease is now called the Lithuanianized Latin term panaricijus and Lithuanian landuonis. The acute infectious disease (typhus MedŽ 562) was called by M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis by three terms — Lithuanian-origin fever, cold and Greek-origin typhus. e.g.: fevers — typhus Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, fever VI pPPMat 1890 7 106, typhoid VrIppMat 1890 8 124, Vrpprmar 1890 9 137, Vrppmar 1891 4 54. In the LKŽ the word karštinė „fever, cold, drugy“ is given from Kupiškis, Dusetos, Tauragė, Kuktiškiai, Alovė, Utena, Druskininkai, Nočia, Paringis, and šiltinė „such an acute infectious disease (typhus)“ — from Telšiai, Salamiestis, Pivašiūnai, Stirniai. In modern medical science, the term "warm" has become established. One of the forms of neurosis — hysteria (MedZ 262) —M. Kuprevičius called the terms priemetė (priepuola) —hysteria Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, J. Aleksas —priepuola: "<...> I gumba know, ma rodos, that it priepuola" Vrpa 1890 7 97. The terms "primoet" and "pripuola" are presented in the articles of both doctors as the words of rural people (living language). The LKŽ words priemetė (only the variant priemėtė [Šmn|] is given), priepuola (Jnk, Kml, Nm, Zp, Vv, Bgt, Gs, Gl, Skr) are derived from living language, but not in the meaning of “hysteria”, zr. attacks "intermittent nervous disease, abnormal mental state, manifestation of such a state", premeted "nervous disease, convulsions- ". In his 1897 article "What is a seizure?", S. Matulaitis wrote that the villagers call many diseases by this name (also referred to as seizure): "They sweat their heads, they say it is a seizure. Breaks bones, rheumatism, attacks, hears, attacks on bones. It's a mental illness, it's a attack. Sopa kam akis, vėl priepuola, ašį į akis susimetė, ir taip vieną šimtą ligų vienu pavadinimu priepuola vadina“ (Matulaitis 1897: 12 184). According to this doctor, “it is too easy to call only one disease, which is caused by the weakening of the nerves, usually called the dance of St. Vitus (in Latin cholera minor)” (Matulaitis 1897: 12 184). Now this nervous disease is called hysteria, an international term of Greek origin. Chronic mental illness — epilepsy (lat. epilepsia MedŽ 180) — V. Kudirkas, M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis called it nuomirulis Vrppaa 1890 2 21, nuomarius Vrpgdr 1895 9/10 157, nuomara Vrpkp, 1897 3 42. All these terms are words of the living language, see r. nuomara „rent“ Srv, Er, Rm, Sml, Grž, nuomarius „rent“ Plv, nuomirulis „rent“ Vlkv, Erž, TIž 170 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms LKZ.. Chronic infectious sexual disease (lat. syphilis MedŽ 528) M. Kuprevičius called the terms prasta liga (viltoji) VrPkp, 1897 3 42. The name "Snake" means "snakehead". P. Matulaitis consistently used the term of Latin origin syphilis- ** Vrppama 1890 8 123, VrppMar 1891 4 57, Vrppmar 1890 9 137, Vrppmar 1890 10 153. The term sausgela (sausgéla) by P. Matulaitis could have been used to refer to rheumatism (Latin rheumatismus MedZ 485): “Musmirius is prepared as follows:- a) from sausgela — half a bunch of dry, broken mushrooms is added, poured over water, sealed, and then put for 9 days in manure or in the ground; potam lubricates the sore area with liquid; <...>’ VrprMa 1890 2 21. This doctor also used the Greek word rheumatismas VrppMat 1890 10 154 to name the disease. M. Kuprevičius wrote the term sausgela —rheumatismus muscularis Vrpkpr 1897 3 42 with the meaning "muscular rheumatismus® (Latin rheumatismus musculorum MedZ 485). In the modern language sausgėla means “healing of bones, joints, rheumatism” Vlkv, Dkš, Gs, Grdž LKZ.. Chronic infectious disease of the respiratory organs (Latin tuberculosis MedZ 559) was called sausligés by J. Jasiulai¢ius and P. Matulaièius, e.g.: sausligé Vrppmat 1891 4 54, sauslige Vrpja 1890 5 68, Vrppma 1890 6 91, Vrppmar 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1891 4 54. P. Matulaitis in his article „Apie koching —vaistą nuo sausligesTM has created a number of Russian terms, e.g.: sausligé bone VrprMar 1891 4 57, suusligé sunarii Vrppma 1891 4 57, suusligé uodos Vrppma 1891 4 57, suusligé pulmonary Vrppma 1891 4 57 (initial suusligé pulmonary Vrppma: 1891 4 56), suusligé bone Vrppma 1891 4 55, suusligé limfatisky Zirniy Vrppma 1891 4 56, suusligé pulmonary Vrppma: 1891 4 57, suusligé joints Vrppma 1891 4 57, suusligé sunariy Vrppna 1891 4 55, suusligé uodos Vrppma: 1891 4 57, ** In the opinion of M. Fasmeri, the word syphilis comes from the Italian language after the name of the character in Ovid's Metamorfoziy who suffered from this disease (VGacmep III 1971: 629). Terminology | 2009 | 16 171 diarrheal diarrhea Vrppmae 1891 4 57, real diarrhea VrppmMa 1891 4 57, local bone diarrhea Vippama 1891 4 57. The word sausligé "drought, tuberculosis" in LKZ is only documented from written sources (J, Tat, VŽ, LC). The term žiova Vrpkgar 1889 10 152, Vrpka, 1889 11 168, Vrppma 1891 4 54 /džiova Vrppmar 1890 10 153, Vrpkpr 1897 3 41 was used in articles on the medicine of Varpa and has become established in the current clinical terminology. The term saldžioji votis in M. Kuprevičiaus article „Lietuviški ligų pavadinimai“ could mean both „vesicular eczema“ (Latin: eczema vesiculosum MedZ 164) and „pustular eczema“ (Latin: eczema pustulosum MedZ 163), cf. the Latin equivalent eczema vesiculosum et pustulosum Vrpkp, 1897 3 42. According to the LKŽ, sweet votis "very itchy rash, eczema" is the name of the disease used in the living language (Ss, Pc, Aln, Kpč, Slm, Klt, Kp, LTR[An|]), Reducing the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin (Latin anaemia MedZ 30) M. Kuprevičius named the popular term nikulys —anaemia Vrpkp, 1897 3 42. The LKŽ fixed variant nykulys does not have this meaning, one of the meanings of this word, known from Bartninkai, Ėriškiai, Plokščiai, Alytus, is "decay, drying disease". The term anemia is derived from the Greek word anemia and is synonymous with anemia. It should be noted that the latter term is more established in usage. The list of disease names given by M. Kuprevičius in his article of 1897 contains a number of figurative folk terms, which are replaced in the current language of medical science by either Lithuanianized Latin or composite terms of Lithuanian or mixed origin, e.g.: grižas —dyspepsia Vrpkpr 1897 3 41 (now dyspepsia, digestive disorder Med? 158), rietenos —soor Vrpkpr 1897 3 42 (now kandidymikozé MedZ 88), sunkenybe —emphysema pulmonum Vrpxp 1897 3 42 (now pulmonary emphysema MedZ 169), trukys — euteropfosis Vrprpr 1897 3 42 (now enteroptozé, bowel movement MedZ. 176) and others. 2.1.2.3. Personal Names. In the current language of medical science, the term „gydytoja“ (birth-mother), which P. Matulaitis used in the meaning of „woman who has given birth to a baby“, has not been adopted:,- ,For this reason, everybirth-mother in the countryside should not bring a girl to herself, not forcing her to wash her hands well with soap and trim her paws“ Vrppma 1890 8 123. The term "doctor of medicine" is derived from the Latin word doctor, which means "doctor of medicine" or "doctor 172 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms of medicines". The spelling of the term doctor varied greatly, for example: gyditojas Vrpaix 1890 7 97 /gvdjtojas Vrpai 1890 7 98 /gydytojas Vrppma 1891 4 55, Vrpy 1891 10 152, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 155, Vrpkpr 1897 1 9, Vrpyy, 1897 3 41. The term physician has used |. Jasiulaitis, next to him in parentheses gave a doctor, e.g. vaistytojas (doctor) Vrpją 1891 12 182. According to the LKZ, the word „gydytojas“ is known from the old writings of K. Sirvydas, M. Daukša, J. Bretkūnas. A sick person was usually referred to as a sick person Vrprar 1889 2 25, Vrpkar 1889 3 41, VrPkar 1889 10 153, Vrpg, 1889 12 184, Vrppma 1890 2 20, Vrpaių 1890 7 97, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrpsmar 1891 1 13, Vrppumy 1891 4 55, Vrpja 1891 9 135, Vrpja 1891 10 150, Vrpja 1891 11 166, Vrpjs 1891 12 183, Vrpky, 1895 9/10 155, Vrpkpr 1897 1 9, Vrpg, 1897 3 42, which is recorded in LKŽ from Saugai, Ėriškiai, Taujėnai, Rokiškis, Vištytis. In this sense, J. Jasiulaitis has also used the terms apsiginys (incapacitated) expressed by the above-mentioned participants: „<...> after the weakening of the mental forces, which is caused by intoxication or mental illness, the will can no longer control the flow of mental processes, and therefore the apsiginys becomes a prisoner of affektyTM Vrpiš 1891 10 151, sick: „This incapacity to live a life of Zmogijos is particularly evident in those attacks when the sick person is fully mental, when all his forces are devoted to mental sustainability“ Vrpją 1891 10 150 /sick Vrpja 1891 10 152. The synonymy of these terms is indicated by |. In the 19th century, the term was used to refer to a group of people who suffered from tuberculosis (1891–1913). J. Jasiulaitis also referred to the hospital as pacientas Vrpjų 1891 10 152, a term derived from Latin. Beside this term in parentheses he has added the term of Lithuanian origin liginamasis, e.g. pacientas (liginamasis): "If the patient (liginamasis) begins to draw his attention to the stoon's relatives, to show sympathy, and then begins to do anything for others under the influence of these motives (impulses), that, in my eyes, is the true sign that his stoon is getting better" Vrpją 1891 9 134. The word liginamasis** is not recorded in the LKŽ — it could be a modern addition. 2.1.2.4. Names of institutions. Hospital (lat. hospitalium MedŽ 249) In J. Jasiulaičio and P. Matulaičio articles it was called the term ligonbutis**: “Earlier people died from operations in hospitals, you can say. See link 1. ‘to care for, guard, nurture a sick person’, 2. “treat” LCI.. 8 £3 gyuy 5 1. Palionis ligonbutj considered J. Šliūpas's novelty (Palionis 1952: 239), Terminologija | 2009 | 16 173 as flies; <...>’ Vrppma 1890 8 123. Mr Aleksa referred to this institution as a debt hospital (for details see 2.2.2.). “Psychiatric hospital” (Latin maniconium MedZ 325) could be defined by V. Kudirka’s term “homes of the confused”: “Children of the drunks are a real victim of the houses of the confused and prisoners” Vrpga, 1895 9/10 157. The latter term could also correspond to the meaning in the Medical Terms Dictionary with a certificate psn. (obsolete) the meaning of the given term madhouse (Latin morocomium MedŽ 347). 2.2. Debts. A fifth of all medical articles in Varpo are borrowed. The largest number of borrowings were found from Greek, accounting for 30% of all medical borrowings. In addition, there are 20% borrowed words from Latin and 20% from Slavic languages. Some borrowings have been found from other languages (French, Arabic, German, etc.), as well as borrowings of unclear origin and borrowings with démen-° of different origin. The debts are mainly referred to as treatment and other measures. These are the names of medicines, chemicals, disinfectants and other substances, beverages and other liquids and plant ingredients, e.g. : alune Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, ammonia Vrppma 1890 6 91, antipyrine Vrpg, 1889 12 184, tea Vrpkar 1889 1 8, Vrpkar 1889 2 25, Vrppamae 1890 1 4, Vrppma 1890 2 2, Vrpkar 1895 11 173, atropine Vrppma 1890 1 4, quinine Vrpa, 1889 12 184, Vrppma 1890 1 4, chloroform Vrppaa 1890 6 92, ergotine VrprMat 1890 1 5, ether Vrpgyq 1889 2 20, ether oil Vrpyy, 1889 1 8, kefir Vrppmar 1890 6 91, cochineal Vrppaae 1891 4 56, kumys Vrppmar 1890 6 91, morphine Vrpyg 1891 9 134, castor oil Vrppmy 1890 2 21, saline Vrpg, 1889 12 184, scleromucine Vippma 1890 1 5, strichnine Vrpkxa, 1889 1 9, tannin Vrpkar 1889 1 8, tein Vrpga, 1889 1 9, etc. Be it. The doctors have used in their articles unlithuanized, mainly clinical, terms, e.g.: anaemia Vrpgsąa 1889 2 21, antidotum Vrpka, 1889 2 25, arytmia Vrprar 1889 1 9, catarrhus ventriculi Vrpkp, 1897 1 9, contagium Vrppma 1890 7 106, delirium tremens Vrpga, 1895 9/10 156, depressio Vrpkar 1889 19, dyspepsia VrPkpr 1897 3 41, eclampsia Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, ~endometritisTM Vip, 1897 19, gastritis VrPgp, 1897 1 9, miasma-- contagium * When distinguishing international terms by the language from which they originate, we have come across terms that have been derived from more than one language, e.g. chloroform — from Greek chloros and Latin facidum)- form(icicum). In the general sense of linguistics, such words are hybrids. Therefore, such terms are referred to in this article as borrowed terms with elements of different origin. + ri 174 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms 1890 7 106, "retroflexio uteri" Vrpgy 1897 19. A number of unlithuanised bacteriological terms were found in P. Matulaičio 1890 article on microorganisms, e.g.: bacillus ahthracis ViprMai 1890 7 106, bacterium lacticum Vrppma 1890 5 73, bacterium termo Vrppmar 1890 6 91, Clostridium butyricum Vrppma 1890 6 91, mycoderma aceti VrppMa, 1890 6 91. As is customary in medical literature, doctors have given their Latin equivalents in parentheses or after a hyphen next to some terms, e.g.: bacteria sausliges —bacillus Kochi Vrppnmai 1890 7 106, bacteria of the cold — spirillum Obermeyeri Vrppma 1890 7 106, dosis Vrpka, 1889 1 9, phthisis Vrpgar 1889 10 152, struma Vrpgy 1897 3 42, cholera —cholera asiatica Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, musmiris (Amanita muscaria) Vrppmar 1890 2 20, prusrukszté (acidum borussicum) Vrpka, 1889 8 120, skalsa (Secale cornutum) Vrppma 1890 1 4, amblyopia nicotiana Vrpkg, 1889 10 152, etc. Currently, the term is used in medical science. Although the medical articles of Varpas were published at the end of the 19th century. part of the various medical terms used in them jvardijanciy borrowed terms remained unchanged in the current medical language, for example, anatomy terms borrowed artery Vrppsą 1889 2 21, phagocytes Vrppma 1890 9 138. nerves VrprpMar 1890 1 4, Vrpsmai 1891 1 9, organs Vrpją 1890 3 38. It is important to note that Sie’s loan terms had Lithuanian competitors as well. For example, J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka dubbed the blood vessel through which the blood flows from the heart — the term of Lithuanian origin sunkė (see 2. 1. 2. 1. for more details) and the artery. A part of the body of a particular shape that performs a certain function (Latin organum MedZ 397) is now called an organ. This term was also used by J. Jasiulaitis, V. Kudirka and P. Matulaitis, but, for example, J. Bagdonas tried to call this concept in Lithuanian —įtaisu: „Krutinė su szonkauleis apglébe kūną svarbiausius ir nenubutiniausius musu kūno įtaisus —szirdi ir plauczius“ VrpBga 1889 2 21. In the LKŽ, the word device has no medical meaning, so it can be said that J. Bagdonas has terminated this word of living language. In the current language of medical science, the borrowing names of diseases and their signs and morbid states used in Varpo’s medical articles have remained: ergotizmas Vrppmar 1890 2 20, gangrena Vippma 1890 2 20, hypochondrija Vrpy 1891 12 184, idiotizmas Vrpjąa 1891 12 184 (V. Kudirka used the variant idiotizmas Vrpggr 1895 9/10 157), karbunkulas Vrppma 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 9 138, Vrppma 1891 4 57, kokliuSas Vrppma 1890 7 Terminology | 2009 | 16 175 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrpkpr 1897 3 42, convulsions Vrpka, 1889 3 41, syphilis Vrppma 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1891 4 57, Vrppamar 1890 9 137, Vi PPMat 1890 10 153, symptoms Vippmar 1891 4 57, scarlatina Vrppma: 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrppna 1891 4 54 (P. Matulaitis still used variants Skarlatina Vrppma 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 9 137 /Skarletina Vrppmar 1890 9 138). scorbut Vrpggyr 1889 3 41, measles Vrpr, 1889 12 184, Vrppmar 1890 7 106. The spelling of some terms has now changed, e.g.: alcoholism Vrpkar 1895 11 173, Vrpkar 1895 9/10 155, galucinations Vrpka, 1895 9/10 157 /hallucinations Vrpja 1891 11 167, influenza Vrpg, 1889 12 184, VrppMar 1890 8 123, catarrh Vrpkp, 1897 3 41, melancholy Vrpją 1891 11 167, Vrpra 1891 12 184, paralysis Vrpkp, 1897 3 42, psychoses nom. s.g. 1891 11 167, rheumatism Vrppmar 1890 10 154. P. Matulaitis' articles are full of rational terms with the main themes going to the present-- day borrowed terms bacteria and epidemic, e.g.: bacteria Vrppmar 1890 4 59, VrbPrMai 1890 5 73, Vrppnai 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, Vrppamae 1890 9 137, Vrpppae 1890 10 154, Vrppmae 1891 4 55 (bacteria of cholera Vrppma 1890 8 123, bacteria of diarrhea Vrppma 1890 8 123, bacteria of typhoid fever Vrppma 1890 8 123, Vrppmar 1890 10 154, karstligiy bacteria Vrppmar 1890 7 106, Vrppma 1891 4 56, pathogenic bacteria Vrppma 1890 7 106, Vrppmar 1890 8 123, rheumatism bacteria Vrppyma 1890 10 154), epidemija Vrppmar 1890 8 123 (epidemija choleros Vrppma 1890 8 123. epidemija tyfo Vrppamar 1890 8 124), epidemijos Vrppmar 1891 4 54 (epidemijos karstligiy Vrppmar 1890 9 138, epidemics of smallpox Vrppmae 1890 9 138, epidemics of smallpox Vrppmar 1890 9 138), epidemics of cums VrppMa 1890 8 123, epidemics of jedra Vrppma 1890 8 123, epidemics of abdominal typhoid Vrppma 1890 8 123, epidemics of scarlet fever Vrppma 1890 8 123, etc. Syntactic terminy variants occur, for example: bacteria syphilis Vrppma 1890 10 154 and bacteria syphilis Vrppmar 1890 10 154, bacteria decomposition Vrppmar 1890 7 106 and bacteria decomposition Vrppmat 1890 7 106. In the articles on the medicine of the Varpo there are some borrowings naming actions, processes, states and characteristics, which are still used today, e.g.: affektas Vrpja 1891 10 151, anomalija Vrpijss 1890 4 54, atavizmas Vrbja 1891 12 183, eksperimentas Vrppma 1890 5 72, Vrppma 1890 6 91, epidemijos Vrpr. 1889 12 184 (disease epidemic Vrpg 1889 12 184), function VrPkar 1895 9/10 156. operation Vrpsaa 1889 2 21, Vrppma 1890 8 123, pulse Vrpkar 1 9. Vrpgar 1889 3 41, temperature Vippma 1890 7 105. 176 Palmira Zemleviciaté | Penis Medical Articles Terms He was also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, where he was awarded the 1890–1892 Medal of Honor. Vrppma 1891 4 57, paramedic Vrpa 1890 7 97, homeopath Vrpan 1890 7 97, mummies Vrppnma 1890 8 123, psychopath Vrppg 1891 10 151 and others, only some names of persons varied (most common spelling and phonetic variants- ), e.g.: al'coholic Vrpja 1891 12 183 /alkogolik Vrpxq, 1895 9/10 156, physiologists Vipgyg 1889 2 21, Vrpy 1890 5 69 /fizijol' ogi Vrpia 1890 3 38, melancholic Vrpja 1891 11 166 /mel ancholik Vrpp 1891 11 167, patient Vrpją 1891 9 134. Vrpja 1891 10 152, psychiatrist Vrpkar 1889 10 153 /psychiatrist Vrpjg 1891 10 151, Vrpja 1891 11 166, syphilis Vrppmar 1890 10 153. The term "clinic" is derived from the Latin word clinica (MedŽ 109). It is referred to as a medical institution in articles by V. Kudirka and P. Matulaitis. where scientific and educational work is carried out: "After this sonication Koch began to give his medicine into the hands of clinics, hospitals and doctors for wider investigations" Vrppma 1891 4 56. The term "specialist in medical treatment" is often used in the meaning of the Latin term daktaras Vrpka, 1889 1 9, Vrpr 1889 12 184, VrppmMa 1890 1 4, Vrppmar 1890 2 20. Vrppmar 1890 5 72, Vrpaik 1890 7 97, Vrppma 1890 8 123, Vrpsmar 1891 1 11, Vrppmar 1891 4 56, Vrpja 1891 9 135. In J. Aleksa's 1890 article "Kur musu zmoneles gydosi?", the racial term tikras daktaras Vrpa 1890 7 97 was also frequent. The author referred to it as the medical specialists "who have completed long and difficult studies in doctoral universities" (Aleksa 1890: 7 99). In modern medical language, the term doctor (Latin medicus MedŽ 328) is commonly used. However, in colloquial language, doctor is also used in this sense. All the names of the branches of medical science and related sciences used in the articles of Varpas are still used today, only the spelling of some of the names was not yet established at the time, so it may be that each author wrote the same term as he knew. These are mainly terms derived from Greek, e.g. :chirurgija Vriprma, 1890 8 123, homeopathy Vrpaik 1890 7 97, therapy Vrpra, 1889 11 168. The spelling of some terms is now different, for example: bacteriology Vrppma 1891 4 55, pathology VrpPkar 1889 9 139. The terms physiology, hygiene, and psychiatry varied — mostly spelling and phonetic variants of these terms, e.g.: physiology Vrppyg 1889 2 22 /physiology Vrpgar 1889 9 139 /physiology Vrpjq 1890 3 38, hygiéna Vrpgar 1889 1 8, Vrpkgr 1889 2 25, Vrpkar 1889 3 40, Vrpkar 1889 Terminology | 2009 | 16 177 9 139, Vrpkar 1889 10 152, Vrpkar 1889 11 168 /hygiene Vrpka, 1889 4 60, Vrprar 1889 8 120 /hygiene Vrpa 1890 7 97 /hygiene Vrpją 1891 12 184 /hygiene Vrpkar 1895 9/10 155, psychiatry Vrpją 1891 9 136, VrPja 1891 10 152 /psychiatry Vrpgar 1895 9/10 155 /psychiatry Vrpkar 1895 9/10 157. It is understood that authors who wrote on medical issues did not get by without the Latin term medicina Vrpja 1891 12 184, Vrpka, 1895 9/10 155, VrPkpr 1897 19, Vrppmar 1890 10 154, VrprMar 1890 1 4, Vrppma 18902 21, which is still used today. Only in the article of P. Matulaitis the variant medecina Vrppnma 1891 4 55 occurred, although, on the other hand, it could be a press error, especially that this doctor used the term medicina, By the way, M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis have also made generic terms with it, e.g.: ir lietuviška medicina Vrpkp, 1897 3 41, maskoliška medicina VrppMar 1890 2 21, moksliska medicina VrppMai 1890 2 21, mokslo medicina Vrpkpr 1897 1 10, Vrpkpr 1897 3 41, praktiška medicina Vrppma 1890 1 4 /praktiszka medicina Vrppma 1890 1 4, žmonių medicina VT Pkpr 1897 19, Vrpkp 1897 3 41. 2.2.2. In the current medical language, there is no use of borrowed and pre-existing equivalents. In the articles of Varpe's medical scholars, there was a profusion of borrowed words (mostly from Slavic languages) that are now considered foreign, but at that time they were part of the medical terminology and were also known from the living language. M. Kuprevičius in his article of 1897 about Lithuanian names of diseases presented not only names of Lithuanian origin, but also borrowed names. He wrote: “It is clear from this writing that not all names are purely Lithuanian, such as kokliušas, Rona, paralyžas and others, but I have included them as well, because this is how our people use them” (Kuprevičius 1897: 3 41). Thus, this article contains a number of disease-naming terms borrowed (mostly from Slavic languages) which are written from the living language- ", e.g.: jédra*® —morbilli Vrpkp, 1897 3 42 —now morbilli is measles MedZ 346, karbonka® —pustule maligna Vp: 1897 3 42 —now pustula maligna is anthrax malignancy MedZ. At the end of the article M. Kuprevičius wrote. had žodžiai rinkti Kaunas pav. (place 7 —P. Z.). 5 P. Matulaitis used the terms jedra Vrppaar 1890 8 123, Vi PrMar 1890 9 137, VrppMa 1891 4 54, jiedra Vrbpsa, 1890 7 1006 in his articles. LKŽ data. Nedra («< adra, |. odra) "infectious skin disease, measles, drognės" is used in living language (Skapiškis, Pociūnėliai, Šimonys, Salamiestis). * The word ‘karbonka (1. karbonka) in the LKŽ means only “offering box” 178 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpos medical articles terms Terms from the articles on medicine fall into seven groups of concepts: medical conditions; actions, processes, conditions and features; parts of the body, organs and their fluids; healing measures and other measures; persons; sciences and institutions. Sixty percent of medical terms are words and word-combinations of Lithuanian origin. Borrowings and terms of mixed origin (one-word hybrids and complex terms with elements of different origin) make up twenty percent each. The authors of these articles most frequently used terms of Lithuanian origin. Some of them have become terms of modern medical science. Usually they are old words known from the living language, such as akis (eye), džiova (tuberculosis), ligonis (patient), sveikata (health). Some terms now name other concepts. Quite a lot of terms of Lithuanian origin (mostly names of parts of the body and organs and names of diseases) did not take root in the modern language of medical science. Some of these terms were words from dialects or old written sources (this can be seen from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian language), other terms could have been created by the authors of articles (dirgsné (nerve), liginamasis (patient). arteries)). The majority of borrowings came from Greek as well as Latin and Slavic languages, only a few —from French, German, Arabic and other languages. The meaning and form of some terms of anatomy, symptoms and progression of an illness and other fields have remained unchanged until today. Some of the borrowings were Lithuanized. Being short of appropriate Lithuanian terms doctors also used terms which were not Lithuanized. Borrowings from Slavic languages were used frequently, but most of them did not become established in Lithuanian medical terminology and now are treated as barbarisms. As can be seen from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian language the majority of them were known in the vernacular. One-word hybrid terms are rare. The majority of them are not used in the modern language of medicine. Usually one part of them is of Slavic origin, for instance kamaraité (now anga or ertmé (cavity)). Some terms in the articles on medicine had variants and svnonyms. Lithuanian orthography at the time of Varpas was not fully settled, therefore some terms were spelt differently by different authors (sometimes even by the same author). Frequently the same concept had a few names. In some cases borrowings had their Lithuanian equivalents presented in brackets and on the contrary. It was common in articles on medicine for doctors to present Latin names next to Lithuanian terms, for instance kolera —cholera asiatica. These articles were aimed at common people as well as specialists. Writing popular articles on medicine doctors cared not only about healing, but also about education. The terminology of these articles shows that their authors knew language rather well, cared about it and had their input in the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology. Retrieved 2009-11-24 Palmira Zemleviciiite Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT —10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected] Terminology | 2009 | 16 185