Iš sporto terminijos istorijos: antikizmai, istorizmai ir modernizmai – anachronizmai

From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms, historicisms and modernisms — anachronisms JONAS KLIMAVICIUS The history of Porto is as old as culture, art, science or war. Athletics, immortalized in ancient Greece even in the counting of years, eventually reborn and disappeared with the collapse of Rome, reborn at the dawn of modern times flourishes again (and is already somewhat reborn) alongside the modern European body culture creation of sport. Eastern martial arts are also rapidly spreading around the world. Sports terminology follows that changing history like a shadow. In Lithuania, we have a brief version of the history of sport and its terminology. However, this is not a bad option. Mainly thanks to the efforts of the linguist Pranas Skardžys (Skardžius 1936!: 104—106, Skardžius 1936*: 100), as well as Julius Smetona (Smetona 1936: 666-667), foreign basketball and football terms were successfully lithuanized already in 1936. 1933:46), a little later —and volleyball, or air (Kusa 1938:98). Among other Lithuanian terminology, sport terminology is both relatively early in its terminographic norm (Lithuanian—Russian Sports Terms Dictionary, compiled by V. Steponaitis, 1959, 340 p.), and already extensive in terms of subject matter (Lithuanian—-English—-German—Russian Explanatory Sports Terms Dictionary, vol. 1, prepared by Stanislovas Stonkus, ed. Genovaitė Irtmonienė, 1996, 680 p.; 2nd ed., 2002, 740 p.), and still expanding (vol. 2 — sports terms). The first steps of Lithuanians into the antiquity of sport are hidden in the fog. They were timid, casual, often taken not by specialists, not even by terminologists. The Lithuanian cultural publicist, essayist (primarily a poet, but not only) Jonas Kossu-Aleksandravičius, in his 1935 book Gods and Roads of Sorrow, mentioning a soldier “who was wounded in Marathon after running to Athens with weapons- ”, wrote: They say that even Spartan gymnasts could not break the record of that soldier at the Olympic Games (Aistis 1991: 164). 1936 —the year of the great Berlin Olympics- —in the first large International Dictionary of Words (about 22 000 words, 1064 p.), although agonas — 116 Jonas Klimavičius | I$ sporto terminijos istorijos: antikizmai... "Olympic Games competitions", but the main place is given not to Olympia but to the Olympus Games —"national games of ancient Greeks; sport in honor of Zeus", although Olympus is nearby —1. “a mountain in Greece, the dwelling place of the ancient Greek gods”, 2. literary Olympus —“the summit of honor of recognized poets and writers; "Science and Society, 1936". This was also the case later. : French balls. meeting —the same as the square or the Olympic games for the Greeks (Bielinskis 1948: 55). When Zigmas Kuzmickis translates and Dominykas Urbas edits, then what can you want? It is so and quite scientific lexicography: Olympic, Olympic —1. "connected to Olympus- ", 2. *,grand’, Olympic Games— (a) ‘an ancient Greek national festival in honour of Zeus. which took place once every 4 years at Olympia (Peloponnesus); <...>“, olimpiada —1. “in ancient Greece — the four-year period between two Olympic Games celebrations. <...>“ TŽZ 1951; also Olympic Games— (a) ‘Ancient Greek <...>’ TZZ 1969, Olympiad —1. "The 4-year period between the Ancient Greek 2 Olympic Games" TŽZ 1985; even Olympic —1. „related to Olympus, e.g., the Olympic Games, although the Olympics —1. "the ancient Greek sports games in honour of the god Zeus, held in the city of Olympia every four years from 776 BC to 394 AD. ; they were interrupted by the Roman emperor Theodosius (Theodosius: 379-395)" but they were Olympic games and 2. "a four-year period Ancient "Greece- 's first Olympic gold medalist in 2000 Olympics- ". sports-reference.com. “4 years period between ancient Greek 2olimpiniy games”, although Olympic —1.,related to Olympus” (2. * magnificent) TŽZ 2001; Olympian —“In ancient Greece: the winner of the Olympic games” TŽZ II 2000 (also TŽZ 2001). So the confusion is old and long. And not only in lexicography (although it is unforgivable). The teacher writes to the students: “Three thousand years ago, the ancestors of the present Greeks, the Hellenes, held the first Olympiad in the sunny land of Hellas. — — —These competitions were held at the foot of Mount Olympus, which is why they were called Olympic” (Jarmala 1974: 4). In a letter to the editor of the New York Times, he wrote: "There is nothing wrong with this. All Greek sports events were held at the Olympic Stadium. Mount Olympus is located on the Gulf of Thessaloniki (Aegean Sea), and Olympia is in the northwest of the Peloponnese, in the province of Elis. The Olympian Games were held on the days of the festivals in honor of the god Zeus, who was known as the Olympian. In the 1960s, the Olympic Games were called the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks (all of Greece). Of course, this is a suggestion, not a reproach. It is only necessary to add that for the present Olympics the fire is lit (by a concave mirror from the sun) in Olympia, not on Mount Olympus” (Klimavičius 1974: 3). It is therefore high time to get to know the long history of the use, the circumstances of the use and the reasons for errors, the results of standardization, the efforts of correction, the reasons for non-compliance with the standards and the neglect of correction and finally to end the inertia of irresponsible use and unjustifiable errors. Not a single errant person relies on origin, antiquity, is easily confused and feels right. What is needed now is not the correction of those endless errors, but a concise but thorough interpretation of the athletics of ancient Greece. They were derived from cult rites: "All Greek sports competitions are dedicated to some god. During the feasts of the dead, there were competitions for chariot racing, running and wrestling. In everyday life, the Greeks cultivated games with a projectile, swimming, dancing, hunting, rowing, fencing. ———plays and field rock. Later in Athens, gymnastics and music became equal parts of the educational program- .... winners were honoured and rewarded, and this encouraged athletes to become professionals. They soon became dominant at the Olympic Games and elsewhere’ (AntZ 1998:471). Here is one of the rare infallible cases —the Olympic Games. Therefore, about her —Olympia (gr. Olympia), not to be confused with Olympus, it's good to talk a little bit more. “Olympia was never a human settlement, it was never a polis. The gods lived there, and people came only when they wanted to worship them” (SenGrK 2007: 248). It should be warned against the possible mistake—there lived the priests, and the real abode of the gods was Olympus—- an inaccessible mountain, so they were worshipped in temples built in accessible places. In the most important part of Olympia, in the stone-fenced Holy District, called Altius, for a long time there was only the temple of Hera (Heraion). The Olympic Games have been recorded since 776 BC. 1000 BC (no doubt, even older), and only in the 5th century BC. In the second quarter of AD, the architect Libon built the temple of Zeus, which was decorated, among others. The sculptural group of Pelops and Oinomaos (during whose funeral the first is said to have organized the first games) and the reliefs of the marches of Heracles, who is said to have measured the distance of the stage — 600 feet — for the runners. In the temple stood a huge statue of Zeus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, made of gold (the Greeks did not have their own gold mines) and ivory (these animals did not exist in Greece either). Thus, chronologically, the connection of Olympia and the Olympic Games with Zeus Olim118 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... South is not, and, moreover, could not be, because he was everywhere, and not only in Olympia, the Olympian — the supreme of Olympus. There were also the temple of the Mother of the Gods (metroon- ), the sanctuary of Pelops, the statue of the goddess Nike, the palace of the Games preparation council (buleuterion), the gymnasium, the stadium, the leonidaion — the house of honourable guests (other spectators of the games slept outside), a multitude of statues of all kinds of gods and winners of the games. The Olympic Games were held every four years at the time of the third full moon after the summer solstice. It is believed to mark the sacred marriage of the Sun and the Moon. 264 pp. Kr. Timaeus introduced the Olympian year in Greek history, a quadrennial. After the XV Olympiad, in which Orsippos lost his thighbone while running, from 720 BC. All athletes competed naked. Women were not only forbidden to participate in the games, but also to watch them, under the threat of death (with the exception of the priestess of the ancient goddess of earth and death, Demeter, Chamynes, who was forced to watch from across the stadium, sitting on a white sacrifice stone). Once, "a widow <...>, disguised as a husband and pretending to be a coach, accompanied her son, whom she had trained herself. When her son won the competition, her mother betrayed her in joy, but the Olympic jury, appreciating her sacrifice, exonerated her from the punishment (...). Since then, coaches had to be naked when their athletes competed” (SenGrK 2007: 247). It is believed that in later times, girls may have been allowed to watch. Women (only) were allowed to watch the competitions of girls and girls (wearing a short chiton) dedicated to Hera (Heraeus). The boys' competition was held before the men's competition. The statement of sauna ex-champion Antanas Vaupšas that “both the athletes and the spectators were completely naked” (OP 2007 2 38) is the dream of a trip to Olympia… The era of the Olympic Games lasted about 1200 years. In 394, Emperor Theodosius I (by the way, forced by the bishop of Milan, Ambracius, to obey public church repentance for the murder of 7,000 Thessalonian rebels) banned them as pagan (most of the statues were then broken and overthrown), in 426, by order of Theodosius II, Olympia was plundered and burned, and ended by earthquakes with landslides. In the 19th century, archaeologists began excavating the ruins under a 3-5 m layer of sand. By the way, this caused interest and the idea to start the modern games. Sources of Lithuanian usage of various times and types provide an endless variety of names: Olimpijos giraitė is famous for its Olympic festivals, <...> SenGrl Terminologija | 2009 | 16 119 1955 7. <...> excavations were carried out in Olympia, where in ancient times the Co-Greek Olympic Games were held SenGrl 1955 41. The most famous was the Olympic festival, held in Olympia in honor of Zeus the Olympian. O [im pines competitions consisted of running, running with weapons, military wrestling and fighting. Later, the Olympic Games began to include <...>, ir poets, orators, <...>. <...>. <...>. The submission says that the firstthe Olympics took place in 776. Later, the historian Timaeus began to count time according to o lim piadas. Every four years, they made a single-game competition (...) SenGrl 1955 175. [Timaios] based chronology on the calculation of time according to the Olympics. using the lists of Olympic winners, <...> SenGrl 195529. The time of the Olympic celebrations was the universal day of peace throughout Greece SenGrl 1955 239. Olympic (=Olympic.) Pity and Nemey competitions SenGrl 1955 180. <...> universal celebrations: olympic, isthmic, nemeiinis, pitiniai and other SenGrl 1955 239. In Delphi, the Pythian festivals were held in honor of Apollo, who defeated the dragon Python. Pitine celebrations consisted of music competitions, to which gymnastic and athletic exercises were added later SenGrl 1955 175. Nemėjinės šventės SenGrl 1955 519, Pitinės šventės SenGrl 1955 521, bet Istmo šventės SenGrl 1955 514 (Index). Especially famousOlympic Games. held in Olympia (Peloponese) Senl II 1976 59, Olympic games Senl II 1976 109, but: First record of Olympic winners (first Olympiad) Senl II 1976 183. <...> victory anthems for athletes, who won the Olympic and Delphic games, author ZAntZm 1987 218, but the Olympic games ZAntZm 1987 38, 215. 1995 Olympic Games 268, 269 (2x), Olympic programme Ist III 1995 268. Olympic Games 1995 6, 16, 18, 21, 60. National Games. The Greeks did not call them games, but agonus, i.e. competitions, or simply "Olympic- ", "Pitines- ", etc. The four major gr. A was: Olympics (7Olympic Games); Pythian Games in honor of Apollo Pythios at Delphi; The Isthmic Games on the Isthmus of Corinth; The games were held in the Argolis Valley. <...>. Break him up. In 86 AD, Emperor Domitian established the Capitoline Games (or Agon Capitolinus), a sporting and spiritual competition, as the direct opposite of the Olympic Games. but the meaning of the latter is not120 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... when it did not acquire the 1998 DT. The 1998 Summer Olympics, officially known as the 1998 Summer Olympics, were the 9th Summer Olympics held in Athens, Greece. got its name from the place where it was held—-Olympia SenGrK 2007 244. The Olympic Games were held every four years from 2004 to 2008. <..> the Olympiad lasted five days SenGrK 2007 245. The 2007 Olympic Games were hosted by the 2007 Olympic Games Organizing Committee. Agios <...> won the pancratius competition in the Olympic, Pitinos, Nemejinis competitions SenGrK 231. Not all of the competitions listed were held during local pole festivals. Most of the competitions were seen by the public through panhellenic competitions, i.e. competitions for all Greeks living anywhere. There were four of them: Pitine, Isthmiane, Nemeiane and Olympic. The Pitch Competition SenGrK 2007 154, 220, 223, 243. 2007-2008: 231st in the 2007-2008 Championships. Having declared Christianity the sole religion of Rome, Emperor Theodosius in 394 A.D. banned the [Delphic] oracle, the worship of Apollo, and the Pity Games. The Isthmus (Corinthian) isthmus has been the venue of the Isthmic competitions dedicated to Poseidon since ancient times. The 2007 competition was held in Argolis, in the town of Nemea. This is also the case in various translations of ancient literature and similar texts, e.g. : Olympic Games Luc 1975 37, 73, 295, Olympic Games Luc 1975 250, winner of the Olympic Games Luk 1975 142, Olympic Games Luk 1975 285, Olympic competition Luk 1975 29, 289, Olympic victory in boxing and wrestling Luk 1975 62, Olympics Luk 1975 260, Pindar's Olympic Ode Luk 1975 282. Isthmus fist fight. The Olympic Games were held not only in Olympia, but also in many other places. Especially were famous the games of Nemea, Delphi and Isthmus Hor 1977 250. "Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972: Olympic Games 1972". <...> talk about the Olympic, non-competitive, isthmic and epical games in Greece NieNe 1969 133. It was not different in sports literature, for example. : Ancient Greek mythology AtM 1981 5, jy country [Greece] —homeland of the Olympic games AtM 1981 7, Olympic village AtM 1981 7, but Olympic games, ancient Olympic games 1981 8, Olympic ban 1981 11. The title of the historical novel by Jan Parandowski (1895-1978) The Olympic Disc (Polish: —Dysk Olimpijski) is well translated, and LTE VIII 1981 (str. Janas Parandovskis) —The Olympic Disc. The disc is not a throwaway: "Green old words. 2009 | 16 121 in the solemn speech of the Olympian, <...> repeated the sacred covenant, which at the dawn of the ages was made and written on a bronze disc by three kings of early as legendary history: Ifithes of Ely, Cleostenes of Pisa and Lycurgus of Sparta” (OD 1984 4). However, in the text of the story there are variations:Winners of the Olympian, Delphian, Nemean, Isthmus Games OD 1984 236,Olympic Games OD 1984 233,Winners of the Olympian OD 1984 233,Winners of the Olympian OD 1984 193, 226,Olympic Stadium OD 1984 14,59,Olympic Oils OD 1984 261, Olympian Length Measure OD 1984 29, In the explanations: Olympian — winner of the Olympic Games OD 1984 276 (also Olympian OD 1984 7,8, 16 (2x), 48, 50, 125, 148, 149, 158, 173, 188, 194, 205, 218, 258, 261, 269, 270 —only in the meaning of the games! ), but Olympic affairs OD 1984 6, Olympic laws OD 1984 19, Olympic weight OD 1984 42, Olympic foot OD 1984 54, Olympic ceremonies OD 1984 121, In explanations: Pelops —considered the originator of the ol im piniy games OD 1984 277, pentathlon, or penkiakové —a combination of five events in the olympinése games OD 1984 277. spondoforas —j jy duties jéjolympiniy games announcement OD 1984 278, as well as books in the metrics: olympinés games From 1984 280. Darir Pitinés games OD 1984 216, Pitiniai laurai OD 1984 20, In explanations: Pitiniai Zaidimai—poolimpiniy games most famous ancient Greek games, <...> OD 1984 277 (but: Istmos —<...>. <...>. Place of Poseidon cult. In honour of that god were held every four years games, called istmios OD 1984 275). It seems very simple — if the games were held in Olympia, it was the Olympic Games, if in Isthme — Isthmus, if in Nemea — Nemea Games. This is also enshrined in the Dictionary of Sports Terms (compiled by Stanislovas Stonkus, 1996 and 2002) —Olympic Games —“an ancient Greek celebration and sporting competition in honor of the god Zeus. — — —A was held every four years in Olympia. ——=" STZ 1996 and 2002, Isthmus Games STZ 1996, Isthmus Games, otherwise istmiada STZ 2002 (but Olympiad — only 1. "the 4-year period between two ancient Greek Olympic Games", and 2. 7 Olympic Games STZ 1996 and 2002), Nemea Games STZ 1996 and 2002, as well as Rome and Capitoline Games STZ 1996 and 2002. This is even enshrined in Stanislav Stonkus' book Olympic Sport. Olympia and the Olympic Games (2000) both in the title and in the clear statement: "The name of the Olympic Games came from the name of the place where they were held" (OS 2000: 25). This is evidenced by the old. gr. OAvpmia —the Olympic games, or games in honour of Olympian Zeus (o vietovė OAvumnia) GrEnL 1968. Incomprehensible, what has been shaken in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia: antiquity 122 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... games —„sen. Greek and Roman (about 8th century BC—4th century AD) festivals of arts and sports, periodically held in honor of gods, prominent citizens, etc. on the occasion of state events. In ancient Greece there were cult, commemorative, Panathenaic, Pan-Hellenic (4 most important, recognized by all Greek city-states: * Olympic games — the most important A, Z Pythian games, / Isthmus games, 7 Nemean games) and frequent, less important regional games” VLE I 2001 (Stanislovas Stonkus); olympic games, olympiad —1. ‘sen. Greek festivities and sports competitions in honor of the god Zeus“ (and Olympia —„<...> in honor of Zeus were held 7 Olympic games 1“ Nijolė Juchnevičienė), although 2. —modern games “originate from the ancient Greek Olympic Games” VLE XVI 2009 (Stanislovas Stonkus). So why so contradictorily — the games of Nemea (also in honor of Zeus and in Zeus’ grove!) VLE XVI 2009, VLE VII 2005 57 (false Nemea games LA 1996 73 28), the games of Isthmus (in honor of another Olympian — Poseidon) VLE VIII 2005, VLE VII 2005 57, and the most significant —as if some kind of general — not Olympia, but only the Olympic games? "Olympic Games - Olympic Games - Olympic Games 1". ‘sen. Greek <...>“ VLE XVI 2009, but Olympia (Greek: Olympias, originally Olympiados)—1. ‘... a four-year cycle between the regular seven Panhellenic Olympic Games 1; 2. “A 4-year cycle that begins on January 1st of the 2nd (i.e. modern —J.K.) year of each ~ Olympic Games.” and only 3. 7 Olympic Games 2 VLE XVI 2009; and why not A Olympic Games 1? This is an incomprehensible, illogical contradiction. Gr. ‘oAvumiag, adog —olimpiada —1. „the ancient Greek sports games in honor of the god Zeus, held in the city of Olympia <...>“ TŽZ II 2000. If, according to the grammar of other languages, the name of the ancient Olympic Games does not differ from that of the modern Olympic Games (only for the purpose of making a vague distinction outside the context may be added —Olimpic Games o f Ancient Greece -Altgriehische Olympische Spiele—Onumnuiickue uzpvi Opeenocmu /Opeeneii I'peyuu STZ 1996 /2002), then Olympic Games — Olimpische Spiele —Onumnuiickue uzpbi synonym Olympiad —Olympiade —oJiumnuada without separate interpretation refers to both games, although sometimes it is interpreted emphasizing: Olympia —1. “the ancient Greek sports games in honour of Zeus, held in Olympia <...>; igrzyska olimpijskie“, 2. “international sports competitions organized since 1896 on the model of ancient [...]; Olympic Games“ SWO 1997. If the Olympics were not Olympic Games, then on what basis would they be Olympic Games?! Terminology | 2009 | 16 123 The Delphic Games (in the area of Pythia at the foot of the Parnassus) held in honor of Apollo Pythios, i.e. the victor of the dragon (or snake) Python (during which the funeral ritual of Python was performed) —gr. Pythia (athla) —Lithuanian called differently —just dgsk. Pithia TŽZ 1985, TŽZ II 2000, TŽZ 2001 (and the four-years —pitiados OS 2000 63), Dnvd 1995 43 12, even LoLieZ 2007, pitinés žaidynės TŽZ 1985, TŽZ 2001, AntZ 1998 99, even LoLieZ 2007 — *Pythia, orum (although Isthmia, 6rum —Isthmus games), pitiniai žaidimai OD 1984 277, Pitinés varžybos HSv 1994 88, pitinés varžybos SenGrK 2007 55, 56, 154, Pitiskosios žaidynės BM and RT 2000 109 and Pitijos žaidynės —Pythia Games —Pythia-Spiele —Mumuiickue uzpst STZ 1996 and 2002, as well as VLE IV 2003 (page Delphi), VLE VII 2005 57, VLE VIII 2005 (page Isthmus games). However, the priestess Pythia STZ 1996 (actually Pythia) is not mentioned here, and the old name of Delphi Pytho is not Pythia STZ 2002, but Pythia GrLieZ 1979. These cult games —in honour of Apollo Pytheas (and not the 2002 Pythic STŽ) —in Lithuanian would be most accurately called Pytheas games. From 586 BC. The 1996 656 and 2002 718 were also suitable to be named after these games. The ludi Apollinares, celebrated by the Romans who took over Apollo, are not suitable to be called Apollonian festivals AntZ 1998 44 — one, they are not festivals, but games, the other, they are simply Apollon’s games — like the Christopher Summer Festival or the conference of John Jablonski. "Stadion 1998" (PDF). However, the pitic melody OD 1984 39, the pitic ode SenGRK 2007 54 must be pitic. 2007: Nemeaeus adj. (Nemea)—- Nemeo (leo), Isthmius adj. [Isthmus] —Isthmus, Isthmia, orum [Isthmius] —Isthmian games, but, unfortunately, “Pythia, orum —Pythian, Pythian games and Olympiacus, Olympicus, Olympius adj. —Olympia, olympic, *Olympia, 6rum [Olympius | olympic games, "Olympia, ae -Olympia, a place in Elide dedicated to Zeus, where the Olympic games were held every four years, as well as the stadium — 1. satdis (<...> 192 m —the Olympic stadiums). With this not quite good usage in serious works, there is no reason to dwell on periodicals. Nevertheless, older and more recent remarkable bizarreries and real nonsense cannot be ignored. For example: : A huge <...> ivory statue depicting Zeus, the founder and ruler of the Olympic Games, sitting on a pedestal inlaid with gold and precious stones. <...>. <...>. This statue, <...>, was built Athens. <..>jThunder struck the Olympic statue on 23.14.1980. Zeus —the ruler of the Olympic Games, his statue —even Olympic, but built124 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... Olympic celebrities LP 1980 62 2, young footballers of the Olympic reserve T 1976 163 3, Olympic reserve T 1982 171 4; Olympic badge T 1979 214 4, Olympic passport T 1979 214 4, 1980 154 3, Olympic certificate T 1984 86 3, Olympic colours S 1980 69 4; Olympic mission LA 1993 36 15, Olympic delegation T 1980 164 3, Olympic brigade S 1980 69 2, Olympic stay T 1980 164 3, Olympic friendship Sv 1980 4 19, Olympic evening LP 1980 62 1; Olympic dream Sv 1980 3 9, 1981 7 19, Olympic anxiety T 1976 234 4, Olympic worries VN 1978 252 3, Olympic tension LP 1980 60 3, Olympic fever Vd 2009 1 25, Olympic passion L and M 1982 46 12; Olympic duties T 1979 214 4, Olympic hierarchy T 1979 214 4, Olympic role T 1979 214 4, Olympic motives T 1978 206 4, Olympic surprises Sun 1980 11 18; Olympic tourist routes T 1980 136 3, J. Lingis "Olympic polka" T 1980 111 3, Olympic smile L and M 1980 29 13, Olympic monotony L and M 1983 39 6, Olympic inertia L and M 1983 39 6, Lir M 1980 29 13, "Olympic" thieves T 1984 188 3. The journalistic style (by the way, a lot of this harvest was taken from the Russian journalism barns...) is more clearly revealed in sentences and phrases, e.g. : With each Olympic cycle the Olympic family grew T 1978 251 4. Gradually, women are conquering more and more space under the “Olympic sun” T 1978 2284. <...> Olympic relay passed to <...> the city of Los Angeles LP 1980 62 2. <...> as if an anteater were throwing a javelin to the olympic distances Lir M 1983 43 12. Estonian athletes <...> first opened the Olympic gates M and G 1984 9 34. [Weightlifting] winners’ “Olympic strike” S 1988 42 4. The pages of the 1980 Moscow Olympics — boycotted, stagnant — are unforgettable, e.g. : Aidi kuranty olimpiniai dūžiai KmT 1982 139 2 (Mindaugas Barysas, article title). But don't you try to throw the Olympic wheels? 1680–1684) and Bartolommeo III (r. The 1980s were the Olympic years, so the achievements of each sport are evaluated through the paralympic prism T 1980 202 4. Style routine, stamps spread from inertia further: The Great Olympic Carousel Starts Spinning LA 1992 144 15. <...> Games sails signal Olympic storm in LA 1992 147 3. neiSradingg adds its contribution by advertising: “Olympic gas station”, “Olympic shoe rule”; "Olympic fried chicken" T 1984 177 3, "Olympic menu" T 1978 206 4. Commerce smells of “Olympic money” KV 1980 51 12, “Olympic dollars” T 1983 214 3, “Olympic” (i.e. double) prices T 1984 214 3, Terminology | 2009 | 16 131 As early as 1981, it was said: “There are as if completely unnecessary ones, e.g.: Olympic defeat, Olympic passengers, “Olympic man” (Klimavičius 1981: 44), but if you work hard it is unnecessary, you can not do necessary… Here we should also add neolympic athletes Sv 1981 16 28, neolympic distance T 1984 181 4, four pre-Olympic years T 1980 202 3, pre-Olympic season S 1983 131 4, pre-Olympic battles S 1983 131 4, semi-Olympic peace M 1980 12 16, semi-Olympic cake L and M 1980 43 9, pre-Olympic. Olympic and semi-olympic routes T 1980 163 3, anti-Olympic politics T 1980 172 3, 1982 139 2, 1984 167 3, anti-Olympic spirit T 1984 167 3, anti-Olympic intrigues T 1980 175 3, anti-Olympic spectacle T 1980 175 3, anti-Olympic farce 1980 163 3, Carter's anti-Olympic "marathon" against the Soviet Union KV 1980 51 12, "anti-Olympic games" T 1980 172 3, anti-Olympic medals T 1980 170 4, anti-Olympic arena T also parolimpinés games, otherwise parolimpiada STZ. 1996 and 2002, Paralympic Committee LA 1996 174 19 and Special Olympics (for people with intellectual disabilities) STZ 1996 and 2002, Lithuanian National Special Olympic Committee. This group is supplemented by the adjective 1980 172 3, sportinis compounds, but here, in addition to the sophisticated ones — Olympic-80 sports program T 1978 228 4, sporting games LP 1978 83 4, sporting competitions Šv 1980 14 23 —and jmantriausiyjy —Sporting wisdom of the International Olympic Committee T 1980 97 3, sporting short-sightedness of sportsmen R 1990 128 3, sporting smiles of Rimantas Oškutis Šv 1980 14 15, there are quite a few that are definitely to be corrected: sporting (=sport) competitions T 1978 230 4. sporting (=sport) school KV 1980 50 13, the name of a decent Indian sporting (=sport) genius AtM 1981 25, sporting (=sport) heights KV 1980 50 13, sporting (=sport) ethics T 1978 230 4, sporting (=sport) construction T 1976 247 4. sporting (=sport) objects T 1978 114 4, sporting (=sport) block T 1980 289 1, sporting (=sport) architecture M 1977 9 32, AtM 1981 32. 1996 STŽ provides the terms sport competitions, sport calendar, sport functions, sport, sports school, sports section. sports hall, sports forum, sports traditions. sport management, sport delegation, sport ethics (and athlete ethics), sport court of honor, humanization of sport, sport law, sport policy. sports science, sports informatics, sports medicine, sports buildings, sports inventory, sports equipment, sports equipment, sports tools, sports clothing, sports shoes, sports boots, sports pants, sports shirts, sports jersey, sports press, sports magazine. 132 Jonas Klimavičius | I$ history of sports terminology: antiquisms... sports almanac, sports enthusiast. sports sponsor, sports worker, sports manager, sports publicist. sports reviewer, sports journalist, sports reporter, sports museum (STZ 2002 also added sports equipment, sports doctor, sports meteorology, sports ontology, sports gnoseology, sports personality, sports language) and sports activities, sports games, sports dancing, sport fishing. sports weapon, sports sleds, sports mastery, sports success, sports success, sports failure, sports injury, sports experience, sports name. The Olympic Charter states: “The term ‘Olympic Games’ means a period of four consecutive years. The Olympics begin with the opening of one Olympic Games and end with the opening of another Olympic Games.” (OCH 1998: 16). I declare the Olympic Games of the new era of the XXI Olympiad in Montreal open! Monr 1978 32. Olympic sports are quite rare. First of all —unofficially—it is the Olympic Games, but not only —and certain competitions somewhat similar to the modern Olympic Games, although far from that rank —not universal and narrower programme: the Chess Olympiad —“the world chess team competition between national teams. They are organized <...> since 1927 for men (...) and since 1957 for women” STZ 1996 and 2002, Lithuanian National Olympiad —“all-world Lithuanian sport festival. It was held in Kaunas (sailing and rowing competitions in Klaipėda) on July 17-31, 1938” and the Lithuanian National Olympiad of Students – “Complex competitions of Lithuanian gymnasium athletes. It was held in Kaunas from 12 to 14 June 1938. In addition to sports competitions, choirs and fine reading competitions were organized: STZ 1996 and 2002, Lithuanian Rural Olympics (since 1989) STZ 1996 and 2002, as well as the bi-named Northern Sports Festival, otherwise Polar Olympics (since 1934 in Murmansk, international since 1970) STZ 1996 and 2002. The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the 100th Anniversary of the Revival of the Modern Olympic Games, were the 100th edition of the modern Olympic games. In textual usage, the term „olympia“ in the meaning of „Olympic games“ is not common, but often —no doubt due to the influence of Russian usage—this was the name given to the extraordinary (boycotted by some countries due to the USSR invasion of Afghanistan) Moscow Olympics (the competitions organized by its boycotters are here called anti-olympia Sv 1980 15 20, „counter-olympia“ T 1980 172 3(2x)), e.g. :olimpiadas organizatoriai Terminology | 2009 | 16 1 AWS] tad T 1980 182 3, Olympic medalists T 1980 179 4, Olympic fire T 1980 154 4, Olympic symbols L and M 1980 6 3. It is not forgotten that the series of words — Spartakiada (20th century in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Russia) STZ 1996 and 2002, Universiade — began with the Olympics. "World Student Games" (since 1924 in Warsaw) STŽ 1996 and 2002, alpiniada — "massive complex climbing training exercises, competitions, often festive event" (since 1933) STŽ 1996 and 2002, veteraniada — "Athletics Veterans' Competition" (since 1967) STŽ 1996 and 2002, ikariada — "World Aviation Sports Games" (since 1991) STŽ 1996 and 2002, gymnastiada — "great gymnastics festival — various mass gymnastics, its variations, as well as individual gymnasts performances, competitions, stage tricks, concerts <...>" STŽ 2002. There was also an Olympic year KB 1980 1 50, Olympic production KV 198 20 12, anti-Olympic activity (and Spartakiad activity at various times — Spartakiad hopes S 1974 152 2, Spartakiad heat T 1979 104 4). 1980 Olympic Games VN 181 1 (nx), Munich Olympic Games S 1981 3 4. There are all kinds of margins, e.g.: Olympic Games /olympic games T 1978 114 4, Summer Olympic Games, Moscow Olympic Games /Munich Olympic Games S 1981 3 4, Olympic Games /olympic games LA 2000 195 28. In 1996, the term Olympian —participant in Olympic Games — Olympiakdmpfer, Olympiateilnehmer, Olympier —onumnuey — "member of the national Olympic team who has participated or is participating in the Olympic Games" was introduced. The word “olympiad” spread further from sport, for example: “From the Nemunas region to the Olympic heights” — this is the motto of the mass health and sport olympiad held in our republic, which took over the traditions of the previous event “From the amber Baltic to the Olympic Moscow” T 1981 101 3. And there were also unexpected jumps, e.g.: International Mail Pigeon Olympiad St 1974 15 30, World Sport Pigeon Olympiad MG 1979 2 27, Traditional Logging Olympiad [USA] St 1975 5 31. Zodelj also spoke to the creators of humour: family olympiad “From the company gate to the theatre” Sl 1979 7 8, “olympiad” in the bedroom M and G 1977 10 37, “olympiad of stupid records” KV 1976 42 12, “olympiad of folly” Sv 1969 21 21. The connection between sport and art is not forgotten: in 1940 in Lithuania <...> the Folk Art House was established — a centre for the management of self-help, preparing for the Lithuanian Art Self-Help Olympiad KB 1978 7 27. Mechiko 134 Jonas Klimavičius | From the History of Sport Terminology: Anticisms... The Olympics became the Folklore Olympics M 1977 9 32. <...> this traditional [Poetry Spring] festival named the Olympiad of the Poetic Word KB 1980 8 27. The first Beatmania Olympiad was held in Rome LirM 1979 13 13. Also mentioned art olympiads KV 1971 18 8, song olympiad M 1970 3 36, Art Olympiad L and M 1991 5 2, even Sorbian Language Olympiad in Germany T 1977 72 3. However, there is no consistent system, no regularity. The Olympiad became established among serious young people — it is various student science olympiads Vd 2007 32 40, e.g.: In 1934, mathematicians of Leningrad University organized the first mathematics olympiad, <...>. The Olympic Games soon spread to other countries. <...>. Vilnius University Mathematical Collective organized the Mathematical Olympiad for Vilnius students in 1951 M and G 1979 4 5. Other similar competitions were held alongside the science competitions, e.g.: student work olympiad TMkt 1976 27 2, young programmers' olympiad M 1981 9 5, nature protection olympiad T 1979 112 4, student photo olympiad LP 1983 28 4, union olympiad "Student and progress of science and technology" Mir G 1978 10 44. The international book fair is described by the journalist as a kind of book olympiad T 1979 209 4. There is also a bad name—olympic problem TMkt 1976 20 4, M and G 1979 10 30, TMkt 1987 86 4,0olympic problem NKn 1979 5 36. Consistently used olympian „olimpijos dalyvis“ M 1969 12 30, KmT 1987 191 2, LA 1994 103 9, Vd 2008 22 63. An Olympic athlete for more than 70 years —3. in sports —“the participant, especially the winner of the olympics” TŽZ 1936 (although 1. „god, inhabitant of Olympus- ”, 2. „a majesticly calm man”), but there are even Olympus games... Olympus — just Olympus, look, has already overwhelmed this in sports, this elsewhere, e.g. : The world press calls this match between the contenders [B. Spaskis and M. Talis| at the foot of the chess Olympus the event of the century T 1965 269 4. <....> on their way to the chess olympics the contenders reached the half-field T 1965 269 4 [but the already mentioned chess olympics STZ 1996 and 2002 are different!]. Armenians are a proud people who value their glorious history. The 2007-08 season saw the club reach the playoffs for the 2008–09 season. Vienna Concert Olympus P 1975 11 160, Olympus of Joy T 1980 86 4, Olympus of Power KmT 1986 139 4. Here you could put even a multi-point... STZ 1959 Olympian has a term status. However, this ambiguity has been attempted to remove: "Whoever competes in the Olympic Games should also be an Olympic athlete, not an Olympic athlete. This Olympian is exactly what encourages the confusi- on of Olympia with Olympus” (Klimavičius 1978:4). However, the word olympian has been used even more frequently, e.g.: health and sport olympian Sv 1977 19 22, T 1979 55 4, politicians anti-Olympians M and G 1982 8 37, Olympians will give concerts for the Olympians („Trimitas — Moscow Olympic Games participant, successfully performing in the Olympic Village and elsewhere) T 1980 294 4. Even TŽŽ II 2000 Olympian— (b) ‘a pupil participating in an Olympiad; Olympian winner”: Vilnius Olympic Club (since 1991), Olimpiečių Street in Vilnius —and STZ 2000 approved Olympian — played a significant role. But this is not the case anywhere — it is participant in Olympic Games —Olympiakdmpfer, Olympiateilnehmer, Olympier —onumnuey STZ 2002 (sometimes olympian is avoided —olympiad participants OS 2000 335). Undoubtedly, most of the influence will come from the Russian onumnu-- ey — a form that was not able to be correctly understood: osumnu-- ey — like ascmpu-- ey, undu-ey, cupu-ey (such are also Polish olimpij-czyk, German Olympi-er) is naturally formed from Onumnu-- s, and Lithuanian olimp-ietis — clearly from Olimp-o (after all, from Venec-ija — the inhabitant is venec-ij-- ietis, from Vilk-ija — vilk-ij-ietis). Normisation not based on principles can lead far. Thus, as if the way is opened to a deliberately already stopped irregular Žalgiris-ietis (not resident- !). In the translation of J. Parandovsky's short story, only once appears the word "Olympietis" OD 1984 23. Now —if a modern Olympian, then also an ancient —from Olymp-ij-- a, e.g. : Olympia was an important social and religious center, and its temples attracted Olympians. asking the help of the gods, valuable gifts Vd 2008 21 74. The Greeks also thought it was a special dish, so the broth was drunk by the future Olympians Sav with TV 2009 53 36. That "Olympic participant, especially the winner" is a misunderstanding. The orderly Greeks distinguished between olympias and olympio-nikes, i.e. Olympic champion, plg. Nike, the goddess of victory, Nikandras, the "man of victory", Nikiforos, the "bearer of victory", Nicodemus, the "conqueror of the people" (all three abbreviated as Nika). Olympian was already used by the sports historian V. Saulis: in 776 BC, the Games were already recognized throughout Greece, and the names of the Olympic winners — olympioniki — were engraved on marble columns erected on the banks of the Alpheus River. Olympian —“the winner of the Olympic Games” OD 1984 276, in text —180, 205, but also the winner of the Olympics 167. "Olympiakos sen. In Greece, the Olympic winner" appeared in TZZ 1985. STZ 1996 adds: „It is possible to call the winner of the modern Olympic games“, STZ 2002 — even more: „Sometimes the winner of the modern Olympic games is also called so.“ 136 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... the winner of the games’. It is used, for example, in. : Our Olympians OS 2000 142. Sports theoretician and historian Jonas Žilinskas has used —net olimpionkė TMtr 1984 4 P16. Some of the antiquities of the field of athletics have passed into later epochs and have reached the modern times. The word athlete had two meanings in ancient times: 1. ‘before 500 BC In ancient Greece, every participant in sports competitions (gymnic), chariot races (hippic) and competitions (music)," 2. ‘from 500 BC "The 2002 World Championships: Who's Who in the Teams and Who's Who in the Teams". In J. Parandovsky's account, athlete OD 1984 88, 97, 169, 233 rare, most commonly used Lithuanian competitor 4, 17, 22, 41, 78, 112, 148, 150, 156, 167, 174, 226, 231, 247, 249, 264-267, 269, 270 or rarely competitor 7. Now the athlete is not only 4. “<...> an athlete who regularly participates in competitions”, but also 3. ‘strong man, <...>’ STZ 2002. Since ancient athletics STZ 2002 modern athletics —2, “one of the oldest and most basic sports, which includes walking, running, jumping, throwing and multi-aces® 3. “a system of physical exercises to develop strength, endurance, speed and other qualities- ”, even 6. “organized activity of trained people during competitions” STZ 2002 differs not only in the abundance of types —recreational, recreational, and educational, otherwise conditioning: health, military and broadest sport —mass and representative, light and heavy STZ. 2002, but also with some uncertainty. Therefore, the meaning of modern sport and athletics, athlete and athlete in the usage is not clearly delimited. Some athletic antiquities differ not only in ancient and current significance, but in the change of the entire microsystem. A vivid example is gymnastics — 1. "in ancient Greece — sport, the whole of physical exercises, physical education in the broad sense", —Greek gymnastics —1. “in ancient Greece — all kinds of tizine exercises, performed after taking off ordinary, everyday clothes. exercises for health, well-being and sports, competition exercises, <...>", 2. ‘from the 4th century BC Kr. A —education through the body, together with artistic education, giving free men and women the basic elements of basic education- ", ancient gymnastics —"a complex of physical exercises used in the educational system of ancient Greece and Rome. A consisted of palestrika [physical exercises — basic (various running, throwing, wrestling, fist fights), military, special (riding, steering, swimming and spherism, i.e. various games with the ball)|, orchestika (acrobatics, choreography exercises, Terminology | 2009 | 16 137 developing primarily the grace of movements, agility) and games“ and gymnastics 2. "In Europe — types of exercises with or without tools, on or without equipment" — Swedish (pedagogical, military, medical, or curative, and aesthetic- ), German and Czech falconry (Czech falconry system of physical education- ), sports and artistic (expressive) gymnastics, 3. „physical education means —system of special physical exercises, strengthening human health, developing physical fitness“ —health and educational gymnastics, as well as therapeutic and hygienic, compensatory and corrective gymnastics, professional gymnastics, yoga gymnastics, etc. STZ 2002. Even more different is the gymnasium —“the building of an ancient Greek school, next to which a courtyard was built for exercise, games, athletics, later — an indoor sports facility with swimming and washing facilities. The young men exercised naked (Greek: gymnoi) or barely dressed. ———from sports schools began to turn into schools of hygiene and health, efeby spiritual education [this is because “educated people condemned the excessive worship of sport” AntZ 1998 161]. At Athens A, gymnastics was cultivated, politics, philosophy, and literature were studied. A was the place of intellectual and physical activity of ancient Greek citizens" STŽ 2002 (without grounds and unnecessarily shortened —gymnasia STŽ 1996, perhaps an overly precise form gymnasias AntŽ 1998, SenGrK 2007 237 —should be a gymnasium). The Gymnasion of Olympia was "an open space surrounded by columns, the most important part of which was the 219.5 m long and 11.3 m wide portico (open gallery). There was marked a path equal to the distance of the classical Olympia (one stage). <...>. <...>“ STŽ 2002, and now Gymnasium 2. „secondary general education school, ppr. "Students in Higher Education in 2001". Gymnopedia —“the festival of Apollo in Sparta, an annual festival of ancient Greeks in which naked young people danced and did gymnastic exercises” STZ 2002 —had no continuation in European culture at all. Gymnast — 1. “In antiquity — a highest-qualified gymnasium teacher, sports coach — a pedagogue and doctor, having special knowledge of anatomy, psychology, as well as knowledge of how to treat diseases”, 2. “Head of the preparation of ancient athletes for the sports games, coach. The main function was to create a program for the preparation of athletes for the games", and now -3. “an athlete of artistic or athletic gymnastics, who regularly participates in competitions” STZ 2002 [also no non-leaders is an ancient pancratian —“an athlete of pancration” STZ 2002, “a participant in an ancient Greek fistfight” TŽZ 136, OD 1984 67, peltast “sen. Greek and Hellenist. valstybių lengvai ginkluotas karys su odiniu skydu (pelta) ir ietimi“ TZZ 2001, heliastas „sen. 138 Jonas Klimavičius | From the History of Sport Terminology: Anticisms- ... "Athens 2004: The 2004 Olympic Games: The Olympic Games of Athens" (PDF). olympic.- org. “Member of the Church of Athens; <...>“ (: ecclesia „in the poles of ancient Greece —assembly of the people; <...>“, ecclesia AntZ 1998, SenGrK 2007 68), although 2. * „church servant, priest“ TŽZ 2001, and Christian Ecclesiastes VLE V 2004, XV 2009 (not Ecclesiastes SR II 1991 585, SR 1998 1008 —as well as not Jerusalem, because these are not Greek historisms, but also words of present life) —“The Teacher”: “The book of the Teacher (Preacher, Preacher, Ecclesiastes) (Hebrew gohėlėt, Greek ekklėsiasteės, Latin ecclesiastes) is associated by its Hebrew and Greek name with the leader of a community or assembly <...>” SR 1999 708]. There was also a gymnasiarch “the head of the gymnasium —<...>” STŽ 2002, but there was neither a modern gymnast, i.e. a “gymnasticist”, nor a gymnast, i.e. a “gymnasium pupil” (modernized vocabulary is the gymnastics stadium square AkmiL 1962: 60). This distinction of ancient and modern meanings and microsystems would hardly allow the modern microsystem to smoothly intersect with the term of ancient motivation, but modern content, which was created in 1962 by the Dutch scientist K. Riksdorp, —gymnology “an independent field of sports science, examining physical exercises and their application from an anatomical, biomechanical, physiological, psychological, sociological point of view, having a didactic-educational, as well as philosophical-anthropological nature” STŽ 2002 — gymnasticology would be clearer. Perhaps the brightest and most significant of the inherited antiquities would be the stadium. However, interpretations of the origin, content and change, meaning of this word (term!) must begin with the stages of uninherited antiquity – historicism. First of all, it must be understood that the stadium is based on stages, and stages first of all — not the sport (athletics) term, but the name of the unit of measurement. And when it was founded in Babylon, it spread greatly in Greece. Therefore, the mythical interpretation that the stadia are the 600 feet of the founder of the Olympic Games, the hero Heracles, 192.27 m, must be rejected. But this is less than the 600 feet (194 m or 195 m) of a normal Babylonian, let alone the Assyrian- -Chaldean-Persian stadia (230.4 m) and even the Ionian stadia of the Greeks themselves, 210 m. And why is the divine stage of Pythia (i.e. Apollo) so humanly small — only 165 m? Therefore, it is best to leave the whole myth of the variation of the stadia value (Greek stadias —1000 m —kilometer) and return to a more plausible interpretation: “the stadia is the distance that a person travels until the entire Sun disc disappears from the horizon” STŽ 2002 (here the variation of the length depends on the speed of walking). From the Greek otadiov meaning of a certain “long distance” fromTerminology | 2009 | 16 139 subtly came the meaning of the “stadium run” of the games and the specially equipped “running track”, even the “running matches” themselves, and when later on those tracks were held other matches and that “match place” was fairy-like surrounded not only by a place for spectators to stand, but also by benches to sit, it was already the meaning of “match structure”. The meaning of “interval, phase—stage” is the most distant. When the Latin stadium borrowed from Greek passed to the Romance languages — Italian. stadium, isp. estadio, French stade, meaning "stadium", "stadion" and "stadia" have not yet diverged into separate, albeit similar, lexems. The French loan word is ]. stage is trivial. But in the later civilization and in the farther part of Europe the German diverged. Stadion —stadionas ir stadijas, o Stadium — stadija, lenk. stadion — stadium and stadijas, and stadium — stadium. The stage is already fixed in SNŽŽ 1907 —„grad, interval, čas’ SNŽŽ 1924 —„grad, interval in any development or development”, TŽŽ 1936 —„a certain time interval or degree in the development of an event or thing”, But here we do not find a stage, here there is only a stadium —and 1. ‘in ancient Greece the measure of length = 150-190 m’, and 2. „in ancient Greece, a court for running matches“ TŽZ 1936. Similarly, in the translation of 1998: stadium, stadijas (Greek: stadion) —“a permanent track, primarily intended for short-distance running; a structure for such running (covered running track); transport racing track; equipment for other sports. <...>. As a measure of knee length, stages were very practical; It is only impractical that the stages or stadiums were not equal: their length fluctuated <...>“. And in Western universal history: “Hercules <...> measures the distance of the stadium —192 A.D. Thus is born the first competition: the stadium race, to which eventually, <...>, a double stadium was added” (Ist III 1995 268). Even today, a specialist in classical philology writes: “As the name of the running track and the venue of the match in general, the word stadium (the more accurate form would be stadijas) has come to us” (SenGrK 2007:240). It came, but not directly from ancient Greek, but through intermediate languages quite recently. The standardization of the vocabulary of the common language according to the ancient Greek would be only a gross breach of the real borrowing processes. Sports journalists and historians sometimes substitute the word stadium instead of stadium: "...the mythological Hercules, who measured six hundred feet, named the distance stadium" Muunch 1974 69. This is Koreb, a cook from Elis, who won the stage I (192.27 m) race at AtM 1981 8. "The 500 Years of History: A History of the 500 Years" (PDF) (1993). Not suitable and form stadijus KmT 1987 9 3. The stadium is not separated from the stadium, however, it is wider than jj: "V a. pr. "Delfies set up a stadium..- .". It was not only used by athletes, but also by musicians.140 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... ti, to have fun, 2) to play sports, 3) to joke; 4) wear; demonstrate, show and 5) biol. „deviation from the normal type“), as well as sportsman —1) athlete; hunter; a fisherman; the racer; 2) "honest, righteous man" (i.e. virtuous, righteous) ALKŽ 1975. Thus, sport is one of those international words that are called the false friends of the translator. This is recorded in the corresponding English-Russian dictionary (APuPAC “TJ” 1969). The deception is so obvious that probably no one is deceived out of surprise. It can also help to understand the origin of the word. Based on G. Satyrov's article in the journal Ousuvueckas Kyzemypa 6 wkose (1959, No. 7), Jonas Žilinskas published an explanation of the origin of the word sport. Unlike the Prussians and Austrians, who were famous for their soldiers' mustr and dressage (for parades), or the Germans and Swedes, who were famous for their gymnastics, the English, who cultivated the navy, "extensively cultivated games and entertainments in the open air", which were called disports, and the English desport was borrowed from the old French desport (Žilinskas 1959: 3). A little later, LE XXVIII 1963 interpreted it similarly, adding that old French desport is again. lot. deport. In English lexicography, disport is considered to be a loan from the Middle French desport, which is made up of vksm. desporter < des-+ porter "to carry" (Webster- 's Dictionary Unabridged 1981). Middle (or Old) French desporter "to carry" — "to finish work", and desport "end of work" -> "free time" — "entertainment, games". The English, who liked shortness, despite the original structure of the borrowed word, decomposed it and shortened it — dis-port became sport (although there is still the psn disport — 1. entertainment; 2. to have fun, to entertain ALKŽ 1975). In 1828, the English sport became a retro-borrowed French. sport (Robert 1993). An anachronism in the Olympics —English coach, as well as training, to train. In J. Parandovsky's account, he exercised OD 1984 25, 64, 82, 94, 95, 112 (because train is exercise), less often he performed exercises 89, very often — exercises 10, 22, 31, 37, 41, 47, 50, 57, 59, 60, 71, 74, 87, 107, 172, 175, 207, 210, 262 (sometimes exercises 89), e.g.: he did exercises 19, 172, rework exercises 88, do exercises 93, but also exercises 264, and mixed exercises: In addition to general exercises he also had his own trainings, <...> 76. Anachronic English and training: Training in gymnasiums and palestras (palaistras) SenGrK 2007 237. However, Parandovsky's account also includes the real Greek name of the athlete, aleiptos: Some had slaves or old athletes who served as their trainers. They were called aleiptai, masseurs, and they amazed everyone with their art. <...>. Young people did not do without them, for them the Aleiptai were at the same time guardians, <...> OD 1984 23. But starting with the coach: Terminology | 2009 | 16 147 Old athletes usually walked or sat on benches nearby, waiting for someone to hire them as coaches 17. This is how it varies — this is the authentic Aleph 104, 191. 256, this is an anachronistic coach 48, 67, 191, 226, 261. In 1996 and 1997, the 2002 edition was reprinted. When the authentic Greek name is unknown, it is better to use the existing Lithuanian name (which was created by modernization) rather than the anachronistic English name. It is not known why in J. Parandovsky’s story so inconsistently — the English start OD 1984 29-31, 183, 184, 187, 212, although the end 28, 30, 31, 51, 184, 185, 215, 258, e.g.: from start to end 156, 248, between start and end 249. Why Latin heralds 9, 30, 36, 59, 182, 188, 191, 196, 213, 247, 251, 256, and not Lithuanian Sauklys? Why the Greek dumbbells OD 1984 38 turn into the German word dumbbells (Greek halteres, Latin manipuli) —“swinged in the hands, performing a long jump, from here comes the gr. A name (cf. hallesthai —to make a jump)’ AntŽ 1998, also AtM 1981 9. “A very Greek, specific feature is that all trainings and competitions in pentathlon were accompanied by the playing of the horn” (SenGrK 2007 242). The Olympic Games, as artistically depicted by J. Parandovsky, also mention “a slave who played the aulo for the jumpers, disc and javelin throwers” (OD 1984 38). By the way, the free people, like Athena, the inventor of the aulos, refused it because of the distorted face... “The musician usually blows the so-called diaula (two aulos of different sizes)” (MuzEnc I 2000). connected by a single vent (also called twin vents —gr. 8{dvpot avAot —SenGrK 2007 55). Aulo pūtikas auletas MuzEnc I 2000 by mistake becomes Aleut HSv 1994 67, 142. There is also a spondaul OD 1984 235, 239, 242, 244, in the first sand similar to the word spondophoras —“Official of the Olympic cult. There were three of them. Their duties included the announcement of the Olympic Games" OD 1984 278 (: gr. sponde — "pouring wine to the gods", spondai — "truce agreement" STZ 2002), who was also the announcer of the Olympics. In J. Parandovskis's novel Paaiškinimai and STŽ 2002 the spondauli not presented somehow blow not aulg: spondauli sufleitomis OD 1984 235. Spondaulos began to blow the flutes 239. The Spondaulians played without taking their flutes from their lips 242. The restful spondauls diverted the flute from the bluish lips, gathered in a tree 244. Thus, next to the aulo, neither from this nor from that, the lexical anachronism flute (Italian: flauto, Old French: fleute —cf. Latin: flatus —1. blowing, breathing LoLieZ 2007) arises. No fleets OD 1984 221, 239, 241 only the flutist 38, 244, 258 is used, not the Greek auletus. The same author correctly writes: "Now in the literature of authors of different nations 148 Jonas Klimavičius | From the history of sport terminology: antiquisms... Someone’s reckless assessment of flute has spread, but to call the aulá that way is not correct, because it has nothing to do with the flute” (SenGrK 2007: 55), but then: IV a. pr. Kr. Pericles also added competitions for musicians (flutists, guitarists) and singers (SenGrK 2007 157). And AntŽ 1998 almost completely rejects the aulā: aulas (Greek aulos) A fluita, o fleita (Greek aulos, Latin tibia). Elsewhere, instead of the auletus, even a trumpeter OD 1984 253, Ist III 1995 268. Modern words are not suitable for Antiquity — this not only loses color, but also distorts historical truth. CONCLUSIONS The history of Lithuanian sport is relatively short, but the history of Lithuanian sport terminology covers the entire system of concepts of world sport (since ancient times), its change and development. It has not been consistently studied, although this is the only way to contribute substantially to its standardization, especially the current Lithuanianization of terms (creation of Lithuanian substitutes) and the Europeanization of forms. Not only fluctuations in standardization, but also disturbances, disregard for the historical truth of terminology and distortions have been abundant. In the dictionaries of sports terms (1959, 1996, 2002) they have been reduced, but much effort is still needed, especially in the field of usage. The 1935 Olympic Games, which had been the Olympic Games according to the Russian shoe for almost the whole of the Soviet era (both in sport and history), are once again — as it befits — the Olympic Games, although still in a clumsy way. Still stumbling is the misunderstanding of Lithuanian grammar. The Olympic Games of Athens or Beijing are successfully used, but it is not yet well understood that calling the Olympic Games Olympic would be equivalent to the Athenian (and certainly equivalent to the Pitite) Games (many other languages use adjectives in both cases, rather than the noun pronoun). The adjective of the modern Olympic games is clearly motivated (see walnut). However, alongside the many reasonable compounds with this adjective, there are many and relatively vague, very elaborate and even empty, often stenciled. The term "Olympiade" is often used (and sometimes presented as such) not in the meaning of the Olympic Games (although Spartakiad, Universiade, etc. support the Olympiad in this sense), but in the meaning of "the four-year period of the Games". In the most modern sense of the word, the Olympiad is a science competition for students, and is both an Olympic (and not an Olympic) and an Olympian (and not an Olympian). The sport olympian is wrongly derived from the Russian orumMnu-- eų, which has not been correctly understood: correctly orumnu-ey: Ožiumnu-a (similarly in Polish Terminologia | 2009 | 16 149 olimpij-szyk: Olimpj-a, German Olympi-er: Olympi-a). Away from Olympia, they identify with Olympus... Olympian —only a student rank? By the way, in other languages there is usually a modest "Olympic participant" —engl. Olympic Games, vol. Olympic athletes, Olympic participants. The ancient Olympian "Winner of the Olympic Games" is already allowed and sometimes even presented in the meaning of "Winner of the Olympic Games", but still remains as Russian. The word gymnastics is inherited from the Greek, but the content of the term has changed greatly (as well as gymnast- ), even the difference between the Greek gymnasion and the modern gymnasium. The stadium has not changed much, but its ancient foundation stages are only historicism. The hippodrome was inherited without any special changes. Perhaps the most prominent ancient historisms are agonis (recorded as early as 1936) and hellanodice, well-known pentathlon, pancratium, etc. Anachronisms in terminology are unacceptable, i.e., modern sports terms (modernisms) are used instead of well-known historicisms — English sports instead of ancient athletics and gymnastics, coach instead of aleiptis, etc. This distorts historical truth. LITERATURE AND SOURCES Aistis J. 1991: Gods and paths of sorrow, About times and people. 1962: The Elegies of Milford Goodman, Vilnius, AkmlL. 1962: B. Brodskis. The Stone Pages of History, translated by A. Grikevičius, Vilnius. 1975: English-Chinese dictionary. Compiled by A. Laučka, B. Piesarskas, E. Stasiulevičiūtė, Vilnius. ALŽŪTŽ 1977: English—Lithuanian Dictionary of Agricultural Terms. Compiled by D. Čeponienė, R. Gelūnienė, J. Kazėnas, R. Kelbauskienė (eds.), Vilnius. AugbiolŽ 1998: Short English-Lithuanian and lietuviy—angly dictionary of plant biology terms, Prepared by O. Rupainienė. Vilnius. 1998: A Dictionary of Antiquity. Green. R. Kumžienė. A. Tekorius, A. Trakymas, ed. by D. Staškevičienė, Vilnius, AtM 1981: V. Saulis. From Athens to Moscow, Vilnius. Bielinskis V. 1948: Selected Writings, Vert. Z. Kuzmickis, ed. D. Urbas and J. Galvydis, Kaunas. BM and RT 2000: V. Toporov. Studies of the Baltic mythology and ritual. Green. E. Jakulis, Vilnius, Duvd: Dienovidis (self-published). 7.3 1993: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. III pat. and pp. leid.. Vilnius, GrEnL 1968: Greek-English Lexicon compiled bv Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. Oxford. 1979: Greek-Lithuanian dictionary. Compiled by R. Mironas, Vilnius. Hor 1977: Horatius. Lyrika. Green. H. Zabulis, ed. Vald. Petrauskas, Vilnius. HSv 1994: D. Dilyte. Hellas Light, Vilnius. Ist III 1995: Istorija 3, Vert. A. Nastopkaitė and A. Merkytė. ed. by L. Patriubavičienė, Vilnius. ItLieŽ 1993: V. Petrauskas. Italian-Lithuanian dictionary, Vilnius. 1974. pp. 14. "Stadium- ". —Lithuanian Pioneer 81. 1981. pp. 1. "Kalenda- ". The concept of morality. Red. T, Povilaitytė, Vilnius. KB: Kultūros barai (magazine). 1974: A New Era. —Lithuanian Pioneer 91. 1978: The Language of Sports. —Kalba Vilnius 19, 4. 1981: The Man of the Year. —New Books 9. 42—45. "Komjaunimo tiesa" (in Lithuanian). 150 Jonas Klimavičius | From the History of Sports Terminology:... Kusha). 1938: The Language of Sport. —Native language 7. 97-99. KV: Kalba Vilnius (local newspaper). LA: Lietuvos Aidas (daily newspaper). 1933: A review. —Native Language 3, 45–46. LE VIII 1956: Lietuvių enciklopedija 8, South Boston. LE XXVIII 1963: Lietuvių enciklopedija 28, South Boston, L and M: Literatūra ir menas (self-published). LKŽ XVIII 1997: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 18, Vilnius. LoLieZ 2007: K. Kuzavinis. English-Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed. "Lietuvos pionierius" (in Lithuanian). LTE VIII 1981: Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 8, Vilnius. LTV: Lithuanian Television. 1975: Lucerne. Gods, straights. Prophets. Green. L. Valkūnas, red. A. Kašinskaitė, Vilnius. M: AMaoksleivis (magazine). MCzMA 1997: Rebellious Self-Portrait of Czesław Mitosz, Conversations with Aleksandr Fiut, Vilnius. Nature (magazine). M and G: Science and Life (journal). Munich 1974: M. Barysas. Munich, Olympic and everyday, Vilnius. MK: Our Language (magazine). MkslL: Mokslo Lietuva (in Lithuanian). Monr 1978: M. Barysas. Five rings over Montreal, Vilnius. MuzEnc 1 2000: Muzikos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius. MS: Our Gardens (magazine). 1969: Nobody's Fool. Erasmus of Rotterdam. Green. M. Žilionienė, red. A. Kašinskaitė, Vilnius. OCH 1998: Olympic Charter, Vilnius. OD 1984: J. Parandovskis, Olympic Disc. Green. D. Urbas, red. A. Gailius, Vilnius. 2007: Olympic Panorama 2 (magazine). 2000. pp. 10. Olympic sports. Olympics and Olympic Games, Kaunas. P: Victory (magazine). V. PictRR 1973: V. Pietaris. Selected Writings, Vilnius. The Republic (daily newspaper). Robert 1993: Le Nouveau Petit Robert: Dictionnaire alphabėtigue et analogigue de la langue francaise, Paris. "TV Week: Week with TV (savaitraštis)". SenGr 1995: Dz. Mr. Clark. Ancient Greece. Green. N. Skliutaitė. red. B. Balčienė, Vilnius. 1955: V. S. Sergeev. History of Ancient Greece. Red. Vyt. Petrauskas, Vilnius. 2007. pp. D. 2. Ancient Greek Culture, Vilnius. Senl II 1976: The History of Scnoves 2. Originally published by |. Kruškol, vert. 5. Ivanovienė and L. Maculevičienė, eds. T. Daržinskaitė, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1936! : Football and basketball terms. ~ Physical Education 1, 104-106. Skardžius P. 1936*: Overview. —Native Language 6, 100. Smetona J. 1936: A few remarks on the new football and basketball terms. —Vairas 6, 666-667, SNŽŽ 1907: Dictionary of Foreign and Ununderstood Words. It was composed by J. Šlapelis, Tilžė. 1924: J. Norkus. Dictionary of Foreign and Incomprehensible Words, Kaunas. 1923: M. and S. Foreign and international words dictionary, Šiauliai. 1959. "Dictionary of Sports Terms". Compiled by V. Steponaitis, Vilnius. 1996: The Dictionary of Sports Terms. Prepared by S, Stonkus, Kaunas. STZ 2002: Sport terminų žodynas. 2nd ed., 2nd ed., 2nd ed. and pap. leid.. Kaunas. SWO 1997: Sfownik wyrazów obevch. Red. E. Sobol, Warsaw. "Scout (magazine)". "The Lighthouse (magazine)". SR II 1991: Holy Scripture 2. From Latin. k. vert. |. A. Skvireckas, Vilnius. SR 1998: The Holy Scripture. The Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament from Hebr., Aram. ir gr. k. vert. A. Rubšys, Vilnius, SR 1999: The Bible or the Holy Scripture. Ecumenical edition, Vilnius. Terminology | 2009 | 16 151 T: The Truth (self-published). "The Soviet Teacher (paper)". The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA); Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA); Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). 1936: International Dictionary of Languages. Compiled by K. Boruta, Pr. Čepėnas, S. Sirutytė- -Cepėnienė, edited by Į. Žiugžda, revised by Vac. Buržiška, Pr. 1951: International Dictionary of Words. Edited by I. V. Liochinas and E. N. Petrovas, translated by O. Katinskaitė, Ch. Lemchenas, |. Talmantas, Lithuanian edition edited by Ch. Lemchen, Vilnius. 1969: International Dictionary of Languages. Edited by I. Tiochinas, S. Lokšina, E. Petrovas (editor) and L. Saumianas, translated by O. Doveikiene. J. Kabelka and Ch. Lemchenas, Lithuanian edition edited by Ch. Lemchen, Vilnius. 1983: The New International Dictionary. Editor-in-Chief: V. Kvietkauskas, Vilnius. TŽŽ II 2000: V. Vaitkevičiūtė. International Dictionary of Words L-Ž, Vilnius. 2001: International Dictionary of Languages. Ats. Editor A. Kinderys, Vilnius. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Springtield, Massachusetts, VLE I 2001: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |, Vilnius, VLE IV 2003 Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4. Vilnius. VLE V 2004: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 5. Vilnius. VLE VII 2005: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 7, Vilnius. VLE VIII 2005: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 8. Vilnius. VLE XV 2009: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 15, Vilnius. VLE XVI 2009: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 16, Vilnius. The Daily News (New York). 1959: The Origin of the Word Sport. —Sportas 115, 3. 1987: G. Hatneris. Zvmus people of antiquity. Green. V. Manikaitė-Kazanskienė, ed. L. Stanevičius N. Chijeniend, Vilnius. ŽŪŽ 1971: Anskaitis V.. Kilas M. Dictionary of Russian-- Lithuanian Agricultural Terms, Vilnius, APuPAC, JIT 1969: Anziro-pycekuil u pyceko—auziuiickuil croeape ,to)kabix Opyseti nepesoduuxa". Cocrapwn B. B. Akynengo, C. IO. Komuccapuuk, P. B. and Horopenosa, B. JT. IOxr., nog obimm pykoRoicTROM B. B. Akvienko, Moc ki. FROM THE HISTORY OF SPORTS TERMINOLOGY: ANTICISMS, HISTORISMS AND MODERNISMS —ANACHRONISMS The history of Lithuanian sport is relatively short, though the history of Lithuanian sports terminology covers the whole concept system of world sport (from the times of Antiquity), its alternations and development. It has not been researched consistently, and only such research could have an essential input into its normalization, creation of Lithuanian equivalents and adjustment of terms for the Lithuanian language. There was a lot of variation, even disarray, disregard and distortion of the historical reality of terminology. Dictionaries of sport (1959, 1996, and 2002) helped to reduce them, but still a lot of effort is needed, especially in the field of usage. In 1935 a term Olimpijos žaidimai (Olympic Games) was recorded. During Soviet times, the term was changed to Olympic Games. There is an attempt being made to reintroduce Olimpijos Zaidynés, though such attempt is stumbling over the lack of understanding of Lithuanian grammar. The usage of olimpinės žaidynės instead of historical Olimpijos žaidynės looks like the usage of aténinés žaidynės instead of Atėnų žaidynės (Olympic Games in Athens). The motivation of the adjective in olimpinės žaidynės is clear, though next to numer152 Jonas Klimavičius From the history of sports terminology: antiquisms... The word "olympia" is often used in the meaning of Olimpijos žaidynės (Olympic Games) (though in this meaning olimpiada is supported by spartakiada, universiada....). but in the meaning of ‘a period of four years between games’. From the most contemporary meaning of olimpiada — ‘school competition in a particular subject’ —the words olimpiadinis (but not olimpinis) and olimpiadininkas (but not olimpietis) are derived. The word olimpietis (participant in the Olympic Games) inconsistently appeared in accordance to the Russian word orumnu-ey. which was misunderstood. Consistently it would be orumnu-ey: Onumnu-s (compare Polish olimpij-szyk: Olimpj-a, German Olympi-er: Olympi-a). The Lithuanian form olimpietis goes further from Olympia and closer to Olympus. Olimpiadininkas (participant in Olympic Games) is left at the school competition level. In other languages olimpietis turns into a rather modest ‘participant in the games’ -participant in Olympic Games in English, Olympiakdmpfer. and Olympiateilnehmer in German. Ancient olimpionikas ‘a winner of the games in Olympia’ sometimes is being allowed and proposed in the meaning of ‘a winner of the Olympic Games’. The word gimnastika (gymnastics) was inherited from Greeks, but the content of this concept has changed a lot (the same with gimnastas (gymnast)). Greek gimnasionas (a school in ancient Greece) and modern gimnazija (gymnasium) differ even more. Stadionas (stadium) has not changed much. But its ancient foundation stadijas is now just a historism. Hipodromas (racecourse) was inherited without serious alterations. The clearest antique historisms are agonas (agon as ‘contest’) (recorded in 1936) and helanodikas (Hellanodikos), pentationas (pentathlon). punkrationas (pankration) and similar words are well known. Anachronisms of terminology, i.e. terms of the modern sport (modernisms) used instead of well-known historisms when talking about the ancient athletics are unwanted. Such are, for example English words sportas (sport) —instead of antique atletika (athletics) and gimnastika (gymnastics) and treneris (trainer. coach) —instead of aleiptis. In these cases historical reality is distorted. Received 2009-12-28 Jonas Klimavičius Erfurto g. 56-14 LT-04107 Vilnius, Lithuania Terminology | 2009 | 16 153